Longhouses and Long-Distance Contacts in the Linearbandkeramik Communities on the North-East Border of the Oecumene: "À Parois Doubles" in Chelmno Land (Poland)

Anthropologica et Prœhistorica, 121, 2010,121 -142

Longhouses and long-distance contacts in the Linearbandkeramik communities on the north-east border of the oecumene: "à parois doubles" in Chelmno Land (Poland)

Dagmara Werra

Abstract The LBK longhouses and the construction methods used to build them have been a research topic in European archaeological literature since the interwar period. In the Chehnno Land single examples of such houseshavebeen found.Atone ofthe sites (Lisewo 31), severalyearsago,the use of the doublepost construction technique was discovered. Archaeological literature gives différent reasons for the use of double posts inextemal load-bearing walls. The occurrence ofthis building method at the Lisewo 31 site permits ustoenter the discus sion astoitsorigin and chronology. Longhouses built using the double post method support the thesis that this building technique was notonly a characteristic feature ofthe last phase of LBK and Stroke-Omamented Pottery communities. Amendments in the dating of this construction method may indicate that contacts between the Chehnno Land and thewestern range ofLBK settlement were already established duringtheclassic phase. Keywords: longhouses, Early Neolithic, Linearbandkeramik, double post construction, Chehnno Land Poland.

Résumé Les maisons longues du Rubané etles méthodes de construction afférentes ont été des thèmes de recherche dans la litté rature archéologique européenne depuis Ventre-deux-guerres. Dans la région de Chelmno, quelques exemples ont été mis au jour. Sur l'un des sites (Lisewo 31), la technique de construction àparoi doublefutmise en évidence il yaplusieurs années. La littérature fournit différentes hypothèses à l'utilisation d'une double rangée de poteaux pour dresser les murs porteurs. La présence de cette technique à Lisewo 31 nous a permis d'initier une réflexion notamment sur son origine et sa position chronologique. Les maisons longues attestant la mise en œuvre de la paroi double étayent la thèse que cette technique nest pas seulement une caractéristique du Rubané récent/final et de la culture de la Céramique Cordée. L'apport de dates liées à cette méthode de construction suggère l'existence de contacts entre la région de Chelmno etla sphère occidentale du Rubané dès la phaseclassique de son développement. Mots-clés : maisons longues. Néolithique ancien, Rubané, construction à double rangée de poteaux, région de Chelmno, Pologne.

The subject of longhouses of the Linear Modderman, 1970; 1986; Milisauskas, 1976, Pottery culture (LBK) communities and the 1986; Coudart, 1998; Hauzeur, 2006; Czekaj- methods used in their construction has been Zastawny, 2008). Nevertheless, questions présent in European archaeological literature concerning the technology used in their con- since the interwar period. When, in 1936, W. struction and theirappearance still remain the Buttler and W. Haberey published their find- subject of discussion (see Startin, 1978: 143f; ings from the excavations at Kôln-Lindenthal, Masuch & Ziessow, 1985). One of the issues they introduced the question of the function is the use of double posts in the construction served by these elongated wooden post struc- ofthe external walls. The technology was first tures (Buttler &Haberey, 1936: Tabl. 30, 31, 34). determined atthe Kôln-Lindenthal site (Buttler Since then, numerous features associated & Haberey, 1936: pl. 76). Several years ago, with LBK buildings have been discovered. it was discovered that the same construction The view that the houses were used as living method had been used in LBK buildings in the quarters is generally accepted (Soudsky, 1966; Chelmno Land inPoland (Fig. 1A).

Longhouses and long-distance contacts in the Linearbandkeramik communities 123

1. CHEtMNO LAND Chelmza, Toruh district (Kossinna, 1910: 61; Kozlowski, 1924:53; Kostrzewski, 1928:100). Chelmno Land lies in the eastern part of Over the next décades, there was no further the Central European Lowland, in the lake research devoted to the Early Neolithic in the région, whichstretches along the south coast area, as archaeologists were convinced the of the Baltic Sea (Fig. IB). It includes part of région lay on the periphery of the oecumene the Lower Vistula Basin, on the right side of of the Danubien communities (Kulczycka- the river, and its borders are formed by the Leciejewiczowa, 1979: 46). Vistula itself in the West and two tributar- Then, in 1987, excavations et site 43a ies of the Vistula: the Osa in the North, the in Boguszewo, Grudziqdz district, revealed Drwçca in the South-East. The area has a the first features associated with dwellings geomorphologically varied landscape, quite of Danubien communities, numerous LBK différent from the loess uplands settled by pottery sherds and, more rarely, flint arte LBK communities in the South (Milisauskas, facts. An analysis of the pottery showed 1986; Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa, 1993; Cze- (Kirkowski,1990:12) that the assemblage was kaj-Zastawny, 2008). It was shaped in the distinguished by ornementation characteris- older phases of the last glaciation and is built tic of the oldest phase of LBK culture in the primarily of flat or undulating moraine pla- Vistula river basin (phase Ib), according to teaus formed from younger glacial drift. The A. Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa (1983a: 47-61; land is eut across by numerous postglacial 1983b: 67-97; 1988, 2008: 70-81). Its early channels with lakes. There are also many chronology was confirmed by radiocarbon proglacial stream valleys and river valleys dates for site 43a (Tabl. 2; see also Kirkowski, with sandy terraces, as well as the extensive 1990: 13; Jadin & Cahen, 2003: 660). valley of the Vistula. Moraines do not rise The Boguszewo discovery meant that this more than 150 m above sea level (Kondracki, part of the Central European Lowland could 1978: 288; Galon, 1984:11). be included in the oecumene of LBK commu nities in the earliest phase of their settlement

2. Lbk communities in the chelmno north of the Carpathian and Sudeten moun- LAND - STATE OF RESEARCH tains. Thus, the beginnings of LBK culture settlement in the Chelmno Land can be dated The first known archaeological maté to around 5400 BC, using a calibrated radio riel associated with the LBK from Chelmno carbon chronology (Gronenborn, 2003: 80). Land came from excavations carried out In the last two décades of the twentieth near Grudziqdz (German Graudenz) and century, systematic surface collections and

Age in calibrated years (BC) at two levels of probability* Site Feature Material Lab. No. Conv. bp

68.2% 99.7%

Boguszewo 43b** Ob.24 charcoal Gd-4757 6660±120 5666-5484 5921-5301

Lisewo 31 Ob.3 charcoal Poz-24735 6240±40 5303-5207 5310-5199

Lisewo 31 Ob. 181 charcoal Poz-24734 6180±40 5178-5066 5226-5002

»Calibrated according toOxCal v. 4,1 (https://cl4.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/OxCal.html). **After Kukawka et al. 2002.

Tabl. 2 — Radiocarbon Dating ofLBK sitesfrom Chelmno Landdiscussed in thearticle. 124 Dagmara Werra

1k ) <7 o 0 ^ •• O " o #• • • • • 0^) •••••..OG •lï 0

Fig. 2 — Features associated with LBK longhouses in Chehnno Land. 1 - Boguszewo, site 43a (after Kirkowski 1994); 2 - Bocien,site 5; 3 - Lisewo, site 31.

Situation of site in Situation of site relation to other Exposition of Size of settlement Soil today in relation to valley morphological settlement features of terrain

Slope of Edges concave small valley 48% and straight 48% Very small 11.5% N 24.4% Brown soils 72.2% slopes

Edge of Undulating Small Podsolic 45.6% 36.9% 35.4% S 21.8% 10.5% small valley terrain 2-4 m soils

Bottom of Ridges and Moderate 1.1% 3.2% 34.1% E 27.3% Black soils 14.1% small valley humps 4-8 m Area out- Large 4.2% Rounded hills 8.8% 16.5% W 8.6% Others side valleys 8-15 m 3.3% Vicinity of Very large 1.1% Large hills 2.9% 2.5% SE 2.2% large valley over15 m

Fiat terrain 0.2% SW 6.8%

NE 5%

NW 3.9%

Tabl. 1 —Situation of LBK sites inChehnno Land. After P. Malak (2005) with suppléments by D. Werra. Longhouses and long-distance contacts inthe Linearbandkeramlk communities 125 test excavations were carried out in the area features a number of attributes. The basic under discussion and today we know 250 attributes distinguished by Coudart are: settlement points associated with LBK com form of house plan, internai differentiation munities in the Chelmno Land (Kukawka et of space, internai arrangement of post holes, al 2002: 92; Fig. 2). Further permanent LBK division of space inside the house (front, settlement forms were discovered during central and end part) and mutual corrélation rescue excavations carried out in connection between internai sections in each type of with the construction of the A-1 motorway, house, walls, clay pits and other pits accom- at site 5 in Bocieh, Toruh district and site 31 panying the houses, dimensions and mutual in Lisewo, Chelmno district (Tabl. 1). corrélations and relations between the différ ent sections and the surface area (Coudart, 1998: 24-34). Her proposai systematizes the 3. Lbk architecture in the chelmno description of those archaeological features LAND which constitute the remains of the LBK houses, and extends the potentiel for their Considérable attention has been devoted analysis (Coudart, 1998:24-34). to LBK longhouses (see Modderman, 1970; For investigations of LBK longhouses Coudart, 1998; Brandt, 1988; Hauzeur, both of the above typologies are useful; 2006). The typology introduced by P. J. R. Modderman's typology especially for carry- Modderman (1970:104-120) for the first time ing out a chronological analysis. However, embraced both the diversity and homogene- it is no longer effective whenthe discovered ity of LBK buildings over the whole area features cannot be attributed to a concrète of its settlement. Modderman's proposai type of house. The typology proposed by includes three types of features and their Coudart is more comprehensive and adapted chronology. Type 1—Grossbauten—the house to présent dayinvestigations. Itsapplication comprises three basic sections. Two sub allows us to gain much information concern- types are distinguished: la with a founda- ing the social and économie organization tion trench around the whole house and Ib of the household. It therefore seems that with a trench only along the north-western Coudart's proposai is better in practice. walls of the building. Type II - Bauten - is Features associated with LBK houses characterized by the lack of a south-eastern have been found at the three already men- section and type III - Kleinbauten - in which tioned sites in the Chelmno Land: Boguszewo only the central section exists (Modderman, 43a, Bocieh 5 and Lisewo 31. The state of 1970:106, 1986: 383). In contraposition to préservation of the excavated houses is too Modderman's typology and basing on new poor to allow for a definite attribution to research, A. Coudart (1998) proposed her one or other of the types distinguished in own classification. Coudart's main objection Modderman's typology. For the same reason, to Modderman's proposai was based on the unfortunately, most of the attributes listed conviction that his typology was "ineffec by Coudart cannotbe determined. tive" (Coudart, 1987) and that the omission of archaeological features from the vicinity Boguszewo, Grudzi^dz district, site 43a of the longhouse caused déficiences in the (Fig. 2:1) classification and decreased the opportu- nity to obtain additional information about The site lies on a plateau on the east the functioning of the household cluster side of Lake Melno, about 500 m from its (Coudart, 1987: 200). Coudart départs from shore (Kirkowski & Kukawka, 1990: 26). the rigid framework of house types and sub Excavations revealed the remains of a build types, introducing into the description of ing with a post structure. What remained 126 Dagmara Werra

were two parallel trenches, 4.5 m long and As a resuit of rescue excavations in 0.60 m wide, placed 8.50 m apart. Between 2000, a total area of 96.75 ha was examined them, traces of five posts were found. The (Chudziak, 2000: 14). Three cultural layers postholes were no more than 0.01 m deep and 165 archaeological features, including (Kirkowski, 1994: 58). The pottery and the 102 LBK features, were discovered, as well remains of the house are dated to phase Ib of as over 6000 pottery sherds (Fig. 6, 7). Layer the oldest LBK development phase in Poland II was most probably Neolithic, but had been (Fig. 5; Tabl. 2; Kirkowski, 1994: 58). A full destroyed. Its upper part contained Neolithic reconstruction of the house was not possible features. owing to the poor state of préservation, but House 1. Five features can be associated the excavated remains suffice to détermine with this building. The orientation of the the type of building. "house" was NNW-SSE. Within the bounda- The house at Boguszewo site 43a repre- ries of the building, four partially preserved sents the so-called Mohelnice type, associ- rows of post holes were found, two of which ated with settlement of the oldest LBK com- were 26.50 m long. The preserved traces munities. The traces left by posts indicate of posts are part of the house interior. The that the house plan was an elongated rectan width of the house could not be determined gle. The roof was probably double-pitched, owing to its poor state of préservation. The resting on posts founded in narrow trenches post holes had diameters ranging between running along the longer parallel walls 0.38-0.40 m and 0.76-0.80 m and depths of (Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa, 1988: 144-146). 0.06-0.26 m. The distance between the posts Such a house had characteristic overhanging in the south-eastern part of the house was eaves along the longer walls (Kreuz, 1990: about 0.50 m along its longer axis and 0.60- 34; Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa, 1993: 88). 0.70 m along the shorter one. In the remain- Apart from Mohelnice in Moravia (Tichy, ing parts, the distances were 1.20 to 1.60 m 1962: 252), the remains of this type of house (Gurtkowski & Glehski, 2000: 76). were found in Bylany, in the Czech Republic House IL Eight features can be associ (Pavlù, 1981: 538-540), as well as in Eilsleben ated with this building (household pits). and Schwanfeld in Germany (Kulczycka- Traces ofthe structure were evenmore badly Leciejewiczowa, 1993: 88; Kaufmann, 1984: destroyed than in House I. Two rows of three 180; Lùning, 1986: 10; Lenneis, 2004: 151). oval shaped outlines were discovered at the bottom of the cutting, 0.32 to 0.60 m in length Bocieh, Torun district, site 5 (Fig. 2: 2) and 0.30 to 0.60 m wide. The longitudinal section of the post holes was rectangular and The site lies on glacial till, on an undulat- had left an impression in the undisturbed ing moraine plateau, where the average éléva soil 0.16 - 0.26 m in depth. Distances between tion is 100 m above sea level. In its southern holes were from 0.50-0.80 m to 1.10 m along part, there are sands and gravels. Around the the East-West axis and from 0.90 to 1 m along site, différences in relative élévation are no the North-South axis. Asthe feature wasonly greater than 5 m. To the North, South and West partly excavated there was no possibility of of the site the terrain falls away. To the South determining its length and width. A similar- and South-West, there is a dépression of 5.4 ity between this house and the one described ha, now taken up by a biogenicplain which in earlier is suggested by the similar distances some places takes the form of a lowland bog. A between the clay pits belonging to the house stream flows out of the dépression. Most of the hold cluster (Gurtkowski & Glehski, 2000: ground is made up of brown soils formed from 76). The remains of houses II and I can be clays and sandy clays. The lowest part of the attributed to the earlier periods of the classic dépression is taken upby peat (Bienias, 2000). LBK phase ("music note" phase). Longhouses and long-distance contacts inthe Linearbandkeramik communities 127

5cm

Fig. 5 —Boguszewo, Grudzi^dz district. LBK sherds. Phase Ib. 128 Dagmara Werra

Fig. 6 — Bocien, Toriin district. LBK sherds. Phase lia. Longhouses and long-distance contacts inthe Linearbandkeramik communities 129

5cm

Fig. 7 — Boden, Torun district. LBK pottery. Phase lia. 130 Dagmara Werra

As only parts of both the houses at been obtained, make it possible to attribute Bocieri were found, it was not possible the Lisewo 31 site to the classic phase, espe- to describe many of the attributes distin- cially in the end phase Ilb (Tabl. 2). guished by Coudart. The construction of the House I was situated on a slope in the houses differed from the one in Boguszewo. central part of the site. It was possible to The lack of trenches along the load bearing distinguish external walls, 28 m long and walls may suggest a différent roof construc built of double posts. Inside, between the tion and therefore no overhanging eaves. load-bearing walls (8m in width), a few post Probably both houses had a classic form. In holes had been preserved. They had a diam- each case the interior had thick load bearing eter of 0.30-0.60 m, were rectangular in sec posts placed in three rows. The walls were tion and had a depth of 0.05-0.20 m. House built of posts joined by a lattice of branches. II was also situated on a slope in the central The whole was probably covered with clay, part of the site. The complété structure was as suggested by the fragments of daub not excavated and the length of the building with impressions of branches and strips of could not be determined. The house was ori wood found near the houses (Kulczycka- entated NWW-SEE. The external walls also Leciejewiczowa, 1993: 89). Unfortunately, had a double post structure. There were few the features preserved in Bocieri are insuf- traces of interior posts. The post holes were ficient to détermine the plan and size of 0.30-0.60 m in diameter; in vertical section, the building, the structure of the walls, the the features were rectangular with a depth of location of the post holes in the interior and 0.05-0.20 m. A cultural layer associated with exterior rows, or to distinguish the sections the dwellings was not determined. inside the building. Only the surroundings The limited data from Lisewo means that of the house can be determined, and only to a full reconstruction of the houses is not pos a limited extent. sible. An interesting concern is the method used to build the walls. On these north- Lisewo, Chelmno district, site 31 (Fig. 2:3) eastern outskirts of the LBK oecumene the same double post method of constructing The site is located on a small hump of the external walls, known as "eine doppelte land with a height différence of 3-4 m. It is Reihe" after Modderman (1970: 107) or as surrounded by dépressions in which there "avec pseudo-contreforts symétriques" after were lakes, at the time of LBK settlement. Coudart (1998: 31), was used as in Western The site was orientated NW-SE. In the vicin- Europe. ity, there is a variety of Pleistocene deposits. The uplands have a prédominance of clay formations, while the sandar and dunes have 4. Double post construction a sandy covering. Most of the area is covered byheavy, fertile soils, brown earth and lessive Theuse ofthe doublepost technique was soil from glacial till on the moraine plateaus. not a typical method of building the walls of The natural environment created favourable houses in LBK communities. We have found conditions for early farming settlement. only individual instances of such buildings During rescue excavations carried out in in the West and South. They are shown in the years 2004 and 2005, an area of: 0.163 ha table 3 and in figures 3, 4a and 4b. Since the was excavated. 14 features associated with descriptions of the geographical situation of the LBK communities were discovered and the sites are not clear and often are not given about 1200 sherds. Pottery analysis indicates in available publications, the situation of an early chronology of the site (phase lia, houses built using the double post structure Fig. 8). The radiocarbon dates which have is not indicated in the tables. The method was Longhouses and long-distance contacts inthe Linearbandkeramik communities 131

5cm

Fig. 8 —Lisewo, Chehnno district. LBK pottery. Phase Ilb. 132 Dagmara Werra

No* Site Orientation Chronology Fig. Literature

Modderman 1970: PI. 28; 1 EIsloo W-E Late phase 4a: 4 Coudart 1998:141; Hauzeur 2006:83

2 Stein NW-SE Late phase 4a: 6 Coudart 1998:187

3 Brandt 1988: 77; Langweiler 8 NW-SE Undetermined — Jeunesse et al, 2007: 51 Hambach 21, 4 Coudart 1998:147; NW-SE Undetermined — Jûlich-Weldorf Jeunesse et al, 2007: 51

5a Kôln-Lindenthal NNW-SSE Late phase — Buttler& Haberey 1936: PI.76

5b Kôln-Mengenich NW-SE Late phase 4b:l Coudart 1998:153

Stieren 1951:63, Fig. 9; 6a Bochum-Hiltrop NW-SE Late phase 4a: 2 Schlette 1952:PI. 29; Gabriel 1979:81; Hodder 1990:120-121; Coudart 1998:125

Bochum- Coudart 1998:124; 6b NW-SE Late phase 4a: 3 Altenbochum Jeunesse et al, 2007:51 Daseburg 7 ? Kr. Marburg Late phase — Jeunesse et al, 2007:51 Amsbach, Sangmeister 1937:214-215; 8 Kr. Fritzlar- NWW-SEE Late phase 4a: 1 Homberg Schlette 1952: PI. 27; Coudart 1998:178; 9 Rosdorf NW-SE Undetermined 4b: 4 Jeunesse et al, 2007:51

10 Coudart 1998:192; Ulm-Eggingen NN-SSE Undetermined — Jeunesse et al, 2007:51 Modderman 1977:18, 21,25; 11 Hienheim NW-SE Late phase 4a: 7 Coudart 1998:149

Hrdlovka- 12 Liptice NW-SE Late phase 4b: 5 Benes 1991a: 33; 1991b: 77; 1995: 65

Quitta 1958:178-179; 13 Zwenkau NW-SE Late phase 4a: 5 Coudart 1998:195

Straubing- 4b: 14 N-S Late phase Coudart 1998:189 Lerchenhaid 2,3

15 èturovo NE-SW Late phase 4b: 6 Pavuk 1982: Fig. 1

Lisewo, End of "music 16 NW-SE 2:3 Chehnno district note" phase

*No. refers to number on map in Fig. 3

Tabl.3 - Occurence ofLBK longhouses andthedouble posttechrûque. Longhouses andlong-distance contacts in the Linearbandkeramik communities 133

VistulaR.

RheinR.

290 km

Fig. 3 —LBK sites with longhouses built using the double post construction method (see Tabl. 3): 1- Elsloo; 2- Stein, 3- Langweiler; 4- Hambach 21 (Jûlich-Weldorf); 5- Kôln (5a and 5b); 6- Bochum (6a and 6b); 7- Daseburg; 8- Amsbach; 9- Rosdorf; 10- Ulm-Eggingen; 11 - Hienheim; 12- Hrdlovka-Liptice; 13- Zwenkau; 14- Lisewo; 15- âtûrovo; 16- Straubing; after Jeunesse etal. (2007) withchanges. mentioned in earlier cited works devoted side (Modderman, 1970: 109). Modderman to architecture. External walls constructed associâtes each type with a spécifie develop- of double posts arranged in pairs represent ment phase of Danubian communities. The type I, distinguished by Modderman (1970: first type was correlated with the youngest 108) or type 2, distinguished by Coudart LBK phase, the second type with communi (1998: 31: Fig. 18). ties of the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery cul Modderman distinguishes three types ture and the third type with people of the of buildings with a double post construction Rôssen culture. However, since only a small of load bearing walls, taking into account number of buildings constructed in this a chronological division. In the first type, way have been discovered so far, one needs the posts are arranged in pairs. The second to be careful when suggesting associations type occurs when the number of posts on (Modderman, 1970: 109). the outside is smaller than the number of Archaeological literature gives varions posts inside (Modderman, 1970: 108). In the interprétations as to the reasons for using third type,the numberofinsidepostsis even the double post method for constructing load greater than the number ofthose on the out bearing walls. The most extensive publication 134 Dagmara Werra

«•

•Km , '••••-•.. ç>v- Vo ^ c> '.••** *'V-**;;. ^ .f. . ^V.-v

• • 1')^•• .^ "V.-..-. ,• / 1 ' ' • » *

'^s ••••'•*••

•• • •*» • • V, V,'/ • ' *v. %,*.V .V '•À-\

%••' / V//. -• 1

\ •• • •

^•'•-••'^r\•• SyPo Cl',.* _o. «^•.••••»^ Q

- 7 o

Fig. 4a —Examples of LBK longhouses built using the double post construction method: 1- Amsbach (after Schlette 1952); 2- Bochum-Hiltrop (after Gabriel 1979); 3- Bochum-Altenbochum (after Coudart 1998); 4- Elsloo (after Modderman 1970), 5- Zwenkau (after Quitta 1958); 6- Stein (after Coudart 1998); 7 - Hienheim (after Coudart 1998). Longhouses and long-distance contacts in the Linearbandkeramik communities 135

• • ••

»•. n

Fie 4b - Examples of LBK longhouses built using the double post construction method: 1- Kôln-Mengenich (after Coudart 1998); 2,3 - Straubing-Lerchenhaid (after Coudart 1998); 4- Rosdorf (after Jeunesse et al, 2007 - authorsdid notindicate Northdirection); 5- Hrdlovka-Liptice (after Benes 1991b); 6- âturovo(after Pavûk1982). 136 Dagmara Werra

dealing with the technological aspect of this in maintaining the right température inside type of construction is W. Meyer-Christian's the house (Romanow, 1977: 52; Masuch & (1976) work analyzing roof structure. The Ziessow, 1985: 91). presence of double posts in the external walls It seemsthat traces ofthe double post con of houses from EIsloo, Stein and Bochum- struction should not be associated with recon Hiltrop is considered from the point of view struction work on the walls or changes in the of the roof structure (Meyer-Christian, 1976: structure after the building was completed.The 13 and 15). The author also considers what remains of longhouses built using this method, may have filled the space between the posts showgreatregularityin the arrangementofthe (Meyer-Christian, 1976: 5) and suggests traces leftby the loadbearing posts. The plans planks hammered vertically into the ground, of those houses which show signs of having which would have left traces in the form of been repaired, donotreveal such aregularity. It trenches. Such trenches, forming part of the is assumed that a house would havebeen dwelt structure of the external walls were discov- in for twenty-five to fifty years (Lûning, 1982: ered, for instance, in house no. 29 at Stein 18). During this time, it probably underwent (Meyer-Christian, 1976: 13). However, the repair work. Evidence of such repairs can be plans of most houses do not have a trench seen, for instance, in the house at the Brzezie 17 with double post holes. Most probably, site, Wieliczka district, in Little Roland, where in such cases the filling was organic (for there aretraces ofan additional postbeing put instance a wall made of branches and filled up, probably to strengthen one which broke in with clay), and left no noticeable traces. (Czekaj-Zastawny, 2008: 49). Anotherexample The larger number of posts may have served comes from Bukowiec, Brodnica district, in the to strengthen the structure of the southern Chehnno Land, from the Stroke-Ornamented part of the house (Lenneis, 1997: 144; 2002: Pottery phase.Inthiscase, an irregulararrange 10), which is thought to have been used as mentof postholes was discovered (Kukawka & a "granary"; there may also have been a Malecka-Kukawka, 1999:76-78). The additional second level above the floor (a type of attic). posts, indicated by the presence of double The weight of the "stores" would warrant post holes, may have served to support and the need for an additional strengthening of strengthen (Romanow, 1977: 40). It seems that this section of the house. walls androofs were repaired andwhole posts Construction issues connected with the may have been replaced. Unfortunately, it is use of an additional row of posts in houses not easy to détermine whether such work was of Danubian communities is also discussed done. The use of the double post method in by J. Romanow (1977). His analyses are con- the constructionof long houses by Danubian cernedwithhousesoftheStroke-Ornamented communities sometimes may have resulted Pottery culture, but some of the conclusions from constraints of location and the type of can also refer to older houses. According to ground on which the buildings were raised. Romanow (1977: 42), in the case of construc An additional pair of posts improved the sta- tions with double posts, the inside row con- bility of the structure and provided better iso stituted a wattle and daub wall and did not lation from strong winds (Startin, 1978: 149; have a load bearing function. Only posts of Marschall, 1981:112). the outer wall served this purpose. The pres ence of a foundation trench in some of the houses is thought to be connected with the 5. Discussion use of the palisade method of wall build ing, in order to create insulated spaces and The results of rescue excavations at the improve living conditions (Romanow, 1977: Lisewo 31 site allow us to discuss the origin 52). This construction method would help and chronologyof the double post technique Longhouses and long-distance contacts in theLinearbandkeramik communities 137 in the construction of the external walls of seen in the décoration of pottery, underwent houses by LBK communities. The double a change towards the end of the music note posts placed along the load-bearing walls, as phase and in the youngest period of LBK com noted in Lisewo, combined with the NWW- munities in the Polish Lowland. The fact that SEE orientation of houses, indicate connec there are no elements of the Zeliezovce style tions with the western and southern LBK of western Slovakia in Kuyavia région and oecumene (Kuper, 1977: 19-40; Modderman, the Chelmno Land, suggests limited contacts 1988: 93). A direct analogy for the Lisewo with Little Poland in this late LBK phase. houses can be found at Bochum-Hiltrop While the dominance, in the same period, of (Gabriel, 1979: 81; Fig. 5: B) and Zwenkau- the Praha-Sârka style from Bohemia suggests Harth (Quitta, 1958: 178-179; Fig. 5: E). Both the existence of contacts with LBK communi sites revealed two houses orientated NWW- ties in the South-West or in the West, from SEEand arranged parallel to each other. They the Elbe basin (Vend, 1961; Hoffman, 1963, are dated to the youngest LBKperiod (Quitta, Tabl. 4; Dohrn-Ihmig, 1974, Fig. 3; 1976; 1957: 179; Hodder, 1990: 120). While the 14C Gabriel, 1979: Tafl. 66; Kozlowski, 1988: 47; dates (Tabl. 2) obtained from charcoal found Kirkowski, 1994: 66). As only a single site is in pits located in the neighborhood of the known in the South (at Stùrovo, Slowakia; post structure at Lisewo, indicate that an LBK Pavùk, 1982) with traces of the double post settlement of the classic (music note) phase building technique, links with the West are existed there. It needs to be stressed that the more probable. pottery material from this site is uniform and The longhouses from Lisewo, built using there is no foundation for différent dates. the double post construction method, seem Among the more than one thousand frag to support the hypothesis that this building ments of pottery, an ornament of possibly technique was a characteristic feature not younger date was found in only one case (Fig. only for the final phase of LBK and commu 8: 5). This type of dating is not confirmed by nities of the Stroke-Ornamented Pottery cul Modderman's (1970:109) typology. ture. Changes in the dating of this technique The occurrence of the double post con may show that contacts with LBK communi struction method, allows us to discuss the ties to the west were already established in issue of far-reaching contacts and the possi- the classic phase. bility of observing changes in the direction The results of LBK excavations in the of information flow among LBK communi Chelmno Land bring to mind recent discov- ties in the Lower Vistula Basin, from longitu eries in the Paris Basin (Jeuesse et al., 2007). dinal to latitudinal (Kirkowski, 1994: 67). The région, like the Chelmno Land, is situ- Analyses of LBK sherds from the Polish ated on the periphery of the LBK oecumene. Lowland, mainly from Kuyavian région Excavations carried out at sites in Ecriennes (Pyzel, 2006) and from the Chelmno Land (Marne) and in Sierentz (Haut-Rhin) have (Kirkowski, 1994), indicate that the first LBK undermined the earlier view that the oldest communities arrived here from southern trapeze-shaped dwellings should be associ- Poland (Little Poland). Examination of flint ated with the final period of LBK commu inventories from the Chelmno Land shows nities and with communities of the Stroke- that permanent contacts with LBK settle Ornamented Pottery culture (Jeunesse et al., ment régions in the basin of the Upper and 2007: 44 and 50-51). We can draw similar Middle Vistula existed (Matecka-Kukawka, conclusions from the discovery of houses in 2001: 36-37, 88-89; Lech, 2003: 21-27). This is which the double post building technique evidenced by the import of flint from Little was used. It seems that also in this case the Poland and changes in the style of pottery accepted chronology will have to be reviewed décoration. The direction of contacts, to be (see Jeunesse et al, 2007: 45). 138 Dagmara Werra

The présent state of research does not Bienias D., 2000. Charakterystyka fizjografic- exclude the possibility that the "à parois dou zna stanowiska. In : Opracowanie wyn- bles" technique appeared in varions régions ikôw ratowniczych badan archeologicznych of the LBK oecumene independently, ad hoc. na odcinku Al planowanej autostrady w In this case, it would resuit from the applica wojewôdztwie kujawsko-pomorskim, Bocien, tion of similar solutions to similar problems gm. Chetmza, stan. 5. Toruh (Computer which arose during the building, or use, of printout from archive of Institute of long houses and were caused by the type of Archaeology UNC in Toruh) : 8-9. ground or the need to repair walls. Brandt D. V., 1988. Hauser, In : Der band- So far, in literature on the subject, the keramischen Siedlungsplatz Langweiler "à parois doubles" is viewed as a technique 8, G. Aldenhoven, K. Dûren. Rhenische occurring specifically in LBK architecture. Ausgrabungen, 28 : 36-290. The author shares this view. Nevertheless, its validity should continue to be verified ButtlerW. & HabereyW., 1936.Bandkeramische during further research, since there is always Ansiedlung bel Kôln-Lindenthal. Berlin- a risk of error in the reading and interpréta Leipzig. tion of archaeological features. Chudziak w., 2000. Wyniki prac terenowych. In : Opracowanie wynikôw ratowniczych badan archeologicznych na odcinku Al planowanej autostrady w wojewôdztwie Acknowledgements kujawsko-pomorskim, Bocien, gm. Chetmza, stan. 5. Toruh (Computer printout from I would like to express my gratitude to the Editor archive of Institute of Archaeology UNC for help with correcting and smoothing the English in Toruh) : 13-16. text. Valuable comments on a draft of this article were kindiy provided by Prof.Jacek Lech and by two refe- CouDART A., 1987. Tradition, uniformity rees, whom I aiso wish to thank. I am aiso obliged to and variability in the architecture of the Aliqa Petrus-Zagroba for the translation of this text Danubian Neolithic. In : J. Rulf (éd.), into English. Bylany Seminar 1987 :199-223. CoudART A., 1998. Architecture et société néolithique. L'unité et la variance de la maison danubienne. Documents References d'Archéologie française, 67. BeneSJ., 1991a. Neoliticke sidlistë v Hrdlovce- Czekaj-Zastawny a., 2008. Osadnictwo Lipticich Pfedbëznà zaprâva o vyzkumu spolecznosci kultury ceramiki wstçgowej Vletech 1987-1989. Archeologické Rozhledy, rytej w dorzeczu gôrnej Wisly. Krakôw. 43 (1) : 29-46. CZERNIAK L., 1990. First settlement of the Beneô 1991b. A neolithic settlement site at oldest phase of the Linear Band Pottery Hrdlovka-Liptice (Excavations of 1987- Culture of the Polish Lowland: Grabie 1990). Archaeology in Bohemia : 75-79. 4, Wlochvek voivodeship. In : T. Szelag BeneS J., 1995. Deset let vyzkumu (éd.). Interrégionalculturalrelations between zemëdëlského pravëku v povodi Polish territories and adjacent régions of Lomského a Loucenského potoka v ses- Central and Eastern Europe. Archaeologia rozâpadnfch Cechâch (1983-1992). In : Interregionalis, 11: 49-62, Warszawa. J. BftEZÂK (éd.), Archeologické vyzkumy Dohrn-Ihmig m., 1974. Untersuchungen zur V severozâpadnich Ùechâch v letech 1983- Bandkeramik im Rheinland. Rheimische 1992 :63-80. Ausgrab, 15 :51-142. Longhouses and long-distance contacts inthe Linearbandkeramik communities 139

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Tichy R., 1962. Osidleni s volutovou kera- Author's address: mikou na Moravë. PamâtkyArcheologické, 53 (2) : 245-305. Dagmara Werra Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Vencl s., 1961. Studie o âàreckém typu. Polish Academy of Sciences Sborntk Nârodntho Muzea v Praze Rada A Al. Solidarnosci 105 —Historié (Acta Musei Nationalis Prague 00-140 Warszawa (Poland) Sériés A- Historia), 15 (3) : 93-134. [email protected]