DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparative Effectiveness Against the Granary Weevil of Contact, Fumigation and Repellency of Pyrenone, Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide, Lindane and Ddt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparative Effectiveness Against the Granary Weevil of Contact, Fumigation and Repellency of Pyrenone, Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide, Lindane and Ddt COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST THE GRANARY WEEVIL OF CONTACT, FUMIGATION AND REPELLENCY OF PYRENONE, PYRETHRINS, PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE, LINDANE AND DDT DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By YUNG CHANG CHAO, B.A., M.S. The Ohio State University 1952 Approved bys CONTENTS Pago ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................... .............. Ill INTRODUCTION ................................... 1 LITERATURE R E V I E W ................................. 4 CULTURE METHODS ...... ........................... 11 EXPERIMENTATION ................................. 15 Experimental Design ................... 15 Equipment ................ 16 Toxicants and. Adjuvants ...................... 19 Formulations ................................. 26 Application Technique ........................ 31 Collecting D a t a ...... 40 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................ 44 STATISTIC ANALYSIS ................................ 54 CONCLUSION ............ 57 SUMMARY ........................................ 59 ILLUSTRATIONS .. ................... 61 LIST OF ABBREBIAT IONS ............................. 81 LITERATURE CITED ............................... 82 AUTOBIOGRAPHY..................................... 86 I S00441 LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1 Formulation of Impregnated Dusts for 50-gram Stocks........................................ 29 2 Emulsion Concentrates for Experiments 4 and 5.. 31 3 Formulation of Emulsion Concentrate for the Study of Contact Toxicity............ 31 4 The Differences In Adult, Pupal and Larval Stages of Rice Weevil and Granary Weevil....... 32 5 Dosages of Active Ingredients in PPM of Wheat.. 35 6 Dosages of the Five Toxicants Applied to Wheat in PPM.......................... 37 7 Average Weight of Feces from Treated Wheat and Difference in Weight of Feces between Treated Wheat and Checks...................... 47 8 Contact Effect of Toxicants Impregnated on Bags after 2§ Months...................... 50 9 Comparative Effect of Lindane Impregnated Bags in Closed Jars and in Open Jars Showing by the Number of Adults Developed after 100 Weevils Being Exposed Six Days and Collected 50 Days after the Removal of 100 Beetles ........ 51 10 Showing the Results of Four-Week Fumigation by Lindane Impregnated on Bags against Immature Granary Weevils of 1-4 Weeks ............. 53 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his most sincere gratitude to Dr. Dwight M. DeLong under whose direction this work was carried on. Dr. A. Peterson under whose direction this work was inaugurated suggested the problem. Dr. Harold E. Gray, in charge of the Stored Product Insect Investigations, Division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada, suggested the study of pyrenone. Dr. W. E. Dove, Director of Entomology Division of Re­ search and Development Laboratory, U.S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc., furnished a great deal of information on the use of pyrenone. Dr. Samuel S. Ristich offered much valuable information on the formulation of insecticides and helped in taking the photographs. Dr. D. P. Miller kindly approved all the orders for equipment and materials employed In this work. Dr. Prank W. Pisk, in charge of the Matheison Chemical Corporation Project at the Ohio State University, permitted the use of the ball mill and the taking of Its picture. Matheison Chemical Corporation Project at the Ohio State University gave the facility of using a number of materials for insecticidal studies. H i Ohio Seed Improvement Laboratory at the Ohio State University helped to determine the water content of the samples of wheat with the Tag-Happenstall Moisture Meter and supplied some of the wheat used in tests* U.S. Industrial Chemicals, Inc. supplied the samples of pyrenone, pyrethrins, piperonyl butoxide and several diluent dusts• California Spray Chemical Corporation furnished the sample of lindane* Attapulgus Clay Company supplied the sample of Atta- clay SP* To these men and companies that contributed much toward the work, the author is very grateful* iv INTRODUCTION Along with, the unprecedented, development of insecticides in the past decade a new approach to the control of the stored grain insects has been laid. Among the newer in­ secticides synthetic chlorinated compounds received immedi­ ate attention. However, toward the close of the decade at­ tention was turned to the combination of pyrethrins and their synergists. Among the chlorinated compounds lindane is es­ pecially promising for the control of stored grain insects because it has several unsurpassed properties. The so- called pyrenone, the combination of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide Is considered the most promising insecticide for controlling stored grain Insects because it gives not only rapid "knock-down," greater mortality and longer residual action but also offers safe use for human beings. In addi­ tion to the well-known properties of lindane and pyrenone, lindane is assumed to act as a fumigant and pyrenone and/or its ingredients as a repellent. These new properties are perhaps more favorable to the control of stored grain in­ sects. Their study may afford the bases of their new uses. However, a detailed survey of literature Indicates that little work has been done in connection with the new proper- 2 ties of lindane and pyrenone. The problem of Stored Grain Insect Control which was chosen as the author's doctorate study was first specified as Stored Grain Insect Control by Use of Newer Insecticides. A little later the problem was narrowed down to Fumigation Effect of Lindane. Still later Repellence Effect of Pyre­ none and Its Ingredients, and Lindane; and Contact Effect of the Same Toxicants were added to the study. Thus, the problem was finally shaped as Comparative Effectiveness, against Stored Grain Insects,of Contact, Fumigation, and Repellence of Lindane, Pyrenone, Pyrethrins and Piperonyl Butoxide. Judging from the excellent properties and new uses of the selected insecticides the present form of the problem seems logical and advisable. During the study six experiments were carried out: experiments 1 and 6 for contact effect; experiments 2, 4 and 5, for fumigation effect; and experiment 3 for re­ pellence effect. These experiments were conducted by two methods: experiments 1, 2 and 3 were conducted by use of i impregnated dusts and experiments 4, 5 and 6, by use of im­ pregnated cloth bags. The work is the result of four quarters investigations in the laboratory at the Ohio State University. One of the Important findings of the study Is the relative toxicity and stability of pyrenone and lindane. Another finding is the 3 effectiveness of lindane vapor against the adult and im­ mature stages of the granary weevil. LITERATURE REVIEW To obtain the best, first-hand and up-to-date references to the present work a detailed survey of literature was made, 'This survey indicated that the work on the evaluation of the effect of DDT, BHC and pyrenone against stored grain Insects was so crowded that only outstanding papers could be briefly summarized in this review. The papers which are to be re­ viewed were essentially obtained from Biological Abstracts and Bibliography of Agriculture, from 1941 to 1951, and some other sources. In addition, some information was obtained by personal communications. The applications of the three insecticides to stored grain insects include three categories, namely: (1) control by spraying warehouses and boxcars, (2) control by mixing chemicals with grain and (3) control by impregnation of sacking. The category (1) will be omitted herein since it is not incorporated in the present work. The remaining categories are separately discussed as follows: I. Control by Mixing Chemicals with Grain. This cate­ gory will be dealt with under the following two topics. A. Protection of grain for seed purpose. It is most probable that far more work on this subject has been done than on any other subject dealt with later. Among many 4 5 workers along this line Cotton, Hammer, Farrar and Kulash 1 p deserve mention especially. Cotton * noted that an effec­ tive treatment consists of 3$ DDT in magnesium oxide applied at the rate of 0.05$, by weight, of the seed mixture or ig- oz of the mixture per bushel of seed. He also suggested BHC at 3 ^ 1 PPM for seed protection. Hammer found that 3% DDT dust at the rate of 1.5 ozs per bushel affords protection of seed corn against the rice weevil, Anguomois moth and Indian meal 4 moth for 223 days without affecting germination. Farrar demonstrated that satisfactory protection of fifteen kinds of seed against eight species of grain insects for a whole year results from the application of 2 .5 -20% DDT dust at the rate of 1.5 ozs per bushel. It is apparent that the results obtained by the three workers are very similar. Kulash ob­ tained the satisfactory results by spray or slurry method. He treated husked, unhusked and shelled corn by spraying DDT solution. He also treated shelled corn by applying DDT emul­ sion or slurry. B. Protection of grain for human consumption. 6 1. DDT. ZInkernagel found that wheat may be pro­ tected by 10$ DDT dust at the rate of 0.1$. It is shown that the residual left is only 9 PPM after the grain is cleaned and 4-6 PPM after milling which is below the United States official tolerance of 7 PPM. Ho ill effects were observed in laboratory animals that fed for seventy days on the treated 6 grain that had not undergone any of the normal cleaning 7 processes or on bread baked from it. Gay showed that DDT at the concentration of 4 PPM produces a 50$ kill of the rice weevil in ten days. For some years DDT has been practically applied to 8 stored grains for food to some extent in Switzerland, Bel- Q glum and some other parts of the world. However, from a recent personal communication it became known that the use of DDT in protecting grain for food purpose was much re- 8 duced. This is most probably due to the fact that the ac­ cumulation of DDT was shown in body tissues of mammals. 2, BHC. Slade'1'0 first observed that BHC is ex­ ceptionally toxic to the rice weevil when applied to grain at the concentration of 1 PPM.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Megalith.Pdf
    PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER ETHNOLOGICAL SERIES No. Ill THE MEGALITHIC CULTURE OF INDONESIA Published by the University of Manchester at THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H. M. MCKECHNIE, Secretary) 12 LIME GROVE, OXFORD ROAD, MANCHESTER LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. LONDON : 39 Paternoster Row : . NEW YORK 443-449 Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street CHICAGO : Prairie Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street BOMBAY : Hornby Road CALCUTTA: G Old Court House Street MADRAS: 167 Mount Road THE MEGALITHIC CULTURE OF INDONESIA BY , W. J. PERRY, B.A. MANCHESTEE : AT THE UNIVERSITY PBESS 12 LIME GROVE, OXFOBD ROAD LONGMANS, GREEN & CO. London, New York, Bombay, etc. 1918 PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER No. CXVIII All rights reserved TO W. H. R. RIVERS A TOKEN OF AFFECTION AND REGARD PREFACE. IN 1911 the stream of ethnological research was directed by Dr. Rivers into new channels. In his Presidential Address to the Anthropological Section of the British Association at Portsmouth he expounded some of the effects of the contact of diverse cul- tures in Oceania in producing new, and modifying pre-existent institutions, and thereby opened up novel and hitherto unknown fields of research, and brought into prominence once again those investigations into movements of culture which had so long been neglected. A student who wishes to study problems of culture mixture and transmission is faced with a variety of choice of themes and of regions to investigate. He can set out to examine topics of greater or less scope in circumscribed areas, or he can under- take world-wide investigations which embrace peoples of all ages and civilisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritual Landscapes and Borders Within Rock Art Research Stebergløkken, Berge, Lindgaard and Vangen Stuedal (Eds)
    Stebergløkken, Berge, Lindgaard and Vangen Stuedal (eds) and Vangen Lindgaard Berge, Stebergløkken, Art Research within Rock and Borders Ritual Landscapes Ritual Landscapes and Ritual landscapes and borders are recurring themes running through Professor Kalle Sognnes' Borders within long research career. This anthology contains 13 articles written by colleagues from his broad network in appreciation of his many contributions to the field of rock art research. The contributions discuss many different kinds of borders: those between landscapes, cultures, Rock Art Research traditions, settlements, power relations, symbolism, research traditions, theory and methods. We are grateful to the Department of Historical studies, NTNU; the Faculty of Humanities; NTNU, Papers in Honour of The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters and The Norwegian Archaeological Society (Norsk arkeologisk selskap) for funding this volume that will add new knowledge to the field and Professor Kalle Sognnes will be of importance to researchers and students of rock art in Scandinavia and abroad. edited by Heidrun Stebergløkken, Ragnhild Berge, Eva Lindgaard and Helle Vangen Stuedal Archaeopress Archaeology www.archaeopress.com Steberglokken cover.indd 1 03/09/2015 17:30:19 Ritual Landscapes and Borders within Rock Art Research Papers in Honour of Professor Kalle Sognnes edited by Heidrun Stebergløkken, Ragnhild Berge, Eva Lindgaard and Helle Vangen Stuedal Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 9781784911584 ISBN 978 1 78491 159 1 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2015 Cover image: Crossing borders. Leirfall in Stjørdal, central Norway. Photo: Helle Vangen Stuedal All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Irrigation: Types, Sources and Problems in Malaysia
    17 Irrigation: Types, Sources and Problems in Malaysia M. E. Toriman1 and M. Mokhtar2 1School of Social, Development & Environmental Studies FSSK. National University of Malaysia Bangi Selangor 2Institute of Environment & Development (LESTARI) National University of Malaysia Bangi Selangor Malaysia 1. Introduction Irrigation is always synonym with agriculture. From ancient to modern era, irrigation has been around for as long as humans have been cultivating plants. Archaeological investigations were proved that from ancient Egyptians until the middle of 20th century, irrigation technology are gradually improved in conjunction with advancement in water technology, water transfer and agriculture systems. In simple terminology, irrigation can be defined as the replacement or supplementation of rainwater with another source of water. It is a science of artificial application of water to the land or soil. The main idea behind irrigation systems is that the lawns and plants are maintained with the minimum amount of water required. Irrigation has been used for many purposes, among them are for maintenance of landscapes and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. However when relates to agriculture, irrigation is one of a major section to assist in the growing of agricultural crops. Additionally, irrigation also protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields and helping in preventing soil consolidation. The implementation of an irrigation system will help conserve water, while saving time, money, preventing weed growth and increasing the growth rate of your lawns, plants and crops. This article discusses on the irrigation in Malaysia- which is one of a major water regulation technology which helps to improved to about 14300 farmers in Malaysia.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural History of Architecture
    Press kit NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE HOW CLIMATE, EPIDEMICS AND ENERGY HAVE SHAPED OUR CITIES AND BUILDINGS Guest curator Philippe Rahm Exhibition created by Pavillon de l’Arsenal 24 October 2020 – 28 February 2021 With the support of Communications Department, Alts PRESS RELEASE Exhibition and publication created by Pavillon de l’Arsenal Opening weekend: Saturday 24 and Sunday 25 October The history of architecture and the city as we’ve known it since the second half of the twentieth century has more often than not been re-examined through the prisms of politics, society and culture, overlooking the physical, climatic and health grounds on which it is based, from city design to building forms. Architecture arose from the need to create a climate that can maintain our body temperature at 37 °C, raising walls and roofs to provide shelter from the cold or the heat of the sun. Originally, the city was invented as a granary to store and protect grain. The first architectures reflect available human energy. The fear of stagnant air brought about the great domes of the Renaissance to air out miasmas. The global cholera epidemic that began in 1816 initiated the major urban transfor- mations of the nineteenth century. The use of white lime, which runs throughout modernity, is above all hygienic. More recently, oil has made it possible to develop cities in the desert... and now, carbon dioxide is driving the architectural discipline to reconstruct its very foundations. The exhibition offers three chronological itineraries in one: the untold history of architecture and cities grounded in natural, energy, or health causes; the development of construction materials; and the development of energies and lighting systems through full-scale objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Neolithic Archaeology
    Journal of Neolithic Archaeology 6 December 2019 doi 10.12766/jna.2019S.3 The Concept of Monumentality in the Research Article history: into Neolithic Megaliths in Western France Received 14 March 2019 Reviewed 10 June 2019 Published 6 December 2019 Luc Laporte Keywords: megaliths, monumentality, Abstract western France, Neolithic, architectures This paper focuses on reviewing the monumentality associated Cite as: Luc Laporte: The Concept of Monumen- with Neolithic megaliths in western France, in all its diversity. This tality in the Research into Neolithic Megaliths region cannot claim to encompass the most megaliths in Europe, in Western France. but it is, on the other hand, one of the rare regions where mega- In: Maria Wunderlich, Tiatoshi Jamir, Johannes liths were built recurrently for nearly three millennia, by very differ- Müller (eds.), Hierarchy and Balance: The Role of ent human groups. We will first of all define the terms of the debate Monumentality in European and Indian Land- by explaining what we mean by the words monuments and meg- scapes. JNA Special Issue 5. Bonn: R. Habelt 2019, aliths and what they imply for the corresponding past societies in 27–50 [doi 10.12766/jna.2019S.3] terms of materiality, conception of space, time and rhythms. The no- tion of the architectural project is central to this debate and it will be Author‘s address: presented for each stage of this very long sequence. This will then Luc Laporte, DR CNRS, UMR lead to a discussion of the modes of human action on materials and 6566 ‐ Univ. Rennes the shared choices of certain past societies, which sometimes inspire [email protected] us to group very different structures under the same label.
    [Show full text]
  • At Draper Farm
    AT DRAPER FARM INTENTIONAL NEIGHBORHOODS FOR INTENTIONAL LIVES AT DRAPER FARM PG. 04–11 THE GRANARY » An Introduction 1 » Master Plan PG. 12–19 OUR COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENT » Respecting the Land » Stormwater Management 2 » Clean, Bright Sky PG. 20–35 A COMMUNITY OF INTENTION & INNOVATION » Neighborhoods » Public Trails + Parks & Recreation 3 » Culture of Creativity » The Wellness Center » Wired + Inspired 02 PG. 36–41 COMMUNITY CENTER » The Granary Farmers Market 4 » Good Food, Good Spirits PG. 42–47 HERE IN DELAWARE 5 » A Community Rooted in Milton PG. 48–51 IN THE WEEDS » Developmental Statistics 6 » Inquiries THE GRANARY CONTENTS 03 04 THE GRANARY AT DRAPER FARM THE GRANARY INTRODUCTION 05 SITUATED SOUTH OF DOWNTOWN MILTON, NESTLED IN 400+ ACRES OVERLOOKING DIAMOND POND SITS THE GRANARY AT DRAPER FARM. THE GRANARY IS ABOUT CONNECTING WITH THE LAND, WITH OURSELVES AND WITH EACH OTHER. 06 OUR AWARD WINNING TEAM OF ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, DESIGNERS, CONVERGENCE COMMUNITIES, AND COVENTRY FARMS IS UNIQUELY QUALIFIED TO BRING THIS VISION TO LIFE. THE GRANARY INTRODUCTION 07 THE GRANARY / MASTER PLAN 08 Rails to Trails Connection Pocket Park Bike & Pedestrian Tunnel Clubhouse & Pool Farmers Brewery Market Accelerator Community DIAMOND POND Gardens Public Parks & Fields Public Pathways Diamond Park & Ampitheater The Granary Clubhouse & Pool Public Pathways Emergency Services THE GRANARY INTRODUCTION 09 “Imagine 10 “Imagine a community that forges a seamless symbiotic relationship between the built environment and the natural world.” —Colby Cox, Convergence THE GRANARY INTRODUCTION 11 12 OUR COMMITMENT TO THE ENVIRONMENT THE GRANARY OUR COMMITMENT 13 WE ARE PASSIONATE ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT. AS DEVELOPERS, WE’VE CHALLENGED OURSELVES TO CREATE A PLACE WHERE THERE’S A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NATURAL WORLD AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
    [Show full text]
  • Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French
    Davis.1-15 5/25/07 9:56 AM Page 1 C HAPTER 1 Imperial Stories and Empirical Evidence THE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY of North Africa is a sad tale of de- forestation and desertification that has spanned much of the past two millennia. This history of environmental decline has been recounted so often by so many that it is widely accepted without question today. Yet re- cent paleoecological evidence and new research in arid lands ecology do not support many of these claims regarding deforestation, overgrazing, and desertification. A closer examination of how the environmental his- tory of North Africa has been constructed over time reveals the key roles of French colonial scientists, administrators, military men, and settlers in writing this declensionist narrative. The complex, dynamic and long- standing relationship between French colonialism, environmental narra- tives, and history in North Africa forms the primary subject of this book. Scholars of colonialism have effectively documented the multiple ways in which the French administration expropriated land, forests, and other natural resources from North Africans during the colonial period.1 What has been less well explored, however, is how the French environmental Davis.1-15 5/25/07 9:56 AM Page 2 2 | Resurrecting the Granary of Rome history of North Africa, and environmental and related laws and policies, were used to facilitate the appropriation of these resources, to transform subsistence production, and to effect social control. By detailing the con- struction and use of the declensionist environmental narrative, this book tells the story of the French colonial story of nature in the Maghreb.2 The conventional environmental history of North Africa most widely accepted today was created during the French colonial period.
    [Show full text]
  • ROCK ROOMS, STACKS and GRANARY BASES: the STONE ARCHITECTURE of WESTWOOD VALLEY!
    ROCK ROOMS, STACKS and GRANARY BASES: THE STONE ARCHITECTURE OF WESTWOOD VALLEY! Richard L. Carrico American Indian Studies Department San Diego State University ABSTRACT The rock complexes and other rock features located within the Westwood Valley in western San Diego County were recorded and excavated during fieldwork conducted in 1985-86. A complex consisting of 16 interconnecting rooms built within a large bedrock outcrop, with stone features including granary bases and rock walls were located along a large seasonal drainage. Eight of the 16 rock rooms were excavated; the others will be preserved in open space. Carbon-14 dates and diagnostic artifacts place occupation and use of the rooms within the Late Prehistoric/Contact Period circa A.D. 1500­ 1800. It is suggested that stone architecture among the Late Prehistoric peoples of San Diego County is far more common than previously reported and that in the foothills and mountains, stone works may be a significant cultural element. INTRODUCTION The presence of architecture among the Late Prehistoric peoples of San Diego County has been overlooked in the admittedly sparse ethnographic record and poorly documented in the archaeological data base. To a large degree, this lack of documentation is because ethnographers were dealing with cultures that were in transition and had adapted to European styles of storage and housing. The paucity of data in the archaeological record is a function of surveys that have focused on recording non­ architectural items, excavations that have been conducted using random sampling to recover "data sets" consisting of artifact assemblages and, in some cases, failure of field investigators to discriminate between natural rock features and cultural modification.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 06: the Neolithic Revolution – Notes
    STS.007 Notes for class 7 Neolithic Revolution History and Technology Technology in history: agriculture, cities, states If you think of “technology” as industrial production, it seems off topic “ecosystem engineers” – why I handed it out – a reminder of the varieties of engineering Agriculture as an entirely new way of interacting with flora and fauna of the world for human ends, productive and reproductive “bioengineering” – not just genetics but redoing agricultural production – green revolution – GM foods – animal breeding and cloning (Dolly) (we will get back to this at the end of class) Also though engineering not as production of goods but production of space – a humanbuilt world – civil engineering – along with military engineering, oldest branch Organization of space through creation of pathways and centers – bridges and dwellings (Heidegger) – “second nature” Machines vs structures: Billington has complained about bias of engineering history on former, not latter, which are highly visible, massive, relatively permanent, slow to evole, and site- specific - Agriculture is both: food production and shaping the world Seismic scale of revolutions: this is the big one, should be the standard against which to measure Everything changed: physical health: organization of society: gender relations: ideas? And still a mystery – so many elements – so many trade-offs Cutting edge: How knowledge and perspectives keep changing – research ongoing Basic questions: how revolutionary was it? Certainly in results, but how sudden? Gordon Childe,
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Configurations of Granary Houses in Kanyakumari, South India
    ISVS e-journal, Vol. 2, no.3, January, 2013 ISSN 2320-2661 Arapura: Spatial Configurations of Granary Houses in Kanyakumari, South India Indah Widiastuti School of Architecture Planning and Policy Development Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia & Ranee Vedamuthu School of Architecture and Planning Anna University, Chennai, India Abstract Arapura in this discusion refers to traditional residential building that accommodates agriculturist matrilineal joint-family (taravad) in Kanyakumari area. This paper outlines the evolution of the Arapura from the prototype of granary whose sequential transformation could be traced from the design of granary box, pattayam. Three cases of Arapura are documented and analyzed with respect to their spatial configurations. Keywords: arapura, veedu, nira granary-house, granary-box, Kerala, matrilineal, Kanyakumari, India and. Introduction Arapura refers to the main house within a traditional residential complex or house compound (veedu) in Kanyakumari area; South India. A veedu accommodates an agriculturist matrilineal joint family that constitutes a matrilineal-clan (taravad)i and the Arapura stands for the main building of a veedu, main granary, ancestral house and worshiping center of the matrilineal joint family. Local people also address arapura as thaiveedu or ‘mother’s house’ signifying ownership and inheritance that follow female lines. Kanyakumari is a region located on the inter-state border area that partially belongs to the administrative districts of Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu State and Thiruvananthapuram, of Kerala State. Kanyakumari is a region characterized by wet tropical climate with large forest reserves, high rain fall, high humidity that can rise to about 90 percent and hundreds of water bodies and a canal irrigation system.
    [Show full text]
  • An Extraordinary Structure at the Early Neolithic Settlement of WF16 ✉ Steven Mithen 1
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00615-7 OPEN Lost for words: an extraordinary structure at the early Neolithic settlement of WF16 ✉ Steven Mithen 1 Extraordinariness is a useful concept for everyday life and for academic research, frequently invoked within archaeology. In this contribution I explore how this term might be defined and whether it is appropriate for a large early Neolithic structure excavated at the site of WF16 in 1234567890():,; the southern Levant, dating to c. 11,200 BP. I draw on research regarding categorisation, concepts and their relationships to words, to suggest that Structure O75 can usefully be considered as ‘extraordinary’ because it does not comfortably fit into a category of finds currently used by Neolithic archaeologists. To do so, a brief review of the history of Neolithic research is required because that has shaped the categories that archaeologists bring to the archaeological record and hence what might be viewed as either ordinary or extraordinary discoveries. I conclude that extraordinary objects such as Structure O75 are likely to have played an active role in the conceptual and linguistic developments that was associated with the transition from mobile hunting and gathering to sedentary farming communities. ✉ 1 Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, UK. email: [email protected] HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS | (2020) 7:125 | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00615-7 1 ARTICLE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00615-7 Introduction rchaeologists make frequent use of the word ‘extra- is referred to as a concept (Marceschal et al., 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • History of Horticulture: Lecture 3
    History of Horticulture: Lecture 3 Lecture 3 Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture Dating the Past The Great Technological Discoveries of Pre-history The discovery of tools The discovery and control of fire The invention of agriculture The invention of the wheel Reconstruction of Paleolithic landscape Source: Syria 1 History of Horticulture: Lecture 3 Neolithic village at Abu Hureyra Source: Syria Tools Adze and axe 7000 BCE Earliest tools were made from flaked flint. Later certain tools began to be shaped from hard stone that was polished with an even harder stone, like emery, could take 4–8 weeks. These tools had to be fitted into a shank made of antler before they could be fixed to a handle. Source: Syria Tools Terra cotta spindle whorls 5000 BCE These objects were used as weights in the process of spinning threads. In Syria, flax was the first fiber to be spun (into linen), predating the use of sheep’s wool. 2 History of Horticulture: Lecture 3 The Fertile Crescent Independent Origins of Agriculture Development of Villages and Housing The first houses in prehistoric Syria were round; later houses became rectangular, with rounded corners. By 6000 BCE, near Palmyra, three-part rectangular houses were constructed with plaster floors and equipped with food store houses and hearths for cooking. 3 History of Horticulture: Lecture 3 Model of a fortified Turkish village of Hacilon, about 5400 BCE 1. West wall 2. East wall 3. Northwest gate 4. North courtyard 5. Parching oven 6. Granary 7. House 8. Small courtyard 9. Kitchen 10. South gate 11.
    [Show full text]