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Home , Cobalt blue, Egyptian blue, Prussian blue, Ultramarine, YInMn Blue

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Messages from guides - in the Kote-E

Index

１． Introduction (１) Brilliant color (２) : Dominant opinion (３) or "King of Blue": from converrsation "Kin-Beru" (４) Fluorescence

２．Coloration of Kote-E (１) Which is a basic in the Kote-E blue, lapis lazuli or Prussian blue. (２) Histoty of typical blue and dyes in the world (３) Secret of coloring in Kote-E Blue ( ) (４) Secret of coloring in Kote-E Blue ( Fluorescence in Lapis-lazuli)

Supplement New blue pigment, YInMn Blue, has descovered in 2009.

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E Index 2

１． Introduction

(１) Brilliant blue color I think that blue color used on the phoenix and qilin drawn on the Kote-E warehouse is a kind of distinctively characteristic color. Clean surface parts of them seems an intense, brilliant as if it concludes fluorescent colors . There are several opinions regarding the blue color used in the Kote-E warehouse of the Kina-saffron brewery.

(２) Lapis lazuli : Dominant opinion Dominant opinion many people say is that material of the color is lapis lazuli, which is known as a chief pigment of blue. Lapis lazuli had been found in the central Asia in ancient period.

(３) Prussian blue or "King of Blue": from converrsation "Kin-Beru" Other opinion is "King of blue", plant-derived dye color. Kote-E reseacher,Youzou FUJITA, said in his book, that craft-people in the warehouse construction called this color "KIN-BERU". It is just the word "King of Blue", however he didn't depict the meaning, tropical water lilies or the other color having structural coloration. Another opinion is that "KIN-BERU" means Purrusian blue. In old days from Edo period, since 400 years ago, to Meiji Era, about years ago, "KIN-BERU" was used expressing Prussian blue among material marchants and painters, who were, some cases, Ukiyo-E producers.

(４) Fluorescence The other important opinion is using fluorescent materials, mixed with plaster, in particular in the visible region. It is also known that natural component of lapis lazuli has a fluores- cent property. If rich-fluorescent-lapis lazuli can be obtained, this idea may be reasonable one.

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E Introduction 3

２．Coloration of Kote-E (１) Which is a basic pigment in the Kote-E blue, lapis lazuli or Prussian blue. Typical blue colors used in the western art and the eastern art are shown below.

①

②

④ ③

Clockwise from upper left, Upper is a color of "King of Blue" ①Prussian Blue、②, ③, flower of tropical water lilies and ④Lapis lazuli. Furuta,"Re-producing the blue in Jakichu",Nikkei Scince, 2007(October)

Pigments used in the Kote-E should exist in the figure ｓｈｏｗn above. In order to increase some kind of brilliant property, there is a possibility that optical ingredients are addes such as fluorescent components or structural coloration.

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E Coloration of Kote-E 4

(２) Histoty of typical blue pigments and dyes in the world ( C) KASUGA Ancient and Medieval Period CaCuSi4O10 2200BC

Lapis lazuli 4000BC (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl)1-2 Natural colors Azurite Azurite Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2,

Smalt 8th and 9th Blue potassium with as colouring agent (+ Mn, Fe) --->Jingdezhen (China) Blue and pottery (Japan) Indigo Many materails in the world including Japanese Indugo(*1)

Age og Chemical Synthesis 1700 1800 1900 2000 Prussian Blue 1714 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3· x H2O Synthetic

Cobalt Blue 1802

CoO・Al 2O3 (*2)

Cerulean Blue 1805 and Cobaltous oxides

Ultramarine Blue 1814, 1826 (Process) Synthesis of natural Lazurite

Phthalocyanine Blue' 1928 Plentiful blue and organic C32H18N8

YInMn Blue 2009 Ideal brilliance

(*1) There are several plants that contain indigo, including Japanese Indigo, Indian original Indigo, woad in , etc.

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E history 5

(３) Secret of coloring in Kote-E Blue ( Structural coloration ) '( C) 2019 KASUGA

Examples of Structural coloration "King of blue" color in tropical water lily in orchid cactus

of Chinese phoenix In living creatures, structural coloration is the production colour by microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light, sometimes in combination with pigments. ( Wiki ) Brilliant coloration in the Kore-E Gura house is something, structural coloration, fluorescence phenomena, and etc.

・Examples in living creatures or nature Typical fine structures Wings in insects and birds. producing interference Petals in flowers ( Light is a bunch of waves) Thin films in oil and soaps Examples in artificial products (a)Thin films Thin film layers including (b)Multi-layer ( Insect, beetle ) chemical deposition in semiconductor (c)diffraction grating structure production plants ( Wings of birds, butterflies) Superposition of (d) Special crystal structure peaks in sevelal Principle ( ～ Some jewels )

(a) (b) transmitted light reflected light thin film (c) (d)

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E Struct_Col 6

Structural coloration is the production of colour by microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with visible light, sometimes in combination with pigments. it is found in a certain kind of insects, birds, etc. For example, male sex of peacock tail feathers are pigmented , but their microscopic structure makes them also reflect blue, , and green light,and they are often colors.

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E Struct_Col 7

(４) Secret of coloring in Kote-E Blue (Fluorescence in Lapis-lazuli) There are many substances that have fluorescence, but regarding in the Kote-E, it is important to have fluorescence for light light region. In the following table, investigation about the fluorescence of lapis lazuli is shown. (https://www.saltworkconsultants.com/lapis-lazuli/) Table Lapis lazuli is a composite of the following several ores. Ore Component Fluorescence property

Lazurite (Na,Ca) 8(AlSiO 4)6(SO 4,S,Cl) 2 Main component of lapis lazuli, Also known as Ultramarine aboue 30-40%. No fluorescence.

Nosean, Na 8Al 6Si 6O24 (SO 4) H 2O Fluorescence in the visible Noselite light region

Sodalite Na 4Al 3(SiO 4)3Cl。 Fluorescence in the Ultra- light region

Hauyne (Na,Ca) 4-8 Al 6Si 6(O,S) 24 (SO 4,Cl) 1-2 No fluorescence in powder state As shown in the table above, only the component called nozean has the property of visible light fluorescence. Then, if we can collect the natural of lapis lazuli, in which particularly high content of nozean is included, lapis lazuli becomes a good candidatematerial having fluorescence. Here, we call it "choosen lapis lazuli". a) First, select approproate blue pigment and mix it with plaster, making base layer. After the base color plaster has dried, apply "choosen lapis lazuli" on the base layer. I think it is possible to realize a beautiful blue color birds in day light condition. b) First, select "choosen lapis lazuli". and mix it with plaster, making base layer. After the base color plaster has dried, apply approproate blue pigment and mix it with plaster, on the base layer. I think it is also possible to realize a beautiful blue color birds. c) Or it is possible yo use all the plaster layer with Prusian blue, which is strong blue in dilution with plaster and visible light fluorescent materials, I think it is also possible to realize a beautiful blue color birds.

I think it is highly possible that this (4) was achieved by either of these methods.

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E fluorescence 8

２．Coloration of murals in old era Many of the coloration materials are common among the coloration materials used in Greek murals, Dunhuang murals in China, and the Japanese ancient murals in Nara period in the 6th century. Contrast List of blue pigments used in the Dunhuang murals in China and the Japanese mural of a ancient tomb (the Takamatsuzuka) in the 6th century. ～Refered the book 「Murals in the Silk Road, (japanese)」,Gensousya(2007) Pigment/ Dye Chemical formula Takamatsuzuka white chalk CaCO3 〇 white clay A12Si2O5（OH）4 〇 White talc Mg3Si4010（OH）2 gypsum CaSO4・2H2O mica KA12AlOl。（OH）2 Green verdigris CuCO3・Cu（OH）2 〇 Cu2（OH）3Cl Red cinnabar HgS cinnabar, vermillion 〇 -oxide red pigmentFe203 Bengala 〇 riaruga AsS Blue azurite 2CuCO3・Cu（OH）2 〇 ultramarine （Na，Ca）8（AISiO4）6（SO4S3S3Cl）2 Sumi C iron oxide black Fe304 Artificial HgS pigment white lead 2PbCO3・Pb（OH）2 〇 minium PbO4

Pigments and Dyes of Blue, Materials Pigments, Dyes Materials Ultramarine Lapis lazuli Ultramarine+ Aazurite Blue Including Cobalt Cpbalt Blue Including Cobalt smalt Including Cobalt Prussian blue Synthetic pigment Indigo Plant-derived dye King of Blue Plant-derived dye Natural historian, Aramata Hiroshi, said in his book,that craftpeople building the warehouse called this color "KIN-BERU". It is just the word "King of Blue".

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E murals 9

Supplement New blue pigment, YInMn Blue, has descovered in 2009. ( C) Kasuga https://chemistry.oregonstate.edu/content/story-yinmn-blue

YInMn Blue hexadecimal form #2e5090 RGB (45.82,(45.82, 79.92, 79.92, 143.51) 143.51) CMYK (68.07,(68.07, 44.31, 44.31, 0, 43.72) 0, 43.72) HSV (219.06°,(219.06°, 68.07%, 68.07%, 56.28%) 56.28%)

Check in web site https://www.rapidtables.com /web/color/RGB_Color.html

Components of YInYInMn blue are、 Y is , In is , and Mn is Mangan

Customers found several unique characteristics with YInMn: (1) A unique shade of blue for artist color materials. (2) Dark blue-shade colors for building products with high solar reflectance for regulatory approvals and reduced energy for cooling. (3) Other applications where its high heat and UV stability, IR properties, unique chemical structure and composition along with bright blue color add value. YInMn Blue derives its name from its chemical components: yttrium, indium and . (Oregon State University) In 2009, researchers at Oregon State University discovered YInMn Blue— the first new blue pigment identified in 200 years—while developing materials for use in electronics. Led by chemist , the team quickly realized that it had stumbled onto something significant. For the First Time in 200 Years, a New Blue Pigment Is Up for Sale. Researchers discovered YInMn Blue in 2009. Now, you can purchase a tiny tube of the bright blue for $179.40

MfG_E_Blues-world_in_Kote-E new_blue