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Occurrence of Antidepressants – from Wastewater to Drinking Water

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Occurrence of Antidepressants – from Wastewater to Drinking Water DOI: 10.4467/2353737XCT.16.204.5953 PIOTR REZKA, WOJCIECH BALCERZAK* OCCURRENCE OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS – FROM WASTEWATER TO DRINKING WATER WYSTĘPOWANIE LEKÓW PRZECIWDEPRESYJNYCH – ZE ŚCIEKÓW DO WODY UZDATNIONEJ Abstract The article’s subject is the presence of antidepressants in the wastewater and aquatic environment. The basic characteristics of selected antidepressants were presented. A review of the literature on the occurrence of these compounds in sewage influents and effluents, surface waters and sludge was made. As a general rule, drinking water should be free of any organic, especially pharmaceutical, contaminants. But according to data, the presence of antidepressants in source water for water purification plants poses a threat to their penetration to the water supply system and, eventually, to consumers of water intended for human consumption. Keywords: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, SSRI, wastewater, surface water, drinking water, sewage sludge Streszczenie W artykule omówiono zagadnienie występowania leków przeciwdepresyjnych w ściekach i środowisku wodnym. Dokonano przeglądu literatury dotyczącej występowania tych związków w ściekach surowych i oczyszczonych oraz wodach powierzchniowych, a także w osadach z oczyszczalni. Jak wynika z danych literaturowych, obecność antydepresantów w wodzie surowej ujmowanej przez stacje uzdatniania wody stwarza realne zagrożenie dla systemów wodociągowych, a w następstwie dla odbiorców wody przeznaczonej do spożycia. Słowa kluczowe: selektywne inhibitory zwrotnego wychwytu serotoniny, ścieki, wody powierzchniowe, wody, woda do picia, osady ściekowe * M.Sc. Eng. Piotr Rezka, Assoc. Prof. D.Sc. Ph.D. Wojciech Balcerzak, Institute of Water Supply and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Cracow University of Technology. 146 1. Introduction The subject of pharmaceuticals and their presence in the wastewater or the environment has become one of the most analyzed problems over the years. Despite the passing years since the first mention of drug pollution of the aquatic environment, treatment technologies that can completely eliminate the issue of their emissions still have not been implemented. On the one hand, the difficulty lies in the variability of the composition of the wastewater supplied to the treatment plant and various properties of the impurities in them, such as low adsorbability and biodegradability of cytostatic drugs [5]. On the other hand, economic considerations are the ones that restrict the implementation of advanced and modern methods of wastewater treatment, which will most likely entail a significant increase in the costs and an increase in the prices of sewage management. Insufficient elimination and degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants during wastewater treatment poses a risk of emission of these substances into the aquatic environment. One group of pharmaceuticals widely used in medicine is antidepressants. They are found in the environmental samples in one of the largest quantities (8%) out of all the detected pharmaceuticals [49]. 2. Characteristics of antidepressants Drugs for depression are a type of psychotropic drugs, which are substances that affect the mental processes of humans that refer to, among other things, affecting mood, sedation, stimulation, thinking and behavior [53]. Most antidepressants in use are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), which act to regulate the levels of serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter (a chemical compound of transmitting signals between neurons). Antidepressants are used to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorder, eating disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and social phobia [11]. The most commonly used antidepressants and fluoxetine metabolite norfluoxetine as well as their basic characteristics (e.g. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number and half-life) are presented in Table 1. 3. Occurrence of antidepressants Antidepressant pharmaceuticals are typical anthropogenic pollutants because those are not the type of substances naturally occurring in the environment. For this reason, the main sources of these drugs in wastewater and natural waters are households and hospitals. Fig. 1 presents the sources and paths of emission of pharmaceutical impurities in the environment. Hospital wastewater has a much higher concentration range of antidepressants, but in their case, there is a possibility for pre-treatment prior to their transport to the treatment plant. In the case of municipal wastewater produced by people in their homes, there is no possibility for pre-treatment. Metabolized, or in the form of primary, antidepressants are transported via a sewer system to municipal wastewater treatment plants, where they should be removed from the wastewater during treatment processes. 147 Table 1 Characteristics of selected antidepressants [13] Molecular mass Name Formula CAS No. Half-life [g/mol] Amitriptyline C20H23N 277.4 50-48-6 10–50 h Bupropion C13H18ClNO 239.7 34841-39-9 24 h Citalopram C20H21FN2O 324.4 59729-33-8 35 h Dosulepin C19H21NS 295.4 113-53-1 14–54 h Fluoxetine C17H18F3NO 309.3 54910-89-3 1–6 d Fluvoxamine C15H21F3N2O2 318.3 54739-18-3 15.6 h Norfluoxetine(m) C16H16F3NO 295.3 126924-38-7 4–16 d Nortriptyline C19H21N 263.4 72-69-5 16–90 h Paroxetine C19H20FNO3 329.4 61869-08-7 21–24 h Risperidone C23H27FN4O2 410.5 106266-06-2 20–24 h Sertraline C17H17Cl2N 306.2 79617-96-2 25–26 h Venlafaxine C17H27NO2 277.4 93413-69-5 5 h Fig. 1. Potential sources of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment [32] 148 Table 2 Concentrations (min-max or mean) of detected antidepressants Influent Effluent Surface water Compound (ng/l) (ng/l) (ng/l) 341-5143[24] 53-357[24] 0.5-72[33] 106-2092[33] 18.2-243.0[4] 1.0-2.0[20] 35.8-1055.5[4] 66-207[33] 29.5[3] Amitriptyline 3100[48] 140[48] 659[3] 129.8[3] 138[28] 83[47] 71[28] 17.1-378[41] 28-4300[50] – Bupropion 74[35] 7.3-264[41] 57[35] 27-180[19] 21-520[50] 40-8000[16] 35.1-170[41] 104-404[41] 0.5-219[37] 99.2-213.6[38] 30-120[19] 4-206[30] 650.0[14] 82.8-95.6[38] 26-160[44] Citalopram 236[28] 173[28] 3-120[1] 180[35] 120[35] 2-95[35] 4.0[52] 53.0[14] 40-90[36] 5.0[52] 4-17[18] 3.4-11.5[27] 17.2-673.3[4] 3.1-125.1[4] 0.5-32[33] Dosulepin 227.6[3] 57.2[3] 9.7[3] 17-3645[34] 19-929[10] 4-141[30] 4.9-175.9[4] 11-76[50] 0.6-66.1[15] 20-91[30] 50-99[31] 8.0-44.0[1] 105.8-157.4[38] 40-73[7] 0.5-43.2[37] 8.0-30.0[42] 5.6-44.9[4] 12.0-20.0[36] 1.1-18.7[45] 0.6-8.4[45] 5.8-14[33] 3.1-3.5[27] 2.0-3.7[27] 3.2-5.5[18] 0.4-2.4[46] 0.12-1.3[46] 1.0-2.0[20] Fluoxetine 540[48] 240[48] 0.42-1.3[27] 86.1[3] 29.3[3] 12.0[26] 51.0[14] 26.0[14] 9.0[3] 26[22] 16[22] 3.0[22] 24[35] 14[29] 18.0[28] 11.0[28] 18.0[29] 1.7[25] 8[35] 0.4-3.9[46] 0.49-0.8[45] 0.5-4.6[37] Fluvoxamine 0.8-1.7[45] 0.15-0.8[46] 0.5-0.8[45] 5.2[28] 3.4[28] 149 Continue Table 2 Influent Effluent Surface water Compound (ng/l) (ng/l) (ng/l) 3.4-118.0[4] 1.1-20.2[4] 0.5-13.6[37] 1.8-4.2[27] 1.7-1.8[27] 1.2-1.3[27] 62.8[3] 13.2[3] 0.83-1.0[36] Norfluoxetine(m) 13[35] 10.0[48] 4.0[30] 12.0[48] 7.4[28] 3.5[33] 11.0[30] 1.0[35] 9.1[28] 6.9-185.8[4] 0.9-53.8[4] 0.8-19[33] Nortriptyline 114.1[3] 32.9[3] 6.8[3] 18.0[28] 11.0[28] 14-32228[34] 60-240[39] 2.1-3.0[36] 137.9-186.4[38] 1.0-11.7[45] 1.3-3.0[27] 45-105[39] 4.3-5.2[27] 0.5-5.8[37] 2.9-12.9[45] 1141[10] 0.6-1.4[45] Paroxetine 4.6-5.3[27] 81.1[38] 90[51] 16.0[48] 13.0[7] 9.1[35] 5.6[28] 8.0[28] 7.0[48] 2.3[35] Risperidone 364[47] 154[47] – 31.6-114[41] 15.7-88.3[41] 0.5-37.5[37] 14.0-34.0[30] 57-87[7] 33-49[36] 7-27[19] 3-6[19] 6.0-17.0[30] 6.0-6.1[27] 3.7-14.6[45] 0.84-2.4[27] Sertraline 8.4-19.8[45] 5.1-5.8[27] 11.0[23] 100.4[38] 12.0[28] 49[35] 9.0[35] 20.0[28] 40-980[21] 12-5500[50] 100-1003[44] 120-800[19] 120-1110[19] 0.8-250[18] 169-609[41] 60-550[21] 1-202[2] 28.8-446.1[4] 209-553[41] 11-180[35] 121-529[42] 21.4-285.1[4] 1.1-85[33] Venlafaxine 1343[28] 1087[28] 35.1[3] 403[47] 365[47] 352.7[14] 220.3[14] 260[35] 220[35] 249[3] 187.5[3] However, the efficiency of antidepressant removal in municipal sewage treatment plants is not high enough. Despite the relatively high efficiency of paroxetine elimination (over 90%), most anti-depression drugs are eliminated in an average degree: more than 25% for 150 venlafaxine, 40–90% for fluoxetine, 60–80% for amitriptyline; also in the case of metabolite norfluoxetine, 40–50% is eliminated [4, 24, 48].
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