The Attainment and Refinement of Elite-Level Curling Expertise
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The Attainment and Refinement of Elite-Level Curling Expertise: Similarities and Differences Among Olympic and World Champions by Robert Edward Krepps A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation University of Alberta © Robert Edward Krepps, 2016 ii Abstract The purpose of this study was to carefully examine the career histories of four male Olympic and/or World Champion curlers in order to better understand the attainment and refinement of their elite-level curling expertise. A mixed-method design was employed, with the qualitative element core, the quantitative element supplementary, and both elements examined simultaneously (i.e., QUAN + qual). This study’s qualitative element, which was based on an in-depth interview with each curler, identified ‘The Five Components of Curling Expertise’ (i.e., technical, tactical, physical, mental, and social). It also identified common themes reflecting how these curlers went about developing each of these components across three distinct career periods. Beyond these key similarities, this study’s qualitative element also identified clear differences in these curlers’ journeys to the top of the sport, and in what they did to stay there. These differences were reinforced by its’ quantitative element, which showed a considerable range in their absolute and proportional investments in different types of training and competition at all points in their careers. However, it also showed that these curlers’ average annual training and competition investments grew steadily as their careers progressed, including after they had achieved elite status. This study helps to advance the existing literature on talent and athlete development, and offers recommendations to those interested in studying and/or supporting the attainment and refinement of elite-level curling expertise. iii Preface This thesis is an original work by Robert Edward Krepps. The research project, of which it is part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board on May 19, 2015, Project Name: ‘The Development of Elite-Level Athletic Expertise in the Sport of Curling’ (No. Pro00056287). iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank my graduate supervisor, Dr. Pierre Baudin, for his sage advice and encouragement over the course of this research project. I would also like to thank the other members of my supervisory committee, Dr. John Spence, Dr. Nick Holt, Dr. Vicki Harber, and Dr. Ian Reade, for the important contributions that they have made. I also wish to express my gratitude to Gerry Peckham, of Curling Canada, for the insight and perspective that he has provided. On a personal level, I would like to thank my parents, Daryl and Rex, for everything they have done for me over the years, including introducing me to the wonderful sport of curling. I also want to acknowledge the many curlers and coaches with whom I have had the opportunity to be associated over the past three decades. Finally, and most significantly, a heartfelt thanks to my loving wife Rejeanne for her unwavering support throughout this long journey. v Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………ii Preface…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………….………..…….……iii Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………………….………..………...……………..iv Table of Contents…………………………………………….……………………………….…………………………………..……....……….v List of Tables…………………………………………………………………..............………………………………………..…………………vii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter 2: Literature…………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………… 8 Personal Factors…………………………………....………………………………………………………………………………10 Contextual Factors………………………………………………………………...………………………………………………16 Process Factors…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……21 Mixed-Method Research………………………………………………………………………..………………………..……39 Chapter 3: Method…………………………………….……………………………………………………………………...…………….….41 Participants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….….41 Mixed-Method Design……………………………………………………………………………..…………………….……...43 Qualitative Element……………………………………………………………………………...………………….……………43 Quantitative Element………………………………………………………...………………………………………………….48 Presentation of Results………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….56 Chapter 5: Results…………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………. 57 Career Summaries………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….…..57 Performance Metrics and Competitive Milestones……………………………...………………………….68 Curling Training and Competition Investments………………………………………………………………71 vi The Five Components of Curling Expertise…………………………………….………………………………..76 Other Sport Involvement and Success………………………...……………………………………..……………120 Combined Investments in Curling and Other Sports……………………………………………………128 Chapter 5: Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….……….…131 A Sustained Record of Elite-Level Success…………………………….……………………………………….131 The Five Components of Curling Expertise…………………………………………….…….………..………132 The Benefits of Other Sport Involvement……………………………………………….….…………..………139 Factors Affecting Elite-Level Curling Expertise…..………………………………..………………….……141 Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………..……153 References……………………………………………………………………….…………………………….……….…………………………163 Appendices A: Qualitative Interview Guide…………………………….……………...…………………….……………….………………….170 B: Qualitative Data Analysis……………………………………………….…………...………………………….….………………176 C: Quantitative Interview Guide………………………….………………………………………………………..……………….181 D: Brad Gushue’s Career History……………………………………………………...…………...............................................191 E: Marc Kennedy’s Career History…………………………………………………...….…………………….………………….217 F: Brent Laing’s Career History………………………………………......................................................................................244 G: Nolan Thiessen’s Career History……………………………..……………………………………………………..………...270 vii List of Tables Table 1.1 Canadian vs. International Teams in the Top-10 on the Year-End World Curling Tour Money List…..................3 3.1 Operational Definitions of Training and Competition Activities……………………………………………………………...52 3.2 Alignment Between Curling Canada’s LTAD and the Current Study’s 3-Year Stages……………………….54 4.1 Brad Gushue’s Curling-Related Investments by Career Period……………………………………………………………….60 4.2 Marc Kennedy’s Curling-Related Investments by Career Period………………………….………………………………….63 4.3 Brent Laing’s Curling-Related Investments by Career Period…………………………………………………………………66 4.4 Nolan Thiessen’s Curling-Related Investments by Career Period……………………………………………………………68 4.5 A Comparison of Appearances and Average Positional Ranking in Curling Canada Nationals……………………69 4.6 A Comparison of Pre-Men’s Major Titles…………………………...………………………………………………………………….70 4.7 A Comparison of Men’s Major Titles…………………………...………………………………………………………………………..70 4.8 A Comparison of Ages and Years of Curling Experience by Competitive Milestone…………………………………...71 4.9 A Comparison of Years and Hours in Curling Overall: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases…………………………72 4.10 A Comparison of Annual Hours in Curling Overall: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases……………………………..72 4.11 A Comparison of Years and Hours in Curling Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases……………………….73 4.12 A Comparison of Annual Hours in Curling Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases…………………………...73 4.13 A Comparison of Years and Hours in Curling Competition: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases…………………74 4.14 A Comparison of Annual Hours in Curling Competition: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases……………………..74 4.15 A Comparison of Curling Training to Competition Ratios: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases………….………..75 4.16 A Comparison of Training to Competition Ratios in 3-Year Stages………………………………………………………….75 4.17 A Comparison of Years and Hours Invested in Technical Training by Career Period………………………………...77 4.18 A Comparison of Annual Hours Invested in Technical Training by Career Period…………………………………….77 4.19 A Comparison of Years and Hours in Technical Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases……………………83 4.20 A Comparison of Annual Hours in Technical Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases………………………..84 4.21 A Comparison of Years and Hours Invested in Tactical Training by Career Period…………………………………...85 4.22 A Comparison of Annual Hours Invested in Tactical Training by Career Period……………………………………….85 4.23 A Comparison of Years and Hours in Tactical Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases………………………92 4.24 A Comparison of Annual Hours in Tactical Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases…………………………..92 4.25 A Comparison of Years and Hours Invested in Physical Training by Career Period…………………………………..93 4.26 A Comparison of Annual Hours Invested in Physical Training by Career Period………………………………………93 4.27 A Comparison of Years and Hours in Physical Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases……………………100 viii 4.28 A Comparison of Annual Hours Invested in Physical Training: Attainment vs. Refinement……………………..100 4.29 A Comparison of Years and Hours Invested in Mental Training by Career Period…………………………………..101 4.30 A Comparison of Annual Hours Invested in Mental Training by Career Period………………………………………102 4.31 A Comparison of Years and Hours in Mental Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases……………………...108 4.32 A Comparison of Annual Hours in Mental Training: Attainment vs. Refinement Phases………………………….108 4.33 A Comparison of Years and Hours Invested in Curling Competition by Career