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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The archaeology of pig domestication and husbandry: approaches and case studies Albarella, Umberto How to cite: Albarella, Umberto (2004) The archaeology of pig domestication and husbandry: approaches and case studies, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3179/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PIG DOMESTICATION AND HUSBANDRY: APPROACHES AND CASE STUDIES Umberto Albarella Abstract The main aim of this thesis is to present the potential of an integrated analysis for the study of past relations between humans and pigs. In particular, the advent of pig domestication and patterns of early husbandry in southern Europe will be discussed on the basis of a multidisciplinary approach. The core method is represented by a biometrical analysis of pig teeth and bones from archaeological as well as modem collections. The study of recent material provides the opportunity to detect variation in wild boar size and shape across the whole range of distribution of the species. An archaeological baseline for domestic pigs is obtained through the study of a large Neolithic assemblage from England. With the adoption of a size index scaling technique this is then used as a 'standard' reference for the analysis of southern European material. In addition to this biometrical analysis, a historical approach to the study of pig husbandry in medieval England and ethnoarchaeological work in Sardinia and Corsica provide further opportunities to build up an interpretative framework for the archaeological evidence. A number of case studies from prehistoric and historic Portugal and prehistoric Italy are then presented. In Portugal abundant data collected from late prehistoric and historic assemblages are compared with Mesolithic and Neolithic evidence and provide the opportunity to study variations in patterns of pig hunting and husbandry through a long chronological sequence. The evidence for this country indicates that wild boars increased in size after the Mesolithic whereas no improvement in domestic pigs can be detected until the Middle Ages, which means that practices of free-range husbandry were probably adopted for the whole of the prehistoric and early historic periods. In Italy an even larger number of sites is used to illuminate the evolution of pig exploitation in that particular country. Like in Portugal a pattern of size increase in wild boars emerges after the Mesolithic, but in Italy it is also possible to detect size decrease in domestic pigs, with intensification in pig husbandry occurring probably sometime in the late Neolithic. The similarity in size between Mesolithic and Neolithic pigs confirms the suggestion brought about by genetic analysis that pigs were domesticated locally. The use of a diversity of approaches and the large chronological and geographic scale of this analysis provides us with a unique insight into the great variety of interactions that occurred between humans and pigs and the general importance of these animals in human history. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PIG DOMESTICATION AND HUSBANDRY: APPROACHES AND CASE STUDIES U roberto Albarella Ph. D dissertation Volume 1 of2 Department of Archaeology, University of Durham 2004 A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation D from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 3 1 AUG 2005 Contents Volume 1: Abstract p.S List of tables, figures and plates 6 Acknowledgments 18 1. Introduction 23 Approaches: 2. Biometry: Durrington Walls and the establishment of a metric baseline 34 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Material and methods 36 2.3 Age and sex in the Durrington Walls pig bone assemblage 38 2.4 Size of the Durrington Walls pigs 40 2.5 Age-related variation in the Durrington Walls measurements 43 2.6 Discussion 46 2.7 Standard measurements for archaeological pigs from NW Europe 49 3. Zoogeography: a worldwide view of wild boar variability 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Material and methods 56 3.3 Size variation in recent wild boars 60 3.3.1 Large-scale geographic variation 60 3.3.2 Regional and local geographic variation 65 3.3.2.1 Europe and North Africa 65 3.3.2.2 The Middle East 68 3.3.2.3 The Caucasus and Central Asia 69 3.3.2.4 The Far East 70 3.3.2.5 South and South-East Asia and Oceania 72 3.3.3 Shape variation in recent wild boar 74 3.3.3.1 Relative dimensions of the third molar 74 3.3.3.2 Mandible/M3 ratio 76 3.4 A comparison with ancient wild boars 78 3.4.1 Europe 79 3.4.1.1 Denmark 80 3.4.1.2 Britain 81 3.4.1.3 Netherlands 82 3.4.1.4 Germany 82 3.4.1.5 Switzerland 83 3.4.1.6 Serbia 84 3.4.1.7 Italy 84 3.4.1.8 Portugal 85 3.4.2 The Middle East 86 3.4.3 The Far East 87 3.5 Conclusions 88 2 4. Ethnoarchaeology: husbandry patterns in Sardinia and Corsica 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 Methods and area of study 97 4.3 Results 99 4.4 Conclusions 108 5. History: documentary and archaeological evidence of pig management in medieval England 112 5.1 General importance of the pig 112 5.2 Pig rise and decline 115 5.3 Husbandry regimes 118 5.4 Social and geographic variation 123 5.5 Slaughter, seasonality, trade 126 5.6 Improvement 129 5.7 Conclusions 132 Case studies: 6. Portugal: pig exploitation in the Chalcolithic and beyond 136 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Material and methods 138 6.3 Patterns of variation at Zambujal and Leceia 140 6.3.1 Ageing 140 6.3.2 Tooth biometry 142 6.3.3 Bone biometry 144 6.3.4 Leceia- chronological variation 145 6.4 Zambujal and Leceia in context 147 6.4.1 Wild boars 147 6.4.2 A comparison with later periods 151 6.5 Conclusions 154 7. Prehistoric Italy: predation, domestication and intensification 157 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Material and methods 160 7.3 Results 163 7.3.1 Modem Italian wild boars 163 7.3.2 Southern and central Italy 165 7.3.2.1 Palidoro (Latium, central Italy) 165 7.3.2.2 Grotta della Madonna (Calabria, southern Italy) 166 7.3.2.3 Grotta dell'Uzzo (Sicily) 167 7.3.2.4 La Marmotta (Latium, central Italy) 169 7.3.2.5 Masseria Candelaro (Apulia, southern Italy) 170 7.3.2.6 Conelle di Arcevia (Marche, central Italy) 171 7.3.2.7 La Starza (Campania, southern Italy) 173 7.3.2.8 Torre Mordillo (Calabria, southern Italy) 174 7.3.3. Northern Italy 175 7.3 .3 .1 Arene Candide (Liguria) 175 7.3.3.2 Rocca di Rivoli (Veneto) 177 7.3.3.3 Comuda (Veneto) 178 3 7.3 .3 .4 Concordia Sagittaria 179 7.3.3.5 Other northern Italian sites 179 7.3.3 Shape of the third molar 181 7.4 Discussion 185 7.4.1 Before domestication 182 7.4.2 ~rly farmers 184 7.4.2.1 The wild hypothesis 186 7.4.2.2 Introduced or locally domesticated? 187 7 .4.3 Evolution and selection 191 7.5 Conclusions 194 8. General conclusions 197 8.1 Initiative 197 8.2 Opportunity 200 8.3 Summary of main results 201 8.4 Future work 205 8.5 Pig/human relationships 207 References 214 Volume 2: Table captions 257 Figure captions 261 Plate captions 275 Tables Figures Plates 4 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PIG DOMESTICATION AND HUSBANDRY: APPROACHES AND CASE STUDIES Umberto Albarella Abstract The main aim of this thesis is to present the potential of an integrated analysis for the study of past relations between humans and pigs. In particular, the advent of pig domestication and patterns of early husbandry in southern Europe will be discussed on the basis of a multidisciplinary approach. The core method is represented by a biometrical analysis of pig teeth and bones from archaeological as well as modem collections. The study of recent material provides the opportunity to detect variation in wild boar size and shape across the whole range of distribution of the species. An archaeological baseline for domestic pigs is obtained through the study of a large Neolithic assemblage from England. With the adoption of a size index scaling technique this is then used as a 'standard' reference for the analysis of southern European material. In addition to this biometrical analysis, a historical approach to the study of pig husbandry in medieval England and ethnoarchaeological work in Sardinia and Corsica provide further opportunities to build up an interpretative framework for the archaeological evidence. A number of case studies from prehistoric and historic Portugal and prehistoric Italy are then presented. In Portugal abundant data collected from late prehistoric and historic assemblages are compared with Mesolithic and Neolithic evidence and provide the opportunity to study variations in patterns of pig hunting and husbandry through a long chronological sequence.
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