DOCSLIB.ORG

Laboratory, Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Intoxication by Bufotoxin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Laboratory, Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Intoxication by Bufotoxin Sampaio et al; Sch J Agric Vet Sci., Oct-Nov 2015; 2(5):345-346 Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences e-ISSN 2348–1854 Sch J Agric Vet Sci 2015; 2(5):345-346 p-ISSN 2348–8883 ©Scholars Academic and Scientific Publishers (SAS Publishers) (An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources) Laboratory, clinical and pathological aspects of intoxication by bufotoxin in a canine – case report Luzia Cristina Lencioni Sampaio1, Charles Silva de Lima1, Pâmela Ayres Martinuzzi1, Luana Harz Durante1, Fernanda Aquino Franco2, Margarida Raffi2, Bianca da Cruz Iéck3 1Department of Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Brazil. 2Department of Patology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Brazil. 3Course of Biological Sciences - Institute of Biology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Brazil. *Corresponding Authors Name: Luzia Cristina Lencioni Sampaio Email: [email protected] Abstract: Toxicosis caused by Bufotoxins has worldwide occurrence, frequently in rural areas and they are an emergency in clinical routine of small animals. The poisoning has clinical manifestations predominantly cardio toxic, evolving rapidly and can lead to death in a few hours. This report aims to describe an intoxication case by toad venom in a canine in Pelotas municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. For being an urban environment and the occasional presence of toads, there are no reports of accidents per Bufotoxins in this region. Furthermore, after contacting the venom, the dog had a grave neurological condition after contacting the venom, and then a severe depression. Although using all the therapeutic resources, the patient died within 36 hours. The results of hematological tests, liver and kidney blood biochemistry, and abdominal ultrasound and anatomo pathological findings have confirmed the severity of intoxication. Keywords: Intoxication, toad, Bufo toad, toad toxin, zootoxins, bufotoxicosis INTRODUCTION and difficulty in remaining standing. At evaluation he Accidents per Bufotoxins are a toxicological has not shown abdominal pain or lesions in the oral emergency in a clinical routine of small animals. cavity. After the blood and urine collect for laboratory Several active principles of toxic nature compose the tests, it was made an intravenous administration of toxin, causing acute intoxication, severe clinical profile diazepam (0.5 mg / kg), promethazine subcutaneously and rapidly evolving, irreversible organic lesions and (1 mg / kg) and fluid therapy with Ringer Lactate high mortality. Poisonings occur accidentally, solution and furosemide (2mg/kg). About two hours preferably with young animals and in rural areas. The after the patient showed again agitation and sensitivity toxicosis occurs worldwide, with higher prevalence in to light and noise. After 12 hours of treatment the regions populated by genus Bufo toads. It is reported patient presented cyanotic lesions on the tongue, heart the existence in Brazil of 849 identified species and and respiratory rate decreased, cardiac arrhythmia and almost 500 species are endemic [1]. However, very few severe depression. The death occurred about 36 hours reports are found about the prevalence of these after contact of the patient with bufotoxin. It was found intoxications in Brazil, and no report was found about in the left posterior limb an irritative hyperemic and this toxicosis in the region where this study was alopecic cutaneous lesion. For the helping in the conducted. conduct of the patient, hemogram was requested, which was done in the Clinical Laboratory of UFPEL. CASE REPORT Concerning the results observed in hematological A male canine undefined breed, 7 months old, analysis, no changes were detected in the erythrocyte 22 kg, arrived for attendance at Hospital of Veterinary indexes. In total plasma protein and fibrinogen dosage Clinics, Pelotas, Brazil, about 12 hours after killing and the indexes were within the normality parameters. In snapped up one toad Bufo genus. The patient fed the leucogram, it was detected a mild leukocytosis, by preferentially with commercial feed, was vaccinated segmented neutrophils without the presence of a left with polyvalent vaccine and dewormed periodically to shift. The blood biochemistry has not shown changes in control endo and ectoparasites. On clinical examination levels of ALT, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, was observed body temperature = 37.5 ° C, good creatinine and urea. The physical, chemical and urinary general condition, normal hydration, congested mucous sediment tests showed no alterations. The membranes, lymph nodes unchanged, ptyalism, normal ultrasonography examination of the abdominal cavity heart and respiratory rate, restlessness, mydriasis, revealed liver hypoechogenicity. A histological analysis soreness, generalized tremors, motor in coordination found the presence of periportal and centrilobular Available Online: http://saspjournals.com/sjavs 345 Sampaio et al; Sch J Agric Vet Sci., Oct-Nov 2015; 2(5):345-346 hepatocellular necrosis and congestion of hepatic CONCLUSION sinusoid. Bufotoxins accidents are rare in urban centers, especially among domestic canines. The complexity of DISCUSSION components and degree of toxicity of these toxins cause Toxicoses by Bufotoxins are frequent in young acute intoxication, grave clinical condition with rapidly canines and usually occur at night and in rural areas, evolving, and can lead to death. The absence of clinical when the toads come out of their hiding places [2]. case reports in the studied region underestimates the Intoxications are accidental and occur due to the release prevalence and importance of this toxicosis, which of active toxins stored in the parathyroid glands of toads requires rapid diagnosis and treatment, in order to Bufo genus to be compressed in the mouth of the minimize the damage from intoxication and prevent the predator [3, 4]. Intoxications are rare in urban areas, patient's death. especially in the coverage area of our study, where are rarely found these amphibians. In our report we deal REFERENCES with a young patient, domiciled in closed residence in 1. Verdade VK., Dixo M, Curcio FF; Os riscos de the urban area of Pelotas, Brazil, south region in Rio extinção de sapos, rãs e pererecas em decorrência Grande do Sul state, Brazil. At nightfall it was seen by das alterações ambientais. Estudos Avançados, the owner that the dog had killed and carried in his 2010; 24(68): 161-172. mouth a Bufo toad. These intoxications are 2. Sonne L, Rozza DB, Wolffenbüttel AN, Meirelles characterized by grave cardio toxic condition due to AE W, Pedroso P M, Oliveira E.C et al.; inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump of the cells of Intoxicação por veneno de sapo em um canino. the heart muscle [5], neurologic, respiratory and Ciência Rural, 2008; 38(6): 1787-1789. digestive signs [6], and the degree of toxicity varies 3. Godoy L, Ortiz L, Teibler P, Acosta O; Toxicidad according to the specie of Bufo involved in the de la secreción de glándulas parótidas en sapo. toxicosis [7]. Local symptoms due to contact of the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. toxin with the skin and mucous membranes are also Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, 2005. reported [8]. In this study there was a prevalence of 4. Gwaltney-Bran SM, Dunayer EK, Youssef HY; neurological signs as described previously [9], in Terrestrial zootoxins. In: Gupta, RC (dir.): addition to an initial necrotic process of the tongue 24 Veterinary Toxicology. Basic and Clinical hours after intoxication. The absence of Principles, Elsevier, New York (USA), 2007: 797- epidemiological casuistry in the region, associated with 799. a clinical condition predominantly neurological, acute 5. Sakate M, Oliveira PCL; Toad envenoming in and with a rapid evolution can conduct the veterinarian dogs: effects and treatment. Journal of Venomous to suspect chemical intoxications, iatrogenic or some Animals and Toxins, 2000; 6(1): 52-62. infectious diseases, unless the history reveals the 6. McFarland PJ; Toad toxicity. Australian Veterinary contact of the patient with these amphibians. Practitioner, 1999; 29(3): 98-103. Undoubtedly, the information of the patient's contact 7. Peterson ME, Roberts BK; Amphibian Toxins. In: with the toad was decisive in diagnosis and therapy. Peterson, ME, Talcott PA.: Small Animal The hyper acute character of intoxication, the severity Toxicology, Saunders, Philadelphia, 2001: 396- of symptoms and the rapid development of toxicosis 404. lead us to believe that this is a toxin potentially toxic. 8. Eubig, PA; Bufo species toxicosis: Big toad, big The leucogram results are consistent with acute toxic problem. Veterinary Medicine, 2001; 595-599. context established. Although the pathology has proven 9. Roberts BK, Aronsohn MG, Moses BL, Burk RL, severe liver damage, the results of serum biochemical Toll J, Weeren FR; Bufo marinus intoxication in analyzes did not show alterations in liver enzymes. We dogs: 94 cases (1994-1998). Journal of American believe that at the time of blood collect was not enough Veterinary Medical Association, 2000; 216(12): time to register such alterations, although the damage 1941-1944. had already occurred. However, it can be seen by 10. Mamprim MJ; Fígado e vesícula biliar. In: examining abdominal ultrasound the occurrence of Carvalho, C.F.: Ultra-sonografia em Pequenos diffuse liver damage, presenting hypo echoic, and Animais. 2th edn. Carvalho, Roca, São Paulo, suggesting acute hepatitis with necrosis areas, which 2014: 62-68. can occur in cases of poisoning [10]. Moreover, 11. Simão NMB; Intoxicação experimental por veneno mesenteric lymph nodes with increased volume were de sapo em cães anestesiados: estudos clínico e displayed. The absence of alterations in the creatinine laboratorial. Dissertação [mestrado] – Faculdade de and urea levels are expected, since there is not nephro Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Botucatu, toxicity reports in the literature [11] and were not found Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2007. in this organ lesions by anatomic-pathologic examination. Available Online: http://saspjournals.com/sjavs 346 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bufadienolides from the Skin Secretions of the Neotropical Toad Rhinella Alata (Anura: Bufonidae): Antiprotozoal Activity Against Trypanosoma Cruzi
    molecules Article Bufadienolides from the Skin Secretions of the Neotropical Toad Rhinella alata (Anura: Bufonidae): Antiprotozoal Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi Candelario Rodriguez 1,2,3 , Roberto Ibáñez 4 , Luis Mojica 5, Michelle Ng 6, Carmenza Spadafora 6 , Armando A. Durant-Archibold 1,3,* and Marcelino Gutiérrez 1,* 1 Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Apartado 0843-01103, Panama; [email protected] 2 Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, India 3 Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Apartado 0824-03366, Panama 4 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Balboa, Ancon P.O. Box 0843-03092, Panama; [email protected] 5 Centro Nacional de Metrología de Panamá (CENAMEP AIP), Apartado 0843-01353, Panama; [email protected] 6 Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, INDICASAT AIP, Apartado 0843-01103, Panama; [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (C.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.A.D.-A.); [email protected] (M.G.) Abstract: Toads in the family Bufonidae contain bufadienolides in their venom, which are charac- Citation: Rodriguez, C.; Ibáñez, R.; terized by their chemical diversity and high pharmacological potential. American trypanosomiasis Mojica, L.; Ng, M.; Spadafora, C.; is a neglected disease that affects an estimated 8 million people in tropical and subtropical coun- Durant-Archibold, A.A.; Gutiérrez, M. tries. In this research, we investigated the chemical composition and antitrypanosomal activity Bufadienolides from the Skin of toad venom from Rhinella alata collected in Panama.
    [Show full text]
  • Bufo Viridis Secretions Improve Anxiety and Depression-Like Behavior Following Intracerebroventricular Injection of Amyloid Β
    Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, December 2020; 15(6): 571-582 School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences Received: 12-07-2020 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Peer Reviewed: 10-08-2020 Revised: 11-09-2020 Accepted: 14-11-2020 Published: 27-11-2020 Original Article Bufo viridis secretions improve anxiety and depression-like behavior following intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid β Shima Shirzad1, Ali Neamati1, *, Farzaneh Vafaee2,3, and Hamed Ghazavi2,3 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, I.R. Iran. 2Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran. 3Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, I.R. Iran Abstract Background and purpose: Venenum Bufonis is a Chinese traditional medicine produced from the glandular secretions of toads that contain biogenic amines, which have anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to examine the effect of Bufo viridis secretions (BVS) on anxiety and depression-like behavior and hippocampal senile plaques volume in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Experimental approach: Thirty-eight male Wistar rats were used. AD was induced by amyloid-beta (Aβ1-42) (10 µg/2 µL, intracerebroventricular injection, icv) and then BVS at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally (ip) in six equal intervals over 21 days. Anxiety and depression-like behavior were assessed using behavioral tests including open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and forced swimming test (FST) 21 days after the surgery. The volume of senile plaques was assessed based on the Cavalieri principle. Findings/Results: Results of the OFT showed that the central crossing number and the time in the AD group were significantly decreased compared to the sham group (P ˂ 0.01 and P ˂ 0.001, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Original Articles
    ORIGINAL ARTICLES NO~OUSTOADSANDFROGSOF all over the body, whereas granular glands are localised in special regions, such as the paratoid poison glands behind the SOUTH AFRICA head in toads. Because of their locality the paratoid glands, which do not secrete saliva, are often erroneously referred to as L Pantanowitz, TW aude, A Leisewitz 'parotid' glands. Granular glands produce a thicker, more toxic secretion. However, secretion from both mucous and granular glands may be poisonous.' While nearly all amphibians have a The major defence mechanism in frogs is via the secretion of trace of toxin in their skin: this is not equally developed in the toxins from their skin. In humans, intoxication may occur different genera. Both gland types are under the control of when part of the amphibian integument is ingested, as in the sympathetic nerves and discharge following a variety of l form of herbal medicines. Two groups of South African frogs stimuli. " Mucous glands secrete mainly when stimulated by have skin secretions that are potentially lethal to humans and dryness, whereas granular glands require pressure, injury or animals. Toad (BlIfo and Schismademla pecies), the any stress to the animal to cause secretion."'" With some amphibian with which man and his pets most frequently exceptions, notably BI/fv lIlaril/lIS (not a South African toad), have contact, secrete potent toxins with cardiac glycoside pre-metamorphic larvae lack toxic properties as granular activity. Topical and systemic intoxication, while seen in glands develop only at metamorphosis." humans, remains predominantly a veterinary problem. Amphibians are not equipped for speed, nor do they have Intoxication by the red-banded rubber frog, which secretes an any armament; as such they rely predominantly on chemical unidentified cardiotoxin, is far less common.
    [Show full text]
  • Quo Vadis Cardiac Glycoside Research?
    toxins Review Quo vadis Cardiac Glycoside Research? Jiˇrí Bejˇcek 1, Michal Jurášek 2 , VojtˇechSpiwok 1 and Silvie Rimpelová 1,* 1 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (V.S.) 2 Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-220-444-360 Abstract: AbstractCardiac glycosides (CGs), toxins well-known for numerous human and cattle poisoning, are natural compounds, the biosynthesis of which occurs in various plants and animals as a self-protective mechanism to prevent grazing and predation. Interestingly, some insect species can take advantage of the CG’s toxicity and by absorbing them, they are also protected from predation. The mechanism of action of CG’s toxicity is inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase (the sodium-potassium pump, NKA), which disrupts the ionic homeostasis leading to elevated Ca2+ concentration resulting in cell death. Thus, NKA serves as a molecular target for CGs (although it is not the only one) and even though CGs are toxic for humans and some animals, they can also be used as remedies for various diseases, such as cardiovascular ones, and possibly cancer. Although the anticancer mechanism of CGs has not been fully elucidated, yet, it is thought to be connected with the second role of NKA being a receptor that can induce several cell signaling cascades and even serve as a growth factor and, thus, inhibit cancer cell proliferation at low nontoxic concentrations.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Report SPECT Study and Theoretical Rationale for the Sequential 5 Administration of Ibogaine and 5-Meo-DMT in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder
    CHAPTER A case report SPECT study and theoretical rationale for the sequential 5 administration of ibogaine and 5-MeO-DMT in the treatment of alcohol use disorder Joseph P. Barsuglia*,†,‡,§,1, Martin Polanco*,†, Robert Palmer¶, Benjamin J. Malcolmk, Benjamin Kelmendi#, Tanya Calvey** *Crossroads Treatment Center, Tijuana, Mexico †Mission Within, Oakland, CA, United States ‡New School Research, LLC, North Hollywood, CA, United States §Terra Incognita Project, NGO, Ben Lomond, CA, United States ¶Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States kCollege of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States #Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States **Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa 1Corresponding author: Tel.: +1-805-404-2833, e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract Ibogaine is a plant-derived alkaloid and dissociative psychedelic that demonstrates anti-addictive properties with several substances of abuse, including alcohol. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltrypta- mine (5-MeO-DMT) is a naturally occurring psychedelic known to occasion potent mystical-type experiences and also demonstrates anti-addictive properties. The potential therapeutic effects of both compounds in treating alcohol use disorder require further investigation and there are no published human neuroimaging findings of either treatment to date. We present the case of a 31-year-old male military veteran with moderate alcohol use disorder who sought treat- ment at an inpatient clinic in Mexico that utilized a sequential protocol with ibogaine hydro- chloride (1550mg, 17.9mg/kg) on day 1, followed by vaporized 5-MeO-DMT (bufotoxin source 50mg, estimated 5-MeO-DMT content, 5–7mg) on day 3.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Impact and Control of Cane Toads in Australia with Recommendations for Future Research and Management Approaches
    A REVIEW OF THE IMPACT AND CONTROL OF CANE TOADS IN AUSTRALIA WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT APPROACHES A Report to the Vertebrate Pests Committee from the National Cane Toad Taskforce Edited by Robert Taylor and Glenn Edwards June 2005 ISBN: 0724548629 CONTENTS AUTHORS................................................................................................................. iii MEMBERSHIP OF THE NATIONAL CANE TOAD TASKFORCE ............... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... iv SUMMARY .................................................................................................................v DISCLAIMER.......................................................................................................... xii 1. INTRODUCTION Glenn Edwards.......................................................................1 2. THE CURRENT THREAT POSED BY CANE TOADS Damian McRae, Rod Kennett and Robert Taylor.......................................................................................3 2.1 Existing literature reviews of cane toad impacts ...................................................3 2.2 Environmental impacts of cane toads ....................................................................3 2.3 Social impacts of cane toads................................................................................10 2.4 Economic impact of cane toads ...........................................................................16 2.5 Recommendations................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Miniaturized Bioaffinity Assessment Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Guided Purification of Bioactives from Toad and Cone Snail
    Miniaturized Bioaffinity Assessment Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Guided Purification of Bioactives from Toad and Cone Snail Ferry Heus, Reka Otvos, Ruud Aspers, Rene van Elk, Jenny Halff, Andreas Ehlers, Sébastien Dutertre, Richard Lewis, Sybren Wijmenga, August Smit, et al. To cite this version: Ferry Heus, Reka Otvos, Ruud Aspers, Rene van Elk, Jenny Halff, et al.. Miniaturized Bioaffinity Assessment Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Guided Purification of Bioactives from Toad and Cone Snail. Biology, MDPI 2014, 3 (1), pp.139-156. 10.3390/biology3010139. hal-02306963 HAL Id: hal-02306963 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02306963 Submitted on 7 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Biology 2014, 3, 139-156; doi:10.3390/biology3010139 OPEN ACCESS biology ISSN 2079-7737 www.mdpi.com/journal/biology Article Miniaturized Bioaffinity Assessment Coupled to Mass Spectrometry for Guided Purification of Bioactives from Toad and Cone Snail ,† ,† Ferry Heus 1 , Reka A. Otvos 1,2 , Ruud L. E. G. Aspers 3, Rene van Elk 2, Jenny I. Halff 1, Andreas W. Ehlers 4, Sébastien Dutertre 5, Richard J. Lewis 5, Sybren Wijmenga 3, August B.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Angel of Human Health: Current Research Updates in Toad Medicine
    Am J Transl Res 2015;7(1):1-14 www.ajtr.org /ISSN:1943-8141/AJTR0003150 Review Article Angel of human health: current research updates in toad medicine Qian Yang1,2*, Xuanxuan Zhou1,2*, Meng Zhang1,2*, Linlin Bi1,2, Shan Miao1,2, Wei Cao1,2, Yanhua Xie1,2, Jiyuan Sun1,2, Haifeng Tang1,2, Ying Li1,2, Qing Miao1,2, Siwang Wang1,2 1Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China; 2The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi’an 710032, China. *Equal contributors. Received October 14, 2014; Accepted November 25, 2014; Epub January 15, 2015; Published January 30, 2015 Abstract: There are currently 34 genera and 410 species of toads in the world. The medicinal parts of toads mainly include their venom, skin, and clothing. The toad’s venom and skin possess the same chemical components, mainly the toad venom lactone class, and their pharmacological effects primarily include the maintenance of strong heart, antitumor, antivirus, anti-infection, and analgesic effects. So far, the produces from the medicinal raw materials of the toad are widely used clinically around the world, especially in China, Japan, and South Korea. About 50 varieties of medicines are used in the clinical treatment of various complicated diseases in China, such as “Liushen pills” which was popular in the whole world. Toads are mainly used in treating malignant tumors (e.g., liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, among others), and some major diseases such as hepati- tis B.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology for Dentistry
    This page intentionally left blank Copyright © 2007, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2556-7 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com This page intentionally left blank PrefacePreface Pharmacology has undergone major intellectual changes in the recent years and has become increasingly important to all medical, dental and other health professionals. The graduate students of dentistry may have to handle medical emergency during various dental procedures on the dental chair. Besides this, dentists have to look into various drug associated interactions. The broad goal of teaching pharmacology to undergraduate students is to inculcate rational and scientific basis of therapeutics keeping in view the dental curriculum and profession. A sincere attempt has been made to present a complete text for undergraduate students of dentistry as per the new syllabus requirement (Dental Council of India, BDS course regulation, 2006). The book is divided into thirteen sections, initial sections cover the general and autonomic pharmacology, followed by other sections of drug acting on different body systems. A detailed section is devoted only to dental pharmacology which covers all agents used in pharmacotherapy of dental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Activities of Nanomaterials (Bufadienolides, Peptides and Alkoloids) in the Skin of Amphibian on Gammarus Pulex L
    Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 5, No 2, April 2010, p. 347 – 354 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NANOMATERIALS (BUFADIENOLIDES, PEPTIDES AND ALKOLOIDS) IN THE SKIN OF AMPHIBIAN ON GAMMARUS PULEX L. VAHDETTİN BAYAZİT* Muş Alparslan University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 49100, Muş, Turkey, Phone The purpose of this sudy was to examine the toxic effects of bufadienolides of antimicrobial peptides and alkoloids on Gammarus pulex L.(Crustacea:Amphipoda:Gammaridae) Bufadienolides (Arenobufagin, Arenobufagin hemisuberate, Arinobufagin 3- sulfate, Bufalin, Bufalin hemisuberate, Bufoatlin 3-sulfate, Bufotalinin, Bufotalone, Cinobufagin, Cinobugagilon, Cinobufotalin, Desacetylcinobufagin, Gamabufotalin hemisuberoate, Gamabufotalin 3-sulfate, 15- hydroxybufalin, 19-hydroxybufalin, Marinobufagin, Marinoic acid, Marinosin and Resibufaginol), Amphibian peptides (Caerin 1.1, Caerin 1.9, Caerin 4.1, Dahlein 5.6, Dermaseptin, Esculentin-1ARb, Esculentin-2P, Maculatin 1.1, Magainin II, MRP, Palustrin-3AR, Ranatuerin-6, Ranatuerin-2P, Uperin 3.6, RCCP) and Alkoloids (Samandarine, Batrachotoxin, Histrionictoxin, Pumiliotoxin, Allopumiliotoxin, Homopumiliotoxin, Decahydroquinoline, Epibatidine) killed significantly the animals in the experimental groups (p< 0.01). (Received March 2, 2010; accepted April 21, 2010) Keywords: Bufadienolides,Amphibian peptides and alkoloids Gammarus pulex, 1. Introductıon Amphibian skin secretions are considered a rich source of biologically active compounds and are known to be rich in peptides, bufadienolides and alkaloids. Bufadienolides are cardioactive steroids from animals and plants that have also been reported to possess antimicrobial activities. Amphibian skin contains a remarkable spectrum of biologically active compounds, including biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, bufadienolides, tetrodotoxins and lipophilic alkaloids[1-7]. The lipophilic alkaloids include the samandarines and an incredible array of piperidine-based, pyrrolidine-based, and steroidal alkaloids.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Toxins: Risks, Regulations and the Analytical Situation in Europe
    Anal Bioanal Chem (2004) 378 : 1152–1160 1152 DOI 10.1007/s00216-003-2373-4 REVIEW Hans P. van Egmond Natural toxins: risks, regulations and the analytical situation in Europe Received: 25 July 2003 / Revised: 15 October 2003 / Accepted: 27 October 2003 / Published online: 13 December 2003 © Springer-Verlag 2003 Abstract Natural toxins in food and feed are considered pean context are now directed towards significantly im- important food safety issues of growing concern, in par- proving this situation, and techniques such as liquid chro- ticular mycotoxins, phycotoxins and plant toxins. Most matography–mass spectroscopy offer promise in this re- scientific developments have occurred in the past few spect. Both the working group on biotoxins of the Euro- decades in the area of mycotoxins. Formal health risk as- pean Standardization Committee and the network of Na- sessments have been carried out by the Joint Expert Com- tional Reference Laboratories for Marine Biotoxins have mittee on Food Additives of the World Health Organiza- taken up responsibilities here. The plant toxins are a cate- tion and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Limits gory of natural toxins, where the situation is the least de- and regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed have veloped with respect to regulations, validated methods of been established in many countries, including practically analysis and reference materials. Yet, their occurrence in a all European countries. An array of (formally validated) wide range of consumable plant species demands the at- analytical methods and (certified) reference materials have tention of the analytical community. become available. Several European research projects, funded by the European Commission and supported by the Keywords Natural toxin · Mycotoxin · Phycotoxin · European Standardization Committee, have significantly Plant toxin · Analysis · Reference material contributed to this development.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Enzymes and Enzyme Modulators in the Treatment of Diseases
    African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 5 (5): 205-213, 2013 ISSN 2079-2034 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ajbas.2013.5.5.7574 Role of Enzymes and Enzyme Modulators in the Treatment of Diseases Kamal Kishore Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Division, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly-243006, (U.P), India Abstract: The enzymes are mostly proteins and are natural biocatalysts; they catalyze many anabolic and catabolic specific chemical reactions without itself undergoing any change in overall reaction. The temperature, pH, concentration of substrates and enzymes can affect their actions. The enzymes are useful in digestion, coagulation, tissue repair and numerous other life essential processes. The enzyme modulators are groups in two i.e. enzyme inhibitors and enzyme activators, bounds to enzymes either reversibly or irreversibly. The enzyme inhibitors are the molecules that correct a metabolic imbalance by reducing enzymatic activity, like selegiline inhibit MAOB enzyme, decreases the metabolism of dopamine in brain and useful in the treatment of depression and other panic disorders. However, the enzyme activators enhance enzymatic activity, such as tissue plasminogens activators activate the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin that digests fibrin, fibrinogen and other proteins and equally important to treat complicated diseases of heart. Key words: Biocatalysts Biological Polymers Enzyme Inhibitors Enzyme Enhancers. INTRODUCTION the enzymes or enzymatic systems. Dr. Edward Howell’s [5] worked on enzyme therapy and proposed that Enzymes are the vital body substances they catalyze enzymes from foods help to pre-digest the food in the the specific chemical reactions that make life [1]. More stomach. The plant enzymes such as protease, than 3000 enzymes catalyzing a wide array of reactions are amylase, lipase and cellulase are obtained from pineapple known to exist.
    [Show full text]