SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC ATLAS OF THE SUB- BASIN USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND REDATAM + SP

Cristian Henríquez [email protected]

Gloria Naranjo [email protected]

Marcelo Lagos [email protected]

Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile.

Introduction

One of the advantages of counting with georreferenced information on social and demographic variables spatially disaggregated is that it allows the identification of priority areas for social intervention. Thus, benefiting decision makers that require management tools in order to guide public and private investments more efficiently in space. Regarding the territory of the sub-basin Villarrica, IX Region of the Araucanía, Chile, the socio-spatial situation is fairly heterogeneous, highlighting isolated areas with extreme poverty conditions, and other areas, such as the urban locations of Villarrica and Pucon, present better life quality levels.

In the context of the project "Territorial Information System of the Toltén Basin” and the sub-project "Territorial Information System for the Development Economic Sub- Basin Villarrica (SIT-SCV in Spanish)", headed by the Villarrica Campus of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile along with the Institute of Geography of the same University and the following institutions: Laboratory of Territorial Planning of the Universidad Católica de , Università Degli di Trento, Aerophotogrammetric Service (SAF in Spanish) of the Air Force of Chile and the Natural Resources Information Center (CIREN in Spanish), developed the present Atlas. It was led by the Institute of Geography, that algo had the mission to coordinate the Territorial Information System and model bioclimatic variables for the sub-basin. Then it devised a digital atlas by means of the TNT Atlas application of the SIG TNTmips 7.4, joined to other products generated by the project SIT-SCV. It is foreseen that in the future all the information be implemented in a public accessible internet platform.

The purpose of this study is to introduce the elaboration process and the results of the Socio-Demographic Atlas of the Villarrica Sub-Basin (SDAVS), that includes the communes of Curarrehue, Pucón, Villarrica and Cunco, with emphasis on the commune of Curarrehue, highlighting the potentialities of integrated use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and REDATAM+SP program in the retrieval of census data and the confection of sociodemographic indicators.

Methodology

The Atlas analyzes a series of demographic variables and of social aspects that realize the characterization and evolution of strategic indicators for the socioeconomic development of the sub-basin Villarrica.

From a methodological point of view, the Atlas is based on the adaptation of the Social and Environmental Atlas of the Metropolitan Area of Concepción, in VIII Region of Biobío elaborated by the EULA Center of the University of Concepcion and the UFZ Center of Germany (ROJAS et al., 2006).

The geographical disaggregation of the census information has been an important aspect of the cartographic result. It is important to indicate that the geographical division census in Chile contains the following hierarchical levels: region, province, commune, district, area, zone, urban block / rural entity, and census sector.

The SDAVS is structured into two analysis scales: the first level is census district, covering the communes of Pucón, Curarrehue, Villarrica and Cunco. In the figure 1 these communes are showned and the basin is emphasized by means of a hillshade (figure 1). The second level is only for the Curarrehue commune (purple tones) on urban block/rural entity.

The main source of data corresponds to the digital data base of the Population and Housing Census of 1992 and 2002 years, of the National Institute of Statistics (INE in Spanish), that were recuperated and processed though REDATAM+SP program (CELADE, 2004). For both years, the following demographic variables were worked:

- total population - urban and rural population - growth rates - intercensal variations by total, urban and rural population - projection of population for 2008 - population by rank of age: less than 15 years, between 15 and 65 years and greater to 65 years - intercensal variations by rank of age - population density - dependency index - number of households - number of population per households While the socioeconomics variables considered were: - population according to ethnical conditions - poverty types - socioeconomic strata - percentage of illiterate population

Curacautín Chile Te mu c o Mapa Nº 1: Distritos censales comunas de Villarrica,

Lonquimay Currarrehue, Pucón y Cunco

Vilcún Leyenda P ro vi Padre nc Distritos Censales P ia Las Casas ro d vi e Región nc M ia a Cunco Villarrica de la d l e le Araucanía C c a o u 1 Municipalidad 1 Plaza tí 12 n 2 Nahuelcura 2 Playa Pucará 3 11 1 3 Villa García 3 Estación 9 4 Curacalco 4 Loncotraro 4 2 5 Colico Oriente 5 Conquil

10 6 Colico Poniente 6 Licán Ray Freire 8 Cunco 7 Rayén Lafquén 7 Chesque 8 Carilafquén 8 Relún 6 7 5 9 Las Hortensias 9 Voipir 13 10 Los Laureles 10 Pedregoso Pitrufquén 6 11 11 Huichahue 11 Huilipilún Poniente 12 Caivico 12 Huilipilún Oriente Gorbea 12 3 13 Lago Espejo 10 2 Lago Curarrehue Villarrica 1 Subcuenca Villarrica 4 1 Curarrehue 9 1 Pucón 2 2 Red hídrica 3 Reigolil Lagos Villarrica Pucón 5 2 Curarrehue 1 La Península 8

a

4 n i 2 Cementerio Límite Internacional t

n

5 e g 3 Caburgua Límite Regional r

A

Regi e 4 Coilaco Límite Provincial ón de L d a A r 6 a 7 a u c c i 5 Palguín Re an l Límite Comunal gión d ía 1 b e Los R ú ío p 6 Termas de Río Blanco s e Límite Distrital R Lanco

Panguipulli

Fuente: Elaboración propia sobre la base del km 04812162 Censo de Población y Vivienda 2002 (INE, 2002).

Figure 1. Map of area of study

For the second scale, that is to say the commune of Curarrehue, it was only worked with the REDATAM database from the 2002 census.

REDATAM is a family software developed by the Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Center (CELADE) belonging to the Population Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) of United Nations, that allows any professional to process censuses and other database sources very easily and fast, for any geographical area. REDATAM+SP is the fourth generation of these software, it runs in Windows environment and has the following modules: R+PROCESS, R+CREATE and R+XPLAN. This program can be downloaded free of charge, from the CELADE web site: http://www.eclac.cl/celade/redatam.

In the R+PROCESS module it is possible to load and to process the censuses database, called Dictionary. This can be defined as the metadata, where all the information about the entities and variables are stored. Entities are a set of logical objects that are hierarchically organized in the database (CELADE, 2004): in the case of the INE Dictionary the selectable entities corresponds to geographical division census above mentioned, while that non selectable entities corresponds to households, homes and persons. A variable is a property (characteristic or attribute) of each individual, that is, a common property of all the individuals of that entity (CELADE, 2004); for example the entity for persons in the INE Census has the variable SEXO that has two attributes: male and female.

In general terms to retrieve data, the module R+PROCESS should be utilized, following three basic steps: define a geographical selection, choose a statistical processor and export the results. Once it generated the selection file, one should enter to the Statistical Processor and select the appropriate application that includes: Frequencies, Crosstabs, Average, Count and Arealist. To easily integrate the output table to the SIG, Arealist should be used, this application allows you to obtain a table where the rows correspond to the individuals of an entity and the columns to values of the variable chosen directly from the Dictionary. It is important to mention that REDATAM can also map the results directly, but does not offer tools so advanced of cartography as the ones that offer ArcGIS. Finally, the results of the variables processed were exported in Excel format, these files can be read for ArcGIS and then execute a Join with the spatial layers.

For poverty indicators and socioeconomic groups, specific programs in REDATAM+SP program have been elaborated, according to the ILPES methodology (1995) and an adaptation of the ADIMARK methodology (2004). By trying complex indicators that involve the relation of multiple variables, it was necessary to do advanced programming in Pivot Language where the programs are stored in files with the extension *.spc (Statistical Processor Commands). For this phase the work included the valuable assistance of CELADE.

Thereupon, a digital cartography was elaborated corresponding to 36 maps in district level and 13 maps of the Curarrehue commune. A personal geodatabase was created using ArcGIS 9.2 program which stored the base layers of administrative limits and census limits, along with other support layers, such as roads, hydrography, areas protected, topography and DEM. For the case of the urban block / rural entity and census sector for the Curarrehue commune, the information from the 2002 census had to be digitized, since it was only found in paper format. The projection utilized was Transverse Mercator, Datum UTM WGS-1984 and Zone 18 South, just like the remaining layers.

The categories of the legend for the majority of the maps was carried out by means of the method of natural breaks to define the intervals, rounding up the resulting values so that they could be easily interpreted.

For the projection of population on the 2008 map, the geometric projection of growth rate was utilized, calculating the annual growth rate with the following geometric projection formula:

Were: AGR: annual growth rate n: number of intercensal years Pob: current population census (2002) Pob – 1: previous population census (1992)

For the quantitative variables a ramp of hot color was employed (yellow to red) for the positive values and cold for the negative values (cyan to blue) in the legend. For poverty maps and socioeconomic strata, these values have been represented with a simbology chart (pie).

During the process of elaborating the thematic cartography many tools where used to improve the graphic representation in ArcGIS, specifically in ArcMap module, such as annotations and representations and layout tools, for example: automatic legends, charts, effects like transparency, extent rectangles, layer masking, amongst others. Specially important was the use of a template of common layout (MORENO, 2007) that permitted to automate the making of the multiple maps for the two scales of analysis.

Results

The results of the SDAVS were interpreted though a report where the situation of each variable was described. As for the results of the demographic variables, it can be established that: Villarrica has the greater quantity of population, compared to the four other communes, with 45.531 inhabitants for 2002, then follows Pucón (21,107), Cunco (18,702) and Curarrehue (6,784). The district number 3 Estación of the Villarrica commune is the most populated one, and practically is a 100% urban. The population projected for 2008 concentrates fundamentally in this last district and the district number 2 Cementerio of the commune of Pucón, which presents 85% of urban population. Both districts represent the most important urban centers of the Sub-Basin: Villarrica y Pucón, respectively.

The major decreasing of growth rates for the period 1992-2002, corresponds to the districts Colico Oriente, Lago Espejo and Caivico in the commune of Cunco, the two first with a smaller density to 1 hab/km2. At the same time the districts that present greater growth rates in the area of the sub-basin correspond to those tha agglutinate urban population by the cities of Villarrica and Pucón, and in a smaller way by Curarrehue and Caburga (see fig. 2). This situation can find its explanation by the economic impact from tourism activities due to the presence of large natural attractions such as lakes, rivers, volcano, protected areas, forests and many associated activities during summer and winter. On the other hand, the greater percentages of rural population is concentrated on the districts of the communes of Curarrehue and Cunco, they also coincide with greater proportions of indigenous population, especially in the district of Reigolil that reaches up to 68.5% (see fig. 3), fundamentally Araucanian (”). Additionally this district exhibits the major proportion of population under the age of 15 (34.5%) and it registers the major percentage of illiterate population of all the districts (22.5%). The most rural districts and less dense, they present the worse conditions of accessibility and economic growth, as it will be shown later on. It is interesting to note that in this district there is a great surface of protected areas (National Reserve Villarrica).

As for the intercensal variation of the population over 65 years of age, it is interesting to note that all the districts show a growth of the population from this age rate, which shows a process of constant aging. In this age rate, it is possible to calculate the dependency index –relation between passive population (children and elderly) and active population (between 15 and 65 years)- varying on average from 61.7 the year 2002 to a 65.9 in 1992, corroborating a tendency of greater dependence of the passive population on the active population. Examining the relationship of population per households, it is possible to notice that this varied from 3.4 to 2.6 during the 1992-2002 period, implying a change in the size of families.

Chile Temu co Mapa Nº 9:Tasa de crecimiento de la población total por distritos censales (1992 - 2002)

Padre P ro Tasa de crecimiento (%) Las CasasRegión vi nc de la P ia Menos de -3,0 Límite Internacional ro d vi e Araucanía nc M ia a -3,0 - -2,01 Límite Regional d l e le C c a o u -2,0 - -1,01 Límite Provincial t 12 ín -1,0 - -0,01 Límite Comunal 3 0,0 - 1,0 Límite Distrital 11 1 9 1,01 - 2,0 Subcuenca Villarrica 2,01 - 3,0 Centros Urbanos 2 4 Más de 3,0 10 8 Cunco

6 7 5 13 Comuna Distrito T. de C. Cunco 1 - Municipalidad -0,35 6 2 - Nahuelcura 4,53 11 3 - Villa García -0,99 4 - Curacalco -1,88 5 - Colico Oriente -5,35 6 - Colico Poniente -0,07 12 CABURGA3 7 - Rayén Lafquén -1,45 8 - Carilafquén -1,77 10 2 9 - Las Hortensias -2,55 Lago 10 - Los Laureles 0,26 Villarrica 1 11 - Huichahue -0,63 4 12 - Caivico -2,95 9 VILLARRICA PUCON 13 - Lago Espejo -3,08 1 Pucón 2 Curarrehue 1 - Curarrehue 2,31 3 2 - Reigolil -0,03 Pucón 1 - La Península 2,94 Villarrica 2 - Cementerio 5,47 5 2 3 - Caburgua 1,89 Curarrehue 4 - Coilaco -0,49 8 CURARREHUE 5 - Palguín 3,75 4 6 - Termas de Río Blanco -1,61 Villarrica 1 - Plaza 0,57

5 a 2 - Playa Pucará -0,58 n i t 3 - Estación 5,13 n e 4 - Loncotraro 2,81 g Regi r 5 - Conquil 3,22 ón de L A a A 6 - Licán Ray 0,81 ra 7 6 e u d c 7 - Chesque 2,75 a a Reg n c 8 - Relún 1,25 ión de ía 1 li Los R b 9 - Voipir 3,67 ío ú p 10 - Pedregoso 2,16 s e R 11 - Huilipilún Poniente -0,87 12 - Huilipilún Oriente -2,47 Promedio: 0,49

Fuente: Elaboración propia sobre la base del Censo de Población y Vivienda 1992-2002 km 04812162 (INE, 1992-2002)

Figure 2. Population growth rates 1992-2002

From a socioeconomic point of view, poverty has been reduced strongly during the intercensal period, considering the three categories of poverty. The critical poverty, that is, households that present some structural deficiencies related with the materials used in the walls, floor and roof, also in the support of drinking water, electricity and sewer system, and overcrowding condition (called NBI) and households that also present a social vulnerability of the leader of the house, measured as homes that have more than three passive persons per one active person, and a leader with four or less years of schooling (called LP), diminished from 40.1% to 6.5%. The inertial poverty (only NBI) has increased softly from 14.2% to 18.4%; and the recent poverty (only LP) descended from 15.6% to 10.2%.

As for the distribution of socioeconomic strata in the year 2002 - where the class ABC1 corresponds to the stratum of greater income and the class E to the poorest one -, a clear tendency towards the consolidation of the medium strata is observed, the general dominance was displaced, from the E group to the D stratum with a 52.5% of the total, experiencing the group E a significant decrease (59.6% to 22%). Likewise the group C3, enlarges considerably its general value, covering up to 20.4% of all the households of the study area. The strata ABC1 and C2, also they experience a positive variation.

It is important to mention that the methodology ADIMARK estimates indirectly the monetary income of the homes, considering the possession of a series of sumptuary goods (shower, television set, cooling, washing machine, boiler, oven microwave, cable tv or satellite, computer, internet and car) with the educational level of the leader of home.

Chile Te mu c o Mapa Nº 30: Porcentaje de población Mapuche por distritos censales (2002)

P Población Mapuche (%) Categoría SNASPE ro vi Padre nc P ia Menos de 20,0 Parque Nacional (P.N.) Límite Internacional Las Casas ro d vi e Región nc M ia a 20,01 - 40,0 Reserva Nacional (R.N) Límite Regional de la d l e le Araucanía C c a o 40,01 - 60,0 Red vial Límite Provincial u 12 tí n Más de 60,0 Pavimentada Límite Comunal 3 Ripio Límite Distrital 11 1 9 Subcuenca Villarrica

2 4

10 8 Cunco

R.N. VILLARRICA 6 7 5 13 Comuna Distrito Porcentaje Cunco 1 - Municipalidad 4,90 R.N. 6 2 - Nahuelcura 7,43 11 VILLARRICA P.N. HUERQUEHUE 3 - Villa García 35,34 4 - Curacalco 36,40 5 - Colico Oriente 9,31 6 - Colico Poniente 46,34 12 3 7 - Rayén Lafquén 46,96 R.N. 8 - Carilafquén 66,48 10 VILLARRICA 2 9 - Las Hortensias 20,02 Lago 10 - Los Laureles 9,01 Villarrica 1 11 - Huichahue 18,75 4 12 - Caivico 4,01 9 13 - Lago Espejo 12,66 1 Pucón 2 Curarrehue 1 - Curarrehue 37,53 3 2 - Reigolil 68,55 Pucón 1 - La Península 18,42 Villarrica 2 - Cementerio 10,03 5 2 3 - Caburgua 22,01 Curarrehue 4 - Coilaco 36,96 8 5 - Palguín 43,40 4 6 - Termas de Río Blanco 3,92 Villarrica 1 - Plaza 9,69 P.N. VILLARRICA 5 a 2 - Playa Pucará 9,95 n i t 3 - Estación 10,53 n e 4 - Loncotraro 6,90 g Regi r 5 - Conquil 22,52 ón de L A a A 6 - Licán Ray 24,43 ra 7 6 e u d c 7 - Chesque 51,85 a a Reg n c 8 - Relún 47,38 ión de ía 1 li Los R b 9 - Voipir 15,98 ío ú p 10 - Pedregoso 28,88 s e R 11 - Huilipilún Poniente 27,59 12 - Huilipilún Oriente 5,83 Promedio: 24,84

Fuente: Elaboración propia sobre la base del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2002 km 04812162 (INE, 2002)

Figure 3. Indigenous population 2002

As for the the second level of analysis of the SDAVS, the situation of the commune of Currarehue is outstanding, composed by the districts of Currarrehue and Reigolil, where 77.5% and 90.5% of households in 1992 were considered under some form of poverty, either inertial, recent or critical, however this percentages descended to 50.6% and 84.6% in 2002, respectively.

On the other hand, the social program “Chile Solidario” and “Programa Puentes”, with a duration between 2 and 5 years, benefiting 203 persons through FOSIS funding, which is concentrated in the Currarrehue district (69%), south of the commune, while a big part of the population of the Reigolil district present areas which are not yet covered by the social program and have large deficiencies, especially in the southern area. The next map shows that 11 rural entities in Currarrehue district and 16 in Reigolil are in poverty conditions in more than 75% and they are not being benefited by social programs (see fig. 4).

In the urban area of Curarrehue (see fig. 5) the better social conditions are presented, as for a greater quantity of not poor dwellings (426 households) and greater media socioeconomic strata proportion (22,3%).

Mapa Nº 49: Pobreza (%) según personas beneficiadas por programas sociales

Cunco 49 Subcuenca Personas beneficiadas Límites Distritos censales Villarrica 48 1 - 3 Límite Internacional Curarrehue 46 4 - 5 Límite Regional Reigolil

6 - 8 Límite Comunal 47 Límite Distrital Viviendas pobres (%) 50 U Área Urbana Curarrehue 0 - 25,0 Subcuenca Villarrica 25,1 - 50,0 45 50,1 - 75,0 70,1 - 100,0

Viviendas %Viviendas Total Programa Tipo de Personas Distrito Censal Zona Censal Manzana Censal Financiamiento Duración 41 Pobres Pobres Viviendas Social Programa Beneficiarias 40 42 U - Curarrehue Urbano 159 27,2 585 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 2 años 37 Carén 1 - Añiguarraqui 1 20,0 5 2 - Carén 29 90,6 32 3 - Carén Alto 4 80,0 5 4 - Las Peinetas 4 44,4 9 5 - Pocolpén 17 85,0 20 6 - Rucañanco 9 81,8 11 44 43 Catripulli 7 - Angostura 38 76,0 50 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 2-5 años 14 8 - Casa de Lata 13 40,6 32 Pucón 9 - Catripulli 39 32,8 119 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 5 años 15 10 - Correo Viejo 12 85,7 14 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 5 años 10 32 11 - Loncofilo 46 93,9 49 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 5 años 17 35 Curarrehue 12 - Rinconada 34 75,6 45 13 - Santa Elena 22 95,7 23 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 5 años 13 37 39 Curarrehue 14 - Pichi Curarrehue 15 83,3 18 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 2 años 5 34 Guampoe 15 - Guampoe 11 78,6 14 16 - Guampoe Alto 20 100,0 20 Huincapalihue 17 - Huincapalihue 35 71,4 49 Puala 18 - Puala 12 54,5 22 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 2 años 2 19 - Puala Alto 31 100,0 31 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 2 años 8 33 a n Puente Basas Grande 20 - Maichín Llafa 21 100,0 21 i t Puesco 21 - Colmillo del Diablo 0 0,0 1 36 n e 22 - Correntoso 12 63,2 19 31 g 29 r 23 - Piedra Mala 2 100,0 2 A 24 - Puesco 5 41,7 12 e d Trancura 25 - Trancura 48 90,6 53 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 2 años 24 8 27 30 a Puente Basas Grandes 26 - Huirilil 6 85,7 7 c 38 28 li 27 - Puente Basas Grande 43 91,5 47 9 b 14 Curarrehue ú 28 - Quilonco 7 100,0 7 10 p 7 20 e 29 - Resbaloso 5 50,0 10 26 R Maichín Bajo 30 - Maichín Bajo 47 94,0 50 17 Maite 31 - Maite Aguas Blancas 21 84,0 25 13 U 32 - Maite Alto 31 86,1 36 11 33 - Maite Bajo 50 92,6 54 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 5 años 6 Reigolil 34 - Maite Centro 20 95,2 21 19 18 35 - Rilul 12 75,0 16 15 Panqui 36 - Huitraco 35 72,9 48 37 - Los Chilcos 6 37,5 16 38 - 43 95,6 45 39 - Panqui 18 60,0 30 6 16 25 Puente Basas Chico 40 - Puente Basas Chico 45 93,8 48 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 5 años 3 41 - Purranque 26 96,3 27 12 Quiñenahuin 42 - Coloco 10 90,9 11 43 - Malalco 8 88,9 9 44 - Quiñenahuín 61 89,7 68 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 5 años 8 1 Reigolil 45 - El Chocol 43 82,7 52 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 2-5 años 33 4 46 - Flor del Valle 54 81,8 66 Chile Solidario FOSIS Puente 3 años 8 47 - La Frontera 21 80,8 26 Re 48 - Los Potreros 3 60,0 5 gi ón 49 - Quililche 0 0,0 2 d 2 R e 3 50 - Reigolil Centro 51 83,6 61 eg L ió a n Total 1305 63,7 2048 d A e ra 5 L u o c s a n R ia io s

22 23 21 Fuente: Elaboración propia sobre la base del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2002 km 02461 (INE, 2002) 24

Figure 4. Poverty and families benefited by social programs 49

46 Mapa Nº 47: Porcentaje de hogares por estrato socioeconómico Cunco por manzanas censales (2002)

Subcuenca 48 Villarrica

47 Estrato socioeconómico Distritos censales

50 Límite Internacional Curarrehue Límite Regional Reigolil ABC1 Límite Comunal C2 Límite Distrital 45 C3 U Área Urbana Curarrehue D Subcuenca Villarrica E 41 40 42

44 43

Distrito Censal Zona Censal Manzana Censal ABC1 C2 C3 D E %ABC1 %C2 %C3 %D %E Pucón U - Curarrehue Urbano 0 10 106 278 126 0,0 1,9 20,4 53,5 24,2 Carén1 - Añiguarraqui 000100,00,00,0100,00,0 32 35 37 39 2 - Carén 0 0 4 15 10 0,0 0,0 13,8 51,7 34,5 3 - Carén Alto 000130,00,00,025,075,0 4 - Las Peinetas 000040,00,00,00,0100,0 5 - Pocolpén 0009110,00,00,045,055,0 6 - Rucañanco 000630,00,00,066,733,3 34 Catripulli 7 - Angostura 0 1 3 27 17 0,0 2,1 6,3 56,3 35,4 8 - Casa de Lata 0 0 3 16 8 0,0 0,0 11,1 59,3 29,6 9 - Catripulli 0 1 19 55 21 0,0 1,0 19,8 57,3 21,9 33 10 - Correo Viejo001670,00,07,142,950,0 36 11 - Loncofilo 0 0 1 14 27 0,0 0,0 2,4 33,3 64,3 31 Curarrehue 12 - Rinconada 0 0 1 15 18 0,0 0,0 2,9 44,1 52,9 29 13 - Santa Elena 0009140,00,00,039,160,9

a Curarrehue14 - Pichi Curarrehue003430,00,030,040,030,0

28 n i Guampoe15 - Guampoe 010370,09,10,027,363,6 t 16 - Guampoe Alto0002180,00,00,010,090,0 8 30 n e Huincapalihue17 - Huincapalihue0016290,00,02,816,780,6 g 38 27 r Puala 18 - Puala 0 0 4 10 8 0,0 0,0 18,2 45,5 36,4 A 9 19 - Puala Alto 0 0 1 10 20 0,0 0,0 3,2 32,3 64,5 e Puente Basas Grande20 - Maichín Llafa0001200,00,00,04,895,2 d 10 26 Curarrehue 14 a Puesco21 - Colmillo del Diablo000000,00,00,00,00,0 20 c 22 - Correntoso 0 0 0 10 4 0,0 0,0 0,0 71,4 28,6 7 U li b 23 - Piedra Mala 000020,00,00,00,0100,0 ú 24 - Puesco 000340,00,00,042,957,1 U 17 p e Trancura 25 - Trancura 0 0 1 20 30 0,0 0,0 2,0 39,2 58,8 R Puente Basas Grandes26 - Huirilil 000060,00,00,00,0100,0 11 13 27 - Puente Basas Grande 0 0 3 14 26 0,0 0,0 7,0 32,6 60,5 Sectores Censales Urbanos 28 - Quilonco 000160,00,00,014,385,7 19 29 - Resbaloso 000230,00,00,040,060,0 18 Maichín Bajo 30 - Maichín Bajo 0 0 0 11 36 0,0 0,0 0,0 23,4 76,6 15 Maite 31 - Maite Aguas Blancas 0 0 1 12 10 0,0 0,0 4,3 52,2 43,5 14 32 - Maite Alto 0 0 0 11 21 0,0 0,0 0,0 34,4 65,6 6 25 33 - Maite Bajo 0005380,00,00,011,688,4 16 Reigolil 34 - Maite Centro0007140,00,00,033,366,7 35 - Rilul 0000120,00,00,00,0100,0 U Panqui 36 - Huitraco 0 0 4 10 25 0,0 0,0 10,3 25,6 64,1 1 37 - Los Chilcos 000150,00,00,016,783,3 20 38 - Los Sauces 0 0 0 10 34 0,0 0,0 0,0 22,7 77,3 12 39 - Panqui 0004140,00,00,022,277,8 2 Puente Basas Chico40 - Puente Basas Chico0037340,00,06,815,977,3 41 - Purranque 0002250,00,00,07,492,6 Re gi Quiñenahuin42 - Coloco 000180,00,00,011,188,9 ón 4 d 43 - Malalco 000150,00,00,016,783,3 e R La 3 44 - Quiñenahuín 0 0 0 12 50 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,4 80,6 eg A Reigolil45 - El Chocol 0003410,00,00,06,893,2 ión ra d u 46 - Flor del Valle0003490,00,00,05,894,2 e ca L n 5 47 - La Frontera 0000210,00,00,00,0100,0 os ia R 48 - Los Potreros000130,00,00,025,075,0 io s 49 - Quililche 000000,00,00,00,00,0 50 - Reigolil Centro 0 2 3 23 29 0,0 3,5 5,3 40,4 50,9 Total 0 15 162 662 929 0,0 0,8 9,2 37,4 52,5 22 23 Panguipulli 21

m 24 0125 250 500 Fuente: Elaboración propia sobre la base del Censo de Población y Vivienda 2002 km (INE, 2002) 024681

Figure 5. Socioeconomic strata in Curarrehue commune- 2002

Conclusions

The work developed, allows us to conclude the enormous value present in census database, which allows to carry out demographic and socioeconomic diagnosis, due to the great quantity of information that can be extracted from them. Besides this, due to the potentialities of the REDATAM program and the use of SIG, it is possible to adapt or to build new indicators in function of the geographical scale that is desired to intervene.

In this way, the multi-scalar dimension, along with the multi-temporal dimension of the census information, transforms the SDAVS in a powerful tool for decision makers that need to know the spatial location of the most dispossessed groups or vulnerable sectors and improve their life quality. In the case of Curarrehue is especially important to offer social assistance to the native population.

Likewise GIS plays a fundamental role in the digital cartography elaboration process, upon decreasing the time of processing of information and reproduction of maps, due to the automation of certain reiterative tasks. Also GIS offers a series of tools that help to carry out thematic cartography of high quality.

As for the relationship between GIS-REDATAM-INE databases, three recommendations can be presented:

- It is important to have all the information of rural zones, entities and sectors of the country in digital format with its respective codes, to exchange easily with the GIS. At present, only information of urban blocks exists.

- It is necessary to have the rural and urban covers for the 1992 and 1982 censuses and if it is possible the 1970 census, to be able to carry out diachronic studies.

- Suggest to agencies and institutions that generate social information of spatial character (Municipality, FOSIS, MIDEPLAN, etc.) to incorporate INE codes, especially for the next 2012 Census of Populations and Households.

The main challenges of the SDAVS are to revise or to modify the indicators utilized according to the opinion of actors involved, and to divulge the information amongst the general public as well as decision makers and thus help them in planning and managing a participative and sustainable territory.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Rodrigo Jara for his support in the cartographic production, to Alejandra Silva for assisting in the programming with REDATAM+SP and to Antonia Biggs by the aid in the translation.

References

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