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Red Oak Mixed Hardwood Forest

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Red Oak Mixed Hardwood Forest Terrestrial Forests CONIFEROUS TERRESTRIAL FORESTS invasive in these systems. The shrub layer is often dominated by an impenetrable tangle of Smilax rotundifolia (greenbrier) and S. glauca (catbrier). Q. Hemlock (white pine) forest prinoides (chinquapin oak) occurs in the understory Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), Pinus strobus and in openings; Quercus ilicifolia (scrub oak) is also (eastern white pine), or more often a combination of present in openings. Low shrub species include the two dominates these forests. Conifer cover Vaccinium pallidum (lowbush blueberry), V. stamineum generally exceeds 75% of the canopy. Associate species (deerberry), and Gaylussacia baccata (black include a variety of northern hardwoods and oaks. huckleberry). Herbaceous species include Typical representatives include Betula lenta (sweet Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), Aralia nudicaulis birch), B. alleghaniensis (yellow birch), Acer (wild sarsaparilla), and a variety of graminoids. saccharum (sugar maple), A. rubrum (red maple), Quercus rubra (red oak), Q. velutina (black oak), Related types: The "Serpentine Virginia pine - oak Fagus grandifolia (American beech), and Liriodendron forest" type also occurs on serpentinite-derived soils tulipifera (tuliptree). Representative shrubs include and shares many species with this type. The Virginia Rhododendron maximum (rosebay), Viburnum pine type is dominated by a mixture of Pinus virginiana lantanoides (witch-hobble), V. acerifolium (maple- and various oaks. P. virginiana produces denser shade leaved viburnum), and Hamamelis virginiana (witch- and thicker litter than does P. rigida. Herbaceous and hazel). Typical herbs and creeping shrubs include shrub growth under P. virginiana is generally sparse. Maianthemum canadense (Canada mayflower), The fire ecology of the two species is also vastly Mitchella repens (partridge-berry), Lycopodium spp. different. For a more detailed explanation of the (ground pine), Gaultheria procumbens (teaberry), ecology of serpentine barrens, see the description of Thelypteris noveboracensis (New York fern), Medeola the "Serpentine barrens complex." virginiana (Indian cucumber root), and Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas fern). Range: Piedmont. Related types: If the conifer component is less than Selected references: Latham 1992, Roger 75% relative cover, see the mixed conifer broadleaf Latham-personal communication, PNDI field terrestrial forest section. surveys. Range: Glaciated NE, Glaciated NW, Pocono [Crosswalk: Smith's "Eastern Serpentine Barren" (in Plateau, Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. part), TNC's Quercus falcata - Quercus alba Forest Alliance, SAF's Pitch pine (45).] Selected references: Braun 1950, Nichols 1935. Serpentine Virginia pine - oak forest [Crosswalk: Smith's "Northern Conifer Forest," This community type is part of the "Serpentine barrens TNC's Tsuga canadensis - Pinus strobus Forest complex." It occurs in areas underlain by serpentine Alliance, SAF's White pine-hemlock (22) and bedrock, where soil development has proceeded far Eastern hemlock (23).] enough to support forest vegetation, but not so far as to override the influence of serpentine chemistry on species composition. Characteristic overstory species CONIFER – BROADLEAF include Quercus stellata (post oak), Q. marilandica TERRESTRIAL FORESTS (blackjack oak), Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine), Sassafras albidum (sassafras), Prunus serotina (wild black cherry), Juniperus virginiana (red-cedar), Nyssa Serpentine pitch pine - oak forest sylvatica (black-gum), Robinia pseudoacacia (black This community type is part of the "Serpentine barrens locust), and Acer rubrum (red maple). The shrub layer complex." It occurs in areas underlain by serpentine may be quite sparse under the dense shade and heavy bedrock where soil development has proceeded far litter of Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine). Where the enough to support forest vegetation, but not so far as canopy is more open there may be an impenetrable to override the influence of serpentine chemistry on tangle of Smilax rotundifolia (greenbrier) and S. species composition. Fire is an important factor in the glauca (catbrier). Other shrub species include establishment and persistence of pitch pine. In the Vaccinium pallidum (lowbush blueberry), V. stamineum absence of fire, pine is likely to decrease in favor of (deerberry), and Gaylussacia baccata (black huckle- hardwood species. Characteristic overstory species berry). Q. prinoides (chinquapin oak) may be present include Quercus stellata (post oak), Q. marilandica in the understory or in openings. Q. ilicifolia (scrub (blackjack oak), Pinus rigida (pitch pine), Sassafras oak) may also occur in openings. Herbaceous cover is albidum (sassafras), Juniperus virginiana (red-cedar), also low; species include Pteridium aquilinum Nyssa sylvatica (black-gum), Populus (bracken fern) and Aralia nudicaulis (wild grandidentata (large-toothed aspen), and sarsaparilla). Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)—which is generally 6 Terrestrial Forests continued… Related types: The "Serpentine pitch pine - oak Related types: The "Dry oak - heath forest" is distin- forest" type also occurs on serpentinite-derived soils guished from this type in that it has less than 25% and shares many species with this community. The relative cover by conifers. The "Pitch pine-mixed pitch pine community is dominated by a mixture of hardwood woodland" has an open canopy, the Pinus rigida and various oaks. P. virginiana woodland type may occur up-slope adjacent to this produces denser shade and thicker litter than community. does P. rigida. Herbaceous and shrub growth under P. virginiana is generally sparse. The fire ecology of the The "Serpentine pitch pine - oak forest" differs from two species is also vastly different. For a more detailed this community in ecology and species composition. explanation of the ecology of serpentine barrens, see The serpentine type occurs only on serpentinite- the description of the "Serpentine barrens complex." derived soils. Q. stellata (post oak) and Q. marilandica (blackjack oak), which are not characteristic of the Range: Piedmont. more common type, are found in the serpentine forest type. The understory of the serpentine type is generally Selected references: Latham 1992, Roger dominated by Smilax rotundifolia (greenbrier) and/or S. Latham-personal communication, PNDI field glauca (catbrier). For a more detailed explanation of surveys. the ecology of serpentine barrens, see the description of the "Serpentine barrens complex." [Crosswalk: Smith's "Eastern Serpentine Barren" (in part), TNC Pinus virginiana - Quercus (alba, stellata, Range: Glaciated NE, Piedmont, Pittsburgh falcata, velutina) Forest Alliance, Pinus (echinata, Plateau, Pocono Plateau, Ridge and Valley, South taeda, virginiana) Forest Alliance, Pinus virginiana / Mountain. Quercus marilandica Community, SAF's Virginia pine (79).] Selected references: Hunter and Swisher 1983, Illick and Aughanbaugh 1930, Reschke 1990. Pitch pine - mixed oak forest This community type generally occurs on acidic, sandy [Crosswalk: Smith's "Xeric Central Hardwood - soils, often on ridgetops and dry southern exposures. Conifer Forest," TNC's Pinus (rigida, echinata) - Fire is an important factor in the establishment and Quercus Forest Alliance, SAF's Pitch pine (45).] persistence of pitch pine. In the absence of fire, pitch pine is likely to decrease in favor of hardwood species. Pinus rigida (pitch pine), sometimes with a mixture of Virginia pine - mixed hardwood forest other pines, e.g. P. strobus (eastern white pine), P. This community type most often occurs as a post- pungens (table-mountain pine), P. virginiana (Virginia agricultural forest type on sand or silt loams, in the pine), and less often P. echinata (short-leaf pine) southeastern portion of the state. It may also occur on or P. resinosa (red pine), contribute over 25% of the cleared and/or burned-over areas. Pinus overstory. Hardwood associates may include any of the virginiana (Virginia pine), sometimes with a mixture dry-site oaks including Quercus montana (chestnut of other pines, e.g. P. strobus (eastern white pine), P. oak), Q. coccinea (scarlet oak), Q. velutina (black oak), rigida (pitch pine), P. pungens (Table-Mountain pine), and Q. alba (white oak). Other tree species include and less often P. echinata (short-leaf pine) or P. Nyssa sylvatica (black-gum), Acer rubrum (red maple), resinosa (red pine) contribute at least 25% of the Betula lenta (sweet birch), and Carya glabra (pignut overstory. Although this is typically a mixed type, hickory). Quercus ilicifolia (scrub oak) may occur in some areas may be strongly dominated by pine. more open areas; other shrubs include Smilax spp. Hardwood associates vary; common species (greenbrier), Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel), include Quercus rubra (red oak), Q. velutina (black Gaylussacia baccata (black huckleberry), oak), Q. coccinea (scarlet oak), Q. alba (white oak), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper), and Prunus serotina (wild black cherry), Acer rubrum (red Vaccinium angustifolium (pallidum, stamineum) maple), Betula lenta (sweet birch), Carya spp. (low-bush blueberries). The forest type sometimes (hickory), Sassafras albidum (sassafras), and Fraxinus grades into an open-canopy type, or contains gaps americana (white ash). Shrubs include Smilax spp. with an open canopy. The herbaceous layer is sparse, (greenbrier), Juniperus virginiana (red-cedar), Rhus often with Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), Aralia copallina
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