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Helle n ism an d Mace do n ia

’

WIILE battle and massacre staln with blood the Balkan . in ula an o r an ise d Pa s , while bands , armed d g in Bulgaria , j raage Northern Thrace and Macedonia , and while the public opaion o f Europe i s being increasingly deluded by di ssem i ' f u co n n aars o lying tales , duty compels me to voice the tr th cening the real nature o f the drama that is being enacted in

E s tern Europe . Chough belonging to a people that h as a greater interest ‘ i n n o t ' th u any other race the Macedonian question , I shall pem it myself to be carried away by patriotic prej udice n o r to

! be prompted solely by national interests . My only aim is to “ e sin e im emo s the facts as they actually are , l thy have appeared to me after lengthy and persevering i n ’ i n I i vetigat o . have no desire to attempt any one s convers on n I r byspecial pleadi g , desire rathe to carry conviction by the r ble o f fi b citin in xo a logic gures , and y g indisputable facts . h a f s or , Macedonia already attracted attention a long time .

' b o f o f , o r T majority writers , whether men weight anonymous, li t W fi r f rn a s s o o n o j o , hether ranged on some de nite side t o r di pg y preju ce , that have dealt with the problem up to the rs en t l p , have treated it , trusting to books , to doubtful informa u o f r tie , to stray s ggestions , and hints , instead using pe sonal

o bervatio n to determine their judgments . n e ue n tl o f f fio s q y , despite the great number pamphlets o this I e naure , the few pages that am devoting to the Mac donian qe stio n and to its relations with Hellenism will n o t perhaps V bewh o lly to no purpose . Till now we have heard too much n e o f frc the Bulgarians , the Slavs , and the whol horde those wh o deny a historic connection with Hellas and an Hellenic character to the land that produced Aristotle and Alexander 3 i still more w as never Greek ; u e lt barbarla trib s , p ermanence,and that th ey were always in a state o f w ar

the interior . u ' o f been taken p and maintained late , especially 'by those writers whose pr

Slavophil . They allege that the t a o f B e particularly h t the ulgarians , hav completely

- o ut n o f . a y trace Greek o ccupation The Greeks , acco these veracious h istorians,form only an insignificant o f the Macedonian population; and do n o t deserve eve ~ m ention in connection with it . Any other race except H l c h as w h er el eni a better , right to claim the country r o f under the ule Alexander the Great , began that g ’ perio o f the world s history which w as justly calle Perlo g I n ot o f w ho , will delay to mention the list those n o f duri g the last half the nineteenth century, labour

confuse the 1 s sue s o f the problem . They have n o t hes r dl o f to asse t that there are har y a few thousands Greeks , in little groups scattered here and there , a ‘ population of The remainder would be o f o r composed Bulgarians , as some allege , of Serbs , as

o r o f . As the others , even Vlachs for Greeks , they are har ll t here at a . \ * T o u o n e o f m w riters E q ote only the ost important , . l La l a o ve ey e reckoned , about twenty years g , the number Hellenes in Macedonia at The naturalised Bul f the rest o the Christian population . The statis B ulgarian pamphleteer did not pass unnoticed ; in who in these later days have written after him co n sid h is as fi theory having authority , and reproduced the g c h e had somewhat arbitrarily de reed.

La Pen m sule des Balkan s . ” HELLENISMi AND MACEDONIA : 5

Lavele e Over , improving on y , contemporary writers delight in still further diminishing the importance o f the o f Hellenic element . One the most recent examples was afforded by the author o f an article in the E con om i s te “ who unhesitatingly afi rm s that the population o f Macedonia might be reckoned at inhabitants o f this number 000 are Christians o f different creeds or 75 000 a races ; are Mohammedans , and Jews ; the Sl v race (Bulgarian)coming first with then the Turks with the Albanians with the Roumanians z with the Jews , T iganes , and the Greeks respectively numbering and

Such an assessment , which betrays the fact that its author is a more violent Bulgarophil than even the Bulgarl an propa ‘ an dis t K n t che ff w ho fi th e g y ,1 at least xed Greek population at 2 n n E n c clo e di a; 5 ought o t to surprise us . Has bt the y p ’ Brztan m cct itself reckoned that Hellenic element m Macedonia at 2 00 9 It 1 s perhaps this statement which led into error Mr that honourable man , . Balfour , when he proclaimed in the L H m f o o us e Co m o n s . o of The fate these unhappy pe ple , o f many them Bulgarians , some Servians , some Greeks , some o f Roumanians , belonging to a section the Christian Church , ” has been a miserable one indeed . In pronouncing these words the Pre m ler doubtless f orgot b at what his illustrious uncle , Lord Salis ury, said the Berlin “ o n gre s s : Macedonia and Thrace are Greek provinces like ” grete . I

“ I ought not n o w to waste time in trying to fin d how it is l that such assertions as above , whol y divorced as they are from s o even a suggestion of truth , have come to be readily accepted . Later o n I shall have an opportunity o f Showing that the Macedonian Question is nothing but a question o f Slav b o ut am itions , and that it is the Slavs who have found the f way to change the public Opinion o the entire Western world . fo r Soon , sure , it will come to pass that , thanks to the ff patient e orts of this same policy , the world on seeing us , we ff other Greeks , remaining indi erent and silent , will come to a n o T persu de itself that t only , Macedonia and hrace , but

August ' Fo rm erl In s e ct o r o f t h e Bul ari an c o o ls 1 n Macedo n i a an l el 1 y p g S h , d at y Min i st er o f P ubli c In st ructi o n o f t h e P ri n ci ali t assassi n at ed m hi s o w n p y, st e ri al o ffi c b a Bul ari a l m i n i e y g n s cho o m ast e r. I Sitti n g o f May before its invent ed to provide a new argum ent

acedo n ia has been Greek r of y . Strabo , speaking “ a era said, Macedoni

also w ith

“ of who the continent ,

d not hesitate to dub the King of

‘ - s o r o n e non Hellene , foreigners ,

national feeling of He ‘ eigh land s Macedonia in which th e Greek faith and o f the G

o ve r the

a could not. The ellas . , as Greek, w as considered when th aul came there the go spelu Later the . o f the North

and passed across it , leaving few tra HELLEN1SM. AND 7.

u - c n the Bul p till the sev enth century epo h , i which t f b m a who had s arted r Central Asia, ppeared there m

In those days the Byzantine chroniclers spoke with horror of t his race hated by the gods , which they represent m colours m o re fiblack than were ever employed m later days ln depicting the Turk . These barbarian Slavs were many times crushed by the E mperors Heraclius and Just1 n 1 an the Second ; and 1 11 the time o f O e l extir this latter monarch , indeed, they were S compl te y pated that for a long period they do not appear again in ff f history . The ninth century witnessed a new o shoot o these ' s w as Crum m us . avage hordes, which led by their chief The ice h o rus w h o Emperor N p , was then reigning at Constantinople, i nflicted a new defeat upon them ; but while he was returning i in triumph from this campaign he was surpr sed by the enemy , d i n defile s Hoem us espite the oaths they had Sworn , the of ,

Wr . he e he fell heroically with almost the whole o f his army It ' was then , as the chroniclers of that century relate; that the King o f the Bulgarians after cutting o ff the head o f Nice h o rus s e t S p , had the Skull in ilver , to be used in future on State occasions as a drinking - cup Up to the present day the descendants of th e conqueror [ n l n mention this deed as o e o f the most glorious their history . Shortly afterwards the closing years o f the ninth century en m f ul were troubled by a new levy asse o the B garians , com m an ded m w ho k by the Kniaz Si eon , too later on the title of u . s o n s Tsar But under his and heir , Peter , they were again b th e Tzim iski dued by Emperor s , who turned Bulgaria into a

Byzantine province . In the days o f their Prince Samuel there was a fresh rising o f e ~ the Bulgarians , who invaded Macedonia , Epirus , Th ssaly , a and Continental Greece , advancing as far as Thermopyl e ; but t fi Nice h o rus hey were soon driven back , rst by the General p

Uranos , whom the Emperor Basil sent against them , and , s o n econdly , by Basil himself, who inflicted a crushing defeat t w a t hem . So great s the slaughter and destruc ion that this u Bul aro kton os 1 s u Emperor, S rnamed g , regarded as the savio r f 1 1 S o Byzantine Hellenism n the eleventh century . It a fact worthy of note that during this long and bloody struggle between the Greeks and the Slavs , and especially the Bul arian s g , the invaders ended by embracing Christianity , which r Me th o dio s was preached to them by the Apostles Cy il and , th e m l n Byzantine E pire , particular with Mace b race . national rights are their presen They have never don e anything but

Do urn o vo h Nicolas , t us

s o slight

cry o f Bulgarians that their r in 1 39 4 h ove whelmed , never crossed t e o f n Hcem us and of n the Da ube , of the , the Po t

with respect to these 1 n vas1 o n s POgo n atuS (663 685)Asparo ukh fr er and the Dan ube , making e ‘ t za and Mysia . In 679 all the between the Dan ube and the Hcem us was ceded to der their yoke seven Slav tribes

have nothing to record about“ In that year they invaded

begging peace from Cori e

foll o m e n ew 1 9 1 7 , they S of Constantinople . In 9 76 t h e l n themselves from, the Bu garia

Macedon i a Tit/rac , e, an d Old S ervi a ! 1 1 Greek an d R ussi an ); ‘ HELLENi SM AND MACEDONIA

ke fo r r l h o f y o , took thei king Samue , who , during the w ole his r s . eign , made continual raid into the Byzantine territories The Bulgarian towns Tirnovo and Pre s lava were n o t comprised 1 n

e m 1re n o t . this p , which was Slav , and Bulgarian On what , a ! then , do the Bulgarians base their historic l rights

>1<

After the brilliant victory o f Basil the Macedonian over the

Bulgarians , they lost the very memory of their past , and it might be said they h ad no longer a national existence Fo r O centuries they remained thus buried in profound bscurity . When Eastern Europe fell before the Ottoman power they soon assimilated themselves to their conquerors , with whom i n s o they had besides a common origin . If the day f their r o f slave y they Showed any Sign s hatred for Islam , it was thanks to the guiding care and 1 n flue n ce exercised over them c o f o f by the Greek Patriar h Constantinople , the guardian the

Christian faith and the Christian traditions . The Greek tongue came into familiar use with the upper classes among the as h Bulgarians it had done wit the Serbs and the Roumanians . 1 870 Up to these later days , up to , they called themselves , 1 n d1 c t1 n when m a boastful mood , Greeks . Nothing gave any a 0 f i t o th s desire for independence , his separatist spirit , which

declared itself later, thanks to promptings from outside , rather than to any racial awakening o r any spontaneous desire for

e mancipation . n But while Bulgaria was plunged i to a deep stupor ,

Pan slavi sm kept vigil . From th e second half o f the

eighteenth century , and even before , the famous political testament Of Peter the Great began to be put into execution

u . 1 11 nder the enterprising Catherine II The Greeks , trustin g e th promises of Russia , rebelled against Ottoman rule both in an d i the Peloponnese , ln Continental Greece , n Crete . This first revolution w as quenched in blood and while the Greeks Pan l i were abandoned by their pretended protectors , s av st desires and projects o f conquest in the Balkan peninsula were

continually developing . 1 762 o f u Paisius i In a monk Mo nt Athos , , was seized as f by revelation with a boundless admiration fo r the Bulgarian Hi s tor o the Tsar' s an d o the race , and in a work entitled y f f S ain ts of Bulgari a. he invited the most glorious o f the Slav

peoples to rouse itself from its torpor , to recall its ancestral m adi n an d m e and v fa e, tr tio s , national ann rs , to re i No echo made answer to this appeal r m l di ffe n e ained immobi e , in rent eve to rbs 1 807 n d f in , a to that o the Greeks

' a th e o f 1 n surre c A little l ter, towards end the Hellenic

attention .

and while

‘ scovere d w on their march .

, i in this new race that it f n the y e ficie t tool for 1 ' n s t co que t of . ancien

its two principal centres , Macedonia and Thrace . l elf - constituted vauthOrities vied with each other in theories and devising systems about this new 51

which they were investing the Bulgarian race . Whlle e ma Fallm era er e Slavi sin o f the G r n y proclaim d the g

n a 1 cou tries , a Slovak poet , Jean Collar , carried aw y ing en thusiasm for the future o f the great mother 5 i created an enormous 1 m ag1 n ary empire which stretched from the North of Europe to the Macedonian mountain Athos and the city o f Constantin the same period , and more particularly just a b Blan ui uthors , among them Cyprian Ro ert and q , Wo r e s i h trave sed these countries , b came uncon cious instruments o f Pan slavist S the plots , ince they did not hesitate to assert , in m a t a d aking their ethnologic l investigations , hat Thrace n 4; n “ ! Macedo ia were p rincipally Bulgarian territories . a u this the Slavs themselves took . p their o w n to exaggerate beyond all bounds , and by the an t e v vices , h importance of their Share in this In 1 842 Paul Schafarik published the E thn ograp hic wherein he collected every title and right o f that race to countries which he h ad dug o ut from the night of time! n s 1 ret zeck h gran dso , Con tantine J profe ssor at t e University of Prague and later Minister of Public Instruction ! S fi m at o a , imitating the ancestral exa ple , maintained the sam e

cause . However, it is more than probable that scientific works would not have had an y in flue n f Bulgarian character without the help o legend . As the case Of every ignorant people when the Object 1 s so : in them a feeling of nationality , it was done here the most f ll — d a . powerful weapon o was employed namely , legen

partisan science had failed , fable succeeded , and f r . z o S fanaticism A certain Berkovit , an antiquary e res Professor Rasko fsky di stinguished themselves in this c o f n m e alo m ariia The last , under the influen e Chauvi ist g , lis e d 1 859 e o 0 h m a work wher in , impr ving on the thesis o f th a ‘ th , e s f e m s writer cited before he speaks Bulgarians _ o t ” ancient inhabitants of the Peninsula , as there as did the Pelasgians of the Indian la he maintains that n o t only the Thracians and Macedonians we e n t themselves , but the Celts and Franks as ll , wer , o hing but l to him fi Bu garians , who , besides , according , were the rst to A t u s . S embrace Chri tianity for Berkovi z , he p blished at -s Belgrade and Paris a volume of very ancient poem , the Ve * S loven a a o fin , which ought to have his name ttached t this e

ethnological study . o f The legend Orpheus will be found quite whole , scarcely

r 1 n en 1 o us . Or hen t avestied at all , in this g collection p , a great

musician , instructed the human race , civilised their manners

by his art , reigned over Thrace and Macedonia , had a . 1 numerous family o f sons and daughters by the beautiful Or hen izza n in p , whom he had won by magical inca tations s pite of a thousand obstacles , and after a long and glorious

i ife n . On s l , mounted to heave with his wife consideration thi i s much better than a m ere Bulgarian adaptation of the Greek

o . myth , it amounts to the creati n of a new god History herself after this cannot hope to be very much ! respected ; and so many publications have seen the light which prove really quite conclusively that Alexander the Great

himself was a genuine authentic Bulgarian . e How ver , the boldness of these innovations astonished even th o r e Slavs themselves , whose science conscience was out r fe ico f 1 ret ze ck aged . O , for example , confessed to J that m all h is voyages in the land of Rhodope he had never discovered

E L. Lé er udes ves e V da s la/v . g , t S la , L e c 1 2 HEL

t h e slightest trace o f the Vedas o f Berk hesitate to vo 1 ce the Opinion that all these songs alleged so ancient had been fabricated throughout by Bulgarian prm fe s so rs o f laveik ff . Another these more honest men , S o , t he Ch arizan o ff k revealed fact that , a schoolmaster at Melni his and later a magistrate in Bulgaria , had confessed to him o e as an a collab ration in the V d , as innocent little liter ry / deception by means o f which he hoped to contribute to th e n n ildi g up of national grandeur . I could multiply endlessly examples o f these m y thologica ist orical n t o f inventions , which tra smogrify not only the pas

Macedonia and Thrace , but push their encroachments even to ff B . K ntch e his the osphorus and beyond y , for instance , in Im ressi on s o Asi a i n or p f M , gravely declares to us that every country wherein the Greek tongue is spoken is only peopled l rl n by Hellenised Bu ga a s . Thus little by little Slav pretensions have extended them H r l selves to claimythe ellenic territo ies . Amid al the Slavs ’ the Bulgarian is especially marked o ut for the work o f Hi usurpatio n which constituted the great programme . s o f his n l stupidity intellect , viole t temper, the geographica c s o f o for ondition his habitat , all design him as the best t ol this policy Of spoliation . urture d 1 n th e u N hatred of Hellene , brought p to regard him fo e h as s as the hereditary , the Bulgarian , moreover, made beside n o f a tragic applicatio the instructions that he has received . By his voice Pan slavis m has decreed the whole Hellenic world n fi 1 n 1 n beyond the pale of the law . I public of ces , schools , — cr o f Churches , in families everywhere echoes this same y w a l hatred, hich ends with this bloodthirsty refr in , the nationa anthem o f Neo - Bulgaria :

Ho all o f o u slit th e t ro a o f th e Greek ! y , h t Tear him i n i eces sla th e o re sso r p , y pp

Pan sla ism fo r v , faithful to the end which it has pursued o n ll o the generations , goes proclaiming before a the w rld that degenerate Greek h as for ever disappeared from the land which w as his cradl e in an cient days ; that the hour has sounded his be when , in this land which is no longer , he is about to — replaced by another race a younger and stronger race which s the F llm era er to i to realise prophecy of Jacob a y , according ' ‘ HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 1 3

' ‘ w hom the destinies of the world will be controlled in the future by this Slav race that sooner or later will impose its yoke o n to o h o Slavi e d . w the Germans themselves This man , , thus s o f Attica and Morea , in proclaiming this predominance m O Slavis , not only ver the East but also even over the

W , i est , has already predicted to his compatr ots that as soon as this supremacy is established the Germans will fall in a fi doration before the new god , and will sacri ce to it even their o w n characteristic intellect and will construct in its f h onour a new system o historical philosophy . réle b 86 This is the glorious for which Russia prepared, y recaci llan t c m o t th e , to quote a elebrated , on morrow of that treaty of Paris which had so terribly humiliated her . After her failure to obtain dominion over the Bosphorus by force of a m a r s , She began to put in practice a new plan of ction , capable o f n procuring for her though the delay might be long , certai , ' n d U h e n a palpable results . p till then s had tur ed her attention “ n n e so t to pit against the other , as better to weaken hem , But t Christian and Mohammedans . now the momen seemed t o have come for her to sow in the future divisions between the Christian subjects of the Porte ; between , the Greeks ,

“ Slavs , Roumanians , in order to dom inate them more quickly and to a ssure through them the success o f her conquests . o f This plan , which the Sultans themselves had never dreamed a o f o f fter the taking Constantinople , the executors Peter the

Great both conceived and applied . Up to the Treaty o f Paris the Ecumenical Patriarch had been regarded without dispute as the spiritual and national head o f all the Christians in the Ottoman Empire , without distinction f o .

race or origin Mohammed / the Conqueror had recognised his title o f E thn arch (R oam - Mi lle t an d had conferred upon him numerous privileges by which Greeks and Bulgarians fi aw o n l bene ted equally . But the adversaries of Hellenism s y o n e road to achieve their end ; this was to destroy the prestige o f and to attack the authority the Ecumenical Patriarch . The question at issue was t o make a silent conquest of the C hurch , which in the East is a wonderful tool for national e xpansion . The Bulgarian nation was to form the advance guard for the Muscovite conqueror ; s o it was that under promptings from Petersburg it began to Show signs of desiring autonomy and e emancipation . The revolution was being prepared , whos avowed end w as to revive the ancient grandeur o f the Bul ‘ “ nHELLENISMZ 1111 1 ) MAoanONIA

' ‘ for the Serbsy n o qon e they ' o ff om Tsam m d ' far fr g ( m oreover , j they ’ did n o t seem to unite the necessary qualities o f character

in the same degree as the Bulgarians . One weighty question was brusquely settled garian s Of t h e European province s of Turkey rebelled against i o f P d i l a au the author ty the atriarch , emand ng ecc esiastic l Already in 1 860 they had sent representatives to to declare that t hey would no longer recognise the of o f th w as the power the head e Eastern Church . Great

scandal . The Patriarch gave in his r esignation,but the Holy Synod elected a successor who w as very little dispose d to “ t o e h e submit Bulgarian pr tensions , which threatened t very f h hi fundamentals o t e Orthodox Church. Nevertheless s atti enters continued to be co n ciliat endeavoured to m ake the m liste p

1 the o f Russian diplomacy , movement

himself compelled to excommunicate and to exile the apostate but he none the less granted many privile ges to th e I a h Bulg rian eparc ies . It t f Bul arlan s . was a this moment that a great number o g I entered within t h e pale o f the Roman Catholic Church ; but

' ‘ th e lso o n it a ain fo r R fo r ‘ y quitted g , ussian policy , in its zeal

x , . orthodo y had taken , umbrage at this desertion T u o n b the [ om pacify matters the S ublime Porte , rged y ' t o f its Cabine Petersburg , and m oreover considering that authority over the Christian subjects would be th e better as b e sured y fost ring their divisions and discords , after many th e circumlocutions and procrastinations , ended by Satisfying ' d m a ds f r cre atl on e n o the dissenters and gave pe mission for the , ' ' th e can o n ‘s o f O the rthodox Church , of an auto ‘5 ‘ n om ous o f Bulgarian Church , to which were attached many the dioceses that were taken away from the Ecumenical Patri archiate‘ i This Church was placed under the authority f a who f E - r o a he d received the title o at a ch. “ se r n Under the ci cumsta ces the Patriarch o f Constantinople , Anthim o us d r VI . , summoned to a Council the hea s of the othe th rc o f m , e Greek Chu hes the Otto an Empire , o f dr o f and the Jerusalem , Alexan ia , Antioch , A o o f to o f t h e rchbish p Cyprus , in order defend the rights E a n Church an d to d a u be ster , , etermine the ttit de that should l l ' HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA “ 1 5

i taken to meet this violation of its immutable tradi tions . The ' assembly condemned the Bulgarian Exarchate an d declared 1 all its followers schismatics . P n l i a s av s t policy had achieved a brilliant success , but had — ' nevertheless failed in its principal end the de lim itatio n of the domain o f the Exarchy in Macedonia ; This ‘ que stio n w as n o t o long in coming up, and it was even settled for the m ment by , the Treaty o f San Stefano the idea of this had been for a long time germinating and had rapidly developed after the schism: I

The emancipation o f the Bulgarian clergy attested the zeal o f an d th e the Slavs gave fresh life and greater boldness to , m s e to great conspiracy against Hellenis . It is hardly pos ibl o r s imagine all that was done , said , written at thi period , ' h ‘ against the Greek race and the Greek Churc ; injustice , lies , m d to o f P an slavis . and calumnies unite help the triumph 1 To this task the indescribable Turkish regim e contributed no

less usefully ; its vices and abuses daily increased among its , Slav subjects an exasperation which an able policy could n ot fail to exploit . In every country o f Turkey in Europe the p opulation s aspired to get the benefit of rights which were denied them ,

' ‘ t a e fo r by a Power that was incurably blind, till hey only w it d u the signal for revolution . Th s it was that there burst forth in 1 875 among the Slavs o f Herzegovina an insurrection which soon gained over Bosnia , spread throughout Albania , Servia ,

fi ul ul o fficers 'in and nally B garia ; many B garians , the Russian h r t e o . a my , had already left country in order to g and prepare it o n e o f fi ! An impartial witness , and worthy con dence , Sir i W W f o lliam hite , a former ambassador England at Constan tin o le us Mem oi rs u p , tells in his that this ins rrection had been w ho prepared by Bulgarian schoolmasters and priests , in order the better to encourage their compatriots assured them that a Russian army corps w as ready to invade the Balkan provinces in u order to second the rising . All these schoolmasters had st died in Russia from Russia they had brought the astounding plan o f : tO Se t fire action that follows destroy the railways , to on fi o f Adrianople , Philippopolis and So a , to surprise the villages fi c the Mohammedans , to con scate their goods and massa re the

. r recalcitrants As for the Bulgarians that should efuse to rise , they should be constrained by force o r see their houses burnt o m fi l i in . e n c d wn This program was rst trans ated to a tion the _ t Rako vitz lit le town of , which was destroyed , and against the o f l Moslem population several other ham ets .

e ular s— - B azo uks o g troup Bashi , Cir as — s e r , sians , and Kurd the Porte entrusted the task of estoring

‘

1 h rl i . aut o t e s m e . order The Ottoman had been com and d to s tifle the insurrection at its birth by any means that the y i il l r chose so p t e s s y S upp e s se d . that the ' I to be aroused . n England the a Party , Gl dstone , excited public ringing denunciation against the

n Ople Conferencenor the protocol o f London could bring about

Th - as ffi any satisfactory result . e ill will of the Porte w su n ain , and the delay s and postpo ements which it before putting into practice the reforms demanded l all u ei e d its double dealing . Of the Powers R ssia herself the most hostile to Turkey with her the question the freeing o f the oppressed peoples as that o f inflicting a fresh blow on the Ottoman — Empire a blow that should be s evere and perhaps mortal . It was plain that sh e w as seeking to provoke a rupture c o ut soon be ame inevitable The broke , troops of the Czarthat invaded th e Balkan s there w as soon

joined the army of Roumania.

After an heroic defence, m the course of which they inflicted r k some seve e repulses upon the enemy , the Tur s succumbed

to numbers , and the Russians , advancing almost up to the walls o f of Constan tinople , imposed upon Turkey the famous Treaty o o f o f San Stefan , which stripped her the chief part Macedonia 3 a e e o f n and Thr ce , to cr ate under the yes an asto ished Europe th e realm Of Great Bulgaria f fo r I the Treaty of San Stefano was disastrous Turkey , since it implied the end of Ottoman rule in European provinces , it w a f r o f s also a calamity o the interests and rights Hellenism , from which it robbed for the benefit of the Bulgarians a whole

di , Great Bulgaria , exten ng to the littoral of the E ean r the g Sea , for ever bar ed the road to Constantinople for

Greeks . In a moment they saw the ruin of all their dearest

“1 8 HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

“ valuation of the rights of the Greeks thus sacrificed the interests of a Great Bulgaria all Hellenic Con ' ‘ f e COn s tan tin o le th e . , p rot sted loudly , p , as the seat of Ecumenical th e o f th e Patriarchate , has always remained centre Hellenism , i f t h o f ff t true capital of the Greek world . By e voice the di eren an d e e a national assemblies , sp cially by those representing Thr ce , an s f pirus , d Thessaly , thi protest made itsel heard ; it had all the m ore justification because the Greeks i e e as h h constitute the principal el ments of thes provinces , muc by their numerical importance as by their intellectual culture at an d i the r higher degree of civilisation , and , too , because they T against Ottoman rule . he

‘ Bulgarian massacres of Bat ak in 1 876 are nothing beside th e

‘ h e t aco m bs o f Gre eks 1 82 1 perpetrated in at Constantinople , r th r Smy na, Chios , Cyprus , Adrianople , Philippopolis , and in o e

‘ tm of Thrace and Macedonia . { s o n e The Greek pr test was laid before the Berli Congr ss , ' o f an which met a little after _ to reform the work S Stefano u fi n h — n lli ed , thanks to E glis intervention and to regulate on a

a e o . A s fo r new, basis the E stern Qu sti n The Cabinet of then

1 its part submitted to the representative s o f t h e Powers as

sembled at Berlin a memorandum formulating. its gr1 e van ce s But the Congress showed itself little di po s e d to take into v co n s1 deratio n desi derata th e ‘ w as the of Greeks , and it only through the strong intervention Of the plenipot entiary o f u i t fi d d d France , backed p too by that of Italy , that nally eci e — compensate Greece by ceding her Epirus an d Thessaly a

cession which w as later on consi derably restricted . ’

e . Bulgaria r ceived the lion s share True , the Great Bulgaria w a no t San Stefano s reconstituted . But from Northern o ff Thrace and Macedonia several districts were cut to create , n th e o f R o ro vm ce u der name Eastern umelia , a privileged p d re i m e i en owed with a g which , f not entirely independent, e t w as o n e had y almost every advantage of independence , and

m s o . in day to beco e For the rest , Russia , who had succeeded o f obtaining the charge provisionally administering Roumelia , endowed it with an organisation o f a nature to facilitate lt s

reunion with Bulgaria , and in any case to make it the head e Pan sl vist s quart rs of the a in the Balkan Peninsula . As for the other countries of Turkey in Europe that remained r A 2 the direct ule of the Porte , rticle 3 of the r under Berlin Treaty fixed their lot in these terms : The Sublime HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 1 9

1 868 m o difica t h e constitutional enactment of , while adding t ions which may be judged equitable .

Similar enactments adapted to local needs , excepting that e which concerns the exemption from imposts accorded to Cret , will be equally introduced into the other parts of Turkey in

Europe , for which a particular organisation has not been

provided by the present treaty . co m m 1 s s1 o n s The Sublime Porte will charge special , m n which the ative element will be largely represented , to

elaborate the details of these new regulations in each province . The projects of organisation resulting from their labours n B will be submitted to the i spection of the Sublime orte , which , n before promulgati g the acts necessary to enforce them , will take the advice of the European Commission instituted fo r

n . Easter , Roumelia ' Such were the provisions of the treaty as far as con cern s

. i n Greece and , Bulgaria But the equ librium that the Europea Powers had tried to establish betw een Hellenic claims and Slav demands was based on too slight a found ation to have the h e permanence desirable . Thoug the B rlin Congress had given a to Greece the two countries th t are conterminous with it , ' Epirus and Thessaly , Greece only received actually, after m

di ffi i Arta l di s trict h culties , a portion of Ep rus , the , whilst,on t e ' o t ther hand , Thessaly was cut in two , to leave he Turks the

i . nk prov nce of Elassona France herself , who , tha s to her at C gen erous intervention the Berlin ongress , had succeeded in fi s . bene ting Greece by the e territorial gains , showed soon . after ’ 1 881 di ff e ro té é s wards in total in er nce to her p g interests . On c the other hand , Bulgaria had re eived as far as w as pos sible u complete satisfaction , constit ted herself under the direction o f s ffi t Ru sian o cers a military power , and pursued he m ission that o f n P l had been put upon her , rapidly furtheri g an s avist

ambitions .

Thus , after having worked in Eastern Roumelia , after having o n i ably prepared revolution , Bulgaria in a few hours , in e n ght 1 7—1 8 1 885 — that of September , accomplished the premeditated ’ ’ cou d e tat p , seized Eastern Roumelia , and thus openly, violated th e a treaty wherein Powers had solemnly expressed their will . c European diplomacy scar ely made a protest , while Turkey, fo r fi her part , after some hesitation , nally resigned herself to this ai t accom new amputation , and admitted the f p li . The uni on of Roumelia and Bulgaria broke the balance of

p ower in the Balkans . Moreover , it strengthened the co n vic ‘ i 2 0 H HELLEN ISM A ND M ACEDONIA :

’ t t h e Of Off e ion that , m face icial Europ , bold measures ce te d h fi p , t ough m de ance of formal engagements o Ro um e lia Bul ar1 a Afterwards , aggrandised by incorp rating , g

ou n ot r her . fi c i s c ld est on laurels This rst suc ess , far from s at S f in h e r h e r z and so n y g , whetted eal her covetousness she soo n d n turned her eyes to Macedonia , Thrace , a Adria ople . Thus k t hey roclaim to . day as Slav Gree territories that they under l ri fire a p0 Bu a s e s a . it t ke g by , word, and dyn mite Perhaps would not be out o f place as a contrast to the as recently Shown m — to insurrection , to quote the judgment o f a writer 7 er — an c o f Bul aro h o bia B ard who c n ot ac used g p , n co cerning the . Greek nation , which , he says , aggrandises ' b n of y the viole ce war , and u chances s ch as proximity , it ak o , according to the latest phil sophic formula , e th e e f 3 over the intell ct , and fre consent o

l ation for herself In fact , not content with ; s o f H a n d u ellenism , , a ,M cedonia ce fo rth a va alre dy coveted Old Ser i , i 1 w h1 ch Servia justly regards as a heritage which ought to return tOher 1 S e 1 n Wh rV a s o irritated with the r neighbours , the , had for d f motives too complaint , trie to check the progress o

declared war . the how the Principality, numerically moreover disorganised by th e n ffi s n Russia O cer , their instructors , bei g recalled to Petersburg as the result of a tem porary coolness in Russo Bulgarian l n ff re atio s , began by su ering successive checks , and only carried

‘ fl v Slibn it a s n o f o the ictory of z , thank to Alexa der Battenberg , h le d i be St w o personally nto action his troops . S r uch doughty service, the great part Alexande had played ’ Ro um eli an cou d etat his ln the p , high abilities , his devotion to u m i his adopted co ntry , did not abate the ingratitude of the litary fi : e n d party at So a Alexander was depos d a expelled . It was HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

t hus that Ferdinand of Saxe Coburg Gotha found himself

called to the throne in the midst of grave complications . Henceforward he worked to ensure and regulate his power ; his ministers aided him effectually in strengthening his

r . e t o o i s to autho ity Th y had recourse , often it true , measures s o t violent , that the public opinion of any more civilised sta e b ut would have been stirred up against them , they were of a a race whose nature remains somewhat b rbarian , and whose e nergy is readily turned to cruelty they employed against their adversaries the means that their adversaries would have fi ro f desired to employ against them . The rst ministe Prince Stam o ulo ff . b Alexander , M , succeeded by oppression and

t his - yranny in achieving unity. He subdued ill disciplined r compatriots by a ha sh administration , he imposed on them a

regular Government , which exercised its functions almost m a f r normal manner , though it often showed small regard o the

rights o f subjects . t o but These men were perhaps useful their country , they

m ade themselves loathsome to mankind ln the eyes o f humanity . ' The crimes o f St am bo ulo fl have been the chief foundation o f n but the progress Bulgaria has accom plished not only withi ,

. e a t without , in Macedonia and Thrace Mor particularly ag ins e di d St am o ulo ff Hell nism b labour with grim energy, and when o ld c s he perished , miserably murdered by his accompli e s eemed that he had left his successors the task o f spreading ' in his country that hatred o f the Greek which had inspired his .

labours . The Bulgarian nation i s only to o well prepared to put m

n h a To al ; practice the instructio s it s received . that it brings l o f it s o f i a the energy temperament , all the violence ts fanatic l

character , It 1 8 easy to understand the mental condition o f the Bulgarian

. o n w its race The books hich it is brought up , social and o i s o as i n f th p litical l fe , s far it can be followed the organs o e i s rt local press , are enough to inform us exactly what the wo h o f this people as a civilising in flue n ce - this people t o whom W n o w th e de f n c f s e e o estern diplomacy is entrusting j the right o f l n h as ff s o r humanity Macedonia , which su ered much at thei

. W hands The English diplomatist already quoted , Sir illiam W 1 n Mem oi rs o f f - o hite , speaking his the chiefs Neo Bulgaria , h 1 n oran ce i n deplored t eir g , and blamed the manner which they conceived and undertook immense schemes without calculating

’ La ues tion d Ori en t b Max Ch o bli r Q , y u e . ‘ 2 2 HELLENISM AND MAOEDONIA

But to what purpose dOes o n e quote evidence o f this o be are kind , authoritative th ugh it The facts here to prove t h e r e au o f an d t t u v l e the Bulgarian revolutionary ideal , o explain th e hostile attitude that the whole Hellenic world h as m adopted with respect to the Bulgarians; who , for the acco li sh m e n t o f h p their task , outrage every uman law i Dominated by a racial nstinct , rather than by a national eal “ , the savage Bulgarian pursues , according to the impulse hi s a m nature, the cco plishment of his brutal ambitions ; it no noble or elevated conception that prompts his actions ; an blind fanaticism makes him , in y deed of darkness, a docile

o f his e . a is an d he tool chi fs For him hum n life valueless , seems to have copied the Russians 1 n th e implacable principle s o f o t . W that destructive Nihilism which spares nothing e o w o n o w those h do t think ith him Turks , Serbs , Greeks , and even' Bulgarian s the doctrine of propagandising by deeds has llo r o w e s pitilessly resolute . He treats as wi w him en h s all those who ll not plot ith , and ev t ose i s as deaths may serve to help publish h designs , such the o n the Guadal ui cer nameless passengers q , which the d d Min ie f n o f as ynamitar blew up i the harbour Salonica , such n o f n the i habitants this same tow , which Marc Stoyan and his f h d f fi T riends a mined with the help o plans sent from So a . o igh theorists it matters little that thousands of innocent lives are cut s hort before their natural term It matters little ’ tis but a few years out of Eternity, but the innumerable number of the dead ! r o‘ r a Be he brigand , murdere , incendi ry , does not the ’ Bulgarian S w ork alway s advance the greatn ess of hi s nation ! And since this greatness must be foun ded o n the ruins o f n n o t s e e Helle ism , ought the Bulgarian always to in the Greek the t t e l ’ ro ! [ foe who mus be pi il ss y dest yed From the moment that Bulgaria was constituted an auto ‘ Hellenic that e m st e d there w as 1 The Greek Church , the Greek The m o f were proscribed . exa ple

m , w as , modern Europe , which more and ore tends to equality ff i a t O ere d in va n to Bulgari . That great principle was los an d h sh e upon her . More more rut lessly continues to extirpate every o n e that is not o f h er race Or who di d n o t w s o o r s ish to become , whether Greek Mo lem , but especially speakable indeed was th e treatment t o which the 1‘Hellenes are subjected to compel them to Bulgarise themselves HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 2 3

o n o r to emigrate . These attacks the most elementary rights o f peoples or indi viduals are not only the spontaneous work of a few fanatics ; they are preached and commanded by the high priests of anti Hellenism , and practised with the assent and assistance of the public functionaries o f the whole o f official B ulgaria . And this extends even to Prince Ferdinand himself , wh o o f h as , espousing the sentimen ts his subjects, made himself t h e o f tool this barbarian policy . So from top to bottom of i the social ladder there s eternal war against anything Hellenic . c o f Conformably to the Bulgarian constitution , to the lauses t h e firm an s creating the Exarchate , to the con titutional charter o f Eastern Roumelia , the churches , convents , and conventual property belonging to th e Greeks cann ot be taken away from B t . u t hem . Such are the formal and exact provisions who can allege that they h ave been respected . in Bulgaria ! w eek passes without the Greek colony of Such and such a B f ulgarian town having to record some act o spoliation . Vainly those interested protest ; the Government i s n ot slow t o validif recognise , to sanction , to y the usurpation , and b 1 n ai t accom li aptizing it the name of f p , to nullify any possible r eclaiming . Thus the Bulgarians have i n the course o f the last twenty fi years seized churches , convents , and xed property to which h I t e Greek community had sole and incontestable right . will o nly quote here the acts accomplished in Eastern Roumelia — a lone The Church of Sainte - Fotini at Ferdin andov the Greek s of o f ax chool the same . town ; the Church the T iarchs at n ‘ fi Haskovo the school belongi g to the same church , its xed ! n im h p roperty ; the Church o f St . Athanasius at S te ac o ; that of Z oodochos Pighi of the same town ; the Greek convent o f " B atchko vo ; the rich property b elonging to this convent ; the C hurch o f Sainte - Kyriaki at Philippopolis ; the Convent of ’ St en im acho n i Ka k St . George at ; that of the Tri ty at va o y ; the f & & . C o . c c hurch St Constantine at Varna , . ,

Certainly these are not all , and assuredly will not be all . L ittle by little those Greeks who live, unfortunately for themselves , in the principality will end by being plundered of e verything Bulgarian rapacity may covet . To - day Europe protests in the name o f Christianity against t h e persecutions inflicted on the Bulgarians in Macedonia . E o n e ven if admits that this question can be invested with, a r I o n e W eligious character at all , think that no ould dare to m o n sider the conduct of these Christians to their Greek ' Se d world think of this steady c fanati ism , intellectual

the means used to combat the!

s ocial an d domest ic the G reek family by intruding ld se h . x s o ,Innumerable e ample such rich

the b and j oi a ith impunity can a man avoid such:

n a little co cealed that at Bourgas , e by Greeks , ther , be , it understood , of Prince Ferdinand

e ‘ d o n e can s ee chos n among a thousan , h o stllit Government Shows to y , lts secret s

songs —songs hich are taught Death to thé f

l ari an g province , a and if by chance he takes the he is obliged to have recourse to infinite precautions dangers are n o t i maginary but unfortunately realities ! the face of such a Situation is left fo r the Greeks in 9 m 9 . n . Bulgaria Sub it They can ot, they ought not Emigrate , 9 h i he e . o w o as t Turks have don T this those can , res gn them s . a e : elves To endure or to dis ppear, that is all the alternativ

M we o e a; acedonia ught to labour in time to com . Salonic o ur n ought to be the chief town of cou try . Salonica ought to

w fi w 1 e . b the chief windo that lights the edi ce Let us ork , then ,

1 in Macedonia ! h r o n e ording to t is autho , the n Greek . In narrati g the evils i s ff to un compatr ots u er, he p uts them all down the acco ts o f cu the Greeks and to the E menical Patriarchate . From th e the a all Treasury of P triarchate , he says, flow the revenues d e e n of a r stin d for the enlighte ment Macedonia , or r the for the o n c Hellenisati n of the Macedo ians , and in consequen e for the d estruction of the Bulgarians . Greece is th e most dangerous

1 ri al and o t r da v , it would n be surp ising if it one y conquered in Macedonia ! 1 Ho w u ! 1 s , then , sho ld this enemy be fought The answer r and Through them

of the

except through the schools . But this compels continual

fi . sacri ce , untiring activity After eating a national feeling , ion o f a revised census o f the inhabitants must be

‘ To ff in Mace do n ia a fi act e ectively , to be ble to ght Bulgarian nationality for th e the Turks i h e , t ll t

an alli an ce wi th

1 The secre tary of the Exarchate ends his stirring appeal to the Bulgarian “ people by summin g up the chief obj ect of his solicitude : For o f o ur u o f o ur le t us the good country , for s ccess enterprise , rd w i th the Turks act i n acco , let us preserve the most amicable 1 elations with t hem cal principle i n spl ri n g this teaching is made quite hi fi author of these lines . But s rst efforts did n o t

th e e n oU h th e 1 desired results rapidly g . Neither h n i l s chools nor the Bulgarian C urch , no more tha the pol tica ' HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 2 7

a gencies set up in the country by the Government o f the pr1 n c1 alit o f ffi p y under the pretext commercial agencies , su ced to a fi w as ssure the triumph of the policy of So a . It necessary to a ct m m in a manner that was ore practical , ore sure , and more e fi 1 n strum e n t S ' f cacious . It was necess ary to multiply the and m m eans of action . Such was the word of com and from the o t o o Exarchate Situated at C nstantinople , and such , , from the P an slavist numerous societies in Russia . Under these conditions there were founded in many impor - p t c ant places in Macedonia Committees , which were harged to f so urther the practical side , the concrete Side , to speak , of the Bul aris atio n programme of g , by attacking , be it understood , the eternal enemy Hellenism .

‘ Or an l s e They began , then , to g and start in Macedonia s ysWtematic persecution and assassination . to ould not the Greek population , abandoned itself with o ut o f ff fi any hope e ective succour from Turkey , have nally s so uccumbed , submitted , and renounced their nationality as to increase the dom inion over which the Bulgarians were extending their claim

Thus , beside the schoolmaster and the priest , there arose m Bulgaria other apostles of Bulgarian national greatness : the

n . murderer , the incendiary , and later o the dynamitard They

‘ s v b Cvio le n ce an d ucceeded, moreo er, with time , y terrorism , in c s B t ompelling certain Macedonian district to recognise ulgarian

s . c a fi c upremacy To elebr te this rst suc ess they, shut the Greek s chools and expelled therefrom by threats the representatives o f the Hellenic clergy o f o m m 1 ttee s i n The history these C , the way which their a t ctivity shows itself , the ruin which hey have left in their afiord o f a track , all this s a gloomy picture the Bulg rian r character . Not only have their crimes been pe petrated o an d penly , with impunity, but they had also instigators a pprovers . It is a melancholy fact that . they are often protected n o t h e s tit ate by diplomatic and consular agents , who do to a pplaud this dread sentence Death to every adversary of the B ulgari an !

I cannot do better than quote here , as a commentary on w ffi un hat has preceded, some o cial documents , and some 1 m pe ach able evidence coming from people in a position to

k an d n u . now events , to state their opinio s witho t partiality 1 2 8

insecurity which exists n o w to a certain . ’

those people who com plain most o f it . rm an en t and inherent defects o f t h e there i s nothing at this moment t o justify the anxiety m anifested ln th e Press so far as the Turkish r a un population is conce ned , Ray hs on the whole being left

m l . b n w o ested But Bulgarian a ds , hich had for a t ru t ed th h ri i s p eir murders , have egu aga n to assassinate Christian o f e as l m H f o s e s . o e oth r races , well itherto neither thes t i r as retaliated on a scale worthy of no ice , but the very

Moslems ,

The population . ted)and Moslems close the doors These proceedings of the Mace ! about a veritable reign o f 7 o s 71 of this region , which c ntain l Bu garians . 1 th th e sam e Consul - General wrote to h i s e Christians who have a certain m fluen ce on the1 r at the first Sign o f resistance b e murdered , with the dou l f getting rid of them and e o i 0 un d h t rr r. Regular l sts by the arians killed in M e d m n u encounters . The ac o a Committee has drawn p a Christian ccording to his means , and ‘

i - a s t . m p y f execu ed Under these circu th e Government ,

1 1 1 some 081 8 8 8

' S a o m ca t d eral at l , da e December d The Macedonian Committees have employed a double method o f action ; they Sought first to ré- awaken by propagandis t literature the nation al to the feeling among the villagers , and detach them from “

E o n m o f. cumenical Patriarchate , and the other hand, by eans HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 2 9

h e t bands traversing the country during the summer , they tried

“ o r to attract them by promises , force them by threats to join t h e n d movement . Proselytism a terrorism were the means b y which they sought to utterly destroy all tranquillity and to reduce the inhabitants of the district to such complete misery e a s W . ould force them to fall in with their revolutionary id as l Little by litt e they removed all those , who , faithful to the o f Patriarchate , refused their allegiance , and in the Sandjak 1 00 r Serres alone over G eeks , Vlachs , and Orthodox Bul ri g a an s fell victims to their vengeance and cruelty . The o f Committees , then , have succeeded by means their agents , o f the schoolmasters and priests , during the year , and the bands a n d the terror these inspire during the summer, in withdrawing a from the Patriarchate mostly all the villages of Djuma , Bal , a n d Raélo m g, and ost of the villages of Melnik , Petritch , and ” e vro co N p . fi o f Sir Alfred Biliotti , after having described the rst phase t h e on a section of the Committees , passes to the m nner in w fro m Bul ari a hich the bands coming . g invaded Macedonia he d ff escribed di erent battles which had occurred , then he adds '

. 2 82 th e n o f (pp , On whole , a very small umber p easants actually took part in the fights the majority foll owed t heir wives and children to the mountains to protect them . Not o n e single village took part willingly in the movement o r e migrated of its own initiative . They were all induced to by e t r o f p romis s , threa s , and even murder by the promote s the m u h ovement , who gave them to nderstand t at they were acting i n s concert with Bulgaria , backed by Rus ia , with a view to f reeing Macedonia “ When these promises failed in their i ntended effect the bands held over the peasants ’ head the d estruction of their homes and the abduction o f their wives a n d o f children , and in cases persistent refusal recourse was to Do uco o f l o f had murder , as murdered Doukas , the vil age , B o usdo vo o f m , in the Caza Melnik , as another chief urdered

t h e - B achis o f St artch o vo I ralicht a o f Khodja and g , in the Caza

Petritch . Other individuals , as I have reported frequently , h ave perished for the same reason . rt Fu her on Sir A . Biliotti quotes the following lines from a letter that he received from Bulgaria : For sure it is a Sight o f indeed worthy of arousing admiration , the Sight these young h o f ri i s eroes Bulga a crossing the frontier after winter ended , to to g oing slay an occasional Turk , and returning their hearths a n d d s homes at once , while thanks to them unarme peasant a u s e s ab ndon their ho se and , if th y Survive to drag themselve a a e 2 0 3 across the Bulg ri n frontier , sell th ir live stock at or 0 francs a head to speculators that they may get som ething s o as n t f r ” o to di e o hunge . lac- Boo ks published by th e Foreign Office could be 1 thus summed up : deeds o f violence perp etrated against inno

cent and unarmed people , acts of brigandage , murders , cruel o e f i o n a d e t o o c s t rtur s in l cted men n on wom n , on priests , do tor , an d burn in S o f schoolmasters , g churches , dynamite outrages, r o f x of law and orde , extermination Orthodo o h m m e dan s e d a , univ rsal terrorism , bloodshe nd n a inciteme t to mas sacre .

1 N has e n $0 1 ever the doctrine of d struction bee so wholly , h i a . e in pr ctice T Comm ttees , o r s arr a soldier by a theori t , by o f action , have had but one objective , have to violate the national feeling of Mace - 1 o e Thrace , to terr ris the population and impose upon i e Bulgarian yoke . Europe w ll surely end in some f aberration o r indifference by realising the Bulgarian

! a autonomous Macedonia , and thus pre n d n of the Ro um elia usurpation . It woul world m which the w ork of San Stefano

‘

1 in which vengean ce will be taken for th e . Treaty of Berlin

Of all the methods honoured by those affi liated to the Co m s m itte e S b S ara o ff a t t and y the acolytes of f , th t which heir hear

o to rs e cute 1o r k h lds dearest is pe , more , to suppress the Gree o s as e o f c pr fessor , who , the direct repres ntatives Helleni elle ctua t m o f int h y , seem to them the ost dangerous enemies o f their cause . Many thes e professors and teachers have been compelled by threats directed agai nst them to abandon their f s . post , making way for Bulgarian con ederates It is hardly necessary to add that the titles of their successors depend n o t so m uch o n Superiority o f culture o r o f intellect as on fidelity e Bulgarian cause and o n the brutal fanaticism with which h 1 e as s discharge t e r mission . Th y serve besides secretarie

l have been th e object o f perse - 1 have n o t been spared any more m o r ong many the s , a young girl HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 31

d o f a o f w as r irectress a school in little town Castoria , out aged en e by a Bulgarian to compel her to aban don her post . H c forward this salaried post belonging to the ‘ Greek community o f fi to the place has not been lled up , as no woman has dared l

a .

t ke up the work I By such scarcely honourable methods the number o f in sur ’ r th e ' m o s t fi gents is rec uited and increased , erce of ,them being d m s esignated to execute im portant deeds . By this ean the chiefs o f the movement rid themselves of obstacles on the o n e n hand , and for the other they increase their battalio s o f n m assassins , who , after perpetrati g a cri e , dare not quit e v so th ir post to go back to their illage , and for the future are

all the more attached to the revolutionary cause . The organisation of the Bulgarian Committees is sim ilar t o that o f the Nihilists or m ilitant Anarchists for arm s they us e o r are only the knife the bomb . Their members at once j udges and executioners of their own sentences , which they o ut carry in a summary manner. The interior mechanism is unknown to the m ajority of those affi w h o r o f subm 1 s liated, are kept under a rigo ous rule blind

Sion . The chiefs of the Hierarchy at Sofia respectively . instruct the agents which the Com mittees employ in Macedonia ; o n these agents depend the chiefs of the bands , and , to these last the individuals who compose the bands owe direct obedi ' ence . It is perfectly clear that without encouragement from o ffi B cial ulgaria , without the complicity of the Exarchy , without o f the assistance of foreign diplomatic agents , the attempt the

Committees would have completely failed at the outset . n o t i If they were mmediately checked that was because , as ffi it is hardly necessary to explain , o cial Bulgaria , despite its a d h as pparently correct attitu e , not only tolerated, but more over favoured , by underhand means and sometimes openly , n r the i surrectionary movement , the distu bances which the

Committees were trying to create in Macedonia , and the i n r ncursions of Bulgarian bands into the cou t y . His The Bulgarian Exarch has acted in the same way . E minence has confessed that he could not go against the action of the rebels owing to the new privileges granted to the

B o- the ulgar Macedonian population , under form of ecclesias berats o tical , and because the agitation would , more ver , f strengthen the Exarchy . AS for the connivance o foreign u fi a o f cons lar agents , I con ne myself to quoting the c se the f - R a Ro s tko fsk ormer Consul General of ussia at Mon stir, y , HELLENISM A ND MACEDONIA

’ murdered a little time back by an Albanian gen s d arrus ; this man was on e o f th e most valued agents of the Bulgarian n o t m Committee , and did atte pt to disguise the fact , though offi it his cial position ought to have prevented his joining , But if the movement o f insurrection has gained ground in if Macedonia , it has attained abnormal proportions , the e ntire responsibility must not be put down to the Bulgarians alone ; a large part of it must be laid at the door O f the Ottoman Government and its crass negligence only h as the Ottoman Government given one more proof o f that incurable s n fatalism which controls all its act , not only has it begu by

e S lide 1 so a letting verything , to spe k , in the conviction that it a run but will alw ys be strong enough to triumph in the long , it has not even given a thought to checking the prin cipal

causes of the evil , to removing the most flagrant abuses , to a d n o men ing the personnel of it s administration . Have t Turkish public officials been known to betray their own n 9 backchi ch t e . cou try , taking , and selling themselves to h rebels Thanks t o the corruptibility of the officials thousands o f rifles and munitions of war have been introduced and distributed th e s throughout Macedonia , while civil and military authoritie ffi Shut their paternal eyes . Thus the Turkish o cials have 5 v th x a l rmed the Bulgarians in Macedonia , while forbidding e o to ther peoples carry arms , and especially forbidding the ff c , however, having most to su er from rebel atta ks ,

m f . have the most need of the eans of de ence But , of course , o f in the eyes those who represent Ottoman authority , every

h n o n - C ristian , every Moslem , is always an enemy of order , a I malevolent and suspicious being who must be carefully h a . s a w tched One might y that the Turkish Government , whic w shown itself po erless to defend its Christian subjects , is guilty of not having at least allowed the Greeks to protect t t their lives , their honour , and their proper y against hese foreign liberators whom Bulgaria h as so generously sen t '

them .

a i m io n 1 Europe n publ c op , cleverly deluded by organs devoted h to Slav interests , has come to confound Macedonia wit

1 f a . e o at Bulg ria At this pr sent moment in the Opinion , the gre Western world Macedonia ought to be

u a but . B lgarian , c nnot be anything Bulgarian They have a r come to believe seriously in Macedonian insur ection , in a

- 1 e n n ational rising . The few well informed p rsons o ly know how to keep their own counsel ; for myself I have met but few

HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

fifty years ago the Bulgarians rdly Are not the above lines a plain and playe d by Russia in elaborating

Who wn 11 o 0 , by his 0 ” fi the So a Committees , the ( object of thes e

e stablishm ent o f f Vvo rd o f ré im e . m , , the creation a si ilar to that of Eastern g I see that under these conditions the Bulgarians without striking t erritory which , i m s . fro its propinquity , placed at their mercy The same Russian publicist has had the happy inspiration of ” publishing th e chief . clauses o f the Bulgaro Macedonian plan “ o han d h o f . s action The rev lutionary , e says, are armed and organised by the care o f the di fferent C arms are sent them in particular by the Central Committee

‘ but independently o f this every individual m ember of a band a e can n d is ch rg d to procure , by whatever means he , arms a e i r munitions of war, that he may hav them n whatever dist ict ffi . o he 1 s Operating M reover, those a liated ar obliged to put eath any one w h o may be named to them by the heads o f

Committee . l a e O s he are A w ys und r the rder of t se chiefs , they charged n f n t c . o m e , and contrive, the outbreak of i surre tion I Po litical cri m e s are permitted them . Any individual who may try to oppose the success o f the revolutionary scheme must be

‘ 1 at once suppressed . In every case timely warning must be fia the Committee at So , and they are ordered to ask , be a s can man ged , a special authorisation for each W e murder . omen and children are to be informed as littl as o f the secret proscriptions , since they make only a

inquiries of the authorities . Members en to visit their friends and relatives

Wu rew ous s n o . itho t getting p permi sio from the local c mmittees j It 1 s also forbidden to a band t o leave the district assigned to it c a o f s ; , ex ept in c se ab olute necessity, as , for example , being

r f . .pursued by an a med orce HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

m m uSt Writing is forbidden them . All com unications be

if s . v erbal , even addre sed to the Central Committee Orders concerning the execution of murders are alone to be given ‘ in writing . o f five o r s ix m o f a The bands are composed me bers , and fi ” h ead and a secretary nominated from So a . The propagandists had hoped to Bulgaris e Macedonia at a o f an given moment by the means priests d schoolmasters . r But here Pan bulga is m could not struggle against the Greek . n H en i More te acious of life than they had im agined, ell sm had o nly to oppose to such assaults the might of m superiority o f its culture and civilisation . So the m were not slow in changing their tactics . i f the . R zo Five years ago M , commercial agent of principality at u P Fe rdin an B Usk b , wrote as follows to rince ulgarian p olicy cannot continue to follow this same road [propaganda i n h e n o r t . W e schools! gain nothing , neither in the schools in

t h . We e e Churches have stablish d but amongst us who coul do it , in Ottoman territory , we have i n o nly lost ground before Hellenism . pr the future be the liberation of Macedonia ! n h li ber tzon It is clear e ough w at is meant by the word a . O thers have been more explicit than the w rl ter o f the above l ines . S arafo ff l th e a Macedonia , cried n very capit l an d his words echoed from one end o f the cou o ther Macedonia has no m ore need o f Serb o priests or schoolmasters ; sh e wants arms and t h e peaceful Bulgarian propaganda have been turned to a u revol tionary organisation , the schools in to arsenals and w s strongholds , while their teachers have gone to s ell the rank f Marc ff ff o o and Petro .

But to make a revolution o n e must have money . How to t 1 fi a o f ge that s simple enough . In the rst pl ce the generosity h l t e Pan s avi s t committees o f Russ1 a i s inexhaustible . It 1 s said that Muscovite roubles go by the thousand to fill t h n e revolutio ary chest . But these revenues were doubtless i ffi nsu cient , since the Committees have had recourse to much more effective means to swell their resources . It is with the assistance o f the Government of the pr1 ue 1 alit p y that individuals have been laid under contribution , by ffi m e p ersonal threats . At least so it was a r ed last y ar by an o o f S troum a h at rgan the Bulgarian Press , the , t at appears HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

n Kustendil . Among other things this journal i forms us that “ fo r tw o o r three years the Bulgarians in Macedonia have been subjected to the worst measures of intimidation , enorm ous sums are extorted from them always in the name fi to national cause , and sacri ces are exacted from them

they are in no condition to consent . More than a hundred Bulgarian s belonging to the educated c as s as sin at ed e lass have been fl under the pretext that they wer r F r r informers o traitors . o two o three years Macedonian ‘ ‘ has been e nslaved by its pretended liberators ; it it sees no one near from whom it can

‘ The e m 1 s s ar1 e s o f o ur patriots hold it night and day under a rf é im e o f r m n w as m g terro is a little hamlet , Kotsa i , co pelled in ' s um o f TSOO a few month to contribute a s £ , which was said

. b m to e destined for the purchase o f ar s . Tiny villages have buy th emselves o ff at the present day with a ransom 000 o r £ 2 000 . Wo e , T , to him who refuses im m diat e l 'Stabbe d s e y a a traitor . And the Turks watch with en f amusem t the spectacle o brother Giaours killing each other , while Mudirs , Kaimakams , and Pashas are paid to wink at the se crimes . It is true that these patriots occasi a sum some arms to M cedonia , but only when they get p aid a f o f o £T5 . Last month some of them have twice carried f from the military depot o f a frontier town of Bulgaria arms which they smuggled into Macedonia . uch is the famous internal organisation behind which f n these founders o natio al greatness hide themselves . But men are wholly unworthy of confidence ; besides d s o crimes they have committe , they have gone far as h e se lve s n m into coi ers . t l e o f Better than any hing e s the deposition Marc Stoyan , th e d o f m h is s dynamitar Salonica , ade the day after arrest , give us the true measure of their patriotism . This was reproduced “ in these words by the N ew Frci e P resse . Brought the Director of the Police an d the Commander of th e G en dam erie , Marc Stoyan began by declarin g that he would m ‘ ’ ‘ ake a complete confession . It is not , he said , from o r e cowardice that I hav decided to speak . I know quite well that even the sincerity of my confession will not render y o u n r a y mo e indulgent towards me , for I have committed a great crim e . But these are my reasons for declaring the whole t r c . o f uth : The hiefs the Macedonian movement are wretches , HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 37

i m p os tors They persuaded us that our attempt to blow up the v n town would induce Europe to inter ene , to se d warships to the waters of Salonica and to land an army of occupation in

the city . The attempt has been made , the warships have r a . rrived, but they have simply made a pleasu e trip Not only ffl ut has Europe not intervened , but it has shu ed o of taking an o ur y action , has blamed acts , and has held us up to 1 s universal reprobation . This how our chiefs have betrayed us I could have escaped from the h ouse where by your I’ orders I was arrested . In any case could have killed myself

an d s o carried my secret to the tomb . I have preferred to let myself be taken prisoner that I might cry out to the whole o w rld that the Bulgarian leaders are wretches and impostors . Ye s , impostors , for it is by lying that they have deceived the

' agricultural population . Now I will fully expose it . They

have extorted money from the peasants , and when the h peasants made answer that t ey had nothing to give , they

fi 1 induced them to mortgage a meadow, a eld, or a pasturage . Th e w as r unfortunates asked what to com e afte wards . Our fin e patriots replied that afterwards all loans would be repaid , an d o n e that when day they had conquered Macedonia , the peasants would then be the masters and would have s ix times ‘ as much land as before , and that without untyingtheir purse

strings . Thus the peasants have contracted debts and have raised fi m f m oney which has gone to So a. On the pro ise o reforms o f h as the conquest Macedonia miscarried . That did not suit th e book of the agents of the Committees , who preferred to see t h e villagers being massacred . Then the scheme o f blowing a up S lonica was determined on , for they were well aware that t a hey could not easily conquer Macedoni , though they had

. c long prepared the ground I repeat it , we have been de eived, n d a others will be deceived again . Our chiefs are rogues an d dr u m s a scoun els , gen ine Crawfords (Stoyan eant to y Humberts)who betray every o n e and exploit the credulity and

simplicity of the unfortunate peasants . This is why I have ’ resolved to speak . o f n 1 s ! By men this kind, then , Macedo ia to be freed One is filled with a melancholy wonder to fin d that the Western di — world , without stinction of party . Liberals and Conservatives , — revolutionaries and reactionaries alike has not only believed i n h as t the instigators of the movement , but ac ively taken up as arty , rators of the atro citie o blo d .

a zealous admiration for t has public opinion 1 1 1 1 e cause ther e Ople have even the Macedonian revo a little more

a,f o r instance that have at last aroused the in dig might h ave t hought that i n

~ hero Of t h e u e hi s ins rr ction , I t o come recognise a mere bandit ,

ame that such terrible crimes p apers which h ave made - a

in Gr t . , the eat Bulgarophil Concer keenest defender o f the Macedonian feeling him self in som e ‘ difi culty as ‘ n t s o s , went far as to write in the I ' Tem p s that the Ottoman Government ought to be p rofoundly a ef a of a o l d gr t ul to the dyn m itards S l nica, for their bombs had ai t he ghost of heroicMacedon i a which had fo r a moment disturbed ' ’ ‘ ‘ d B hin d h ur as r . e t e t e the worl patriot E ope h seen h ana chist , ” h m ‘ fi m o f e char is broken . But the rst ovement I all e : over , betook themselv s to lavish encourage

' . en o n s o . u e m t the Macedonian cause , and M de Presse s , “ m ore besought Europe not to “ u people . The o trages ered acts of imprudence ‘ h r h n rat e t a deeds of crime . After , t his it was natural that the Bulgarian Press should ‘ H ELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 39

imitate the good example s et by the chief European organs . Thus the journals o f Sofia were able to cry o ut o n the morrow “ o f the Salonica catastrophe z One explosion Of dynamite is n w worth more than a hu dred Consular reports , hile others characterised this event as “ a legitimate protest o f the

Bulgari ans against the cynical indifference Of Europe . f th W o n e As for the ro le played by part o e estern Press , ’ cannot do better thon quote another o f Sir Alfred Biliotti s “ despatches to his ambassador : The system o f addressing an d o f petitions to the authorities and to the consuls , pub lishin g information m special papers , a system adopted by the s bands , by their partisans and even by the Bulgarian agencie f i s in Salonica and other towns o Turkey in Europe , easily

n ra e l u derstandable , and will not create very g v consequences ' t e e unless h correspondence Of the hon st newspapers , blinded by their zeal for what they i magine to be a noble cause and

overlooking the atrocities committed by the bands , collect and publish only such news as is put in circulation precisely with o f n o t the one object being published, and do take any trouble o to verify the facts . Acting in this manner they, far fr m o o upholding a noble cause , are nly encouraging religi us perse cuti o n , and m some degree are making themselves accomplices in the murders whose victims are the Patriarchists w ho s 06m refused to abjure , and tho e who refused to join the m itte e s o . The evil thus done is in direct proporti n to the reputation for honesty that the journal enjoys it misleads

public Opinion , encourages the bands , prevents the authorities ff d fi from e ectually suppressing se ition and crime , and nally s h e o f tends to awaken Moslem fanaticism , the terrible e ts C n ff which the hristia s will eventually su er . “ The Bulgarian bands have adopted for some time the habit i n a Of bivouacking not Bulgarian villages , but ln villages inh bited t i n o f autho by Greeks , who hus appear the eyes the Ottoman ritie s as their accomplices , which brings upon them the full o f r s o rigour Turkish ule , and all the more because the n n ot Hellenes , even more tha the Bulgarians , dare refuse s i t i s shelter and sustenance to the rebel . And remarkable , ff n o t o n e of despite all the evils they su er, the orthodox villages has seen its population pass over en m asse to the

Exarchate , as has happened with certain Vlach villages . The Christians are threatened with death if they do n Ot yield

Tho se Orthodox Chri sti an s wh o rem ain faithful t o th e E cum eni cal P t ri ar a chate . AND M A HELLENISM , ACEDONI

to C m the om ittees , and they have been reduced to such a state o f panic that they dare not resist .

uc t h e as e o f the S h being situation , what h been the attitud Russian Government ! The last Bulgarian r1 S1 n g had been long projected as the appropriate celebration for the Silver Jubilee of the creation Of m . Sko belef the principality e fa ous pass Of Shipka, where

had gathered his laurels, this event was celebrated last year . n 1 m m en se A Russian monastery had been built there , a symbol O f Slav brotherhood, dedicated to the memory of those who fell a n d for the glory Of the cause . For this politic l a military celebration Bulgaria had invited all the generals and Officers h w ar who had distinguished themselves in the Russo Turkis , among whom figured conspicuously th e Grand Duke Nicolas ff a o f t a o . and Gener l Ignatie , the author the trea y of San Stef n T e e h Russian Church did not fail to be r presented , despite the

schisms dividing the Bulgarians from the Eastern Church , by 1 n a distinguished prelate with a numerous clergy attendance , 3 who made all the more imposing this Slav demonstration , which w as certainly not got up to discourage Bulgarian

m . adver a bition It seems , indeed, to have been made as an tis e m en t to all peoples of the East , before whose eyes the great pOw er o f the North paraded m a paternal fashion the I army, which had grown up under its fostering care it then tested thoroughly and put to trial as if exh ibiting a force

which it was keeping always ready for battle . It is true that the direct representative G D l rand uke Nicolas , appeared to draw specia attention what he styled the pacific character of the Shipka festivities o f t he even made a Show disavowing the Macedonian agita ion , “ ire serVin g judgment because it was dangerous and somewhat h f i . ut t premature in the opinion o Russia . That s true B e o f w as real hero the occasion not the Grand Duke Nicolas , n I n atie fl but Ge eral g . General Ignatieff was not the Ofi cial spokesman of the m 1 s re re E peror, but as he more than any other man the p i f Pan sla ist m s e n tat ve o the v idea, his diplo atic past and his actual position lent to the words that he pronounced an importance all the more significant because they must have received the authorisation o f the high priests of Muscovite

the interests of Muscovite a policy, Bulgari d to grow too great ; in the f n future the O San Stefano must not be reco structed . On Pan s lavis t schemes diverge from the recent w n t . o Russia Both , ho ever, will let slip any a o n ring the Sl v movement ; condition , how s a i a ever, the Ru sian diplom t sts s y to themselves , that we do t e n h n o m ake the Bulgarians strong Oug to escape us . Fo r e a R n éx re s s th se re sons , then we have seen the ussia s p

cedonia . famous

having found an y assistance for their political projects among B b o f a of the non ulgarian inha itants M cedonia, the heads the movement have been compelled to provoke a general rising in of violence and cruelty an d prevent the projected reforms re cautio n ary measures adopted the Macedonian agitation has even in the principality o f who have' been “ o f t h e i n surre c

e s and projects of the chiefs r w This fatal erro , hich the ‘ ally combated , has brought vilayets terrible sufferings which can only be ended by preventing fresh bands from cross; m r h ing fro Bulgaria into Tu key , an t us putting a stop to 1 f m i the revo1ut o n ary acts o the Co mittees . Only then will t be sible to demand the immediate application o f such reform s to o f can ans wer the needs the population , and which a T teet the inh bitants against acts of urkish cruelty . Energetic efforts have been made to check Moslem fan ati cism; but it is extremely difficult to succeed 1 n this by reason o f c e o f t the, ontin ntal extension the dis urb stro - Hungan au representations th Moreover , e

Berlin Treaty, ’ HELLENISM AND MAOEDoNIA

o n o f u to acting the suggestion R ssia and Austria , and wishing

prevent any hasty and dangerous action , have charged their u B t t representatives to again ass re the Porte [ and ulgaria ha they are entirely in agreement with the two Empires in all ifi tio n and that concerns the pac ca of the Balkan Peninsula , they have made to th e Turkish and to the Bulgarian Govern ment a declaration in the following terms The s tate o f affairs actually existing in the Turkish

, vilayets , and created there by the criminal designs of the the Committees and revolutionary bands , has not changed ' point o f view of the Powers as far as concerns the programme, elaborated at the beginning o f the year by the two most n interested Powers , and in co sequence neither Turkey Bulgaria can count on the assistance o f any Power in the 1 cas e o f open o r secret opposition to the execution o f this

programme . The Imperial Government hopes that this new warn i ng will convince Turkey as well as Bulgaria o f the futility o f fi o f Of th em an d postponing the ful lment what is demanded , , will induce them to take such measures as are in their power n to put an end to these complicatio s in the Balkan Peninsula , ' which cannot but have the gravest consequences fo r the ” an d u Ottoman Empire for B lgaria . In vain Count Lam s do rff went to So fia last year to bring

m ! ffi the to reason . In vain he o cially disavowed the Bulgaro di t Macedonian agitation . In vain he published direct or in rec warnings o f this kind : It would be a dangerous error o n th e part o f the principality to imagine that the measures taken

by Russia are an encouragement to the revolutionary agitation , whose continual and criminal activity prevents ‘ the pacificatio n of the vilayets and consequently the carrying o ut the projected

reforms . It appears from the reports o f the Russian consuls that the peaceful section of the Macedonian population suffers as much from the deeds o f the revolutionary bands as from

Turkish exactions . These circumstances show how necessary it is fo r the Bulgarian Gt wern m en t to suppress as energetically as possible the revolutionary m ovements with a view to ending ” the disturbances in the Balkan Peninsula . is a But it in vain th t Russian di plomacy has thus attempted, dl h . a little tardily , to bri e the ambitions s e has inspired The l o f fi e Bu garians turn a deaf ear, and the Cabinet So a, whil

Des at c o f Co un Lam sdo rfi t o t h e Di lo m a i c A en t of R ussi a i n p h t p t g , Bul ari A a da e d u us 1 2 1 9 03. g , t g t , HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

e t n the l t o protesting its xcellen inte tions , none ess continues b e o f the acc mplice O the insurrectionary movement .

o f u th e Another side the q estion , and not least important t s f th f a. ide , is hat of the nationality o e inhabitants o Macedoni All those who in these later days have studied o r followed the course o f event s in Macedonia have so thoroughly confused this ffi e 1 n ui r e th n o q uestion , some from insu ci nt q y into statistics and r logy, othe s personal sympathy for some particular r e ac , other nothing but some political interest , all more o r obscured this question that the word Macedonia h as come to be a mere geographical term devoid of an h n y racial connotation . Many writers w O have visited the

o r . country declare Macedonia Bulgarian , Serb, Roumanian It is not s o much love of truth as considerations o f a less ' e levated order that have guided in their researches these e o f nthusiasts after accuracy . However, the verdict the ages o It has declared Macedonia t be Greek. is true that the r e a ians , as we have seen , have recently naturalis d as

e an d . 1 s arians Orph us , Alexander Aristotle It true that e W ven estern savants have been found to publish this not as n o fact . I need cite other proof than the ch can be read o n the first page o f a work i whose author s a German publicist , : B r AI Canitz ulga ia , country which gave birth to r the Great , which received from the Em peror T ajan Roman c l a ivi isation, and from Byz ntium the Christian religion , which was finally conquered by the Turks for the dom ain of the ” C i s r b . rescent , nowadays the theatre of a ter i le drama

r W . o f Othe estern publicists , won over by the originality e s e n n r in historical i novatio s , exp ess themselves much the 1 l m o f me way, always representing the Hel enic ele ent Macedonia as forming an insignificant minority ! I have a e Of Lavele e lr ady quoted the instance Emile de y , who in ’ his Pém n sule des Balkan s condescended to discover some G A r reeks in Macedonia . s for the rest they we e Bul aris e nothing but Bulgarians . But against those who g the country have arisen apologists for the other Slav races G optzevitz reckon s the number o f Serbs in Macedonia at HELLENISM ' AND MACEDONIA 45

* fi , . W another a German professor , G eigand, nds ' Ko ut zo - o r there only Roumanians , whom he calls Vlachs

H ll n - o f sin e e o Vlachs . Strange evidences these historical cerity ! But we have no need to concern ourselves about this in this rapid , review o f a question that h as been made s o complex I prefer to give a few figures that have been carefully compiled and scrupulously checked . fi s I shall con ne myself, then , to reproducing observation made by publicists who cannot be accused o f: partisan feeling o r o f suspected bad faith . They will, I hope , enforce the con victio n e o f that Macedonia is chi fly Greek , both from the point view o f history and from racial and geographical considerations .

’ fin e h o f In , a geograp ical examination this important region e i leav s the impression that Macedonia s Greek . It is an integral part o f the Hellenic o r Balkan Peninsula ; it is almost , u — b o n entirely bo nded by Greek territories y Thrace the east ,

o n t h e - th e by Epirus and Thessaly south west , on the south by

E - d e an is e . g Sea , which pre eminently Gr ek Macedonia , in eed,

" h as o f l m constituted from all time the outwork Hel enis , its it bulwark against invaders from the North . It is true that s population has suffered more than once from barbarian in Vasio n s r , which have without doubt destroyed its racial pu ity , : but o n the other hand have invigorated it by the infusion o f a i n fresh blood . Macedonia has another peculiar advant ge the o f varie ty its soil . o f Like many regions Greece , WMacedonia has fertile soil and a pleasant variety of climate , ith its wooded mountains , fin e e vast prairies , rivers , navigabl lakes , fertile meadows , an o f open harbours d lon g line coast , it is dowered with every

in ~ natural advantage to further agricultural , commercial , and dustrial di prosperity . Thus, alike from its climatic con tions o f it s a and by the racial character inhabitants , Macedonia is has privileged country . Naturally it excited the ambition and f covetousness o all nations .

‘ - h o f o . as One side the s called question , and a side which

di o f . occasioned much interested spute , is the determination its

. W geographical limits here does Macedonia begin , where does it end ! This point has been designedly confused and e th e Mac donia divided in most arbitrary fashion . One party

. extends , another narrows its frontiers , agreeably to the interests

o , that each defends . Some writers go s far as to include a

Z i e Arom un en e th n o dru h i sch ilo lo i sc - hi st o ri ch e un t e rsuoh n , p , ph g h u en iib er d s lk de en n t en Mace rom an n o de r Z i n zaren g a fo sovg au do e . HELLENi SM AND MACEDONIA

‘ “ Of " a e o o n Alban ia o ther n Thr c , thers add , s e ve Old

r wish nor can consider as Macedonian territories two administrative divisions, the vilayet Of f M n ast1 r o . We r o and that Salonica regard Old Se via , that ‘ t a v a e o f SOV o s y , the il y t KOS O (capital Uskub), as a territory over which the Serbs have after all ‘ genuine racial and historical t we claim as Greek th e vilayets of Salonica and m u a . We i hich ake p the real M cedonia cla m them as r r n d ter ito ies that have bee Hellenic for three thousan years , e Christian tradition ; wherein emen t of progress and civilisa are Greek and whose rural

robbed these c

The memorable defeat inflicted o n the Bulgarians by Basil

‘ th e Macedonian h ad definitely broken their powe a r t n o f d ys , afte Cons a tinople fell into the hands the Turks , c e h fin e the they re eiv d t eir al blow , sinc conquerors even recogn ise theirnational existence but placed them under h t e jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate . Subsequently e W n th r i f a revolution occurr d hich overtur ed e ac al conditions o u ffe e a of the co ntry and even a ct d the l nguage the inhabitants . e e The Gre ks , being capable of ord r and progress , came to e stablish them selves more particularly ln the great towns and O ula generally speaking ln all the chief centres . The Slav p p ' tio n ar1 d e s e m all the ns t m , p y Bulgaria , settled he selves by

. W p reference ln the country districts hen later on the Divan d c e s m o f e r ed a yste atic persecution the Hellenic elementi, the " Greek language was the first thing attacked; the Hellen e s saw them selves compelled to use the Slav idiom for general pur ' o to e to p ses , escap the oppressions which they were subjected by th e Turks, and also because the Slav invaders could not ‘ 1 h e as ly learn the Greek tongue , w ich threatened to make inter a n t 1 n course im possible . This ch nge happened o only Mace

. on r d ia , but also even to a greate extent in Asia Minor and Greek Or Greekrspeaking inhabitants were Turkish 1 n Order t o escape th e persecutions said that fo rsom e time HELLENISM "AND MACEDONIA

a t better by m king the Greeks lose heir language , barbarously o ff cut the tongues of many of their Hellenic subjects, whose s e ak n o thin descendants , thus terrorised, eventually came to p g but Turkish .

They forgot their language , but they preserved their feeling o f i nat onality . It was the same with the Greek populations o f Turkey in Europe as with those o f Turkey in Asia . They have never lost their national feeling . 1 If the Greeks in certain parts of Macedonia a dopted the Slav m e us e language , many of them on the other hand came in ti to s Greek roots , which they disguised more or les by adding Slav A terminations . s all those who have studied the question

- ff w ff have remarked , this Greco Slav jargon di ers ith di erent '

. localities . In the North a barbarous dialect, it not . only m fi becomes co paratively polished and re ned in the South, but even retains many pure Greek words which are unintelligible t o - the Bulgarians . And , moreover , the Bulgarian speaking Greeks preserve intact all the t raditions Of - Hellenism ; they e call themselves Thracians , or Macedonians , but nev r Bul i n ar a s o f . g , Bulgarian being with them a term contempt The ”

. revolutionary committees , by calling themselves, Macedonian ' o r Adrian o o lit n W u a , show that they ell nderstand the p . o f feeling of these peoples by not giving them the name , B ul ari an g . o f fin e The greater part these Macedonians , who are trying to stir up Macedonia to rebellion , follow their individual in terests rather than an y consideration of humanity - o r ff r k patriotism , as they style themselves indi e ently Gree s , ‘

o r o r . In Serbs , Roumanians anything that serves their turn reality many of them belong to no race ; they are upholdi n g

- h the Bulgarian cause to day because they s e e in it . t e best and m n ost rapid way o f satisfying their personal ambitio s . This justice must be rendered to the real Bulgarians that with regard to these followers of theirs they cherish in their hearts feelings no t entirely removed from contempt o r even reprobation .

m a 1 f The great j o r ty O the population is Greek . I shall e ndeavour to show this by invoking not s o much titles drawn from past tradition or hi storical documents as to the actual o f fi condition the country . Some gures and ethnographical t s atistics will prove it still better . HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

But first of all Should be quoted the Opinion of Gustav Gn ifki s in th e , a speciali t these matters , which was given in o f a sitting o f the Berlin Geographical and Ethnographical ow can the inhabitants of Macedonia be classified ‘7 i ' e s . On this subject t is impossible for us to

o r . exact statistics , whether directly indirectly obtained k o an d Tur ey little trouble is taken ab ut revising the Census , c l n as to those Censuses whi h have been made previous times , they have n o t the slightest pretence to exactness by reason of the very natural resistance made by the Christian subj ects of th e h Porte to such irritating investigation s . T e only computation which is based on scrupulous inquiries with regard to the Mace ‘ do n ian population , not including that of Old Servia , is that given by the Russian economist Petroff he has travelled through and collected all statis c e s oncerning the thnical ; as not neglected th e

attem pted to verify in detail . According to the savant the total population of Macedonia

without 000 souls . Gn ifki adds, render the com But habitants very difficult . o n e f t o the almost in allible criterion discover the truth , in n o ut i s o f seeki g which the dominant race , is the number the th a schools and of e schol rs who attend them . In all the great town s and m almost all the hamlets there are In Turkish , Greek and Bulgarian schools . certain Bul garian speaking villages o f the North there are Bulgarian t e o f o u schools . In h southern part Macedonia , where the p p is lation denser , the Greek villages endowed with schools are tively more numerous than the Bulgarian - spe ak1n g that are equally provided ; at the same time i n , towns th e number of schools varies according t o the nationalities . It is an established f act that schools exist 1 11 vl llage s o f only a thousand inhabitants and accordi ng as the villages belong to such or such a race the s cholastic establishments referred to such or suéh a nationality ; Taking the official statis tics furnished by the Ottoman authorities and comparing them with other figures supplied o n cern l n s c g the Macedonian schools , one arrive at the following data , which can be considered as closely approximating the In : r . c e t uth the whole of Ma edonia , in which , b it under

' : HELLENISM AND .MACEDONIA

n o r but co l rn in to Serbs , a mixed race that u d as easily be tu ed ” S as a erbs into Bulgari ns . i e m r All th s vidence , drawn , oreover , from Slav sou ces , con the minority u s fin d themselves Serb and Slavo w

Hellenism shows itself ln st o f the great centres the

Kavalla , Kastoria , of the inhabitants pass through these his c , partly be ause again because the y r ve e o Mo eo r , th y g (1 with some kind of

only their party interests . Is Roman Catholic consul o f such impartiality about

n - e m 1 n en ce it s willi gly confess its numerical pre , , Where 1 s the Slav or the Slavophil 1 tance of the Greek element 1 n these

through the sp o f passion an d hatred that the truth ; from all time self interest has been th e H n h wh o t . e ce e counsellor ft travellers visi , the intention of telling us its history have “ sincerity and justice to have succeeded in dis that it C an be affirmed at this moment better r i t ies of As a and Africa , a n i s that have only been born yesterd y to civilisatio , than it i th e nformed about Macedonia , which has been from all time b an d W o f tha ridge between East est , and which remains one ’ ce n tral ro vin c s o f r most p e Southe n Europe .

Following the most careful investigations the population o f " Macedonia (with the exception of Old Servia) amounts ta HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 5 121

1 000 700000 o f are n inhabitants them Hellenes , i cluding Ko ut zo to Vlachs , whose traditions , manners ,

* and ideas are Greek . This race , scattered throughout many n o n e o f districts in the Pe insula , represents the essential o f elements Hellenism , to whose ascendancy it has entirely K n t zch e f submitted . y himself confesses that Hellenic

Ko ut zo - o f n a character of the Vlachs Mo stir , whom the th e m s elve s w itho ut Roumanians claim for fi , however , succeeding a n ffo r in ttracti g their allegiance , despite the e rts [ they have fi made , and the sacri ces to which they have consented . After the Greeks the elem ent of most considerable numerical th e importance is that of the Mohammedan ; then come Slavs ,

- Ma an d Serbs , Bulgarians , Slav speaking cedonians , Jews ,

Albanians . It is true that we have not got exactly correct statistics fo r ffi the population o f Macedonia . The o cial data furnished by the Ottoman Government are suspect ; the statistics arrived ‘ ~ ~ at by individuals still more s o . Nevertheless we may appro x i

ca. mately reckon the Greek element in the two vilayets , Saloni

fi : in . and Monastir , at the following gures Greeks the ! , first in the second . The remainder of the population i s f composed of Mohammedans , Slavs , and the Jews o

Salonica . In the Servian district the Greek element is less e fin d dense . W there Greeks and Moham m dan s 1 n o f e settled only the two towns Servia and Grevena . But not only on account of numerical importance do th e G r " reeks maintain their indisputable supremacy over the , othe races ; it is rather through th e influence o f the ir intellectual l in ' a culture , their commercia and economic activity , and , t o f di r word , by the riple claim their ancient tra tions , superio i n e . O ntelligence , greater wealth has only got to pass through the towns and villages o f Macedonia to be convinced that o n e e is in a Greek country. At Salonica , Monastir , and Serr s , at Krus ch e vo Niao us s a K arafe ria r Florida , , , at , Kasto ia , every o n e fi : where recognises Greek civilisation , everywhere one nds o f the Greek tongue , Greek ideas the influence Greek culture .

t ! The liberal professions are in the hands of the Greeks . Recen Census lists made in certain di stricts o f Macedonia show that o ut o f 86 doctors practising in these localities 82 are Greek 4 ul 33 w 30 an d 3 and B garian , of la yers , are Greek Bulgarian E ven s o these computations do not include the lawyers an d d i n octors established Southern Macedonia , which is entirely

G reek . HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

e c e The big landown rs , mer hants , bankers , manufactur rs ,

. an d all artisans are almost of Greek nationality . Not countin g t h “ fill the e great towns , which the Hellenes to exclusion of

! s in th e every other Chri tian race , they form associations rural di e v stricts that are much more influ ntial than that of the Sla s ,

‘ " o ver th e l h ave r a whom y the advantage of being , like the Tu ks , owners of the soil they cultivate:

To better understand the 1 m pcrtan ce o f the Gree k element f . n r i in Macedo ia , we have said the e is no better test than the f: 13 1 s chools . The network of Greek schools with which the n and cou try is endowed extends far wide . t o f the A the expense Greek communities of Macedonia , and ’

. b o f y the generosity rich Macedonians settled abroad , the a o o f "m jority of these scho ls , many them real palaces , have 1

, been built . I ought to mention in particular the magnificent m n asm m his o w n x b gy of Salonica , founded at e pen se y a G o f t6 w n reek native the , and where a section of arts and

stablished . Wh o e s have xpended enormous sum : are still far from reaping the harvest o f

i s e b Greek education resists them . It not characteris d y f a i n u natic sm and viole ce in resistance , as the B lgarians and i s other propagandists in attack , but its influence not less — o l. W m o f K n tc eff Rizo f p werfu The orst ene ies the Greek y h , , arafo ff— ro S have come to recognise this , since they have p

! c m ro sel t1 s m . ffi an d lai ed that p y in the schools is not su cient , ' s re ad i o a an da prefer to p their p p g by deeds, seizing with o violent hands the d main of Greece . Another an d n o t less valuable evidence of the superiority o f Hellenic culture h as been affm de d us by a former minister

f u l n . . o public instr ction Roum ania , M Haret Speaking ln the u a m Chamber about the ed cation l ovement in Monastir , he said s s : o f s a follow I possess statistics for the province Mona tir, ' 2 4 l . n d fin d a I there are in this vilayet Roumanian schoo s , 2 4 69 45 5 . 3 Greek , Serbs , and Bulgarian The number o f scholars and teachers is as follow s : For e ach of the Greek foundations the latter are in proportion o f 4 1 3 4 the v n 1 1 . to , and to for Ser ian schools Each Bulgaria n Th s chool is provided o an average with three instructors . e HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

3 35 average of pupils is 7 for the Greek school , for a Serb ,,

1 . 38 for a Bulgarian , for a Roumanian hardly 7 “ In the Roumanian lyceum of Monastir there are 2 0 pro f s so rs 1 0 7 e , in the Greek lyceum , in the Serb gymnasium in the Bulgarian lyceum It cannot be asserted that the number o f scholars corresponds ff at all exactly to that of the population , love of letters di ers ff i in di erent races . Moreover , ln Macedonia propagand sm in the schools was considered up till quite lately as the best means o f national activity ; hence schools have been often founded in such or such a place without taking any account

- of the importance of the dominant element there , and founded for the reason of representing some element o r other as r numerically superior . M . Haret , the Roumanian ministe s cited before , recognised this when he said , In the school of Verria and Kru s ch e vo many professors have been nominated who have never s e t foot in the establishments to which they be n ‘ re ti l o f have e spe c ve y assigned as instructors . Some them were self styled Doctors of Law and Doctors of Philosophy,

but r . in fact they have hardly sc ambled through their B A . Yo u can imagine what sort of schools these were . The Macedonians themselves attach no importance to them ‘ prove it I have only need to take the following facts : Tw o : years after the founding of these scholastic establishments " t there were reckoned no more than four scholars . In fac ’ there were more teachers than scholars .

It i s still worse in the case o f the Bulgarians and Serbs . o f The majority of their schools , instead representing the racial group to which they belong , recruit their scholars , partly by force , partly by the bait of material advantages , from f ff l o . families di erent blood , especially from Greek fami ies o r Often poor parents , obeying persuasive arguments , bribed terrorised, agree to send their children to the schools of the di Bulgarian or Servian propagan sts . But despite these abuses Greek education holds its own V l ictorious y . In the vilayet of Salonica alone there exist two 2 3 2 85 5 2 6 gymnasia with professors and scholars , primary ” and secondary schools , seminaries , boarding schools , girls & . 2 c 8 . schools , , with 7 instructors . and pupils o n o f The Bulgarians count their roll , in the same vilayet 3 1 9 433 9 5 45 . Salonica , schools , instructors , , pupils 4 In the vilayet of Monastir the Greeks possess gymnasia , 2 0 31 4 instructors , pupils . The total Of the . c t to 384 h I Greek s hools amoun s , , wit ! other ' 5 1 7 ' instructors , ; pupils . There are 2 73 Bulgarian

s ch s , 42 4 an d s s We ool with professors cholar , can in

. , e ' consequence compile for the two vilay ts of Salonica and M e : onastir, the following comparativ , table

' It ui n t a s, moreover , worth o ing th t a great number of the s cholars w h o attend t h e Bulgarian s chools belong to other ' ‘ S a n t o n e cte d 1 v o c n i n . [ l races w th the Bulgaria s Further these , , s chools are much by th e Bulgarian commun ities it the Committees at "

a fi ! s cri ces on them 75

eir education a p id by, the Committees . f cedonia is limited , a social been educated above their gone to seek their fortune creates

of activity for the Bulgari

‘ “ cause fo r the superiority of Hellenism in

wer of its Church . P atriarch in cludes the followin arch g , ‘ C assan dri c , , , a bishopri s and , bishoprics Salonica Aramon , '

‘ - “ Ye ris so B n e ! , oia i , Serr s Drama, , anthi , Koritza , Verria , e la o ni a M r g ( onasti ), Grevena , Kastoria , Servia StrOum n itz a a Md len a , , Melnik, Voden , g , Kam

elis so s - , Okhrida ,

, that also depend on

bishoprics Monastir, e lis s Dibre , V o s . ' HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 55

‘ r e o f S o fia The Bulga ian Committe s do not , moreover , limit c e their ambitions to Ma edonia alone , but , as we have said , th y e n Of xtend their pretensions to the provi ce Thrace , which is

geographically united to Macedonia . I cannot , then , end my review of the actual situation without making a few remarks about this district , which has Adrianople for capital . For some time now the Bulgarians have turned their attention an d a as ctivity to this quarter, Adrianople being useful as Salonica for the realisation o f Great Bulgaria as Thrace has always been Greek ; however , was the case o f San with the rest the Balkan Peninsula , the treaty of S tefano enrolled a large part o f it i n the limits o f Great

Bulgaria , sparing only Adrianople . In consequence Lord : Salisbury protested against the treaty, saying The fact of d v etaching from Constantinople the Greek , Albanian , and Sla h e p rovinces , by freeing them from t authority of the Porte , e di ffi r will make th ir administration cult and even t oublesome . Not only will it deprive Turkey o f the political power s h e w sh but ould have had if e had kept these provinces , it would ’ e xpose their inhabitants to complete anarchy . to o ur From the fall of Constantinople own time Thrace , r with its chief towns Constantinople , Ad ianople , and Gallipoli, h as ffi it s c never ceased to a rm Hellenic haracter , and has a f r - da lways struggled o the renaissance of Hellenism . To y dr A ianople , though eclipsed by the brilliancy of Constantino s o n e o e o f o ut ,politan Hellenism , i still of the beacons , n the s o f po ts Greek influence . The seat of an archbishopric , with h e r sh e lyceums and her schools , contributes in great degree t o spread and increase the prestige of Greek intellectuality . Th e majority o f the inhabitants o f Thrace commonly speak the

Greek tongue . Bulgarian propagandists have made great e ff orts there as m Macedonia , and more especially at Adria n O le a p , but they have not obtained any ppreciable results in o f n the face the determined opposition of the Greek populatio , which 1 s devoted to its mother country and to the Ecumenical P atriarchate . Some lists of statistics will clearly show the supremacy o f

Hellenism in this district . ffi u Following the o cial T rkish report on education , and that o f l i s the Patriarchate as well , the popu ation of Thrace 2 000; half of it is composed o f Greeks who are thus divided : in the vilayet o f Adrianople and in o f that Constantinople . For the rest there are ' HELLENISM " AND MAcEDONIA

M e 2 00000 m e an d . ohamm dans ,, 1 Ar enians , Jews , and oth rs , s only Bulgarians . However, this tiny minority claim

. Thrace p s are th to the above statistic , there in

1 6 Greek schools and 1 62 Bulgarian . ~ e “ Greek instructors and 2 2 6 Bulgarian . Ther t . are Greek pupils ,and Bulgarian In the vilaye o f s Constantinople , where the Slav and Bulgarian population are n 5 s fo r , scarcely worth mentio ing , there are Greek lyceum hi ' n gher education , a theological school i Halki ,

- boarding schools for young girls . The numb m 2 are a oun ts to the body of instructors i s 61 . There n 1 Th d more tha 85 schools . e Orthodox Church is represente ' b l 2 2 s y archbishoprics and bishoprics . Be ides the Bulgarian

a . n in r e Exarch te at Constanti ople , there is no bishopric Th ac r ut t o eligion . B what we ought , O ulatio n in h , p predominates k T race ‘ f 1 m he o V e w . every point Constantinople , oreover, is t head o f Hellenism the national feeling of Greece claim s national capi a it o f t Const ntinople is , as were,the mirror Greece withou Con stan tinople the Hellenic spirit would not n o w exist

m t n To su up There h as n ever been a Macedonian revolu io ,

‘ if th e revo lu ti on th e n word , connotes risi g of a people e th e But it , cannot be too oft n repeated that if

bitterly those who , on pretext of freeing them , coerce them by th e o n ‘ o ke ' e t m st violent methods , and impose upo them a y y

s s 1 ve .

' ast events much has been

it is pompously announced every , ' m s o - calle d Mace do n ian oment that the , chiefs are going to pro

‘ e o ff it ! claim it . But the general insurrection has not com , and as has not come o ff fo r the very good reason that - the Greeks ,

[ n a s o f. Ma n ia well as the other r ce cedo , cannot joi these tur ‘ bulent interlopers are their enemies to—day and will be . t - o in w heir tyrants to morrow , and w h , the country hich they r ' s p etend to free , have spread terrorism , committing atrocitie with a cruelty which would appear , blind madness did not! they are capable o f wise action .

HELLENISM" AND MACEDONIA

e are T e E iro t s the great Hell nic tree , as the h ssalians , the p , o f a n h t . Greeks Asi Mi or , and those of e islands It has been said that a Balkan conf ederation would be the " most efficacious means of settling the Macedonian im bro Doubtless this is an ideal that ought not to be rejected ; but fo r t h e e , mom nt, at least , considering the. actual moral and intel l o f i n ectual condition the Slav peoples the Balkans , it can only h a pious ope . Of the W d peoples est , though they have achieve a e s n ot e t s such high degr e of civili ation , have y ucceeded in foundin g that regi m e of universal peace and concord of which s re alis a their philosopher dream , it seems vain to hope for the

tion of such a union in the countries of the Balkans . It would ‘ b e even dangerous to attempt a rapprOch e m e n t which would Lo nl e n en o in lr ul v a i , y ‘ strife which s a eady violent enough and res t i n endless civil war s een th e kind of have used to f orcibly establish the cc and yet people expect th e Greeks to make common cause with them . At this moment the abyss that separates Greek and Bul ffi h e garian has become even more di cult to bridge , for t Bul arian s s v s g , consciou ly or unconsciously , have made themsel e t h e tools of policy which regards the whole heritage o f the B E o f i yzantine m pire as a part the Muscovite Empire , wh ch ' k h o w o i i n an d nows well t d vide order to reign , how to achieve t East . Turkey mus be e l u an d nfeebled, Greece enfeeb ed , Ro mania enfeebled , even the S u lav States ; all m st be enfeebled, The Great Power of the i n o s . s North alo e is to be mighty , al ne to be strong Ru sia

‘ ralo n e m a should play the part of protector; ediator , concili tor , i n sh e d t order that alone may om ina e , and thus realise the

Th e Macedonian Questi on is only one part of the great ques N di ffi tion of the evolution of Hellenism . o real culty would I m f m s ff : Warise about the settle ent o atter if the di erent races hich people Macedonia were left free to follow their desires ,

‘ :a n d to develop themselves according to their wishes . Let fi h r Macedonia be left to ful l e own aspirations, let her be left to f o w n let ollow her own choice , and be mistress of her fate ; but n o t her national feeling be trampled o n and masters im posed j

:upon her whom she w ishes to reject . HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

The beginning of the nineteenth century witnessed the f H l miraculous resuscitation o e lenism . Against Greece were banded the alli ed forces of Turkey and Egypt against her for o f long was the whole Europe , submissive to the principles of r the Holy Alliance . But from all these t ials sh e eventually et emerged victorious , to claim her rights and to g them s f , anctioned by the whole o the civilised world . The new all o f kingdom , wounded in parts , scarred by the chains its u s , b an d lavery almost completely crushed by the g , unequal s truggle , scarce able to breathe in the narrow territory granted to it , burdened with duties heavier than it could bear in s its bo un ds has ustaining the cause of the Hellenes beyond , , d : oubtless not yet realised all that was expected from it . There still remains much to be done ; but o n e would be wrong to disparage the civilising influence it has exercised, a n d which it does not cease to exercise , in the East , and which has placed Greece far ahead of the other nations that

. are its rivals in the Balkans . Thrace , Macedonia , Epirus , A th é o sia Minor , islands of the Archipelag and of the in Mediterranean , Constantinople with its Greek

- s are habitants , Smyrna , two third of whose population Greek , ffi o f o f o f supply su cient proof the power Greek influence , th e the moral and intellectual force it represents , of material i p rosperity it engenders . It s the eight millions of Hellenes w h o th e E ast , alone in , personify civilisation by the wonderful ‘

a . ctivity of their character , by their taste for intellectual pleasures , by the aptitude they have for letters , science , and c o n e ommerce . It is the Greek people that , standing with

‘ f oot on the con fines of Europe and with the other on the o f u borders Asia , being E ropean in its character , its moral a n ult ptitudes and industrial activity , being Orie tal in its c o f c — it images , a cult tra eable to its Pagan origin is the

W. Greek people alone that links the East and the est ‘

The European Press , or at least a large section of it , seems ,

- however , to day to make nothing of the titles which the

‘ Greek nation possesses In respect o f the sympathy of the i No t it s e vilis e d world . only does the Press make little of

‘ in M ace do n ia so rights and interests , but it has even gone as ‘ far to attack Greece for servility , and to denounce her

. as having made pact with an Empire that is barbarous and inhuman . It is irritating to note that exactly seven years ago o n e of t h e great French papers congratulated the Balkan coun tries because they h ad n o t joinedGreece in attacking the Ottom an ' ' u e e an d r le over Turk y in Europ , said that they would,

m e o f n a s or over , reap the reward so wise and prude t an tti

W r h ill the hour fo that reward t en come

W n i s k s 1 u o hat , the , this Greco Tur ish alliance abo t which m uch h as been said ! Th e relations between Greece and exactly what they were before the u by the B lgarian bands . M . Ralli , President o n ,the Council , did in a m me t of indignation declare that help the Turks again st the Bulgarian band

sacring Greek populations . The terms in which the Presiden t of the Council expressed himself have certainly hi fi t di s . I e s o o storted meaning desired r t and forem st j

crim es in Macedonia . More Kru h B in s c evo . es at , M alli, n Ot e Bulgarians , did hesitat in energetic language the crim es rOo s n o t p . I do think this

It is perfectly true that Greeks in Macedonia are compelled to defen d themselves against the bandits w h o to e d attack them . But when has a man been forbidden def n h l ! e is ife and his honour Mr . Balfour was right enough wh n he wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbury : I have o ften h eard it said that those who criticise the methods o f th e Committees forget the provocation to which u S e s bjected . o far as I at least am concern d

s n et . W to d o n m e n o t o n this i so e have pass ju gment n , and l f outrage is met with outrage , bruta ity an d we may regret , but we cannot wonder , the history o f the last Committees have done i t s . s e , and worse They have deliberately em e en no t fo r s th selv s to w ork viol ce , the purpo e of repelling t h e u but ur o f violence ne ts , for the p pose m v . pro oking it and with but too uch reason , that if Turkey was in self defence to send i n large; di 00 e dl be 4 bo es of tr ps , xcesses would assure y committed which

W a . ould justly excite gener l horror They have not shrunk from crimes against the in n Ocen t in order to play upon the f h sym pathies o t e world . '. ‘ ‘ h l tiOn e cm r . : e o u a Lat r , M Balfour adds T Exarchist p p s f HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

( the Bulgarians)persecute the Patriarchist s (the Gre eks)w ith l “ t y e more cruelty . “ A leading Parisian paper h as lately informed us that the who are renewing the exploits of the Hellenic i nsurrection , are astonished and indignant at seeing them ” s o f P llik r s elve condemned by the very descendants the a a e s . ' Pallikare s o f The sons of the , despite the risk hurting the f o f Ko i ta i s eelings the m j , and of the author too of this article , cannot quite s e e their way to show themselves grateful to t hese strange kind of liberators . ‘ The P allikare s their fathers never extorted ransoms from t he populations they delivered from Osmanli yoke ; never d ipped their hands in massacre ; and had for arms only their ’ d guns and woodman s axes . They would have isdained to a f f th f vail themselves o dynamite and o e virus o plague . They looked for no help except from t heir own heroism and n " their own faith . If their desce dants have refused to make p act with the Bulgarians , they have for that refusal many . an d s o in excellent reasons , which Europe , that remains d ff m s o i erent to this terrible tragedy, and perhaps will re ain , r efuses to understand . In the midst o f s o many calumnies it 1 s consoling to hear f w f n e e great authorities defend the cause o Hellenism . O o f o ur o rdau in the greatest thinkers of time , Max N , wrote , “ ' t h e in s Neuc beg ning of last year, the following word in the “ F rci e P res se : u Macedonia certainly contains B lgarians , but t h e hey do not form t dominant element , neither from the n o f n or o f umerical point view , if we consider the state

c . ul ivilisation Besides the B garians there are Serbs , Vlachs , fi Albanians , Turks , and there are rst and foremost the Greeks , w h o represent the civilising factor . o r The Bulgarians , Serbs Roumanians can exist as nations without possessing Macedonia as a whole or any sh are o f it . \ co n cern ed h ave The Albanians , as far as this country is , no d fi Fo r e nite programme . Turkey , Macedonia possesses ' Fo r p olitical importance but no national importance . the o n th e o f Greeks , other hand , the question knowing whether Macedonia will fall t o them o r not is a question o f life or

d . eath . On this point no o n e in the East is mistaken If is be Macedonia made into an autonomous province , it will an d given a constitution like that of Eastern Roumelia , will b e r ' E rese ved for the same fate as befell astern Roumelia ; it. W it s ill be seized by the Bulgarians , and from that moment HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA l g

“ h i n li f F r new masters will cruelly suppress all ot er n at o a t s . o ' e s e h the Greek , any change that takes plac in Macedoni a whic o f e n does not take count their historical rights , will simply m a “ i a their disappearance from the country , wh ch up till almost u r a a n o q arte of century go knew other language , no other n " Church , no other schools , and o other culture but that of the Greeks . ‘ The loss of Macedonia will not only be a mortal blow for o f the Hellenism of, Constantinople , of Asia Minor , and Africa , n o t its ul re that has yet attained f l development , but still mo , f o r W to th e European Greece , hich is indissolubly linked r Western wo ld . MACE DONIA AGAINS T THE GR EE K S

MuR DE R s C OMMITTED IN T HE VILAYET O F SALONIOA DURING THE HR Y AR 1 89 7 1 89 8 1 89 9 BY THE ULG AR IAN T EE E S ( , , ) B PR A ANDA P N THE RTH D x HELLEN E OP G U O O O o S .

l n Caza of S a o i ca .

1 Gre o rio u Ne o h o ro uda . Michael g , shepherd at , assassinated 1 89 8 Tziflik h e in the month of June , , at Inglis , where

was with his flocks .

2 : Co n s t an tin o u Neo h o ro uda 1 Athanase , shepherd at , assass m 1 89 8 Tziflik ated in the month of June , , at Inglis , hi where he w as with s flocks .

~ f 3. o at Anastase Moulia , student at the College Salonica , G o un t zide s ; he was carried o ff and assassinated on th e 1 1 89 8 7th of September , , near the railway of Constanti ’ n o le - Grado vo r m p Salonica , at , about hour s distance fro

Salonica .

B alt zia 4. Nicolas Dimitriou , labourer at , killed in the month ’ 1 89 8 Balt zia of September , , near , three hours distance

from Salonica .

za o Lan a a Ca f g d .

5 . David Angelou , proprietor at Lingovani , assassinated in 1 89 8 th e the month of May, , near to Lingovani , on o f i v w as . public road . The body the ctim partly burnt 63 1 l 0th o f s . own the December , “ assassinated , n ear the same r 1 1 89 9 . Decembe , ’ " t Yen n it xa receiver a , assassinated n ear o w n h e 1 4 f 1 89 o 9 . his age t th December ,

f P r same village o o to o s . Had l dim itrio u e Do iran j , notabl at , assassinated th 1 89 9 of November , , in the village of Sour

’ e V o e m itza as s as sm at e d in K haya , a grocer at , the m of S 1 89 8 o f o e m it z onth eptember, in the village V a. t Vo em it za n s er at , assassinated i

Yo r o ik a 1 Of . g p , assassin ted the 7th th e t W i as r h s momen he ente ing ,

Tr n o at Go r o rik Christo a g , proprietor g , assassinated near 3 3 h 1 1 h 1 hi w t e t 8 9 . s o n village , of August , 9 Ko t zio To uzio o G o r orik ,; pr prietor , at g , assassinated n ear ll ‘ h ‘ l l th u 1 8 his vi age t e of Aug st, 9 9 . ‘ Do utzi P a an o io at Bre slat as sassm ate o p g , proprietor , , d in

1 h o It s1 o u r t Be rislat i n 1 89 7 7. C rist , prop ie o at , assassinated , I r B ultz k sa 1 8 ° o o Stoyan , proprietor at Lys ovo , as ssinated in . . 1 89 7 o Ye t ziou o Bo o dan tza assas sm ate d in 1 9 . , C nst , propriet r at ,

i Ko utik n 1 11 1 8 8 2 0 M o 9 . $ I Nicolas lio , proprietor at , assassi ated 2 at Parde itza 1 . Gono Christo , proprietor , assassinated in

' '

2 2 1 u e Marze nt za as sas sm ated in . Delio Petro , propri tor at ,

2 B kiar1 Se rm e n a 1 89 3. a e 7 Je n , proprietor at , assassinated m , “ " 4 Men tzi o c r a e 2 . Pierre , hu kste at Gevgeli , assassin t d

' “ As sAs sm ATroNs COMMITTED BY THE BULGARIAN COMMITTEE IIP ON T E E OR H D ! HE LLE NE s IN THE SANDJAK OM T O O , ; S L NICA D R ING 1 9 0 UP T TH R ENT IME o E P S . AO , U 0 , E T

1 Dm t Dem erd l s at rado er In e e re j , labourer G v , assassinated v 1 h 9 t o f 1 9 03. his illage the January ,

: 2 . Tr hOn Sto it so s n a e o f Me ssimeri 2 y p , ot bl in the village , ' — in ate d in his bed in th e nigh t of 1 2 th 1 3th Of

at .Vladovo a as s - room o f th e

o f the village n him in the ’ th 1 7th o f 1 9 02 6 1 11 th e e January, , at o clock , at the m oment when he Was going to the

i 1 urch to o ffic ate . VladO sa as3assin ated In v e , notable at , his illag th 1 2 e 8th o f August , 9 0 .

t u Sakellario n c G Gum e d 6 Doc e r , do tor (a reek subject)at n j the 3oth 1 9 00 wounded of November, ,

P ' D ut is Ts erm erara d 8 . o s Demetre , notable at , assassinate

6th o f 1 9 02 . June , n t in the tza, assassi a ed

i z assas sm ate d r t a , nea , 2 h M ot 1 9 3. the village the of arch , 0 1 2 m u . W. stas Sara a to s , a rich shepherd . His ife ‘

HELLENIsM AND. MACEDoNIA

5 . Pa a e tro u so n o f 1 Demetre p p , of the priest the village , P di m itri n 1 6 . . a a o u r P p , a young village girl of thi tee ld 1 t s Baro vitza re o . 7. G o years Thanos a s , at ; the th e fi r rst killed, the fou th wounded upon the road to '

G o um n d e Baro tza 2 th o f 1 9 03. e j at v the o April ,

az h l C a of Ghevg e i .

Do itzi n is Mat s iko vo Christos , notable at , assassinated o f th B m by the m embers e ulgarian Co mittee , Tsani ’ d Oreo vit sa Y o f li 6th o f ( ), and ovon Tode ( Smo ) the 1 9 00 October , ; the two assassins were concealed in a ditch o n the road that leads to Gh evgh eli an d waited f r D itzin i o o s . W , who had to pass during the day hen his W he did pass , accompanied by ife , the bandits shot

them three times in the back . f Jo to s . 2 1 . a Jean Denis Dios , not ble at Ossiani , murdered n f h f 1 o o 2 5t o 9 00. the border the village the July , ik ‘ li 2 2 4. Sto s . 3 N o s o . Pierre o . Athanase Christos Sm ilio s n 31 st , shepherds at Cho ma , assassinated the of 1 9 03 s January , , for having announced to the authoritie atro citie s co m m itt d s the e by the band . l

. Wo f m o uktar o f Mde Ribari , the old ife the orthodox the l vi lage . 3 . so n o f x 5 . Nicols G Ribari , eldest the orthodo , aged years s o n 2 2 . 2 8 Pierre G . Ribari . younger , aged years . Fido C 2 1 8 . a 9 . . Ribari , eldest d ughter , aged years Eudoxie G 1 6 Mat sico va Ribari , younger daughter, aged years , at , massacred and di sembowelled with the bayonet by a o f o ld R Bulgarian band in the house the ibari , the 30th o f 1 9 00 October , .

Caza o Dom m f .

Patrio tis m George , notable at Doira , assassinated in the f D i n f 2 o o ra 1 5 o 1 9 0 . town the th March , An o rlek Ts i as o f 2 oth p , Anoa Vrondou , assassinated the of 1 9 00. April , Keh a as o f as as sm ate d l oth o f Mitas Basil y , Poroja, s the 1 9 0. September , 0 Rizo oulo s o f l oth o f Costas p , Poroja, assassinated the 1 9 00. September , Pan a o to u Ko tiza the Totis , y , of Poroja , assassinated

2 3rd o f 1 9 00. September , HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

6 St n l l 1 3. 3 . o a s 5 9 0 y Miche , at Staros , assassinated January , 37 Co n st an tin o u e zn i o d . Pyrgos Papa , at V c , assassinate September ' B uzikri 38 . o s S aviaco s 1 8 Angelos , at , assa sinated September ,

attem pted murder October A11 0 Vro n do n as s as sin ated u, miller at , j , 1 1 9 0 .

Tzoum a n 3 9 03. as , at Ano , assassi ated May , 1 lo s Petrit 5 Philippou, at y a, assassinated April

3

1 44. e Le on tas S viaco Georg , at a , assassinated April l 5 45 . e V a avan i ss as sm ated . Athanas , at Plevna , a July s l 46 . Ch r ss oho o s Ne vero co 2 7 Georges y , at p, assassinated Ju y

47 s T rtiz . a e m Thomas Papa Georges , choolm ster at , atte pted

‘ murder August i n 4 . S a ou Pe ter a 2 8 Demetrius y , at , assassinated December

1 9 02 .

' 54. Tzo n tskas Pro s s otsan i m Georges , assassinated at , Septe ber,

1 9 03. l M 1 3 Ve aca a 9 0 . An orthodox , assassinated at , y, HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

4. o f Kro us so vo Thomas , innkeeper , assassinated at Perlepe , 9 1 9 01 December , .

5 . Tsio n as Kro usso o d Takis , Innkeeper of v , assassinate 1 3 1 2 9 0 . January , 6 8 to . Two Christian peasants and the head o f the village o f

- t sefca 4 1 9 2 0 . Bella (Perlepe), assassinated April , 1 9 to 0. Two Moukt ars of the village o f Tser and Bre tzo va 2 1 2 1 9 0 . (Perlepe), massacred September , 1 1 1 4 . an d to Jean Koulak, with his brother their wives , T irli 1 2 2 s a 1 9 0 . massacred at (Monastir), October , 1 5 si s Kat zan is o f T urn . Z is o o vo r , assassinated near the ‘ Ts a ari 1 02 village p , June , 9 . 1 m ko s K di k i 7. Sta a e a Dime , assassinated at (Perlepe), by o f o f scholar the Bulgarian Gymnasium Monastir, 1 5 1 9 03 January , . 1 8 . ardi n s Basil Kosmas , assassinated at V (Monastir),

1 5 1 9 03. January ,

1 - Virban i d 9 . Papa Nicolaos , priest at (Perlepe), assassinate

5 1 9 03. February ,

2 0. , . . Christos Doumas merchant at Monastir _ Attempted murder by Koussos Bellian because Do us s as had refused to give him a sum o f money demanded by 2 3 1 9 0 . the Committee , February 0, 2 1 o an n ou a . Constantin J , h irdresser at Monastir, assassinated

3 1 9 03. March ,

2 2 - o f . Papa Tallis , priest and master of the village school S rt zi Sou ari 1 8 y , assassinated by the g band , March , 1 9 03 . 2 B o f S rtzi 3. Nestos irzi, head of the village y , assassinated S o ur ari 2 8 1 9 03 by the g band, March , 2 4 o n o f . A labourer the farm Kemal Bey, assassinated at

S arifeler 1 2 1 9 03. (Perlepe), April , Kro usso vo for Nicholas Michel , muleteer , assassinated at having deposed before the tribunal o f the members o f 2 1 02 9 . the Committee , September ,

2 6 . G o e s sian o o f Kro uss ovo Naoum p , , attempted murder,

1 9 01 . January , 2 Eco n o m o us Co n t n tin o u o f N 7. s a , eret , assassinated , 1 01 9 . January , 2 zi i f L bn itza k 8 . G at o o Jean ap , , murdered near the la e 1 01 S tc stro 9 . e e , May ,

2 1 01 . 9 . Tzim an i 9 Basil , assassinated , September, 1 9 02 .

37. Cam beris o f Arm en Stro Nicolas , , assassinated , January ,

’ 38 . Co Co usos o f Z a drit en a t a smos , g z' , assassina ed , J nuary;

. Crous so 1 1 9 02 , March 7 .

ul an o ula Of - Tse fca na g , headof thevillage Bella , assassi ted 1 March ,

. Traik . o s ,

2 9 0 . d murder, April , 1 Of t ass ass1 ted lino , master the school at Pa ali , na 1 9 02 June , . L Kr tzo f Sm arde s s1 1 2 o 9 0 . azare y , , assassinated , July, Do ut z is o f n i n the Evangelos , Mo astir , assassinated o f middle the town , August o f Cle stina 2 0 9 02 , assassinated , August , 1 n o f the n Cam ban itz t conve t of e, ust Lio mbe tin a t of , attemp ed

h e Z éllin i ew T priest of the village of and his neph ,“ s m as assinated, Septe ber i r o f e a o f Z ellin i The mothe the pri st B sile , , attempted r t mu der, Sep ember o f h e o f Pal o éhori a priest t e , ass ssinat 1 9 03. village , Janu Tzi a c 1 8 assas d at v n , De ember HELLENISM ' AND MACEDONIA

a Ste h en o u u z n m ir 5 7. t o Stoia Mo Athan se p , K , and , assas sin at e d 2 6 1 9 01 C ob a , December , , at rid 0 tw o u 6 . The wife and the daughters of the priest Milos , b rnt i Sco n t za 1 9 01 . in the village of , December, h 2 61 . K ro o f Z latan i Ke sn a 1 9 0 . Despina , y p , ( ), killed Marc ,

63. o f A young wife and a girl the Orthodox Church , killed at B l i e o t z the G e ras sim a 1 9 02 . g by Bulgarian, priest , March , '

65 . Kalairo u ri s Pa ach aralam bris o f p , p , and his child ten o f years , priest and master the school , assassinated, 1 02 9 . October , o f Z l m o n o k An old woman p , suspected of treason , illed , 1 2 9 0 . October, Kara ias Marc y , doctor at Monastir, grievously wounded 2 1 9 0 . at Resna , October , h lf f . f . We o o St e o s G Ango , wife Jean p , L Massa , the

M uk r - o ta Tre it ze . Sfe t a his , B , daughter ln law , and

. e L Petka , his daughter , susp cted of treason , killed Arch o f o f by the band , near the village Leskovets , de

R 1 6 1 9 03. esna (caza Monastir), January , No rich o fst a Arm en o cho n k Constantin , (Florina), illed in 2 1 9 0 .

e s - E van e lo u kllle d o G orge Papa g , at Econ mou , Armeno

1 9 00. ’ chori (Florina), in Ph ri u i k Fl rm o f Pisso deri . o o s Gu o us s as o a , inn eeper at , 1 00 killed in 9 . f . o Constantin Pinou , ephor the Greek schools at Florina , 1 9 0 killed m 0 . 1 M lo n as o f 9 00. Christos y , Florina , killed in his mill in

o a n o u 1 9 00. Selias J n , killed at Armenochori m

. o f Pe s so n isti i n 1 9 00. Paul Athanasiou , notable , killed it z i n 1 0 . Ban a 9 0 . Demetrios , grocer at (Florina), killed

r Ban it za i n 1 9 00. Jeyn Nicolaou , g ocer at (Florina), killed

. e an n o u G orn it zo vo Minas J , primate at (Florina), killed m 1 9 0 0.

H d - m i z 1 9 0 a S o ov t o vo 0 . Nicolas p Dimitriou , killed at in

Ts e an i 1 9 00. Jean Christou , killed at g (casa de Modena)in r n 1 9 00 V o t s a a . Basili Georgiou , killed at (Florina)in

Cam an is ta 1 9 00. Helias , Besin Christo, killed at p in l . stin a 1 9 00. Stavos , killed at C e m

l in 1 00. . a e s t a 9 Basile Nicolaou , killed at C p m i f . n astasiou o f Palé o ch o r o Nicolaos A , , member the k Administrative Council of the Greek Church , illed

e 1 1 9 00. n ar the village Tsor, November 7, ’ e e a v e o rl , former te cher , killed near the illag a Marcot b nd, October the trative Council of Tsercovo ki , lled,

k d Nak f - ko i er ille at y , Decemb as

3 K lia d 9 . e s 1 1 02 9 . , shepher , killed at Bais , May , “ 9 4 Mi Ar l n f . e tza s a o r o f ; Pi rre , fathe of theymaster the Greek school at Pateli , killed June

9 6 . Vio to s his Traiko s om bra n i Marcos and father , killed at S va ,;

“ o f B O ats , killed near the village E34

02 1 0, 1 9 .

l T i l 1 03. Gu e s o f s a p y r , and his wife , kil ed at e o f 00 Petrou , a m mber the Bulgarian ‘ ruary 1 4 Con Stan tin o u o f 0 . Athanase , master the Greek

Si t o o Petro f 1 9 00. s e v , killed by band m Con stan tis K b Papa , issi , priest at Nerat, killed y

Mar o f 1 9 00. c band, September, Ko tt ri 1 00 Basile de Kato s , killed m 9 . z n i f f z n tzio ki 1 0 . T am a s o o Co e e 7 , notable the village ,

1 9 01 . May , o is 1 Pierre S p , killed ln raiko Mailio s o f Cozen etzio T s , notable the village , 1 9 0 in his shop , May , 1 . o f 1 03 Koritza , killed August , 9 , near Sten

o f D m be i s m 1 9 01 . anis , y n , killed Septe ber, ’ C o n o n blasi de , killed in his house by February '

1 1 Mitzo s S ourovitzovo n Neweska. 3. de , killed ear

1 43. Co ulac ro t e Jean and his b ther wi h their wiv s , and e t k with their live s Oc , killed October 1 44 An ll i . e o u . T g , greengrocer , at Monast r

1 45 r i s . C a as e e o f k o it Marcos , doctor, rec iv d twelve blows the n t n a m at Res , Nove ber Z is si Cat san is k Ts a ari s , illed at p , ' Evan ello s Do utsis g , of Monastir, Augu

m k - . a s e St Di ou , illed t Kadi Kioi , by a Bulgarian n r Mo asti , January e C Basil osmos , assassinated at Vardino , January ‘j The s Pa icolas o f V arbian i b 9 1 9 0 . prie t pn , killed Fe ruary , 3

o M rsh er at M nastir, killed a

Sir si s e village p , assas inated h

1 5 . Tsam an is e l n 1 9 01 . 6 Basile , of Dib ni , killed September, ‘ 1 5 7 Gram en o o ulo Z elen itsi er5 p s , notable of the village , Octob w 1 9 01 ,

‘ The two sons of the priest Constantin E co n o m ous assassinated after an attempted murder

1 5 C e r o f f Lon is ma . o o 9 o mos, p imate the village g s ,

1 9 01 .

- 1 60. P s o f Ban ista a apa Demetriu , priest the village , November 1 61 S tefo s of V a e V arbiani the ill g , assassinated October 2 1 6 . Can beri s e r o f 3. Nicolas , late t ache and notable the

' s Cro uss is No v a sassinated at the village ,

c oulis , November m iri A h n iou te h n o u an d hr D . Mo s a as S a 1 65 t s p C istos , e

‘ 1 66 he o f P . T wife and the two daughters the priest apa 2 1 7. K ro u 1 9 0 . 6 Despina y p , March, 1 e Bul ar1 an 68 . A wif and a daughter killed by the g

’ The - Charal m bo s o f a priest Papa a , the vill ge Char s o n a d o with his n tutor , killed Oct ber HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA

1 1 ld f f 70. o o o Lo ubn o An woman the village o v . 1 1 hi 7 . f o f s w The head o the convent Slimnitsa with ife , December 1 2 7 . Nicholas Michel , muleteer . 1 ri h li m 73. Constantin Mo o o va s as sas s ate d at the village o f Arm h i n 2 en o c o r o , 1 9 0 . “

1 74. an e llo u 1 9 02 George Papa Ev g , 1 75 P ti r rl r o i u u t . . o s Gu o s so o e o g , hotel p p at Florina

1 76 . o f 1 Constantin Petrou , primate Florina, 9 00. 1 7 C ri t l n 7 . M s o s o as 1 00. g y , 9 ’

1 78 . 1 0 o 0 . Elie Jean d Armen hori , 9

1 79 . li P i n f P s s o s sit a 1 a at a o o u o e 9 00. E e p , s , 1 P 80. l a u A h n i . v o s t a as s o u , 1 9 00

1 1 D r 8 . i em etr o us P . B , , grocer at anitsa 1 82 . Jean Nicolas , of Banista . 83 an n u rn i o 1 1 . e o Go s vo 9 00. Minas J , of t ,

1 84. im i i f o c vits i 1 9 tr us o S 00. Nicolas D , o ,

1 85 . o f Ts e an i 1 9 00 Jean Christo , g , .

1 86 . 1 9 00 Basile Georgiou , of Vostarani , . 1 8 7. an it a 1 Cab s . Elias Christo of , 9 00 1 8 8 . o f l tin o 1 C e s 9 00. Stavros ,

1 89 . Nico laio u o f Cra e stin o 1 9 00 Basile , p , 1 D n r n 9 0. o a o lo u m g , of the village Or a B ili d t l as o u V o e s . Constantin , of Tr i l in a co u Co e s s o. Basile , of

o f Y - Athanase Gorzi , eni Kioi .

Co n st an tin o u o f Y - Marcos , eni Kioi . i l ki 2 V o a s o f Z irvo n o 1 9 0 . Sotiris , , January, of Cro uss o vo Melen iko u A peasant the village (of ), May 1 2 9 0 .

o f Melen ikou Two peasants the village Rami (of ), May , 1 9 02 1 9 2 0 . A child of the village Ply a (Drama), June , The d r u 1 02 o o o 9 . , of Cato Seke dji , July ,

B - 1 arekli D o um a a 9 02 . One other of j j , July , o f Nevro kO i Demetrius Z agori , killed near p , August , 1 9 03 .

02 . Melen ikou Some ten peasants in the outskirts of , who li i 2 Te r ts 9 0 . were going to the fair at , October , 1

03. fi l Tsiro o i 1 9 02 . About fteen peasants near p ,

04. Va1an n i 2 s 1 9 0 . of Drama , December , 05 Melen ikou A woodcutter , Georgiou , assassinated near , 1 9 01 May , . HELLENi sM A ND MACEDONIA

killed near the village An tolFre staha;

Tas so ss Caravn asis s Cro us s o vo 1 9 02 , mas acred at , August , D m a 1 2 o f o u a 0 . Basile Arvanitis , j y , August , 9

- - 1 2 9 0 . Thomas Papa Georgiou, teacher,

. Ps altis S croum as B and Nicolas p , February D m . e ird i s a D j , ne r Salonica , January F r h ié fi . t o n V Me s St yp , near odena, notable of the village s

men , July l do oa . V a v Mdlle Marie tomou , teacher at d ‘ c 2 4 1 9 00. ban it shot s hool , February ,

“ o f the ‘ village Mes s im eri 1 January 7,

‘ can B akiro s of o f . J p , notable the village

2 k 1 6 . Sake llario u Doctor , a Gree subject at Goumenitsa , 1 0 111 9 0 . seriously wounded November ,

2 1 7. e S eran eka P tros Gossas , notable of , and Demetrius S ern areka , killed June 7 2 B r it 8. G at s o s a o v 1 Jean , assassinated in the village March

.2 P 1 r T l 9 . 1 9 . s o akis o f a 03 et os , notable B rovitsa ,

2 2 0. Saram a t as c Saram an tas 1r Costas n , Mi hel , and the all four massacred 1 n the village Babiani o f o f r night Good F iday , April

2 2 1 . e Pa a e tro u s o n o f rl e s t o f Demetr p p , the p B 1 2 9 0 . e metrio u , a young villager of Barov

s o ss ch o lar , of Barovitsa , April

2 2 4. an u l 2 0 1 9 03. Ev e o s . G at so g c s , of Barovitsa , April , 2 D - i 2 5 . o itsin is of Nat s covo Christos , notable , assassin October 2 2 6 . o ftso u o f Os sian i as s as s1 n at ed Jean J notable , July

2 2 n 7. o f O Dionysios , Dios , notable ssiani , assassi ated July 1 2 9 0 .

2 2 8 . St01 co u i Petros , shepherd , assass nated at Chou January 1 9 03 2 2 th 9 . A an as Ne lio s , shepherd , assassinated at Chou

2 3 Mil “ 0. cou s Christos , hepherd, assassinated at 1 9 03. January, HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 77

Mm M i o o 30 e . . B at s c v G iharis , disembowelled at , October , 1 9 02 . B h Nicholas i aris , assassinated and disembowelled at Mat ic 30 1 2 s o o 9 0 . v , October , B 2 2 o f Pierre G . iharis , years age , massacred and dis Mat sico vo 30 1 9 02 embowelled at , October , i i dis em . R bar s 1 8 ido G , years of age , assassinated and i 1 2 Mat s co vo 30 9 0 . bowelled at , October , E B 1 6 disem udoxie G . iharis , years old, assassinated and M t sic 30 1 9 02 a o o . bowelled at v , October ,

P i i n i rov n ce of Do ra .

Patrio t is f f k George , notable o the town o Doirani, illed 1 1 9 2 5 0 . March , An ue lakis 1 9 3 g , notable of Kelkis , attempted murder, 0

Ts ilas o f - 2 5 1 9 02 George , notable Ano Vrontou , April , K h s F 1 e c a a 0 1 00. Basile y , notable of oroya , September , 9 Ot s ias Rizo o ulo s o f Po ro a 1 0 p , notable y , September , i g00 .

‘

. an a o tou Por a Se tem be r 2 3 1 9 0. T P j , notable of oy , p , 0

. 1 9 1 5 0 . St Michel, January ,

- Co n stan tin o u Pyrgos Papa , notable of the village Verni

7 1 9 01 . con , September , Bo sikis of n 1 8 Anguelos , notable Saviako , September , 1 1 9 0 . Mazan is . n 1 8 1 01 . St , notable of Saviako , September , 9

- o f n m Papa Athanase , priest Saviako , attempted urder, 1 1 9 . October , 0

- Dim itriu o f - 2 Hadji , Mayor Ano Vrontou, October 7,

1 9 01 .

Pite as o f An - 1 2 o 3 9 0 . N . , Vrontou , May , E an u lo s Phili s f 5 1 9 02 v e o o . g pp , Petritsi , April , Le on t i u 1 2 as o f S a ako 1 9 0 . Georges , v , April 7, Ath an ae s V alavan is 1 5 1 9 02 , notable of Plena , July , . Chr so ch oo s o f Nevro co i 2 Georges y , notable p , July 7, 1 9 2 0 .

- Thomas Papa Georgiou , teacher , attempted murder , 2 2 0 1 9 0 . August , n 2 1 2 9 0 . Demetre Nasio , of Therma , October , M rt si o f Go rn i a 1 0 a acas s 5 9 3. Demetre , , March , L n tas f Sa iako u 1 9 1 9 eo o v 03. Angelos , , March , June Pr to t n i 1 2 o s a 0 . , September, 9 a 1 9 0 M rch , { Pale o ch o rLNovem ber

Wh 2 1 1 9 01 body it a hatchet, November , Badarkis Petrou and , February, ‘ Ath an an ios Guiao uridi Battl 1 9 02 s, of , killed March , '

9 0 . sorroa, December , 1 2

o f . 1 1 9 01 Batsi , May , . o f Patelli , June 1 2 0 9 0 . and his father , August , Seo rdis o f W his o Athanasios , Basti , ith compani n,

2 1 Pi li f P lli a s o at . 7 . Jean , e

2 2 1 9 02 . ril , 2 P te lli 1 9 0 . a , June , r Palech o ri schoolmaste at , April , 1 o f Sm arde si s , July 2 a f Cle stin a 7 . o o 8 Stef n s , notable , August Tri i f f Cam ban ist a t 2 . s s o o 79 Michel , the Convent , Augus

2 1 9 1 9 0 . August ,

bo ven i 1 9 02 . , August , f Z an d his priest o eleni , nephew, 1 9 02

r“ 1 8 he 5 , 9 9 . HELLENISM AND MACEDONIA 79

2 9 Lazoro s s th ff e 0. Nicolau , a sassinated by e Petro band befor

his wife , September 2 1 Mit f r i t s i e e ska 9 . s o s o So o v , near N v 2 d i i 2 9 o f Po z iv st . . A villager Z t 6 1 01 9 . 2 9 3. Cosma , chorister of agori sani , November ,

- 2 4 Strebo n o 7 1 9 01 . 9 . Papa Dimitrios , priest of , November ,

- 1 9 01 . 2 9 5 . Basile of Cato Coterie ,

Traico Malio u 1 9 01 . 2 9 6 . s , May , in i li r 2 9 7. . Ke s s s V o u a St , of , Novembe blati n f en cein te 9 8 . m e Co n o o e o 2 Three wo n of , whom was , 1 9 01 November, . 2 9 9 Laban i t 1 1 s a 9 0 . . 30 Basile of , November ,

Tr i u. f e co o . 300. Castoria 01 Mi r D 1 3 . t o s 1 9 0 . of aieno , December , 2 T i n u 30 . r a o of Roulia , January 3 3 Ts m is Pi s d ri 0 . a s o e Christos , of , March E 4 - f P z i i i 2 0 . o o d t 1 3 v s 9 . Papa Elias , priest , 0 5 Ghi n u 0 . a o George , May f M 06 . o a Papa Nicola , priest Roulia , y 0 o f Z e le n isti his 7. Basile , notable , with his nephew and

niece, September Mo utch aris 1 9 02 Christos , of Actos , 1 4 1 9 03 George Vanis , February , . Z . 1 9 03. C Nicolas , notable of agoritsani, 1 . 9 03 P Stavros , with his wife , . 1 9 03 Six peasants massacred outside Florina , January , .

- Papa Constantin , of Perlepe , February o f A peasant of the village Actos , February Lach t salis Costos , February

. o f Stre bin o V Natsis , , February ’ d ri . Ca a H Christou , near , February ’ E an ello u o f i hi o f 31 9 . v g s Ty rs and s wife killed by a member o f fi ff 7 the committee So a , Simeon Petro , February 2 , 1 9 03.

32 0 D b o n io i 1 2 . o t s 0 u 9 . Aristotle y , attempted, May,

2 f - n i i b 3 1 . o f Laba st The sister the priest Papa Germanos , o , y T k r l f the band of s a a a o . 32 2 i 1 . Vo t s 9 03 s . and Athanase Andreou , March , o f Do a o s ti Two peasants of the village g , March

Tw Co s sin o 1 9 03. o peasants of the village , March , m i 1 2 1 9 N ao u 03. Dimos , March , i 2 1 . o van s 1 9 03. C J , March , K h 1 03 e c ava 9 . Dimos , March,