04 TomásMonterrey.pmd toriografía deantigüedades,antropologíateológica, Tenerife. español. una seriedecircunstancias,incluyendoelhechoquesecreyó quesetratabadeunrelato por inauguró unaclasesingulardeobrasliterarias,cuyaevoluciónnormalseviotruncada extraterrestres oelhombre decienciaconcebidocomoelnuevo Adán. serios paralaépoca,comolasideasantropológicasdeGodwinsobre lassociedades relato, denominadoconlavaga fórmulade“ensayo fantástico,”analizabaasuntosmuy Gundisalvo paraseñalarunanuevaetapa eneldesarrollo delconocimientohumano. El conseguir darlaimpresión deautenticidadybautizóasuhéroe conelnombredeDomenico conocimiento yelsaber. Godwinseleccionócuidadosamenteloselementosnarrativospara este viajeespacialconstituyóunareacción coherente conlosnuevosmétodoscientíficosdel mente revolucionarios delahistoriografíautilizadaporCamden.Intentaré demostrarque representó larevolucionaria cosmologíadesuépocateniendoencuentalosprincipiosigual- En sunovedoso viajealaLuna,elObispoGodwin,traicionandosuformaciónaristotélica, RESUMEN KEY stances, includingthefactthatitwasbelievedtobeaSpanish story. byanumberofcircum- singular typeofwriting,whosenormalevolutionwastruncated terrestrial Adam. societiesortothemanofscienceconceivedas the new It inaugurateda fancy,” explored serioustopics,suchasGodwin’s anthropological ideasinrelation toextra- in thedevelopmentofhumanknowledge. The story, looselyintroducedasan“essay of sion ofauthenticityandnamedhisheroafterDomenico Gundisalvo toindicateanewstage ing andknowing. Godwincarefully selectedthenarrativeelementstoachieveanimpres- celestial journeyconstitutedacoherent response tothenewscientificprocedures oflearn- tenetsofthehistoriographypracticedbyCamden.Ishallarguethatthis revolutionary cosmologyofhisagetakingintoaccounttheequally therevolutionary tion, portrayed In hisinnovative voyage totheMoon, tohisAristotelianforma- Bishop Godwin,contrary ABSTRACT PALABRAS historiography, theologicalanthropology, Tenerife.
WORDS
EXPERIMENT AND THE SCIENTIFICREVOLUTION THE MANIN THE MOONE CLAVE : Renaissance English fiction,Francis Godwin, narrative genres, antiquarian : novela inglesadelRenacimiento, Francis Godwin, génerosnarrativos,his- R EVISTA 71 C ANARIA
Universidad deLaLaguna DE E Tomás Monterrey STUDIOS I NGLESES : GODWIN’S NARRATIVE , 50;abril2005,pp. 71-86 16/05/2005, 13:39 El hombre enlaLuna
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 72 L’Autre Monde adventure becameasource of humourandparody, likeinCyrano deBergerac’s evance fortheEnglishnovel. Indeed, soonafteritspublication,Godwin’s fantastic quently beentreated justasagracefulcelestialvoyage, rel- devoid ofanyfurther scholars engagedinexaminingtheancestorsofrealist fiction. rise ofthenovel intheeighteenthcentury, sothatithasneverbeenthetargetof trend converging inthe nature majorliterary ofitsplot,itisunrelatedvery toevery scientific plausibilityofaworldinthemoon” (Nicolson 96).Owingmainlytothe vanguard physicsand“the consonantwiththeearly seventeenth-century parture fantasy— itdoesportraya“departure from consensusreality” (21);butitisade- ous problems Hume’s forcriticism,because—according toKathryn definition of aissance historiography, have seldombeenexplored. Even asafantasy, itposesseri- orRen- inconnectionwithsubjectsliketravelwriting,warfare aspects ofthestory on thetheoretical approaches tothisgenre (Aldiss70-71,Philmus “Murder”). Other 20). orproto-science-fiction remainsThe debatewhetheritistrue opendepending picaresque adventure130-31), orasanearlyseventeenth-century (Salzman 219- different historiesofEnglishliterature, eitherasaRenaissance utopia(Trousson Domingo Gonsales’ voyage totheMoon considerationin hasbeengiven lukewarm accepted genres inpre-Civil War England. Godwin’s brieftaleoftheSpaniard consciousness oftheperiod(Racault82),butalsothatitdidnotfitinany voyages”reveals notonlythat“imaginary didnotformanygenre intheliterary from thefirstedition. (Northampton, MA:Smith College Studies inModern Languages,Oct. 1937),whichisderived of forthcoming literary manifestationsormore developedscientificevidencedis- literary of forthcoming writing. It isplainthattoconsiderthisexceptional pieceofwritingunderthelight anticipating thusanarrativestancecharacteristicofmore developedformsofnovel are analyticgaze, filteredand theeventsoccurringonEarth throughanerudite, nation ofgenres, ofthesolarsystem discoursesandfactualdata.Boththeportrayal ence-fiction hadbeenpublished. itsmethodologyandthefirst,widely-acceptedmasterpiecesofsci- had perfected riod, whenthenovel wasanestablishedandrobust genre, modernhistoriography Swift’s satirists—evidentinDefoe’sthe earlyeighteenth-century in theprevious year. Domingo Gonsales’ continuedtostirthe imaginationof story tions ofboththethird editionof or inAphra Behn’s play “an essayoffancy, where Invention withJudgment.” isshewed Francis readership as Godwin (1562-1633),wasintroducedtoitscontemporary Gulliver’s Travels The Man intheMoone 2 1 Godwin’s contrivedimpression ofauthenticityresults fromaclevercombi- Cfr. Davis (42-84),andMcKeon (65-76,96-113). Allquotationsfrom or 72 Histoire Comique — until it became virtually forgottenintheRomantic— untilitbecamevirtually pe- The Emperor oftheMoon The Man intheMoone (1638,abbreviated MiM (1657)following Baudoin’s translationin1648, andtheEnglishtranslationofCyrano’s work are takenfromtheGrant McColley edition (1687),inspired by thepublica- MiM 16/05/2005, 13:39 henceforth), by Bishop henceforth), The Consolidator 2 Rather, ithasfre- 1 This definition This and 04 TomásMonterrey.pmd ten by Godwin. clausesinthebriefpreface mayreasonably wereshort writ- indicatethatbothparts andablativeabsolutes.Asimilarsyntacticaljumbleof pastparticiples participles, as inothertypesofsubordinate clauses whichlooklikedirect translationsofpresent may beapparent inthelongsentencesandprofusionofrelative clauses,aswell mind naturallyhabituatedtothinkinLatinwhenwriting. These residual Latinisms syntax oftheEnglishtextwouldspringeitherfrom aLatinsource textorfrom a this possibilityaswellwhenItranslated may possiblybetheremnant ofanoriginalLatintext” (311).Istronglythoughtof the Utopia tively suggestedinafootnotethepossibilitythatitwasfirstwritten“inLatin(like Though Godwin’s authorshiphasneverbeenchallenged,Neville Davieshastenta- note“Totory theIngenious Reader” andstatedthefantasticnature ofthetale. the Spanish byEdward Mahon (McColley x),whosignedthepreface orintroduc- as abookwrittenby Domingo Gonsales(themaincharacter)andtranslatedfrom years afterhisdeath.On 1stAugust 1638,itwasentered intheStationers’ Register M.Ch.” LikeKepler’s licensed publicationofhis 51). However, hisapparent submissiontotheestablishmentcontrastswithun- religious tensionsduringthereigns ofthefirstStuarts (Clegg 197-229; Merchant foraBishop, involvedinwriting,particularly fortunes amidstthepoliticaland of any acknowledged literary genreof anyacknowledged tosatisfytheimaginative depictionofthecur- literary nature ofthetext—vaguely labelledas“essay”— or, inotherwords, theincapacity and theautobiographicalnarrationofDomingo Gonsalesforegrounds thehybrid authorial —noteditorial—distinctionbetween theextrafictionalvoiceofE.M. the wealthier seeofHereford forhis historical books, Wells, andwhohadbeengrantedthebishopricofLlandaffthentransferred to effects willprevail fromtheRestoration onwards. the scientifichistoriographyandexhaustionofScholasticphilosophy, whose posed by thephilosophical andtechnicaladvancementsofhistimes,particularly will beregarded asGodwin’s response tothechallenges intellectualandliterary Ininitial questionsoutlinetheaimofthisarticle. myanalysis,thefantasticvoyage such aninnovative project? What wereachievement andlegacy? hisliterary These ing todoin thenoveltytorts andthecharmwhichitstillexhibits. What wasGodwin attempt- the voyage (84-85). (182). However, itwasnotcommon,asRacault reminds us,toacknowledge thefantasticnature of Annals oftheReigns ofHenry Annales , [...]andKepler’s Francis Godwin,whowasthesonof Thomas Godwin, Bishop ofBath and 4 3 Onthecontrary, Singer notewaswrittenby theeditor believes thattheintroductory Godwin’s booksare history , perhapsrevising itaswell. [...] The Latinbasisofthelunargreeting MiM 4 discussionsincethe This pointiscentralfortheforthcoming ? What discourses or literary methodsdidhehaveathandfor ? What discoursesorliterary 73 Somnium VIII Somnium , Edward Nuncius Inanimatus Catalogue of theBishops ofEngland (1634), ) andthathissonMorgan translatedit,ashedid VI , andMary MiM MiM (1615). intoSpanish. Ifeltthatthetortuous (1629)underthepseudonym“Ed. alsoappeared posthumously, five 3 wasaware ofthevarying 16/05/2005, 13:39 (1601,revised 1615)and
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 74 which a narrator read a book that contained the story ofthemagicjourneyto which anarratorread abookthatcontainedthestory nity oftheformer. Keplermadeuseofthemore traditionaldream episodeduring moder- calculationsandsimilarities,immediatelyreveals theliterary given certain MiM the “doctrine oftheelementalspheres” (43).Indeed, comparisonof asuperficial rent theorieswhichchallengedthePtolemaic conceptionofthesolarsystemand the Mediaeval celestialvoyages by representing theuniverseaccording tothecur- tastic orallegorical—modesofwriting. methods andtechniquesassociatedwithrationalistic —rather thanromantic,fan- since John Wilkins epistemology.and authenticityrequired seventeenthcentury bythenew In fact, rent philosophical(scientific) speculationwithinthenarrow limitsofcredibility 350-411. appeared inthe1625editionof (240). impossibility oftravelling there, thoughpraising (McColley x). Two years later, Wilkins propositiondevotedtodiscussingthe produced afourteenth it isbelieved thatNorton himselfinformed Wilkins about in thirteenpropositions. As boththisbookand oftheRoyalSecretary Society in1660)publishedthetreatise Christiana expeditioneapudSinas The Historie oftheGreat andMightie Kingdome ofChina navigators —mainlythecollectionsofHakluyt andPurchas, González deMendoza’s Gilbert, Kepler, orGalileo—aswelltheinformationprovided by travellersand ogy proposedby modernnaturalphilosophers—likeCopernicus,Brahe, Bruno, evidence.Hedocumentary notonlyadaptedandcombinedskilfullythecosmol- insight, Godwin’s bookshave criticsasinnovative notstruck history inmethodologyor ods, theyvisited Wales togetherin1590forantiquarianresearch. But whereas historian William Camden.Althoughtheywere atChristChurchindifferent peri- a societyontheMoon (Singer 181). his ideasontheinfinitespaceandpossibleexistenceofmountains,oceans Giordano Bruno’s lecturingonCopernicus’ ofheliocentrism,aswellon theory entious scholar. When hewasreading forhisM.A.,heisbelieved tohaveheard travellers’scientific evidenceandcontemporary reports tohisfictionalpattern. chiefly owing toGodwin’s “truly astonishing” (Bachrach 80)witforadaptingboth —or atleastinhimself—aneffectofverisimilitudeorsuspensiondisbelief, matter offancy, oneistemptedtothinkthat withKepler’s Alan S. Weber hasshown that 7 6 5 As astudentatChristChurch,Oxford, Godwin wasadiligentandconsci- MiM Some excerpts ofhisworks,whichhadbeentranslatedintoEnglishby Trigauld in1615, See Michelforacomprehensive discussionofGiordano Bruno’s ideasontheuniverse. In 1638,youngJohn Wilkins (whowouldbecomeafoundingmemberandthefirst wascarefully delineatedfollowing astrictreliance onphysicsand 74 5 Somnium reminded hisreadership audiencethatthebishop’s talewasa Purchas His Pilgrimes , thatGodwin isbelievedtohaveread inmanuscripts 7 — buthealsoputintopracticecertainnarrative 6 Another important influencewastheeminent Anotherimportant MiM MiM MiM illustratesaremarkable from departure , vol. 3,book2,chapters.6-8(London,1625) cameoutfrom John Norton’s printinghouse, as“a pleasantandwellcontrived fancy” very MiM A Discovery ofaNew World intheMoon MiM stirred amongstitsfirstreaders , itsauthorandeditorialprocess 16/05/2005, 13:39 andNicholas Trigault’s De 04 TomásMonterrey.pmd “the tenth” beinginSpanish “décimo.” the livelysituationsandrefined styleofNashe’s prose,perhapsbecauseLatin,not introduction ofhistoricalevents andpersonalities.Godwin’s text,however, lacks (1594), asregards hissocialclassandwarfare, histravelstodistantplacesandthe to Nashe’s Jack Wilton, theprotagonistandnarratorof consequences ofhisexperiencesandperceptions. Gonsalesbearssomeresemblance ofJustice,and theCourt thanwiththeintellectualapprehension andtheological minute herowasmore concernedwithhisdubiousenterprises,obscure dealings and aftervisitingtheMoon. AsanupperclassSpanish “pícaro,” Godwin’s brave but centrism— were supported, Although itistruethat Tycho Brahe’s hypotheses—ratherthanCopernicus’ helio- setting, thereal chronologyandthecultures ofboththeMoon andtheEarth. discourses andtexts,whereas in In Keplerthemagicvoyage andthescientificexplanationsremain twodistinct Gonsales puthisautobiographicalexperienceinwriting. The difference iscrucial. the utopianliterature andthetravel writingasmodels,andallowed hishero Domingo ematical detailsofhisstory. On thecontrary, Godwin chosethepicaresque fiction, geographicalappendixtoexplaintheliterary,notes andafurther physicalandmath- hesuppliedanextensiveaim wastoexemplify setof hisastronomicalobservations, Levania andthereading asthenarratorwokeup. wasinterrupted Since Kepler’s named hisheroaftertheSpanish translator, similartoAlphonso sinceitspronunciation isvery fixed, theSun andthe Moon orbittheEarth,whileotherplanetsrevolve roundtheSun. about Copernicus’ heliocentrism. He thusimplicitlyadmitted Tycho Brahe’s is thattheEarth theory from theArabicintoLatin. tive “precociously” (Philmus, from oneepisodeintoanother. It isparadoxical thatprecisely thisfantasticnarra- developed world itselfwhichGonsales journeyed,sawanddescribedasthestory Alphonse ledo Schoolof Translators by theCastilianKing —foundedinthetwelfthcentury Domenico deGundisalvo (LatinforDomingo thedirector González), ofthe To- discoverer, wascounterbalancedby ironically derivinghishero’s namefrom nique ofthememoirswrittenbyaforeign (Spanish) adventurer, halfrogueand discussed, butirrefutably bytheeyewitnessnarrator. asserted The persuasivetech- the planetsornegationthatfire elementoccupiestheuppersky, were not on thewaytoMoon. Theories likethemovement theattractionof oftheEarth, was conceived, improved, testedandused,before Gonsalesfoundhimself unawares In thisrespect, forthefirsttimeinEuropean literature, aflyingdevice,or“engine,” fully deployed bymeansofalucidcontrol ofplausiblesituationsandfactualevents. entific thought—orspeculationsinnaturalphilosophy—whichGodwin success- The picaresque narrative prevails bothbefore setontheEarth, intheparts 9 8 The Indian Fleet Captain’s name,Adphonso deXima,reinforces theideathatGodwin Gonsaleswitnessedthediurnalrotation oftheEarth,butheexpressed hisreservations X — andresponsible forrendering theAristotle’s booksonAstronomy 75 9 8 the new astronomicalknowledge thenew gave shapetothe Into MiM 42)exhibitedtheemergingprinciplesofsci- the new cosmologyisembeddedwithinthe thenew The Unfortunate Traveller 16/05/2005, 13:39 X ,
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 76 mity andcolonialrivalry. readership wasfamiliarwithSpanish issuesowing totheintensecommercial activity, politicalen- Coelestim publication yearaftertheprocess againstGalileo,duringwhichCopernicus’ authorities twoorthree yearsjustaftertheexceedingly cruelexecution ofBruno (orconsideringthe hadbeensupposedlypublishedwiththeconsentofecclesiasticalandInquisitional the story her relatively advancedastronomy; toclaimcredibility, thehypothetical originalSpanish version of tionally beenallowed toenter ChinaandhadbeenacquaintedwiththeChineseexotic culture and (among themthelearnedtranslator, andastronomerFather cartographer Matteo Ricci)hadexcep- country. This impliedthattheGregorian calendarhadalready beenintroduced; Jesuit missionaries Islands,the Canary regarded asthehighestpeakofworld.Secondly, becauseitwasaCatholic Diego deZúñiga(Moss totheMoon 129-32),aswell asbydeparting from thePeak of Tenerife in Salamanca, where Copernicus’ heliocentrismwasdiscussedforthefirsttimeinEurope by Father Godwin attemptedtoreplicate thevoyage ofColumbusby sendinghisherototheUniversity of munications, sothatitwaslikelyaSpaniard wasalsothefirsttoreach andexplore theMoon. discovered worldandpossessedthevastest thenew colonialempire, withexcellent maritimecom- Portugal sincethePortuguese Crown washeldby theSpanish kingsbetween1580and1640)had iard. (Monterrey) Ihavesuggestedelsewhere manyothermotives.Firstly, Spain (whichincluded the divinecreation. Earth, GodwinequatedtheLunarswith Terrestrials within tothesamecategory aspertaining believed to be in fact bits of dry landsurrounded byahugeocean. believed tobeinfactbitsofdry a process forachievingsocialperfection. cal anthropology, since—unlikecommonRenaissance utopias—there hasnotbeen as theywere— were displayed bymeansoftheLunar socialstructure itself. Anglican matters, hisviewsonecclesiasticalandanthropologicalissues—orthodox condition. Althoughheavoided dealingopenlywiththeologicallycontroversial Lunars andtheirhighdegree Godwinevincedhisprelate’s ofmoralperfection, equals oneterrestrial month, etc.).In sketchingtheidealsocialorganizationof ures anddimensions(i.e.weakergravitypower, magnifiedsizesasoneLunar day double lightfrom theSun andtheEarth,harmoniousproportions ofmeas- who beingaSpaniard biguous moralityofGonsalesandstresses hisresolute andresourceful character, different purposealtogether. Nevertheless, thepicaresque elementelicitstheam- English, washisnaturallanguageforwriting,butabove hada allbecausehisstory Godwin hadtogiveananswerthecentral questionsofthedivinegraceand satellite, like the existence of sees and dry land, satellite, liketheexistenceofseesanddry Again, itislargelyaimedatillustratingcurrent philosophicalhypothesesaboutour K wing Bruno, Kepler’s ofIcelandic performance magic. celestial journey(Kepler 72), addingtherefore more authenticitytothetalethan andZuñiga’s to commentary The utopiansocietyoftheMoon mustbeunderstoodintermsoftheologi- 12 11 10 For thesectionsetonMoon, whichwasbelievedtobeinhabited—follo- This, ofcourse,isnottheonlyreason whyGodwincreated Domingo GonsalesaSpan- By thelegendoffirstIrdonozur lineageandthesendingofwickedchildren tothe The spotscommonlycalledas“ epler andmanyothers—Godwinswitchedtotheutopianliterature. 76 10 wasfitterthanaGerman —according toKepler— forthe Job were onlyforbidden). Thirdly because,yet,theEnglish el hombre della Luna 12 Asanotherworldwasbeingexplored, 11 highpeaks,theeffectsof , theMan oftheMoone” (24)were 16/05/2005, 13:39 De Revolutionibus Orbium 04 TomásMonterrey.pmd victuals thatDomingo Gonsales wasgivenbythedemonsonascendingjourney. just onemore qualityoftheunfallenLunar society, thelatterwasillustratedby of thecorruption earthly stateofthefallenmankindtoglorious,highestrealms ofheavens. Whereas theformeris on theother, itwasthoughttobeaproperty oftheimmediateorder fromthelow, ofperfection among them” (40). changed “for otherchildren, before todoeamisse they[should]haveeitherabilitieoropportunitie to light. They were subsequentlysentawaytowards aremote hillintheNorth ofAmericaand “wicked orimperfectdisposition” stature (39)byexternalsigns,suchastheirshort orlow resistance gers ofmoralimperfectionbecausetheywere notspiritualcreatures, Edenic qualitiestotherealm ofEarth. The Lunars,whowere subjectedtothedan- andmarriedtheQueenofMoon,Earth hecircumscribed thehumanlossof or Paul); butalso,by referring thelegendthatfirstIrdonozur camefrom the different onefromours,sincetheydidnotreact athearingthenamesofMary, Peter thebeliefinauniversal revelationported ofChrist(intheMoon beinganecessarily original sin,oneofthemostcontroversial inhisepoch.He subjects notonlysup- dying, incorruptible body,dying, incorruptible contention —ifany—beingsettledby thewisdomofelderly, absenceofpainat language, moralexcellence (visibleintheirheightandage),nocrime,“seeds” (40)of provision forlightandheat,healthyclimate,noideologicalcontroversy, onesingle all preternatural gifts,suchasnaturalfoodsupply, minimumwork, naturalenergy of thenecessarilyhierarchical organisationoftheLunarEdenicsociety. retirement. Together withthesovereign Irdonozur, heconstitutedthehighestrank of Sinai orAdam Paradise, intheEarthly Imozes livedakindofabsolutesacred of divinecommunicationandprophetic utterance.LiketheProphet onthesummit ing tohisframeofreference; butratherhisname—similartoMoses— issuggestive remoter area oftheMoon. Domingo Gonsalescompared himwiththePope, accord- There wasstillahigherreligious personage,Imozes, whowasolderandinhabiteda but ratheranappealtotheindependenceandauthorityofChurchEngland. statement doesnotimplyGodwin’s nostalgiafortheMedieval order ofChristianity, political government were separate,andthelatterwasadvisedby theformer. This both unfallennature andcivilgovernment. Unlike inBritain, theecclesiasticaland tant reformer Martin Luther),mirrored autopianstateoftheChurch withrespect to Insula Martini (‘God’s Island’ intheLunar language,butderivatefromtheProtes- politics. The presence ofHiruch, akindofreligious authorityinthesacred realm of Inanimatus spokesman. Though hewasaloyal Bishop, hisunlicensedpublicationof showed hisProtestant through hisCatholic —ratherthanAnglican—pointofview the nameofChrist. With respecttothereligious organisation,Godwinironically in needofneitherredemption norevangelisation, becausetheyalready worshipped palian dignityofstrictlyAristotelianformation.Asunfallencreatures, Lunars were in uniformtunicsorthephysical/moralhierarchy, were unavoidableforanEpisco- 13 14 Incorruptibility ishere acomplexissue.On theonehand,itisapreternatural gift;but, Lunars,whowere naturallyunbiasedtosin,couldidentifythosechildren possessinga mightindicatethathehadgrown criticalagainstCharlesI’s ecclesiastical 77 14 ormaritalfidelity. Otherissues,however, likeclothing 16/05/2005, 13:39 13 stillenjoyed Nuntius
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 78 parchment” (131). up,seen cavesof300thesecorpstogether;thefleshbeeingdryed thebodyeremained aslight of acave hehadvisitedwhere theykept themummifiedbodiesoftheirnoblesandchiefs:“Ihave Tenerife. Islands,Thomas Nichols, told authorofthefirstpublishedmonographyaboutCanary garded withamixture ofnovelty andawe foritsreputation ofbeingtheworld’s literature collectedby Hakluyt andPurchas. For example,theepisodeof Tenerife (12-17)isconspicuouslybasedonthetravel precepts of“scientific historiography” in ‘Baconian historiography’” writer, (28).Asahistory Godwin alsoappliedCamden’s writers usuallymadeuseofbothtendencies,whathecalls“the practitioners of existed andwere ontheoretical grounds,Mayer supported remarks thathistory aimed atdelivering “political andmorallessons” (29).Althoughthesetwomodes the “humanistmodernhistory” (25),featured byMachiavelli and Thomas More, method carriedoutby William Camdenandtheantiquarians.On theotherhand, history” (25),whichconstitutedthe“historicalrevolution” (20),designatesthe during theperiod.On theonehand,“new history” (20)or“scientific modern sentation” (4). He thenconsidersthetwomaintypesofmodernhistoricalwriting purposes, allofwhichledtotheallowance offictionasameanshistoricalrepre- andgossip,memory andawillingnesstotoleratedubiousmaterialforpractical apolemicalcast,utilitarianfaith,dependenceuponpersonal for themarvellous, England.Some ofitsfeaturesteenth- andearlyeighteenth-century include“a taste brella term“Baconian historiography” forthehistoricaldiscourseofseven- of thesolarsystem. den— meantanotherRenaissance novelty asthenew conception asrevolutionary evidence—practicedby based ontheproofofreliableWilliam documentary Cam- designing theplotof the samemethodemployed byGodwin inselectingthenarrativeelementsand fabrications seemsmore appropriateforaroguethanBishop, butitepitomises rational, materialistprocedure ofdiscerninghistoricalfactsfrommere imaginative ofgodsandheroes.city ornationwere oftenmarkedbytheinterventions This of anymanarrivingfromtheMoon theoriginsofaculture, andthat,likeonEarth, carded thelegendofIrdonozur asfalse,onthegroundsthatnorecord gavenotice family keeps the uncorrupted bodiesoftheirancestors. family keepstheuncorrupted antiquarians!— fromgenerationtointheample‘archives’ where each historical pastremains everpresent—whatadream andwellpreserved forthe numerology andtheLunarnames. This istheonlySelenite mythnarrated;their echoed teachingsofalchemy, were reinforced whichmostcertainly inthetextby Queen “inheretrice” (29)oftheMoon andfinalreturning tohisnativeplanet During ofthesixteenthcentury, great part thePeak of Tenerife wasre- In In The legendofthefirstIrdonozur’s the marrying comingfromtheEarth, 15 ancestorswasapracticeamongstthenativeGuanchesThe keepingofuncorrupted of History andtheEarlyHistory English Novel 78 MiM . The emergenceofanew, writing scientifichistory MiM toauthenticatetheeventsandfacts. , Robert Mayer hascoinedtheum- 16/05/2005, 13:39 15 Domingo Gonsalesdis- 04 TomásMonterrey.pmd the sealevel. stood ‘vertical,’ Teide wouldhaverisenabove 237,600feet(72,400metres) over miles” (131).But thisdescriptioncouldleadtoconfusion.If ‘directly’ wasunder- pike conteinethofheightdirectly upward 15leaguesandmore, whichis45English Islands, toppeofthis first bookwhollydevotedtotheCanary affirmedthat“The but, toeverybody’s amazement,hisfleeingturnedoutintoareal flight. peradventure wiselyenough[...]tofly, commandingustodisperseourselves” (14); “we thoughtitawiserwaytofly” (14),andrepeats “our Captaintherefore resolved selves by flight,”meaning bythis‘to flee’ or‘to escape.’ Gonsalesalsorelates that first versionandPortuguese inthesecond.In bothcasesthey“sought tosavethem- son oftheBishop John Scory, whohadalsooccupiedtheseeofHereford between1559and1585. accurate first-handinformationabout Tenerife from Sir EdmundScory, becausehewasthegrand- Pike of Tenerife” (Book oftheRight “Extracts takenoutoftheObservations Worshipful Sir EdmundScory, Knight,ofthe were publishedby Samuel Purchas inthe1626editionof pre-Hispanic inhabitantsof Tenerife andclaimedtohaveascendedthefamousmount. His notes ning oftheseventeenthcentury. He wasoneofthefirstauthorswhowrote aboutthenature andthe and sink?”(76,ll.286-88). Hill/ RisesohighlikeaRocke, thatonemightthinke/ The floatingMoone wouldshipwrackethere, oftheworldin disharmony andimperfection Allarums Well“The Governed andProsperous Voyage ofM.James Lancaster,” andtheother, sea-shore —directly— tothetop. Similarly, Sir Edmund Scory There are twoversions. similar eventwasnarratedintheaccountofJames Lancaster’s voyage toPernambuco. acoastalrockhalfleagueofftheisland.A caped flyingwhenthevesselstruck though itwasimpossibletoreach Gonsalesgotready itsport. hisengineandes- save thepeopleandsomegoods,captainordained toapproach theislandeven “ highest summit,andusedaccordingly inliterature. On approaching Tenerife, the 70 leagues to “no less than 100. leagues off” (13). 70 leaguesto“no less than100.leaguesoff” tance from whichthePeak wasreported tobeperceived wasincreased from 60or above level theordinary oftheLandandSea” (17).Accordingly, dis- thefarthest [...] beinginallestimationatleast15leaguesheightperpendicularlyupward, sible exittotheMoon. He simplychanged“directly” for “perpendicularly”: “ upwards. Godwinpreferred Nichols’ descriptioninorder todesignthemostplau- pieces ofadvice,foranybodyattemptingtoclimbthemountfromsea-shore of Tenerife gavefulldetailofthedifferent stagesandlandscapes,aswellvaluable Indian , waswrittenby Roberts. Henry The English merchant Thomas Nichols, reputed tobetheauthorof 18 17 16 Thomas Nichols actuallycalculatedthedistanceoftotalwayfrom the fleet” (12)wasattackedby three Englishboats.In adesperateattemptto Castillo(“El texto” visited 93-8)suggeststhatScory Tenerife mostprobablyatthebegin- Perhaps inspired by thisimpression, John Donne turned Tenerife intoasymbolofthe According toCastillo(“LasCanarias” 104-07),oneversion waspublishedby Hakluyt, 17 VII 79 , Chap. 16 The victimsofLancaster’s attackwere Spaniards inthe XII , Sec III The First Anniuersary , pp. 784-787).It waslikelythatGodwin obtained Purchas His Pilgrimage : “Doth nota Tenarif, orhigher 16/05/2005, 13:39 18 inhisdescription underthetitle Lancaster His El Pico
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 80 were forced tosettle: facts. He faithfullydepictedtheviolentsituationandplaceswhere the untamed aggressiveness oruncivilizeddegradation.AndyetGodwin to wastrue cal Atlantis people.In Islands, theGuanche racehassometimesbeenregarded asdescendantofthemythi- physical strength. Surrounded forinhabitingtheFortunate by ahaloofmystery renowned fortheirnobleness,hospitalityandhighmoralvalues,aswell asfortheir lowed the Spanish conquest.Despite theactualityofthisepisode,Guanches were mentioned theoccasionalrisingsofrebellious Guanches (called customs ofthenative tribesmenof Tenerife (called scribed thecityofLaLaguna—formercapitalisland—Peak andthe the had everreturned, soitwasbelievedthattheyhadbeenattackedandplundered by thatnoSpanishalso asserted expeditionattemptingtomeasure theheight of Teide through André Thevet’s the colonisedareas: occasional attacksandthefateofthoseSpaniards in Tenerife who ventured outside Florida hadbeentranslated andpublishedby Hakluyt in1587,mentionedthe informants. teenth century The French CaptainLaudonnière, whosevoyage to “verie muchSpaniarde like” (308).But hewasfollowing theaccountsofsix- and the alzados alzados Both Nicholswere amongstthefirstEnglishwriterswhode- andScory According toHair (217),the forthecommoditieoftheirlivelihood,didalldiethere. (2) were necessary able toliveinthatplaceaccording totheirnature, orforwantofsuchthingsas returned Notwithstanding hometobringnewes. intheende,inhabitantsnot the Spaniards behalfe,lefttheircarkasesthere, sothatnotmuchasoneofthem they disdainedsomuchthelosseoftheirIsland. For thosewhichwentthitheron would notsubmitthemselvestotheirobedience,neitherby foulenorfaire meanes, themselves intothismountaine,where foraspacetheymadewarre withthem,and The inhabitantsinthisIsle beingheretofore pursuedbytheSpaniards, retired By thetimeGodwinwascomposing Valleys, buttoprey uponwhattheycanfindethere. (16) they havediversplacesofgoodstrength, nevercommingdowne intothefruitfull continuall warre) holdthemselvesasnearthetopofthat hillastheycan,where Savages fearingthe height andsteepnessenottobeaccessibleeitherformanorbeast.Howbeit these hill, thetopwhereof isalwayescovered withSnow, andheldforthemonstrous rise. AnditisinhabitedbyaSavage kindeofpeople,thatlive uponthesidesofthat oftheIsle,pitch uponthatpart where thehill,before mentioned,beginnethto I somade,mineHost hadnotbeenacquaintedwithall;foritwasmychanceto Spaniards by inhabitedforthemostpart As formyselfe,beingnow ashore inaCountry whostilldweltthebaseandslopesofPeak (Pico 23). The episodeof hadutterlydisappeared orbecome,asGonzález deMendoza stated, 80 , Ireckoned myselfeinsafety. Howbeit IquicklyfoundtheReckoning, MiM Les singularitiesdelaFrance Antarctique Spaniards , onthecontrary, they seemtoillustratethehuman , (betweene whomandthemthere isakindeof alzados MiM Guanches were alsoknown inBritain thePeak hadsurely beenclimbed Guanches 16/05/2005, 13:39 ); butneitherofthem alzados (1558). Thevet ) whichfol- alzados 04 TomásMonterrey.pmd Dictionary that originallyitimplied“want of finish,”andquotesthefamousdefinitionfrom Samuel Johnson’s ing secret messages. thiskindofinnovations,advertise andcodify- includingelementsofcryptography riage betweenscienceandpower, andwasusingtheprintedbookasameansto scientific revolution, Godwinwasalready establishingtheever-controversial mar- revenues ratherthanatapatrioticmoralcommitment.Almosttheonsetof out ofthe‘engine,’ therogue’s loyalty tohisnationseemed totargetatprofitable Thirty Years War. However, byhisconstantinsistenceongainingfameandglory violentperiodofthe andincolonialexpansion,duringtheparticularly warfare ined itpointedoutasincere, noblevocation forstrengthening hiscountry, bothin and hiszeal toconcealhisenginefrom everybody’s sightuntiltheKinghadexam- the other, forlackofabetterexpression, personalpromotion. with othertwomajorissuesinrelationship withscience:onewasphilosophicaland sense, apartfromdepictingthenewconceptionofsolarsystem,Godwin dealt at theexpression of“some specialpurposeorconceit” ( “allusive or parabolical” narration,following Bacon’s terminology, asitalsoaimed formative thanformative, like“Newes” (Lennard 47-77).But itwasalsoakindof early seventeenthcentury, unliketoday’s essays,itscontentwasmuchmore in- the exhibitionofauthor’s own voiceandtheurgencyofsubject-matter. In the more conventionalLatinessay new fastlong-distancecommunication(10),asubjectdevelopedatlargeinhis agination, betweenphilosophyandentertainment. essay ofFancy” andim- betweentruth (2)—inanambiguous,debatableterritory circumstance”particular —by definingitas“an (2),butitalsosituatedthestory was nottheAuthors intention(Ipresume) todiscoursetheeintoabeleifeofeach “To theIngenious Reader.” It notonlymodulatedthedegree ofthecredibility: “It report. note Quitetheopposite,itsplausibilitywascounteractedby theprefatory 2) voyage was,nohistoricitywasclaimedoutsidethenarrator’s autobiographical texts” (146). Though rationallyconvincingforitsageasthe“impossible” (Campbell ised byastrongcontaminationof“fabulous narratives” (114)and “imaginative ofacommittedantiquarianashewas. cate embroidery tion containedinsuchpopulartravel bookcollectionsisadmirable;indeed,adeli- Tenerife demonstratesthatGodwin’s accuracyinhandlingexactbitsofinforma- Largely unrelated toclassicalmodels, and theessayitself. The riseofthe“essay” coincidedwiththescientificrevolution. that witnessedtheformationandestablishmentofmodernscience,novel, Gonsales’ inSt ofafortification intentiontosuggesttheconstruction Helena “Essay ofFancy” tolabel maybeasuccessfulcategory The historicaldiscourseoftheperiod,according toMayer, wascharacter- 20 19 whostillconsidered it“an irregular undigestedpiece.” For adetailedstudyonthissubject seeNeville Davies. “essay”The sensenumber8oftheentry inthe 20 In on fact,hesaidthatwaswillingtoimpartinstruction 81 Nuncius Inanimatus 19 theRenaissance essaywascharacterisedby The Oxford English Dictionary . Advancement 16/05/2005, 13:39 MiM in the very age inthevery 98).In this indicates
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 82 against argumentsfoundedonmisleadingsensorialperceptions. Gonsales’ contemplation assertive the Nolan’s thought—obliteratedforalongtimeafterhisexecution— fluttersin Giordano Bruno’s notionofan“acentric” (seeMendoza) universe.Nevertheless, victions withthelongestablishedphilosophicaltradition,or—lessprobable— admit Copernicus’ heliocentrismevincesthedifficultyofaccommodatingnewcon- of theScholasticdoctrines.Asindicatedabove, Domingo Gonsales’ reticence to introducerofAristotlein Westerncentury Europe impliedadecidedlyrenovation telian Oxford graduateasGodwinwas,tonamehisheroaftertheSpanish twelfth- seen inrelation withtheallegedpreternatural nature oftheLunars.For anAristo- stellar migratory stellar migratory the pluralityofworldsandunitysubstanceinuniverse. nar-like tunelanguagemayberegarded asaremarkable parabolicnarrationabout philosophers. In thissense,theChineseexotic,non-Christianculture anditsLu- was justaveritabletourthroughspacealready nature drawnby hiscontemporary fore, Domingo Gonsales’ journeyfrom Tenerife totheMoon andbacktoChina ofheavens,andespeciallytheMoon.tions tothephysicsandcartography There- to theintroduction ofGilbert, KeplerandGalileo’s respective scientificcontribu- mere tomaterialiseintheyearsfollowing speculationandstarted hisdeathowing philosophical celestialspaceandthepluralityofworldsceasedtoberegarded as the upperlevels,orpluralityofworldsasexemplified intheMoon). Bruno’s stars, thepure aetherfillingthestarinterstices,absenceofelementfire in troversies over theuniverseandsolarsystem(i.e.growing size ofthefixed apparently nobodyelselivedontheisland. “blackmoore” Diego, totakecare ofhimduringhisrecovery, (9)servant, since when heretuned fromtheEastIndies. He wasleftthere inthecompanyofa Monsons”mariners (“The 33).It wasonthisbasisthatGonsalesreached St Helena cept forasmallchapelandtwohermitswhoundertookthecare ofoccasionalsick settlement wasforbiddentoprevent orspoiltofitsnaturalresources, shortage ex- supply thenavigationonEasternrouteswithfresh waterandfood.Anyhuman in 1502,St Helena bythe Crown hadbeenpreserved for itsstrategicpositionto Paradisea newEarthly forexperimentsandresearch. Discovered by thePortuguese Insteadin itsendingpart. heconceivedtheSouthern AtlanticislandofSt Helena as Atlantis was referred (122),butGodwinowed littledebttoeitherthiswork orto Sylva Sylvarum matic moderntechnicianorengineer. Francis Bacon’s catalogueofexperiments, , where theutopiantempleofknowledge, Salomon’s House, wasdescribed The philosophicalissuesalsoinvolvetheologyandcosmology, aswehave 22 21 The invention of a suitable transportation —theengine—poweredThe inventionofasuitabletransportation byinter- Laterrecords donotmentionthehermits(Lancaster402, Thomas Cavendish 345). It mustbenoted, however, thatBruno’s mainbattlewasnotagainstreligious beliefsbut (1626), isoftencitedinthisrespect sinceasimilarattemptatflying 82 ganzas (a sort ofwildswans)turnsGodwin’s (asort herointoaparadig- 21 of the truth aboutmanyphilosophicalcon- ofthetruth 22 Echoing thereports ofJames Lancas- 16/05/2005, 13:39 The New 04 TomásMonterrey.pmd ing theinitialF.G.B. ofH., inthepreface to held tobeaSpanish story. Even thoughitssecondeditionappeared in1657bear- no placeintheRestoration culture. Moreover, eversinceitspublication, to thepotentialformationofa“scientific romance” tradition,whichofcoursehad known atthattime.Needless tosaythattheoutbreak oftheCivil War putanend treatise ontheMoon toprove theimpossibilityofavoyage there bythesolemeans was published,John toprepare propositionofhis Wilkins thefourteenth started hewishedtogain.Assoonas going tobemuchmore different thantheglory followingThe destinyofDomingo itspublicationwas Gonsalesduringthecentury the meaningofatextdependstohighdegree onthereader’s processofdecoding. ever, according andtheBarthesian notion ofintertextuality, tothereception theory display ofthenewcosmology, whicheffectedanewepistemologyaltogether. How- writing asaresult oftheapplicationbothscientifichistoriographyand the Lucian traditionofMoon voyages, radically modernidentity. leging mere communicationover thedivinegiftofverbal words— accentuatethat —privi- surmounting humannaturallimitationsandhisinterest incryptography Domingo GonsalesbecamethemodernAdam: thetechnicianandscientist. His the establishedparametersregarding philosophyandreligion. In Eden, thisnew logical apologyofthescientific/technologicalrevolution anditsconsequencesfor say there are noneatall” (8). This statementhasprofoundimplicationsforatheo- the onlyoneheexplicitlymentionsaslackingonisland:“as forApples Idare merce. It issignificantthatthetree ofknowledge constitute anditsforbiddenfruits fromsocietyandcom- place from sininthesamemannerthanitwaspreserved introduced, whilewomen,aswellapple-trees, were excluded, thusthe preserving purpose, vegetationassociatedwiththeChristiansymbolsofbread andwinewas lenged thusthetraditionalimageofEden bydevisinganupdatedversion. For this Wheate, Pease, Barley, andalmostallkindofPulse” (8). The AnglicanBishop chal- growingvine-plants andclaimedthat“Cornlikewise ofitselfe,incredible plenty, as plainly saidthatneithervinesnorgrainswere cultivatedthere, hepluralizedthe Helena, “the yeeldeth” onlyparadice,Ithinke,thattheearth (7). Whereas visitors ter and ofStThomas Cavendish,Godwinexaggeratedtheexuberanceandfertility Spanish outfit(65-66). When thethird editionappeared in1686, him by presenting himasthemonkey-petofSelenite Queen dressed infull believingthatthetinyDomingo author,libertine, Gonsaleswasthetrue ridiculed acknowledging thusthestrikingnovelty ofCyrano deBergerac’s works. The French Cavendish ignored theEnglish textinbenefitoftheFrench celestialvoyages (124), history, canonsandgenres. Bruno andjourneyed byGonsales—a rare pieceofwritingintheinterstices mark inour Western heritage,thoughitremains —liketheaether explainedby knowledged andhybridprogenies, Godwin’s Lunaradventure represents aland- helped feedthesatiricalvein ofBehn,DefoeandSwift. For itslegitimate,unac- before. Itto saytherationalisticsocietyithadanticipatedhalf acentury simply Despite muchcriticalinsistenceinascribingGodwin’s “essay offancy” to 83 MiM epitomisesthebirthofanewtype The Blazing World 16/05/2005, 13:39 (1662)Margaret MiM hadlittle MiM MiM was
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 84 G H B D B C C —— “El sobre textodeSir EdmundScory Tenerife.” C —— H D C A G —— “Essay.” Def. 8. C C ACON ACHRACH LDISS LEGG AVENDISH AVENDISH ASTILLO YRANO AMPBELL ONZÁLEZ ODWIN ONNE AVIS AIR AKLUYT , P.E.H. “Africa (Other That theMediterranean andRed Sea Lands)andtheAtlantic Islands.” , Lennard. Sylva Sylvarum: Or aNatural in History Ten Centuries , Brian. , C.S. , Francis. , John.
, Francis. DE , Richard, comp. anded. , Francisco Javier. “LasCanariasenlascrónicasdeRichard Hakluyt ySamuelPurchas.” College Studies inModern Language Purchas Handbook Ethnology.” English Nation Baker-Smith &C.C.Barfoot. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1987.70-90. England.” tury and ed.Richard Hakluyt, vol. 11.New York: AMSPress, 1965.290-347. The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques andDiscoveries oftheEnglish Nation 1969. Parke. London:E. White, 1588. Revista deFilología Clements. London:Norton, 1974.65-81. Lune , Mary Baine., Mary “Impossible Voyages: Space Seventeenth-Century Travel andtheImpulse of
, A.G.H.“ , ProsperousThomas. “The Voyage ofM. Thomas CavendishEsquire intheSouth Sea.” , Margaret. DE B Press Censorship inJacobean England M ERGERAC ). 1657.Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1970. The First An Anniuersary: Anatomy ofthe World Trillion Years Spree: ofScienceFictionThe History ENDOZA The Advancement andNew ofLearning Atlantis Factual Fictions: The Origins oftheEnglish Novel The Man intheMoone andNuncius Inanimatus 84 Luna Mendax The Oxford English Dictionary , Savinien. Literature andHistory The Blazing World andOther Writings . 12vols.1598-1600.New York: AMS,1965. , Juan. Between Dream andNature: Essays onUtopia andDystopia . Ed.L.E.Pennington. Vol. 1.London:Hakluyt Society, 1997.194-218. 18(2000):104-07. The Historie oftheGreat andMightie Kingdome ofChina Voyage danlaLune (L’Autre Monde ouLesÉtatsetEmpires dela The Principal Navigations VoyagesPrincipal the The of TraffiquesDiscoveries and : Some Reflections onMoon-Voyages inEarlySeventeenth-Cen- WORKS CITED 6.2(1997):1-17. 19.1 (Oct. 1937). . Cambridge:CambridgeUP, 2001. . 1933. Tabona . 1627.N.p.: Kessinger, 2002. . London:Penguin, 1994. . 1611. 8.1(1992-93):93-115. . London: Victor Gollancz, 1986. . 1605,1627.London:Oxford UP, . 1638.Ed.Grant McColley. . New York: ColumbiaUP, 1983. 16/05/2005, 13:39 John Donne’s Poetry . Ed. Dominic . Ed. Arthur . Trans.R. . Comp. Smith The 04 TomásMonterrey.pmd N M M Monsons—— “The ofthePortugall Ships fortheIndies.” M M L L M K H P M N M N M P —— “Murder Most Fowl: Butler’s Edition ofFrancis Godwin.” ICO HILMUS AUDONNIÈRE ANCASTER EPLER ICOLSON ICHOLS EVILLE UME OSS ONTERREY ICHEL ERCHANT ENDOZA CKEON C AYER C , Berta, &Dolores C OLLEY , Jean Dietz. , Kathryn. , Kathryn. , Robert. , Johannes. , Paul-Henri. D , RobertM. , Thomas. , Michael. cago: UofChicagoP, 1993. 509-515. Martínez etal.Santiago deCompostela:Universidade deSantiago deCompostela,2002. English Studies inSpain (1952-2002):ACommemorative Volume AMS, 1965.33. and Discoveries oftheEnglish Nation 1973. New York: AMS,1965.1-100. Traffiques andDiscoveries oftheEnglish Nation tion Esperanza.” Publicaciones delaUniversidad deHuelva, 2001. Estudios Canarios,2000. Institute Shaftesbury (UK):Element, 1995. Shaftesbury 1984. cal SocietyoftheChurch in Wales Cambridge UP, 1997. New York: AMS,1965.125-36. Traffiques andDiscoveries oftheEnglish Nation don, 1583.Rpt.“A DescriptionoftheFortunate Ilands.” Wells Smith CollegeStudies inModern Language 1996).
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TOMÁS MONTERREY 86 W R —— “The —— “The Well Governed andProsperous Voyage ofM.James Lancaster.” W S S P T INGER ALZMAN URCHAS ACAULT ROUSSON EBER ILKINS , AlanS.“ChangesinCelestialJourney Literature: 1400-1650.” , Dorothea Waley. , John. , Jean-Michel. “Lesjeuxdelaverité etdumensongedanslespréfacesdesrécitsdevoyages , Samuel. , Paul. Vol. 10.New York: AMS,1965.43-64. Voyages Traffiques andDiscoveries oftheEnglish Nation Summer 1997):34-50. Barcelona: Península, 1995. François Moureau. Paris: Champion,1986.82-125. imaginaires àlafindel’Age classique(1676-1726).” 1640. Probable There MayBeAnother Habitable World in That Planet