DOCSLIB.ORG

Java Based Distributed Learning Platform

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Java Based Distributed Learning Platform Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) October 2016, Volume 2, No. 10, pp. 701-707 Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/10.02.2016/008 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2016 www.academicstar.us Preliminary Research: Feature of Cross Section, Hardness, and Specific Gravity Some Petrified Wood from Loa Janan, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan Nani Husien, Agus Sulistyo Budi, and Gandi Laboratory of Information and Woody Plant Biology, Forestry Faculty, Mulawarman University, Indonesia Abstract: The aim of this research is to identify some petrified wood discovered in Loa Janan district of Kutai Kertanegara East Borneo, for anatomical feature in the cross section, the hardness and the specific gravity as well. It was hypothesized that the petrified woods which were discovered would be endemic hardwood species from East Borneo. Six specimens with different size were taken and grinded with different grit (16 to 60). A binocular microscope was used to observe pattern of pores, rays, including resin ducts. Digital balance and measuring glass was used to determine the specific gravity, while selector diamond was used to determine hardness. Reference identifying was used to identify the wood species or genus. Result showed that all specimens were macroscopically identified as Fossil of hardwood, they were characterized by the existence of growth ring, pores, and rays. Most solitary pores grouping filled with mineral deposits were apparent in all of fossil woods. The diversity of color line was probably based on its formed minerals. The hardness of specimens were between 3 to 6 mosh, and were based on the color. The specific gravity of specimens were between 1,715 g/ml to 6,050 g/ml. The Important thing, that based on identification result, the biggest petrified wood which discovered in Loa Janan district of Kutai Kertanegara is most likely species of cf.Leptospermum family Myrsinaceae. Key words: petrified wood, specific gravity, hardness, eusideroxylonzwageri , cf. Leptospermum Indonesia came from the Miocene to Pliocene that is 25 1. Introduction million years BP (Before Present) to 2 million years BP Wood fossil is petrified wood where all the organic [2]. Research on the fossil wood is included in the materials have been replaced by minerals (silica and scope of science of paleobotany. Paleobotany is the quartz type), the wooden structure is still maintained. study of plant fossils. Studies in the field of Wood fossilization process starts from the ingress of paleobotany include aspects of plant fossils, water containing minerals into the cells lining the trees reconstruction taxa, and the history of plant evolution decompose lignin and cellulose so that it becomes a in the world. To understand well about paleobotany, stone. The formation process of wood fossil is similar sciences of geology, anatomy and taxonomy is required. to the formation of fossils of other materials, which is By studying paleobotany we know the botanical due to be chemically permineralization and physical identity of a fossil (anatomy), determine the age of process through a very long process [1, 2]. Fossil wood fossils (geology), and to reconstruct the history of the has a priceless historical value because it could be a spread and extinction of certain plant taxa living proof of a certain tree species in prehistoric times. (fitogeografi). Wood fossil has been found in many Some sources reported that fossil wood found in places in Indonesia, West Java (Ciampea, Jasinga, Leuwiliang, Banten, Sukabumi and Tasikmalaya), Corresponding author: Nani Husien, Master of Science, Central Java (Banjarnegara and the border area Engineer, research areas/interests: wood biology, wood anatomy. E-mail: [email protected]. between Sragen and Karanganyar), East Java (Pacitan), 702 Preliminary Research: Feature of Cross Section, Hardness, and Specific Gravity Some Petrified Wood from Loa Janan, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan Kalimantan, Jambi, and Flores Island. Lattest internationally. Up to now, petrified wood in Indonesia information also reported many fossils was found in the is still used as a high-value commodity, and if this area of KHDTK Labanan, Berau, East Kalimantan by situation continuous, so the availability of petrified the researchers team from the Research Institute wood could decrease and eventually could extinct. Dipterocarps Samarinda [3]. In addition, it is informed, Andianto et al. (2010) [2], identified the fossil wood that the discovery of fossil wood in traditional house from Kali Cemoro which located on the border of Laitarung Village, Central Sumba was considered as a Sragen and Karanganyar, Central Java. Most of wood cultural keystone species. For other areas there may be fossil found had been petrified but not all part of the found some, but detailed information has not been specimen fossiled. The petrified wood was identified as known. More than three decades ago, wood fossils a species of rengas burung (Gluta wallichii have been excavated but until now it is only used as a Hook.f.DingHou), family Anacardiaceae (Fig. 2). trade commodity, both domestically and Fig. 1 Some petrified woods ready to be traded in (Samarinda city) East Borneo. Fig. 2 Petrified wood of rengas burungand its anatomical structure [1]. Dewi et al. (2012) [4] examined the fossil wood The fossil was found in the formation of volcanic from Wae Wuul Nature Reserve, Flores island. The rock at the tertiary period and lived during the middle fossil was identified as the genus of Shorea periode of Miocene, about 19 million years BP. The (Dipterocarpaceae). The differences in characteristics discovery of Shoreoxylon fossil was surprising because with other fossil Shorea was used to name the fossil, previous record never stated that Shorea has a namely Shoreoxylon floresiensis (Fig. 3). distribution area in Nusa Tenggara and Flores. Whitmore et al. (1989) explained that species of Preliminary Research: Feature of Cross Section, Hardness, and Specific Gravity Some Petrified Wood 703 from Loa Janan, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan Dipterocarpaceae in Nusa Tenggara are Dipterocarpus tertiary period until the quarter. The volcanic activity is hasseltii and Dipterocarpus retusus. Shoreoxylon evidenced by its rock formations which are volcanic fossils were previously only found in Sumatra, Borneo, rock formations. Macdonald (1972) states that the and Java Island. This indicates that in ancient times, volcano is an area or openings area where the thick those regions were united to the island of Flores. The rock incandescent or gas, both out from inside earth to extinction of species Shorea today in Nusa Tenggara the surface and then piles the rock material around the probably was caused by the volcanic activity of the hole then forms a hill or mountain. Fig. 3 Wood Fossils from Floresandtheir anatomical features [3]. Meanwhile the surprising discovery of petrified reason for the author to do this research, because the wood, was the discovery of the longest and the largest species scientifically this largest fossil wood so far has fossil wood that never been found before in Kalimantan, not been studied, besides, in this research, some other namely fossil wood with 28.5 meters in length and 1.40 specimen of petrified wood found adjacent to the meters in diameter, which found in the region Loa largest fossil site were taken to be analyzed. Janan District of Kutai Kertanegara, the size of this 2. Materials and Methods fossil was suppose could be bigger, because not all parts of the fossil are removed from the ground. Specimens were taken from Purwajaya Village, Loa According to its inventor Mr. Gandi (Interview, 2015), Janan, District of Kutai Kartanegara, located at 5th he discovered the largest fossil actually in year 2001, Kilometers between Balikpapan and Samarinda City, because of its extremely size and the tranding topic the location was at the ridge and close from the about “fossil stone” at that time was not yet to be trend, residential areas. Material used was six specimen of so that, this fossil newly exposed in the year 2015. The petrified wood. Two of the materials (Specimens No.1 fossil wood which is discovered in Loa Janan up to and No. 2) were taken from the part of the largest now was not known yet its species, therefore it also the petrified wood (Fig. 4) and also four other specimens 704 Preliminary Research: Feature of Cross Section, Hardness, and Specific Gravity Some Petrified Wood from Loa Janan, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan were taken from adjacent place. All specimens are in and resin ducts. Diamond selector is also used to irregular form with each dimension as shown in Fig. 5. determine the hardness. Digital balance, becker glass The equipment to polish the petrified wood was hand and measuring glass used to determine the specific grinders with different grits from very coarse (grade 16) gravity. Reference IAWA standard (1989) [5] and to medium (grade 60), a 20x binocular microscope ATLAS of Hardwood (1991) were used to identify the XTD3C was used to observe the pattern of pores, rays species or genus of the specimens. Fig. 4 The Petrified wood (28.5 m in length, 1.0 m in diameter). Picture was taken in 2001 (left) and in 2015 (right), here showed both side of the fossil supported by steel to avoid cracking. Fig. 5 Materials with difference size. 2.1 Procedure increased to a finer grain of sander for polishing. Each piece of petrified wood took approximately 10-15 The petrified wood was first cleaned with water, minutes to Polish, the polishing steps were performed then polished using hand sanders with different in the workshop in Samarinda. After polishing, then the coarseness, beginning with the most coarse and Preliminary Research: Feature of Cross Section, Hardness, and Specific Gravity Some Petrified Wood 705 from Loa Janan, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan hardness of petrified wood was determined manually and its formation’s era is unknown yet, and it is using a diamond tester at the four different zone on the estimated millions years in age.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nesting Behavior of Bornean Immature Orangutan (Pongo Pygmaeus Wurmbii) in Nyaru Menteng Arboretum School, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 21, Number 5, May 2020 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 2172-2179 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210545 Nesting behavior of Bornean immature Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Nyaru Menteng Arboretum School, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia FOUAD FAUZI1, SUEMARNO2, AMINUDIN AFANDHI2, AMIN SETYO LEKSONO3,♥ 1Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Palangkaraya. Jl. Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya 74874, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia 2Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia 3Deparment of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya. Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-341-575841, Fax.: +62-341-554403, email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 26 February 2020. Revision accepted: 23 April 2020. Abstract. Fauzi F, Suemarno, Afandhi A, Leksono AS. 2020. Nesting behavior of Bornean immature Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Nyaru Menteng Arboretum School, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2172-2179. This research aimed at analyzing the nesting behavior of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Nyaru Menteng Arboretum, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objects of observation were the immature orangutan nest, and the type of nest tree. The purposive sampling technique was used because not all immature Orangutan could make a nest. The Focal animal sampling method was used to determine the daily behavior and nets building activity. It involved observing and recording the behavior of five young Orangutans over a certain period of time and analyzing the nest made. The results of the study established that the daily activity of immature Orangutan on an average sequentially ranges from feeding 17.18%, moving 23.92%, resting 26.34%, and social behavior 32.57%.
    [Show full text]
  • Frugivory in Sun Bears (Helarctos Malayanus) Is Linked to El Niño-Related fluctuations in Fruiting Phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
    Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4066The Linnean Society of London, 2006? 2006 89? 489508 Original Article PHENOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON SUN BEAR FRUGIVORY G. M. FREDRIKSSON ET AL. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 89, 489–508. With 6 figures Frugivory in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) is linked to El Niño-related fluctuations in fruiting phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia GABRIELLA M. FREDRIKSSON1*, SERGE A. WICH2 and TRISNO3 1Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics/Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94766, 1090 GT Amsterdam, the Netherlands 2Utrecht University, Behavioural Biology, PO Box 80086, 3508 TB Utrecht, the Netherlands 3Sugai Wain Management Board, Sekretariat d/a Kantor Bapedalda Kota Balikpapan, Jl. Jend. Sudirman No.1, Balikpapan, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Received 6 December 2004; accepted for publication 15 January 2006 Sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) frugivory and fruiting phenology was investigated in a lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Two mast fruiting events, both coinciding with El Niño/Southern Oscillation events, occurred 4 years apart, resulting in large fluctuations in fruit availability. Sun bear fruit availability decreased from 13 trees ha−1 fruiting month−1 during the mast fruiting to 1.6 trees ha−1 fruiting month−1 during the intermast period. Almost 100% of sun bear diet consisted of fruit during mast fruiting period, whereas sun bear diet was predomi- nantly insectivorous during intermast periods. The majority of sun bear fruit trees displayed ‘mast-fruiting’ and ‘supra-annual’ fruiting patterns, indicating sporadic productivity. Sun bears fed on 115 fruit species covering 54 gen- era and 30 families, with Ficus (Moraceae) being the main fallback fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Journals
    SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; The mid-Miocene Zhangpu biota reveals exclusive licensee American Association an outstandingly rich rainforest biome in East Asia for the Advancement Bo Wang1*, Gongle Shi1*, Chunpeng Xu1,2, Robert A. Spicer3,4, Vincent Perrichot5, of Science. No claim to 6 6 7† 1,5 8 original U.S. Government Alexander R. Schmidt , Kathrin Feldberg , Jochen Heinrichs , Cédric Chény , Hong Pang , Works. Distributed 9 10 1 11 12 Xingyue Liu , Taiping Gao , Zixi Wang , Adam Ślipiński , Mónica M. Solórzano-Kraemer , under a Creative 13 13 14 1,15 1,16 Sam W. Heads , M. Jared Thomas , Eva-Maria Sadowski , Jacek Szwedo , Dany Azar , Commons Attribution André Nel17, Ye Liu18, Jun Chen19, Qi Zhang20, Qingqing Zhang1, Cihang Luo1,2, Tingting Yu1,2, NonCommercial Daran Zheng1,21, Haichun Zhang1, Michael S. Engel22,23,24 License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). During the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum [MMCO, ~14 to 17 million years (Ma) ago], global temperatures were similar to predicted temperatures for the coming century. Limited megathermal paleoclimatic and fossil data are known from this period, despite its potential as an analog for future climate conditions. Here, we report a rich middle Miocene rainforest biome, the Zhangpu biota (~14.7 Ma ago), based on material preserved in amber and associated sedimentary rocks from southeastern China. The record shows that the mid-Miocene rainforest reached at least 24.2°N and was more widespread than previously estimated. Our results not only highlight the role of tropical rainforests acting as evolutionary museums for biodiversity at the generic level but also suggest that the MMCO probably strongly shaped the East Asian biota via the northern expansion of the megathermal rainforest biome.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DISTRIBUTION of the DIPTEROCARPACEAE in THAILAND by Tern Sm Itinand (Read at Xitb Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, 1St September 1966)
    THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE IN THAILAND by Tern Sm itinand (Read at XItb Pacific Science Congress, Tokyo, 1st September 1966) ABSTRACT The family Dipterocarpaceae is represented in Thailand by 9 genera and 6 3 species, and can be classified into 2 groups, evergreen and deciduous or xerophytic. The majority belong to the evergreen, which is scattered all over the country either in gallery forest (Dij;tero­ carpus alatus, VaLica cinerea and Hopea odorata), along the hill streams (Dipterocarpus oblongifolius and V atica odorata), in the low-lying land (Dij;terocarpus baudii, D. dyeri, D. gmcilis, D. clwrtaceus, D. ken·ii, Slwrea and f-loj;ea spp.), or on bill slopes (Dij;terocarpus cnslatus, D. gt·andiflorus, D. Tetusus, D. turbinatus, D . IIWC1"0carpus, Hopea odomta, I-Iopea f enea and S!wrea talura). Only 5 xerophytic species are represented (Dipterocmpus obtusifolius, D. tuberculatus, D. intn·catus, Shorea obtusa and Pe11taC11·1e suavi.s), occupying either the high plateau or ridges, and forming a climatic forest type, the Dry Deciduous Diptero­ carp forest. The highest elevation reached by the Dipterocarps is 1300 m.a.s.l. (D1j;terocarpus tuberculatus, D. obtusifolius, Shot·ea obtusa and Pentacme suavis). Parashortea stellata and Shorea Togersiana follow the Tenesserim tract, while Cotylelobium lanceolatum, Balanocarpus heimii, Shorea curtisii, S. assamica var. globifera, S. guiso, S. faguetiana, S. hemsleyana, S. sumatrana, S. mae1·optera, S. glauca S. j;arv lfolia, I-Iopea pedicellata, I-I. lat1jolia, Vatica staj;fiana, and V. lowii are confined to the Peninsular region not beyond the latitude 1 o·N. Species found only in the Northeastern region are I-Iopea 1·eticulata and I-I.
    [Show full text]
  • Karyomorphology and Its Evolution in Dipterocarpaceae (Malvales)
    © 2020 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 85(2): 141–149 Karyomorphology and Its Evolution in Dipterocarpaceae (Malvales) Kazuo Oginuma1*, Shawn Y. K. Lum2 and Hiroshi Tobe3 1 The Community Center for the Advancement of Education and Research at the University of Kochi, 5–15 Eikokuji-cho, Kochi 780–8515, Japan 2 Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798 3 Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan Received January 16, 2020; accepted February 9, 2020 Summary Previous chromosome information is restricted to Dipterocarpoideae, one of the two subfamilies of Dipterocarpaceae, and no chromosome information is available for another subfamily Monotoideae. Here we present the first karyomorphology of Marquesia macroura (2n=22) (Monotoideae), as well as of four species (2n=22) of four genera in tribe Dipterocarpeae and five species (2n=14) of tribe Shoreae in Dipterocarpoideae. Comparisons within Dipterocarpaceae and with Sarcolaenaceae (2n=22) sister to Dipetrocarpaceae in the light of phylogenetic relationships show that the basic chromosome number x=11 is plesiomorphic and x=7 apomor- phic in Dipterocapaceae. Based on available information, tribe Shoreae (x=7) has a uniform karyotype where all chromosomes have a centromere at median position, while the rest of the family (x=11) have a diverse karyotype in terms of the frequency of chromosomes with a centromere at median, submedian and subterminal position. We discussed the meaning of lability of karyotype in chromosome evolution. Keywords Basic chromosome number, Chromosome evolution, Dipterocarpaceae, Karyomorphology. Dipterocarpaceae (Malvales) are a family of 16 gen- x=10, and five genera Dryobalanops, Hopea, Neobala- era and 680 species distributed in tropical regions of nocarpus, Parashorea and Shorea of tribe Shoreae all the Old World, especially in the rain forests of Malesia have x=7.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Biogeography and Diversification of the Cosmopolitan Ectomycorrhizal Mushroom Family Inocybaceae
    Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae P. Brandon Matheny1*, M. Catherine Aime2, Neale L. Bougher3, Bart Buyck4, Dennis E. Desjardin5, Egon Horak6, Bradley R. Kropp7, D. Jean Lodge8, Kasem Soytong9, James M. Trappe10 and David S. Hibbett11 ABSTRACT Aim The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushroom family Inocybaceae is widespread in north temperate regions, but more than 150 species are encountered in the tropics and the Southern Hemisphere. The relative roles of recent and ancient biogeographical processes, relationships with plant hosts, and the timing of divergences that have shaped the current geographic distribution of the family are investigated. location Africa, Australia, Neotropics, New Zealand, north temperate zone, Palaeotropics, Southeast Asia, South America, south temperate zone. Methods We reconstruct a phylogeny of the Inocybaceae with a geological timeline using a relaxed molecular clock. Divergence dates of lineages are estimated statistically to test vicariance-based hypotheses concerning relatedness of disjunct ECM taxa. A series of internal maximum time constraints is used to evaluate two different calibrations. Ancestral state reconstruction is used to infer ancestral areas and ancestral plant partners of the family. Results The Palaeotropics are unique in containing representatives of all major clades of Inocybaceae. Six of the seven major clades diversified initially during the Cretaceous, with subsequent radiations probably during the early Palaeogene. Vicariance patterns cannot be rejected that involve area relationships for Africa- Australia, Africa-India and southern South America-Australia. Northern and southern South America, Australia and New Zealand are primarily the recipients of immigrant taxa during the Palaeogene or later. Angiosperms were the earliest hosts of Inocybaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins and Assembly of Malesian Rainforests
    ES50CH06_Kooyman ARjats.cls October 21, 2019 11:31 Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Origins and Assembly of Malesian Rainforests Robert M. Kooyman,1,2 Robert J. Morley,3,4 Darren M. Crayn,5 Elizabeth M. Joyce,5 Maurizio Rossetto,2 J.W. Ferry Slik,6 Joeri S. Strijk,7,8,9 Ta o S u , 9,10 Jia-Yee S. Yap,2,11 and Peter Wilf12 1Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; email: [email protected] 2National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia 3Palynova UK, Littleport, Cambridgeshire CB6 1PY, United Kingdom 4Earth Sciences Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom 5Australian Tropical Herbarium and Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Science, James Cook University, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia 6Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam 7State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China 8Alliance for Conservation Tree Genomics, Pha Tad Ke Botanical Garden, 06000 Luang Prabang, Lao PDR 9Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China 10Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar Access provided by 118.208.177.216 on 11/06/19. For personal use only. 11Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia 12Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Annu.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Species Vulnerability to Climate Change in Peninsular Thailand
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU CWEL Publications 2011 Plant Species vulnerability to climate change in peninsular Thailand. Y. Trisuart S. Fajendra Roger K. Kjelgren Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cwel_pubs Recommended Citation Trisuart, Y.; Fajendra, S.; and Kjelgren, Roger K., "Plant Species vulnerability to climate change in peninsular Thailand." (2011). CWEL Publications. Paper 83. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cwel_pubs/83 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in CWEL Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Applied Geography 31 (2011) 1106e1114 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Geography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeog Plant species vulnerability to climate change in Peninsular Thailand Yongyut Trisurat a,*, Rajendra P. Shrestha b, Roger Kjelgren c a Kasetsart University, Faculty of Forestry, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand b School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand c Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, Utah State University, UT 84322, USA abstract Keywords: The objective of this research study was to evaluate the consequences of climate change on shifts in Climate change distributions of plant species and the vulnerability of the species in Peninsular Thailand. A sub-scene of Maxent the predicted climate in the year 2100, under the B2a scenario of the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, Peninsular Thailand version 3 (HadCM3), was extracted and calibrated with topographic variables. A machine learning Plant species Species distribution algorithm based on the maximum entropy theory (Maxent) was employed to generate ecological niche Species vulnerability models of 66 forest plant species from 22 families.
    [Show full text]
  • Orangutan Nesting Behavior in Disturbed Forest of Sabah, Malaysia: Implications for Nest Census
    P1: JQX International Journal of Primatology [ijop] pp1259-ijop-489434 September 2, 2004 23:18 Style file version Nov. 18th, 2002 International Journal of Primatology, Vol. 25, No. 5, October 2004 (C 2004) Orangutan Nesting Behavior in Disturbed Forest of Sabah, Malaysia: Implications for Nest Census Marc Ancrenaz,1,4 Romain Calaque,2 and Isabelle Lackman-Ancrenaz1,3 Received March 7, 2003; revision October 14, 2003; accepted December 23, 2003 High concentrations of orangutans remain in the multiple-use forests of the Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia. Compared to primary forest, the habi- tat is highly fragmented, characterized by a low tree density (332 stems/ha), small tree size (83.6% of trees are <20 m high), low basal area (18 m2/ha), abundance of canopy gaps and high level of soil disturbance. The forest struc- ture and composition influence orangutan nesting patterns, and thus directly influence the results of nest surveys used to determine orangutan population size. In logged forests, tall and large trees are the preferred nesting sites of orangutans. The scarcity of suitable nesting sites in the logged-over forests of Kinabatangan, could partly explain the lower daily rate of nest construction (r = 1.00) versus those of other orangutan populations. The nest decay rate t recorded at the study site (average ± SD = 202 ± 151 days) strongly depends on the species of tree in which a nest is built. Our results illustrate that the nest-related parameters used for orangutan censuses fluctuate among habitat types and emphasize the need to determine specific values of r for specific orangutan populations and of t for different tree species in order to achieve accurate analysis of census data.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Morphology and Anatomy of Two Myanmar Timber Species of the Genus Dipterocarpus, D
    Leaflet No. 10/2009 Ministry of Forestry Forest Department Forest Research Institute A Study on Morphology and Anatomy of Two Myanmar Timber Species of the Genus Dipterocarpus, D. tuberculatus Roxb. and D. turbinatus Gaertn. f. Yi Yi Han, Research Officer Kyaw Win Maung, Assistant Research Officer Kyi Kyi Khaing, Research Assistant-3 Forest Research Institute Soe Myint, Retired Rector Pakokku University December, 2009 i jrefrmhtif(Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.) eSifh unif(D. turbinatus Gaertn. f. ) wdkY\jyify&kyfoGifeSifY cE´maA'udk avYvmjcif; &D&D[ef? okawoet&m&Sd ausmf0if;armif? vufaxmufokawoet&m&Sd MunfMunfcdkif? okawoevufaxmuf -3 pdk;jrifh? ygarmu©csKyf (Nidrf;) pmwrf;tusOf; jrefrmedkifiHtv,fydkif;wGifobm0tavsmuf aygufa&mufaom tif (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.) eSifh unifyif (D. turbinatus Gaertn. f.) wdkYudk 2008 eSifh2009 ckeSpfwdkYwGif tyiferlempHp(sample) rsm;pkaqmif;cJhygonf/ 4if;wdkY\rsdK;yGm;t*Fgydkif;eSifh yifydkif;wdkY\jyify&kyfoGif vu©Pmrsmudkvnf;aumif;? yifpnfeSifht&GufwdkY\ cE¨maA'vu©Pmrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? avhvmjyD; aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf/ þvu©Pm&yfrsm;onf opfyifrsm;udk rsdK;rnfazmfjcif;wGif toHk;0ifygonf/ A study on morphology and anatomy of two Myanmar Timber species of the genus Dipterocarpus, D. tuberculatus Roxb. and D. turbinatus Gaertn. f. Yi Yi Han, Research Officer Kyaw Win Maung, Assistant Research Officer Kyi Kyi Khine, Research Assistant-3 U Soe Myint, Retired Rector Abstract Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.(In) and D. turbinatus Gaertn. f. (Ka-nyin) members of the family Dipterocarpaceae, grown wild in Central Myanmar were collected in 2008 and 2009. Their morphological characteristics of reproductive and vegetative organs and anatomical characteristics of wood of stem and leaves were studied, described and discussed. These characteristics were useful in identification of the tree species.
    [Show full text]
  • A Handbook of the Dipterocarpaceae of Sri Lanka
    YAYASAN TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN YANG BERGUNA FOUNDATION FOR USEFUL PLANTS OF TROPICAL ASIA VOLUME III A HANDBOOK OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE OF SRI LANKA YAYASAN TUMBUH-TUMBUHAN YANG BERGUNA FOUNDATION FOR USEFUL PLANTS OF TROPICAL ASIA VOLUME III A HANDBOOK OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE OF SRI LANKA A.J.G.H. KOSTERMANS Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka A HAND BOOK OF THE DIPTEROCARPACEAE OF SRI LANKA A.J.G.H Kostermans Copyright © 1992 by the Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka ISBN 955-9114-05-0 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or information storage and retrieval systems — without permission of the publisher. Manufactured in the Republic of Indonesia Published by the Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka Printed by PT Gramedia, Jakarta under supervision of PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama (Publisher), Jakarta 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Preface 1 Acknowledgments 3 List of illustrations 5 Introduction 8 History of taxonomy 19 Ecology and vegetation classification 22 Dipterocarpaceae and key to the genera 27 Species 29 References 137 Abbreviations 147 Collector's numbers 147 Index of vernacular names 149 Index of scientific names 149 PREFACE Since the publication of P. Ashton's revision of the Dipterocarpaceae of Sri Lanka in 1977 (reprinted in 1980), a fair number of changes have appeared in this family, a large number of new species has been published in periodicals not always easily accessible and, hence, we thought it appropriate to bring together in a single volume an up-to-date overview of the family in Sri Lanka.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Horticulture for Dipterocarpaceae Section 2: Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia
    Botanic Gardens Conservation International The world’s largest plant conservation network Conservation Horticulture for Dipterocarpaceae Section 2: Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia Adapted from presentation by: Dr. Iyan Robiansyah Bogor Botanic Gardens Dipterocarpaceae of Indonesia • Indonesia has 238 species of Dipterocarpaceae or 62% of the Malesian species, with Kalimantan (200 species) and Sumatra (111 species) being the center of the diversity (Purwaningsih 2004). • Located mostly in lowland forests, areas with high rate of tree cutting and forest conversion. • A total of 150 species (63.4%) of Indonesian Dipterocarpaceae are included as threatened species (CR, EN, VU) by IUCN Red List (IUCN 2019). Dipterocarpaceae of Indonesia Conservation Status of Indonesian Dipterocarp Threatened Species of Indonesian Dipterocarp by Island Dipterocarpaceae of Indonesia Threats reported from Red List assessments Dipterocarpaceae of Kalimantan • Kalimantan is the center of dipterocarp diversity in Indonesia: 200 (84%) of 238 species • Dipterocarps in Kalimantan are mostly found in lowland forests, areas with high pressure from habitat conversion and illegal logging • 88 species on Kalimantan (44%) are threatened with extinction Number of Species Assessment Category Status of Project Target Species Species Global IUCN Red List Category Anistoptera reticulata Endangered Dipterocarpus validus Near Threatened Parashorea malaanonan Least Concern Shorea andulensis Vulnerable Shorea argentifolia Least Concern Shorea balangeran Vulnerable Shorea polyandra Vulnerable Shorea richetia Vulnerable Shorea superba Vulnerable Shorea symingtonii Vulnerable Vatica cauliflora Critically Endangered Vatica chartacea Endangered Vatica globosa Endangered Vatica maritima Vulnerable Vatica pentandra Critically Endangered Shorea leprosula Near Threatened Source: IUCN 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3. http://www.iucnredlist.org. References IUCN 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
    [Show full text]