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Gross Domestic Product 7 Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product 7 Gross domestic product The factor between the two ends of the distribution is Introduction therefore 13.2:1. Luxembourg at 280 % (70 000 PPS) and Gross domestic product (GDP) is a key measure of a nation’s Brussels at 216 % (54 100 PPS) are in positions two and three, economic development and growth. This chapter considers followed by Groningen (Netherlands) at 198 % (49 700 PPS), economic growth across the regions of the European Union Hamburg at 188 % (47 100 PPS) and Praha at 173 % (43 200 Member States and candidate countries Croatia and the PPS) in positions four, five and six. Praha (Czech Republic) former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. It finds that the thus remains the region with the highest per-inhabitant differences between Member States are quite large, but GDP in the new Member States; Bratislavský kraj (Slovakia) decreasing. follows with 167 % (41 800 PPS) in ninth position among the 275 statistical areas (known as NUTS 2 regions of the Economic activity is expressed in national currency, countries examined here — 271 regions in the EU plus three converted by purchasing power parities (PPPs), which take regions in Croatia, and the former Yugoslav Republic of account of different price levels between Member States, Macedonia). However, Praha and Bratislavský kraj must be allowing for a more accurate comparison. Thanks to PPPs, regarded as exceptions as regards regions in the new Member GDP is converted into an artificial common currency, called States that joined in 2004. The next most prosperous regions purchasing power standards (PPS). This makes it possible in the new Member States are a long way behind: Bucureşti to compare purchasing power in countries that use different - Ilfov in Romania at 113 % (28 300 PPS) in position 74, national currencies. Zahodna Slovenija (Slovenia) at 109 % (27 300 PPS) in position Finally, the chapter considers the level of economic 87, Közép-Magyarország (Hungary) at 107 % (26 800 PPS) dynamism in the regions of Member States and candidate in position 96 and Cyprus at 97 % (24 400 PPS) in position 129. countries, and finds that new Member States are continuing to catch up at a relatively strong rate. With the exception of four other regions (Mazowieckie in Poland, Sjeverozapadna Hrvatska in Croatia, Malta and Vzhodna Slovenija in Slovenia), all the other regions of the new Member States, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Main statistical findings Republic of Macedonia have a per-inhabitant GDP in PPS of less than 75 % of the EU-27 average. Regional GDP per inhabitant in 2008 As a result, in 2008, GDP in 67 regions was less than 75 % of Map 7.1 shows per-inhabitant GDP (as a percentage of the the EU-27 average. Some 24.4 % of the population of the EU, EU-27 average of 25 100 PPS) for the European Union, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia lives Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in these 67 regions. Only a quarter of these regions are in EU- and Turkey, which has, after a lengthy interruption, 15 countries, while three quarters are in new Member States, again provided data (for the reference years 2004–06) in Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. line with the European system of accounts (ESA95) Data Transmission Programme. At the upper end of the spectrum, 40 regions have per- inhabitant GDP of more than 125 % of the EU-27 average; The regions with the highest per-inhabitant GDP are in these regions are home to 19.4 % of the population. Regions southern Germany, the south of the UK, northern Italy with a per-inhabitant GDP of between 75 % and 125 % of the and Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, EU-27 average are home to 56 %, and thus a clear majority Ireland and Scandinavia. The regions around certain of the population of the 29 countries under consideration capitals, Madrid, Paris, Praha and Bratislava, also fall into (EU-27, Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of this category. The weaker regions are concentrated in the Macedonia). Some 9.3 % of the population live in the 27 southern, south-western and south-eastern periphery of the regions whose per-inhabitant GDP is less than 50 % of the Union, in eastern Germany and the new Member States, EU-27 average. With the exception of the French overseas Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and department of Guyane, all these regions are located in Turkey. the new Member States, Croatia or the former Yugoslav Detailed analysis of the data in this chapter does not cover Republic of Macedonia. Turkey, since the data available consists of a time series that only goes up to 2006, i.e. two reference years less than for Major regional differences even within other countries. countries themselves Within the EU, per-inhabitant GDP ranges from 28 % of the EU-27 average (6 500 PPS) in Severozapaden in Bulgaria to There are also substantial regional differences within coun- 343 % (85 800 PPS) in the capital region of Inner London in tries themselves, as Figure 7.1 shows. In 2008, the highest the UK. per-inhabitant GDP was more than twice the lowest in 13 94 Eurostat regional yearbook 2011 eurostat Gross domestic product 7 Map 7.1: Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS), by NUTS 2 regions, 2008 (1) (in percentage of EU-27 = 100) Gross domesticproduct(GDP) 0600 km perinhabitant, in purchasing Guadeloupe (FR) Martinique (FR) power standard (PPS), by NUTS2regions, 2008 (1) (inpercentageEof U-27 = 100) EU-27=100 025 020 <=50 Guyane (FR) Réunion(FR) 50 -75 75 - 100 100-125 >125 Data not available 0 100 020 ©EuroGeographicsAssociation, forthe administrativeboundaries Açores (PT) Madeira(PT) Cartography:Eurostat—GISCO, 03/2011 050 020 Canarias (ES) Malta 0 100 010 Liechtenstein Ísland 05 0100 (¹) Turkey, 2006. (¹) Turkey,2006. Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_r_e2gdp). Source: Eurostat (online datacode: nama_r_e2gdp) eurostat Eurostat regional yearbook 2011 95 7 Gross domestic product of the 23 countries examined here with several NUTS 2 gap between the regional extreme values in the new Member regions. This group includes seven of the nine new Mem- States and Croatia is growing in most cases, it is shrinking ber States/candidate countries, but only six of the 14 EU-15 in one out of every two EU-15 countries. Member States. The largest regional differences are in Turkey, where there is Dynamic catch-up process in the new a factor of 4.9 between the highest and lowest values, and in Member States the United Kingdom and Romania, with factors of 4.8 and 3.9 respectively. The lowest values are in Slovenia, Ireland Map 7.2 shows the extent to which per-inhabitant GDP and Sweden, with factors of 1.4, 1.6 and 1.6. Moderate changed between 2000 and 2008, compared with the regional disparities in per-inhabitant GDP (i.e. factors of EU-27 average (expressed in percentage points of the EU- less than 2 between the highest and lowest values) are found 27 average). Economically dynamic regions, whose per- only in EU-15 Member States, plus Slovenia and Croatia. inhabitant GDP increased by more than 3 percentage points compared with the EU average, are shown in green. By In all the new Member States, Croatia and a number of EU- contrast, less dynamic regions (those with a fall of more 15 Member States, a substantial proportion of economic than 3 percentage points in per-inhabitant GDP compared activity is concentrated in regions that include the capital. with the EU-27 average) are shown in orange and red. The Consequently, in 18 of the 23 countries included here in range is from + 58 percentage points for Bratislavský kraj which there are several NUTS 2 regions, these regions are (Slovakia) to – 40 percentage points for Brussels in Belgium. also those with the highest per-inhabitant GDP. For example, Map 7.1 clearly shows the prominent position of the regions The map shows that economic dynamism is well above average of Brussels (Belgium), Sofia (Bulgaria), Praha (Czech in the south-western, eastern and northern peripheral areas Republic), Athina (Greece), Madrid (Spain), Paris (France) of the EU, not just in EU-15 countries but particularly in new and Lisboa (Portugal) as well as Budapest (Hungary), Member States, Croatia and some regions of Turkey. Bratislava (Slovakia), London (United Kingdom), Warszawa Among the EU-15 Member States, strong growth is (Poland) and Bucureşti (Romania). particularly evident in Spain, parts of the Netherlands and A comparison of the extreme values between 2000 and Greece, as well as the north of Finland and Sweden. On the 2008, however, shows that trends in the EU-15 have been other hand, weak growth that started several years ago is quite different from those in new Member States. While the persisting in several EU-15 countries. Italy and France have Figure 7.1: Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS), highest and lowest NUTS 2 region within each country, 2008 (¹) (in % of the EU-27 average, EU-27 = 100) Belgium Prov. Hainaut Région de Bruxelles-Capitale/Brussels Bulgaria Severozapaden Yugozapaden Hoofdstedelijk Gewest Czech Republic Severozápad Praha Denmark Sjælland Hovedstaden Germany Brandenburg-Nordost Hamburg Estonia Ireland Border, Midland and Western Southern and Eastern Greece Anatoliki Makedonia, Thraki Notio Aigaio Spain Extremadura Paìs Vasco France Guyane Île de France Italy Calabria Provincia Autonoma Bolzano / Bozen Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Hungary Észak-Magyarország Közép-Magyarország Malta Netherlands Flevoland Groningen Austria Burgenland (A) Wien Poland Podkarpackie Mazowieckie Portugal Norte Lisboa Romania Nord-Est Bucureşti - Ilfov Slovenia Vzhodna Slovenija Zahodna Slovenija Slovakia Východné Slovensko Bratislavský kraj Finland Itä-Suomi Åland Sweden Östra Mellansverige Stockholm United Kingdom West Wales and The Valleys Inner London Croatia Središnja i Istočna (Panonska) Sjeverozapadna Hrvatska Hrvatska FYR of Macedonia Turkey Van Istanbul 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 National average Capital region (¹) Turkey, 2006.
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