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The Introduction of Delftware Tiles to North America and Their Enduring Legacy in Charleston, South Carolina

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The Introduction of Delftware Tiles to North America and Their Enduring Legacy in Charleston, South Carolina Clemson University TigerPrints All Theses Theses 5-2010 Piecing It Together: The nI troduction of Delftware Tiles to North America and Their ndurE ing Legacy in Charleston, South Carolina Josslyn Kay Stiner Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Stiner, Josslyn Kay, "Piecing It Together: The nI troduction of Delftware Tiles to North America and Their ndurE ing Legacy in Charleston, South Carolina" (2010). All Theses. 828. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/828 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PIECING IT TOGETHER: THE INTRODUCTION OF DELFTWARE TILES TO NORTH AMERICA AND THEIR ENDURING LEGACY IN CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Schools of Clemson University and the College of Charleston In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Historic Preservation by Josslyn Kay Stiner May 2010 Accepted by: Robert Russell, Ph.D., Committee Chair Frances H. Ford Elizabeth Garrett Ryan Ashley Robbins-Wilson, AIA and ASID ABSTRACT The economic and social history of delftware tiles in North America has not yet been synthesized and the use of delftware tiles south of Virginia is even less documented. In fact, even though Charleston, South Carolina exhibits numerous examples of this decorative art, there has been very little research conducted on this topic regarding the southern city. The following thesis presents an overview of delftware tile manufacture and use in Europe and America. Narrowing in scope, it compiles all of the published information on the subject in colonial America, focusing specifically on the use of delftware tiles in Charleston. It analyzes import patterns derived from newspaper advertisements printed during 1735 to 1820 and researches twenty-three eighteenth-century examples of delftware tiles in the city. The findings of this study establish a solid foundation for future research and preservation of delftware tiles both in Charleston and North America as a whole. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis, and the exorbitant amount of work that went into its creation, to my amazing family. I could not have done it without your love, patience, humor, and support. I am so lucky that you encourage me to do what I love even if it is the road less traveled. Thank you for always believing in me. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank several people for their diligent contributions to this thesis. First and foremost, thank you to my advisor Dr. Robert Russell for all your help, encouragement, and thought-provoking insights. Thank you to Frances Ford for giving me the idea of studying delftware tiles in the first place as well as constant encouragement throughout the entire process. Thank you to Richard Marks for allowing me the use of tile fragments from 54 Tradd Street for my conservation project. I had so much fun with that experience. Much appreciation goes to my committee members, Elizabeth Garrett-Ryan and Ashley Robbins Wilson, for reading my very long, wordy drafts and providing helpful constructive comments. I also want to recognize the staff members at all of the major research depositories in Charleston for their enthusiasm and willingness to help me find even the tiniest piece of evidence. I particularly thank Martha Zierden, Jennifer Scheetz, Neil Young, Grahame Long, Carter Hudgins, Sarah Stroud, Joyce Keegan, Nic Butler, and Karen Emmons for all the assistance they gave to my research and thesis. Finally, I want to thank my fellow graduate students. These past two years have been such a wonderful experience, mainly because of you all. We shared countless hours of entertainment, both in school and out of it, and your friendship provided me with much- needed support through the more difficult of times of this endeavor. I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to get to know each one of you. I wish you all the very best in your next adventure, wherever it takes you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 II. LITERARY REVIEW ................................................................................................ 4 Dutch Culture in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ........................ 4 Delftware Tiles in the Netherlands .................................................................... 5 Delftware Tiles in Great Britain ....................................................................... 15 Delftware Tiles in Colonial America ................................................................ 18 Delftware Tiles in Charleston ........................................................................... 22 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 24 III. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................... 25 Delftware Tiles in the Netherlands .................................................................. 25 Delftware Tiles in England ................................................................................ 32 Production Process ............................................................................................. 37 IV. DELFTWARE TILES IN NORTH AMERICA ................................................ 41 Colonial Trade Network .................................................................................... 41 Seventeenth Century .......................................................................................... 44 Eighteenth Century ............................................................................................ 49 Nineteenth Century ............................................................................................ 56 v Table of Contents (Continued) Page V. DELFTWARE TILES IN CHARLESTON ........................................................ 58 Period of Significance ......................................................................................... 58 Charleston’s Trade Relations with Europe ..................................................... 60 Ship Captains and Their Ports of Call ............................................................. 62 Merchants in Charleston .................................................................................... 64 Decorative and Practical Uses ........................................................................... 68 Class Profile of Owners ..................................................................................... 72 VI. CASE STUDIES ....................................................................................................... 77 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 77 Archdale Hall Plantation .................................................................................... 79 Hampton Plantation ........................................................................................... 85 John Drayton House: 2 Ladson Street ............................................................ 95 William Vanderhorst House: 54 Tradd Street ................................................ 99 VII. CONSERVATION OF DELFTWARE TILES ............................................... 103 Conservation Issues .......................................................................................... 104 Established Methods of Delftware Tile and Ceramic Conservation ......... 106 Case Study: 54 Tradd Street ............................................................................ 110 Conservation Procedure .................................................................................. 111 Results................................................................................................................. 115 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 117 VIII. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 118 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 121 A: Catalog of Houses in Charleston, SC with Evidence of Delftware Tile .................................................................................................... 122 B: Advertised Shipments by Year .............................................................................
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