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Wildlife Resources of the West African Savanna

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Wildlife Resources of the West African Savanna Wildliferesource so fth eWes tAfrica n Savanna CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGU S 0000 0457 9567 WH Promotoren: dr. C.W. Stortenbeker, emeritus hoogleraar in het natuurbehoud en -beheer dr. R.H. Drent, hoogleraar in de dieroecologie, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen S.d eBi e Wildlife resources ofth e WestAfrica n Savanna Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen op gezagva n de rector magnificus, dr. H.C. van der Plas, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 11oktobe r 1991 des namiddags tevie r uur in de aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen \IVv\ =5L|8L||2 . CANDBOUWUMVERâimà These thesis alsopublishe d asnumbe r 91-2(1991 )o f the WAGENINGEN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY PAPERS STELLINGEN 1. Dehoefdiergemeenscha p vand eWestafrikaahs e savannemoe tgekarakteriseer d worden als een vuur-climax-gemeenschape n daarom ishe t verstandig gebruik van vuur als een instrument in het beheer van deze levensgemeenschap onont­ koombaar. Dit proefschrift. 2. Het ontbreken van 'medium-sized grazers', zoals het wildebeest en de zebra, ind eWestafrikaans e savannemoe tworde n toegeschreven aand elandschappe ­ lijke eenvormigheid en specifieke floristische samenstelling van deze savanne waardoor de droge tijd een onoverbrugbare barrière voor deze diersoorten vormt. Dit proefschrift. 3. Alhoewel de moeilijkheden zoals samengevat in de uitspraak van Bell(1984) : '...th eestimatio no fcarryin gcapacit yi sth egraveyar d ofecologica lreputations ; it is easy to be wrong; it is easy to be shown to be wrong and being wrong can beexpensive... ' blijven gelden, moeten zijgee n belemmering vormen voor de bepaling van de draagkracht; met de huidige kennis en wetenschappelijke methodiekeni see nverfijnin g vand evoorspellin g mogelijk. R. H. V. Bell, 1984. Carrying capacity and off-take quotas. In: R.H .V . Bell& E. McShane-Caluzi(eds. )Conservatio nan dmanage ­ menti nAfrica . Proc.Worksho pU SPeac eCorps . Dit proefschrift. 4. Deveehouderi j enhe t behoud vanwild ehoefdiere n zijn onverenigbaar alsvor ­ men van landgebruik in de Westafrikaanse savanne, wat wordt ondersteund doorresultate nva nonderzoe kelders . Dit proefschrift. D.C .P .Thalen , 1979. Ecologyan dutilizatio n ofdeser tshru brange - landsi nIraq .Jun kPubl. ,Th eHague . 5. De beperkingen aan het gebruik van de natuurlijke bestaansbronnen op onze aarde verplichten economen en politici bij de uitwerking van het concept van duurzame groei rekening tehoude n met het concept oecologische draagkracht vandez ebestaansbronnen . 6. Vanwege het positieve verband tussen de presentie van herbivoren en de ver­ spreiding en hoeveelheid van hun mest kan het terreingebruik van herbivoren goedaa nd ehan dva nallee nd emes tworde nvastgesteld . *Ö M.Rawe s& D.Welch , 1969. Upland productivity ofvegetatio n and sheep at Moor House National Nature Reserve. Oikos Suppl. 11: 9-72. J.P .Bakker ,S . deBie ,J .H .Dallinga ,P .Tjade n &Y .d eVries , 1983. Sheep-grazinga sa managemen ttoo lfo r heathlandconservatio nan d regenerationi nth eNetherlands .J .Applie dEcology ,20 : 541-560. 7. Dekolonisati e vaneilande n door het rendier enlater eheruitzettinge n vandez e diersoort door de mens in beide poolgebieden hebben steun gegeven aan de opvattingda tpredatore n geensleutelro lspele nbi jd eaantalsregulati eva nhoef - dieren. H.Kruuk , 1972. TheSpotte dHyena ,a stud yo fprédatio nan dsocia l behavior.Univ .o fChicag oPress ,Chicago . S.d eBi e& S . E.va nWieren ,1980 . Mortalitypattern si nwil dreindee r on Edgeoya (Svalbard). In: E. Reimers,E . Gaare &S . Skjenneberg (eds.)Proc .2n dInt .Reindeer/Caribo u Symp.,Reros ,Norway ,1979 . p.605-610 . N. Leader-Williams, 1988.Reindee r on South Georgia. Cambridge Univ.Press ,Cambridge . Het mislukken van veelontwikkelingsprojecte n en -programma's hangt samen met het niet onderkennen van het gegeven dat ook de mens zich in zijn over­ levingsstrategieënaanpas taa nveranderend e milieuomstandigheden. 9. De omvang der middelen als percentage van het Bruto Nationaal Produkt die inNederlan dworde nuitgetrokke n voorhe tbehou de nbehee rva nnatuu r steekt beschamend aftege nwa twi jvrage n van ontwikkelingslanden voor het behoud van de olifant, het tropisch regenwoud en andere ons aansprekende natuur in dielanden . 10. Het ontbreken van een duidelijk beeld in het beleid van de overheid van wat in Nederland 'natuur' zou moeten zijn, geeft geen hoge verwachtingen met betrekkingto td euitkoms tva nhaa r natuurontwikkelingsbeleid. 11. Onderzoek in de tropen zou onmogelijk zijn zonder het werk van taxonomen en dus isee n positieve herwaardering van de taxonomie van planten en dieren * inhe tuniversitai r onderwijse nonderzoe k dringend gewenst. 12. Het is verheugend te constateren dat binnen de vakgroep Natuurbeheer van de Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen nu expliciet aandacht kan wordengege ­ ven aan onderwijs en onderzoek in de tropen. Het valt daarom te hopen dat de Landbouwuniversiteit de mogelijkheden zal bieden dit gestalte te geven in detrope nzelf . Stellingen behorende bij het proefschrift van S. de Bie: Wildlife resources of theWes tAfrica n savanna. Wageningen, 11 oktober 1991. '...nothingca nb emor eimprovin gt oa youn gnaturalist ,tha na journe yi ndistan t countries.'Charle sDarwi n- TheVoyag eo fth eBeagl e '...and the path that leads there is not a path to a strange place, but the path home.'Pete rMatthiesse n- TheSno wLeopar d Abstract Bie,S .de , 1991.Wildlif e resourceso fth eWes tAfrica n savanna. Doctoral thesis, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 267 pp., English and Dutch summaries. The wild fauna in Africa is a renewable resource and its overexploitation has led to the depletion of animal populations. This thesis focusses on the ecological characterization of the ungulate community of the West African savanna, with specialreferenc e to theBiospher eReserv e 'Boucled u Baoulé'i nMali ,an d makes a contribution to the ecological knowledge required for the conservation and management ofWes t African savanna ecosystems. Part Icontain s background information on theenvironmen t ofth eWes t Afri­ can savanna and itsus eb yman , and it givesa description of the study area. Part II describes phenological patterns, production and quality for different groups of herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees and analyses the vegetation of the West African savanna as a source of food for the different ungulate species. Choice ofhabitat , dietcomposition , energy and protein requirements in relation to the metabolic weight of animal species are investigated as they are necessary for the analysis of the mechanisms of ecological separation of ungulates. In Part III the ecological carrying capacity of the West African savanna in the Baoulé is estimated by calculating dry-season stocking rates on the basis ofth eavailabilit y ofqualit y forage. Resultsar ecompare d with other approaches for the assessment of the ecological carrying capacity in the West African savanna zone and in other savanna ecosystems, elsewhere in Africa and in Aus­ tralia. Using information on the ungulate community and the ecological carrying capacity of the West African savanna, in Part IV management options for the conservation and management ofwil d ungulate populations are suggested. Acknowledgements I wish to thank the Government of the Republic of Mali for allowing me and my colleagues on the project 'Recherche sur l'Utilisation Rationnelle du Gibier au Sahel' (R.U.R.G.S.) to work in the Biosphere Reserve 'Boucle du Baoulé', and the Forestry Serviceo f Mali for their cooperation. The fieldwork in Mali was carried out while working as an ecologist for the Directorate-General for International Cooperation of the Netherlands' Ministry of Foreign Affairs. I am very much indebted to Chris Geerling, not only for introducing me to the beauty of tropical countries but also for showing me that tropical ungulates are as fascinating as their relatives in the high Arctic. In all the years that we worked together in finalizing and publishing the various R.U.R.G.S.-project reports, often in difficult circumstances, he always emphasized the importance of this thesis to me. I also want to thank him for allowing me to include his photographs of ungulates, taken in West African national parks and game reserves. I very much appreciate the support and encouragement I received from the late Harm van de Veen. The study benefited greatly from his enthusiasm for ungulate research and his experience in it. I feel therefore very sad that he will not seeth e result. Iwis h to expressm ygratitud e to allmy colleague s on the R.U.R.G.S.-project. Their cooperation was of vital importance both scientifically and socially. Espe­ cially I want to mention Mr. M. Diakité, director of the project, who conti­ nuously gavem e support and helped to obtain ministerial permission for carry­ ing out parts of this research, and I also thank Mr. N. Traoré, my Malian counterpart. Theadministrativ e and technicalstaf f ofth eDepartmen t ofNatur e Conserva­ tion, Agricultural University of Wageningen, helped me in numerous ways for which I am very grateful. I thank my colleagues at the Department for the val­ uable discussions about thisresearch . During the research periodman y students helped me. I am very grateful to them and especially want to mention I. Heitkö- nig,C . Smits, J. van der Steege and W. Legemaat. Iwis ht o thank Prof.Dr. R.A. Prins for hisintroductio n to the digestivephysi ­ ology of ruminants and Dr. B.Deinu m whose practical advice made the numer­ ous chemical analysesmuc h easier. Dr. R.M. Watson introduced me to the art of aerial surveys and showed me that ecological research in tropical areas can benefit enormously from aerial reconnaissance for which I thank him very much. Various chapters were improved by the comments of Prof.Dr.Ir. L. 't Mannetje (Chapters 2, 9 and 10), Prof.Dr.Ir. S. Tamminga (Chapter 7), Dr. C. Geerling (all chapters), Dr. ix R. Putman (Chapters 1 to9 )an dDr .H . Breman (Chapters 9an d10) . Many thanks to Ms.H .
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