DOCSLIB.ORG

Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Pigments Solid Mixed Matrices in MALDI/TOF-MS Solutions for Innovation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Pigments Solid Mixed Matrices in MALDI/TOF-MS Solutions for Innovation Vol. 28 No. 1 February/March 2016 Informing European spectroscopists for over 40 years Raman spectroscopy of biological pigments Solid mixed matrices in MALDI/TOF-MS Solutions for Innovation UltraCOOL Probe · For maximum sensitivity · 800 and 600MHz - 5mm C-H and H-X type · 13C : > x5 higher sensitivity · 1H: > x4 higher sensitivity JEOL - NMR Probes Advanced Technology and Performance The SuperCOOL probe · Low cost nitrogen cooled probe · 400MHz 5mm tunable type · 13C : x3 higher sensitivity · 1H: > x3 higher sensitivity www.jeol.com AID_probes_a4v1.indd 1 14/04/2014 10:20 EDITORIAL Connecting Global Competence F As you will have noticed from this issue’s cover, we are making a 3 colourful start to 2016. In the first article on “The analytical niche for Raman spectroscopy in biological pigment research”, Daniel U2 Thomas and Cushla McGoverin suggest that Raman spectros- copy may have a particularly valuable role in pigment biology TU research. Pigments are almost universal in biology and are the basis of much of what we find attractive in flowers, birds and sea life, such as the fan corals on the cover. The authors show how NE3 RE4 Raman spectroscopy can be used to quickly confirm the pres- ence of a pigment as well as providing more detailed knowledge TW about unknown pigments. The bio theme moves to mass spectrometry in “Solid mixed matrices and their advantages in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ O4 ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry” by Marek Šebela. Getting the most from various matrices for use in matrix-assisted GL RK laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) has always been a bit of an art, and the introduction of mixed matrices increases the number of possible combinations but may improve reproducibility and so 03 simplify analysis in the end. The author describes mixed matri- ces for a range of samples including proteins, peptides, oligo - B saccharides, oligonucleotides, lipids, polymers and even intact 2 microbial cells! In the Tony Davies Column, vast amounts of data and how you AL2 handle them are investigated by Tony, and Shane Ellis, Benjamin Balluff and Ron Heeren from the Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute. “Spectroscopic data handling at peta- byte scale” shows how one institute is dealing with truly huge amounts of data, both in its collection and in its distribution to Everything scientists for interpretation and analysis. At the same time, the related to biotechnology institute has been able to incorporate best practice around the in one hall FAIR Data Stewardship of scientific information. Peter Jenks looks back to the BERM 14 conference on biologi- cal and environmental reference materials in the Quality Matters Elementary Column. The next conference in the series returns to Europe: Berlin in June 2018. to your success. In the Sampling Column, Kim Esbensen and Claas Wagner continue our education about representative sampling. In The world’s largest network of trade fairs for laboratory technology, instrumental analysis and “Sampling quality assessment: the replication experiment”, they biotechnology features the complete range provide an overview of the issue of replication, which may not of products and services for all of your laboratory be as straightforward as might be expected at first. needs—in industry and research. The scientific We also have a Product Focus on Atomic Spectroscopy, many highlight is the analytica conference, where the international elite discusses the latest findings New Products, even before the tsunami that one can expect in biochemistry and laboratory medicine. from Pittcon next month, news of literature and nearly three Monacofiere, Tel. +39 02 4070 8301, pages of upcoming conferences, courses and exhibitions. [email protected] May 10–13, 2016 Messe München 25th International Trade Fair for Laboratory Technology, Analysis, Biotechnology and analytica conference www.analytica.de www.spectroscopyeurope.com ana16_Biotech_70x297_SPECTROSCOPY_E-ITA.indd 1 18.12.15 15:39 Vol. 28 No. 1 February 2016 ISSN 0966-0941 Informing European spectroscopists for over 40 years Raman spectroscopy of biological pigments Solid mixed matrices in MALDI/TOF-MS CONTENTS 3 Editorial 6 The analytical niche for Raman spectroscopy in biological pigment research Daniel Thomas and Cushla McGoverin believe Daniel B. Thomas and Cushla M. McGoverin that Raman spectroscopy has a niche for the investigation of biological pigments in many organisms including these sea fan corals. Read about this on page 6. 10 Solid mixed matrices and their advantages in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight Publisher mass spectrometry Ian Michael E-mail: [email protected] Marek Šebela Article Editor John Chalmers 15 Tony Davies Column VSConsulting, Stokesley, UK. E-mail: [email protected] Spectroscopic data handling at petabyte scale Advertising Sales UK and Ireland 18 Quality Matters Ian Michael BERM 14 retrospective: autumn in Maryland, USA IM Publications, 6 Charlton Mill, Charlton, Chichester, West Sussex PO18 0HY, United Kingdom. Tel: +44-1243-811334, Fax: +44-1243-811711, 20 Sampling Column E-mail: [email protected]. Sampling quality assessment: the replication experiment Americas Joe Tomaszewski John Wiley & Sons Inc. 26 Product Focus Tel: +1-908-514-0776 Atomic Spectroscopy E: [email protected] Europe and 27 New Products the Rest of World Stephen Parkes and Charlotte Redfern John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, 31 Literature Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, UK, Tel: +44-1243-770367, Fax: +44-1243-770432, E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] 32 Diary Paid subscriptions Advertisers index Journals Subscriptions Department, John Wiley & 35 Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, UK. Spectroscopy Europe is a controlled circulation journal, published seven times a year and avail- Tel +44-1243 779777, Fax +44-1243 843232, able free-of-charge to qualifying individuals in Europe. Others can subscribe at the rate of €152 e-mail: [email protected] (Europe), £108 (UK), $208 (ROW, postage included) for the seven issues published in 2016. All paid subscription enquiries should be addressed to: Spectroscopy Europe, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Spectroscopy Europe is a joint publication of Journals Administration Department, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern 8SQ, UK. Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, UK, and IM Publications LLP, 6 Charlton Mill, Charlton, Copyright 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and IM Publications LLP Chichester, West Sussex PO18 0HY, UK. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, Vol. 28 No. 1 or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or February/March 2016 otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher in writing. Printed in the UK by Headley Brothers Ltd, Ashford, Kent. 4 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE Shimadzu_SpectroEurope_0216:Layout 1 15.12.15 16:33 Seite 1 IRTracer-100 – highly improved sensitivity meets expandability and easy maintenance It’s a matter of specs The IRTracer-100 provides quick and easy analysis in a variety of fields. This FTIR spectrophotome- ter for near, mid and far infrared range is perfect for pharmaceutical, chemical, food and environ- mental applications as well as for microanalysis (crime, forensics). The IRTracer-100 monitors high speed reactions within a second. • Outstanding sensitivity • LabSolutions IR software quickly and easily obtains high quality data unifies data handling with other laboratory hardware, e.g. LC and GC from Shimadzu • High-speed scanning of 20 spectra in a second in rapid scan mode • High performance library and search software containing 12,000 spectra and a unique contaminant • Expandability search program through software and hardware options The Shimadzu IRTracer-100 New Levels of Performance and Quality Created by Excellent Sensitivity, Speed and Resolution www.shimadzu.eu VOL. 28 NO. 1 (2016) ARTICLE The analytical niche for Raman spectroscopy in biological pigment research Daniel B. Thomasa and Cushla M. McGoverinb aInstitute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] bThe Dodd Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Introduction ists. Ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy HPLC and UV/vis. The aim of this short Pigments have important roles in the (UV/vis) and high-performance liquid review article is to show how Raman physiologies and ecologies of a diverse chromatography (HPLC) are staples of spectroscopy is being used in biological range of organisms, from unicellu - biochrome research, where the former is pigment research, beginning with studies lar algae to fungi, plants and animals non-destructive and the latter is routinely of carotenoid pigmentation. (see, for example, Figure 1). Biological used for chemical identification. Raman pigmentation is used for communication spectroscopy combines both of these Carotenoids and camouflage, as well as maintain- advantages into a single technique, but The characteristic colours of canaries, ing health, for producing and circulat - is relatively under-utilised in pigment marigolds, carrots and butterflies are all ing respiratory gases, and many other biology research. Raman spectroscopy examples of the yellow through orange functions. Pigmentation research often
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparison of Ultraviolet and Visible Raman Spectra of Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts
    8600 J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8600-8606 A Comparison of Ultraviolet and Visible Raman Spectra of Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts Yek Tann Chua,† Peter C. Stair,*,† and Israel E. Wachs*,‡ Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis and Surface Science and Institute of EnVironmental Catalysis, Northwestern UniVersity, EVanston, Illinois 60208, and Zettlemoyer Center for Surface Studies and Department of Chemical Engineering, Lehigh UniVersity, Bethlehem, PennsylVania 18015 ReceiVed: April 11, 2001 The recent emergence of ultraviolet-wavelength-excited Raman spectroscopy as a tool for catalyst characterization has motivated the question of how UV Raman spectra compare to visible-wavelength-excited Raman spectra on the same catalyst system. Measurements of Raman spectra from five supported metal oxide systems (Al2O3-supported Cr2O3,V2O5, and MoO3 as well as TiO2-supported MoO3 and Re2O7), using visible (514.5 nm) and ultraviolet (244 nm) wavelength excitation have been compared to determine the similarities and differences in Raman spectra produced at the two wavelengths. The samples were in the form of self-supporting disks. Spectra from the oxides, both hydrated as a result of contact with ambient air and dehydrated as a result of calcination or laser-induced heating, were recorded. A combination of sample spinning and translation to produce a spiral pattern of laser beam exposure to the catalyst disk was found to be most effective in minimizing dehydration caused by laser-induced heating. Strong absorption by the samples in the ultraviolet significantly reduced the number of scatterers contributing to the Raman spectrum while producing only modest increases in the Raman scattering cross section due to resonance enhancement.
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic and Molecular Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Selected Pharmaceuticals
    Article Atomic and Molecular Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Selected Pharmaceuticals Pravin Kumar Tiwari 1,2, Nilesh Kumar Rai 3, Rohit Kumar 3, Christian G. Parigger 4 and Awadhesh Kumar Rai 2,* 1 Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382428, India 2 Laser Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj-211002, India 3 CMP Degree College, Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Pragyagraj-211002, India 4 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Tennessee, University of Tennessee Space Institute, Center for Laser Applications, 411 B.H. Goethert Parkway, Tullahoma, TN 37388-9700, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-532-2460993 Received: 10 June 2019; Accepted: 10 July 2019; Published: 19 July 2019 Abstract: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of pharmaceutical drugs that contain paracetamol was investigated in air and argon atmospheres. The characteristic neutral and ionic spectral lines of various elements and molecular signatures of CN violet and C2 Swan band systems were observed. The relative hardness of all drug samples was measured as well. Principal component analysis, a multivariate method, was applied in the data analysis for demarcation purposes of the drug samples. The CN violet and C2 Swan spectral radiances were investigated for evaluation of a possible correlation of the chemical and molecular structures of the pharmaceuticals. Complementary Raman and Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopies were used to record the molecular spectra of the drug samples. The application of the above techniques for drug screening are important for the identification and mitigation of drugs that contain additives that may cause adverse side-effects. Keywords: paracetamol; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy; cyanide; carbon swan bands; principal component analysis; Raman spectroscopy; Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Laser Raman Spectroscopy As a Technique for Identification Of
    ARTICLE IN PRESS CHEMGE-15589; No of Pages 13 Chemical Geology xxx (2008) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemgeo Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals Sheri N. White ⁎ Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02536, USA article info abstract Article history: In situ sensors capable of real-time measurements and analyses in the deep ocean are necessary to fulfill the Received 8 August 2008 potential created by the development of autonomous, deep-sea platforms such as autonomous and remotely Received in revised form 8 November 2008 operated vehicles, and cabled observatories. Laser Raman spectroscopy (a type of vibrational spectroscopy) is an Accepted 10 November 2008 optical technique that is capable of in situ molecular identification of minerals in the deep ocean. The goals of this Available online xxxx work are to determine the characteristic spectral bands and relative Raman scattering strength of hydrothermally- Editor: R.L. Rudnick and cold seep-relevant minerals, and to determine how the quality of the spectra are affected by changes in excitation wavelength and sampling optics. The information learned from this work will lead to the development Keywords: of new, smaller sea-going Raman instruments that are optimized to analyze minerals in the deep ocean. Raman spectroscopy Many minerals of interest at seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep sites are Raman active, such as elemental sulfur, Mineralogy carbonates, sulfates and sulfides. Elemental S8 sulfur is a strong Raman scatterer with dominant bands at ∼219 and Hydrothermal vents 472 Δcm−1.
    [Show full text]
  • Accessing Excited State Molecular Vibrations by Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy
    Accessing Excited State Molecular Vibrations by Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy Giovanni Batignani,y Carino Ferrante,y,z and Tullio Scopigno∗,y,z yDipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma “La Sapienza", Roma, I-00185, Italy z Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Roma, I-00161, Italy E-mail: [email protected] arXiv:2010.05029v1 [physics.optics] 10 Oct 2020 1 Abstract Excited-state vibrations are crucial for determining photophysical and photochem- ical properties of molecular compounds. Stimulated Raman scattering can coherently stimulate and probe molecular vibrations with optical pulses, but it is generally re- stricted to ground state properties. Working in resonance conditions, indeed, enables cross-section enhancement and selective excitation to a targeted electronic level, but is hampered by an increased signal complexity due to the presence of overlapping spectral contributions. Here, we show how detailed information on ground and excited state vi- brations can be disentangled, by exploiting the relative time delay between Raman and probe pulses to control the excited state population, combined with a diagrammatic formalism to dissect the pathways concurring to the signal generation. The proposed method is then exploited to elucidate the vibrational properties of ground and excited electronic states in the paradigmatic case of Cresyl Violet. We anticipate that the presented approach holds the potential for selective mapping the reaction coordinates pertaining to transient electronic stages implied in photo-active compounds. Graphical TOC Entry 2 Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to access the vibrational fingerprints of molecules or solid state compounds and it can be used to extract structural and dynamical information of the samples under investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Combining Chemical Information from Grass Pollen in Multimodal Characterization
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 31 January 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01788 Combining Chemical Information From Grass Pollen in Multimodal Characterization Sabrina Diehn 1,2, Boris Zimmermann 3, Valeria Tafintseva 3, Stephan Seifert 1,2, Murat Bag˘ cıog˘ lu 3, Mikael Ohlson 4, Steffen Weidner 2, Siri Fjellheim 5, Achim Kohler 3,6 and Janina Kneipp 1,2* 1 Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2 BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany, 3 Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway, 4 Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway, 5 Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway, 6 Nofima AS, Ås, Norway Edited by: Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen, fi University of Copenhagen, The analysis of pollen chemical composition is important to many elds, including Denmark agriculture, plant physiology, ecology, allergology, and climate studies. Here, the Reviewed by: potential of a combination of different spectroscopic and spectrometric methods Wesley Toby Fraser, regarding the characterization of small biochemical differences between pollen samples Oxford Brookes University, United Kingdom was evaluated using multivariate statistical approaches. Pollen samples, collected from Åsmund Rinnan, three populations of the grass Poa alpina, were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared University of Copenhagen, Denmark (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), Anna De Juan, and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The University of Barcelona, Spain variation in the sample set can be described in a hierarchical framework comprising three *Correspondence: populations of the same grass species and four different growth conditions of the parent Janina Kneipp [email protected] plants for each of the populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Venus Elemental and Mineralogical Camera (Vemcam)
    EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-827-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. Venus Elemental and Mineralogical Camera (VEMCam) Samuel M. Clegg (1), Brett S. Okhuysen (1), David S. DeCroix (1), Raymond T. Newell (1), Roger C. Wiens (1), Shiv K. Sharma (2), Sylvestre Maurice (3), Ronald K. Martinez (1), Adriana Reyes-Newell (1), and Melinda D. Dyar (4), (1) Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, [email protected], (2) Hawaii Inst. of Geophysics and Planetology, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA, (3) L'Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse France, (4) Planetary Science Inst., Tucson, AZ, USA Abstract The Venus Elemental and Mineralogical Camera The Venus Elemental and Mineralogical Camera (VEMCam) is an integrated remote LIBS and Raman (VEMCam) can make thousands of measurements instrument concept designed to operate from within within the first two hours on the surface, providing the safety of the lander. The extreme Venus surface an unprecedented description of the Venus surface. conditions requires rapid analyses and VEMCam can VEMCam is based on the ChemCam instrument on collect over 1000 chemical and mineralogical spectra the Mars Science Laboratory rover and the within the first hour. Here, we discuss the VEMCam SuperCam instrument selected for the Mars 2020 prototype calibration and analysis in which samples rover. VEMCam includes an integrated Raman and are placed in a 2 m long chamber capable of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) simulating the Venus surface atmosphere. instrument capable of probing many disparate locations around the lander. VEMCam also includes 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Structure, Raman Spectroscopy and Dielectric Properties of New Semiorganic Crystals Based on 2-Methylbenzimidazole
    crystals Article Crystal Structure, Raman Spectroscopy and Dielectric Properties of New Semiorganic Crystals Based on 2-Methylbenzimidazole E. V. Balashova 1,* , F. B. Svinarev 1, A. A. Zolotarev 2, A. A. Levin 1, P. N. Brunkov 1, V. Yu. Davydov 1 , A. N. Smirnov 1 , A. V. Redkov 3, G. A. Pankova 4 and B. B. Krichevtsov 1 1 Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation; [email protected]ffe.ru (F.B.S.); [email protected]ffe.ru (A.A.L.); [email protected]ffe.ru (P.N.B.); [email protected]ffe.ru (V.Y.D.); [email protected]ffe.ru (A.N.S.); [email protected]ffe.ru (B.B.K.) 2 Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Nab., St Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation; [email protected] 3 Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, 61 Bolshoy pr. V.O., St Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation; [email protected] 4 Institute of macromolecular compounds, 31 Bolshoy pr. V.O., St Petersburg 199004, Russian Federation; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]ffe.ru Received: 27 September 2019; Accepted: 29 October 2019; Published: 31 October 2019 Abstract: New single crystals, based on 2-methylbenzimidazole (MBI), of MBI-phosphite (C16H24N4O7P2), MBI-phosphate-1 (C16H24N4O9P2), and MBI-phosphate-2 (C8H16N2O9P2) were obtained by slow evaporation method from a mixture of alcohol solution of MBI crystals and water solution of phosphorous or phosphoric acids. Crystal structures and chemical compositions were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and confirmed by XRD of powders and elemental analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Intends to Provide a for the Necessary Virtual Electronic Brief Overview of the Differences and Transition
    ADVANCES IN RAMAN TECHNIQUES Laser requirements and advances for Raman techniques Andreas Isemann Laser Quantum GmbH, 78467 Konstanz, Germany INTRODUCTION 473 nm and 1064 nm, a narrow Raman scattering as a probe of bandwidth output of few tens of GHz vibrational transitions has made or below 1 MHz if needed within the leaps and bounds since its discovery, linewidth of vibrational transitions and various schemes based on this for high resolution, low noise (less phenomenon have been developed than 0.02%) and excellent beam with great success. quality (fundamental transversal Applications range from basic electromagnetic mode TEM00) scientific research, to medical and provides optimised performance industrial instrumentation. Some for the resolution of the Raman schemes utilise linear Raman measurement needed. scattering, whilst others take advantage The wavelength is chosen based of high peak-power fields to probe on the sample under investigation, nonlinear Raman responses. with 532 nm being commonly used This article intends to provide a for the necessary virtual electronic brief overview of the differences and transition. In the following section, benefits, together with the laser source four examples from different areas of requirements and the advancements Raman applications show the diverse in techniques enabled by recent applications of linear Raman and what developments in lasers. advances have been achieved. An example of studying a real-world LINEAR RAMAN application, the successful control of Figure 1 An example of the RR microfluidic device counting of The advent of the laser in providing a food quality using Raman spectroscopy photosynthetic microorganisms. As the cells of the model strain high-intensity coherent light source and multivariate analysis, is described Synechocystis sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultraviolet Raman Spectrometry Handbook of Vibrational
    Ultraviolet Raman Spectrometry Sanford A. Asher Reproduced from: Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy John M. Chalmers and Peter R. Griffiths (Editors) John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, 2002 Ultraviolet Raman Spectrometry Sanford A. Asher University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 1 INTRODUCTION mid-infrared absorption measurements. Raman excitation used Hg arc emission lines and photographic detection. The Raman spectroscopy measures the magnitudes and intensi- use of the Hg arc allowed the first ultraviolet (UV) Raman ties of frequency shifts that occur because of the inelastic measurements, some of which were actually resonance scattering of light from matter.1–4 The observed shifts Raman measurements within the absorption bands of can be used to extract information on molecular structure analyte molecules. and dynamics. In addition, important information can be After 1945 the advent of relatively convenient IR instru- obtained by measuring the change in the electric field ori- mentation decreased enthusiasm for Raman spectroscopy, entation of the scattered light relative to that of the incident and it became a specialized field. Much of the work before exciting light. 1960 centered on examining molecular structure and molec- The experiment is usually performed by illuminating a ular vibration dynamics. Major advances occurred during sample with a high-intensity light beam with a well-defined this period in the theoretical understanding of Raman spec- frequency and a single linear polarization (Figure 1); the troscopy and in the resonance Raman phenomenon, where scattered light is collected over some solid angle and mea- excitation occurs within an electronic absorption band. sured to determine frequency, intensity, and polarization. The first commercial Raman instrument became available The inelastic scattering Raman phenomenon, which leads in 1953.
    [Show full text]
  • Angwcheminted, 2000, 39, 2587-2631.Pdf
    REVIEWS Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers (Nobel Lecture)** Ahmed H. Zewail* Over many millennia, humankind has biological changes. For molecular dy- condensed phases, as well as in bio- thought to explore phenomena on an namics, achieving this atomic-scale res- logical systems such as proteins and ever shorter time scale. In this race olution using ultrafast lasers as strobes DNA structures. It also offers new against time, femtosecond resolution is a triumph, just as X-ray and electron possibilities for the control of reactivity (1fs 10À15 s) is the ultimate achieve- diffraction, and, more recently, STM and for structural femtochemistry and ment for studies of the fundamental and NMR spectroscopy, provided that femtobiology. This anthology gives an dynamics of the chemical bond. Ob- resolution for static molecular struc- overview of the development of the servation of the very act that brings tures. On the femtosecond time scale, field from a personal perspective, en- about chemistryÐthe making and matter wave packets (particle-type) compassing our research at Caltech breaking of bonds on their actual time can be created and their coherent and focusing on the evolution of tech- and length scalesÐis the wellspring of evolution as a single-molecule trajec- niques, concepts, and new discoveries. the field of femtochemistry, which is tory can be observed. The field began the study of molecular motions in the with simple systems of a few atoms and Keywords: femtobiology ´ femto- hitherto unobserved ephemeral transi- has reached the realm of the very chemistry ´ Nobel lecture ´ physical tion states of physical, chemical, and complex in isolated, mesoscopic, and chemistry ´ transition states 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Cobolt Lasers for Raman Spectroscopy – White Paper
    Cobolt lasers for Raman Spectroscopy – White Paper 1. Please tell us a bit about Cobolt? Cobolt AB is a Sweden-based manufacturer of high performance diode-pumped lasers and laser diodes in the UV, visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. The company’s laser products serve as key-components in advanced analytical instrumentation equipment for life science, quality control and industrial metrology applications. Cobolt is recognized on the market for providing compact, high performance, continuous wave lasers with reliable single-frequency or narrow-linewidth performance over a large range of environmental conditions. This is thanks to the company’s proprietary HTCure™ technology for advanced laser manufacturing. HTCure™ allows for robust assembly of high precision optical systems into compact, hermetically sealed packages. Cobolt was founded in 2000 and is head-quartered in Solna, Sweden, where the company’s products are developed, designed, and manufactured in a modern and ISO 9001 certified clean-room factory. The facility is specially designed for volume manufacturing of advanced lasers and laser systems. The company has direct sales offices in Sweden, Germany and the USA. Since December 2015, Cobolt AB is part of Hübner Photonics, a division of the Hübner Group. Hübner is a market leading supplier of industrial mobility solutions for the transport industry. Cobolt 04-01, 05-01 and 08-01 Series of high performance CW lasers for Raman spectroscopy 2. What are the different techniques in modern Raman Spectroscopy, and what are they used for? Thanks to rapid technology advancements in recent years, Raman Spectroscopy has become a routine, cost-efficient, and much appreciated analytical tool not only in material research applications but also for in-line process control applications in for instance pharmaceutical, food & beverage, chemical and agricultural industries.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Rust: the Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life?
    life Review Green Rust: The Simple Organizing ‘Seed’ of All Life? Michael J. Russell Planetary Chemistry and Astrobiology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA; [email protected] Received: 6 June 2018; Accepted: 14 August 2018; Published: 27 August 2018 Abstract: Korenaga and coworkers presented evidence to suggest that the Earth’s mantle was dry and water filled the ocean to twice its present volume 4.3 billion years ago. Carbon dioxide was constantly exhaled during the mafic to ultramafic volcanic activity associated with magmatic plumes that produced the thick, dense, and relatively stable oceanic crust. In that setting, two distinct and major types of sub-marine hydrothermal vents were active: ~400 ◦C acidic springs, whose effluents bore vast quantities of iron into the ocean, and ~120 ◦C, highly alkaline, and reduced vents exhaling from the cooler, serpentinizing crust some distance from the heads of the plumes. When encountering the alkaline effluents, the iron from the plume head vents precipitated out, forming mounds likely surrounded by voluminous exhalative deposits similar to the banded iron formations known from the Archean. These mounds and the surrounding sediments, comprised micro or nano-crysts of the variable valence FeII/FeIII oxyhydroxide known as green rust. The precipitation of green rust, along with subsidiary iron sulfides and minor concentrations of nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum in the environment at the alkaline springs, may have established both the key bio-syntonic disequilibria and the means to properly make use of them—the elements needed to effect the essential inanimate-to-animate transitions that launched life.
    [Show full text]