The Pattern Languages
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Patterns Senior Member of Technical Staff and Pattern Languages Knowledge Systems Corp
Kyle Brown An Introduction to Patterns Senior Member of Technical Staff and Pattern Languages Knowledge Systems Corp. 4001 Weston Parkway CSC591O Cary, North Carolina 27513-2303 April 7-9, 1997 919-481-4000 Raleigh, NC [email protected] http://www.ksccary.com Copyright (C) 1996, Kyle Brown, Bobby Woolf, and 1 2 Knowledge Systems Corp. All rights reserved. Overview Bobby Woolf Senior Member of Technical Staff O Patterns Knowledge Systems Corp. O Software Patterns 4001 Weston Parkway O Design Patterns Cary, North Carolina 27513-2303 O Architectural Patterns 919-481-4000 O Pattern Catalogs [email protected] O Pattern Languages http://www.ksccary.com 3 4 Patterns -- Why? Patterns -- Why? !@#$ O Learning software development is hard » Lots of new concepts O Must be some way to » Hard to distinguish good communicate better ideas from bad ones » Allow us to concentrate O Languages and on the problem frameworks are very O Patterns can provide the complex answer » Too much to explain » Much of their structure is incidental to our problem 5 6 Patterns -- What? Patterns -- Parts O Patterns are made up of four main parts O What is a pattern? » Title -- the name of the pattern » A solution to a problem in a context » Problem -- a statement of what the pattern solves » A structured way of representing design » Context -- a discussion of the constraints and information in prose and diagrams forces on the problem »A way of communicating design information from an expert to a novice » Solution -- a description of how to solve the problem » Generative: -
Neuroscience, the Natural Environment, and Building Design
Neuroscience, the Natural Environment, and Building Design. Nikos A. Salingaros, Professor of Mathematics, University of Texas at San Antonio. Kenneth G. Masden II, Associate Professor of Architecture, University of Texas at San Antonio. Presented at the Bringing Buildings to Life Conference, Yale University, 10-12 May 2006. Chapter 5 of: Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, edited by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador (John Wiley, New York, 2008), pages 59-83. Abstract: The human mind is split between genetically-structured neural systems, and an internally-generated worldview. This split occurs in a way that can elicit contradictory mental processes for our actions, and the interpretation of our environment. Part of our perceptive system looks for information, whereas another part looks for meaning, and in so doing gives rise to cultural, philosophical, and ideological constructs. Architects have come to operate in this second domain almost exclusively, effectively neglecting the first domain. By imposing an artificial meaning on the built environment, contemporary architects contradict physical and natural processes, and thus create buildings and cities that are inhuman in their form, scale, and construction. A new effort has to be made to reconnect human beings to the buildings and places they inhabit. Biophilic design, as one of the most recent and viable reconnection theories, incorporates organic life into the built environment in an essential manner. Extending this logic, the building forms, articulations, and textures could themselves follow the same geometry found in all living forms. Empirical evidence confirms that designs which connect humans to the lived experience enhance our overall sense of wellbeing, with positive and therapeutic consequences on physiology. -
Open Source Architecture, Began in Much the Same Way As the Domus Article
About the Authors Carlo Ratti is an architect and engineer by training. He practices in Italy and teaches at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he directs the Senseable City Lab. His work has been exhibited at the Venice Biennale and MoMA in New York. Two of his projects were hailed by Time Magazine as ‘Best Invention of the Year’. He has been included in Blueprint Magazine’s ‘25 People who will Change the World of Design’ and Wired’s ‘Smart List 2012: 50 people who will change the world’. Matthew Claudel is a researcher at MIT’s Senseable City Lab. He studied architecture at Yale University, where he was awarded the 2013 Sudler Prize, Yale’s highest award for the arts. He has taught at MIT, is on the curatorial board of the Media Architecture Biennale, is an active protagonist of Hans Ulrich Obrist’s 89plus, and has presented widely as a critic, speaker, and artist in-residence. Adjunct Editors The authorship of this book was a collective endeavor. The text was developed by a team of contributing editors from the worlds of art, architecture, literature, and theory. Assaf Biderman Michele Bonino Ricky Burdett Pierre-Alain Croset Keller Easterling Giuliano da Empoli Joseph Grima N. John Habraken Alex Haw Hans Ulrich Obrist Alastair Parvin Ethel Baraona Pohl Tamar Shafrir Other titles of interest published by Thames & Hudson include: The Elements of Modern Architecture The New Autonomous House World Architecture: The Masterworks Mediterranean Modern See our websites www.thamesandhudson.com www.thamesandhudsonusa.com Contents -
Wiki As Pattern Language
Wiki as Pattern Language Ward Cunningham Cunningham and Cunningham, Inc.1 Sustasis Foundation Portland, Oregon Michael W. Mehaffy Faculty of Architecture Delft University of Technology2 Sustasis Foundation Portland, Oregon Abstract We describe the origin of wiki technology, which has become widely influential, and its relationship to the development of pattern languages in software. We show here how the relationship is deeper than previously understood, opening up the possibility of expanded capability for wikis, including a new generation of “federated” wiki. [NOTE TO REVIEWERS: This paper is part first-person history and part theory. The history is given by one of the participants, an original developer of wiki and co-developer of pattern language. The theory points toward future potential of pattern language within a federated, peer-to-peer framework.] 1. Introduction Wiki is today widely established as a kind of website that allows users to quickly and easily share, modify and improve information collaboratively (Leuf and Cunningham, 2001). It is described on Wikipedia – perhaps its best known example – as “a website which allows its users to add, modify, or delete its content via a web browser usually using a simplified markup language or a rich-text editor” (Wikipedia, 2013). Wiki is so well established, in fact, that a Google search engine result for the term displays approximately 1.25 billion page “hits”, or pages on the World Wide Web that include this term somewhere within their text (Google, 2013a). Along with this growth, the definition of what constitutes a “wiki” has broadened since its introduction in 1995. Consider the example of WikiLeaks, where editable content would defeat the purpose of the site. -
Enterprise Integration Patterns Introduction
Enterprise Integration Patterns Gregor Hohpe Sr. Architect, ThoughtWorks [email protected] July 23, 2002 Introduction Integration of applications and business processes is a top priority for many enterprises today. Requirements for improved customer service or self-service, rapidly changing business environments and support for mergers and acquisitions are major drivers for increased integration between existing “stovepipe” systems. Very few new business applications are being developed or deployed without a major focus on integration, essentially making integratability a defining quality of enterprise applications. Many different tools and technologies are available in the marketplace to address the inevitable complexities of integrating disparate systems. Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) tool suites offer proprietary messaging mechanisms, enriched with powerful tools for metadata management, visual editing of data transformations and a series of adapters for various popular business applications. Newer technologies such as the JMS specification and Web Services standards have intensified the focus on integration technologies and best practices. Architecting an integration solution is a complex task. There are many conflicting drivers and even more possible ‘right’ solutions. Whether the architecture was in fact a good choice usually is not known until many months or even years later, when inevitable changes and additions put the original architecture to test. There is no cookbook for enterprise integration solutions. Most integration vendors provide methodologies and best practices, but these instructions tend to be very much geared towards the vendor-provided tool set and often lack treatment of the bigger picture, including underlying guidelines and principles. As a result, successful enterprise integration architects tend to be few and far in between and have usually acquired their knowledge the hard way. -
Design Patterns Promote Reuse
Design Patterns Promote Reuse “A pattern describes a problem that occurs often, along with a tried solution to the problem” - Christopher Alexander, 1977 • Christopher Alexander’s 253 (civil) architectural patterns range from the creation of cities (2. distribution of towns) to particular building problems (232. roof cap) • A pattern language is an organized way of tackling an architectural problem using patterns Kinds of Patterns in Software • Architectural (“macroscale”) patterns • Model-view-controller • Pipe & Filter (e.g. compiler, Unix pipeline) • Event-based (e.g. interactive game) • Layering (e.g. SaaS technology stack) • Computation patterns • Fast Fourier transform • Structured & unstructured grids • Dense linear algebra • Sparse linear algebra • GoF (Gang of Four) Patterns: structural, creational, behavior The Gang of Four (GoF) • 23 structural design patterns • description of communicating objects & classes • captures common (and successful) solution to a category of related problem instances • can be customized to solve a specific (new) problem in that category • Pattern ≠ • individual classes or libraries (list, hash, ...) • full design—more like a blueprint for a design The GoF Pattern Zoo 1. Factory 13. Observer 14. Mediator 2. Abstract factory 15. Chain of responsibility 3. Builder Creation 16. Command 4. Prototype 17. Interpreter 18. Iterator 5. Singleton/Null obj 19. Memento (memoization) 6. Adapter Behavioral 20. State 21. Strategy 7. Composite 22. Template 8. Proxy 23. Visitor Structural 9. Bridge 10. Flyweight 11. -
From a Pattern Language to a Field of Centers and Beyond Patterns and Centers, Innovation, Improvisation, and Creativity
From a Pattern Language to a Field of Centers and Beyond Patterns and Centers, Innovation, Improvisation, and Creativity Hajo Neis Illustration 1: University of Oregon in Portland Downtown Urban Campus The Campus is located in downtown Portland in adapted old warehouse buildings, and was first designed in the Oregon pattern language method with the principles of pat- terns and user participation. The White Stag building facilities are open since 2009. 144 Hajo Neis INTRODUCTION What we call now the ›overall pattern language approach‹ in architecture, urban design, and planning has grown from its original principle of ›pattern and pat- tern language‹ into a large and solid body of theory and professional work. To- day, pattern theory and practice includes a large number of principles, methods, techniques and practical project applications in which patterns themselves play a specific part within this larger body of knowledge. Not only has the pattern lan- guage approach grown in its original area of architecture, but it has also (though less triumphantly than silently) expanded into a large number of other disciplines and fields, in particular computer and software science, education, biology, com- munity psychology, and numerous practical fields. Nevertheless, we first have to acknowledge that the pattern approach originally started with a single principle almost 50 years ago, the principle of pattern and pattern language that gave the name to this school of thought and practical professional project work. In this article we want to trace some of the theoretical and practical develop- ment of the pattern method and its realization in practical projects. We want to explore how challenges and opportunities resulted in the adaptation of the pattern language method into various forms of pattern project formats and formulations including ›pattern language‹ and ›project language.‹ We want to look at various forms of innovations and techniques that deal with theoretical improvements as well as the necessities of adaptation for practical cases and projects. -
APPLYING MODEL-VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC) in DESIGN and DEVELOPMENT of INFORMATION SYSTEMS an Example of Smart Assistive Script Breakdown in an E-Business Application
APPLYING MODEL-VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC) IN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS An Example of Smart Assistive Script Breakdown in an e-Business Application Andreas Holzinger, Karl Heinz Struggl Institute of Information Systems and Computer Media (IICM), TU Graz, Graz, Austria Matjaž Debevc Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Keywords: Information Systems, Software Design Patterns, Model-view-controller (MVC), Script Breakdown, Film Production. Abstract: Information systems are supporting professionals in all areas of e-Business. In this paper we concentrate on our experiences in the design and development of information systems for the use in film production processes. Professionals working in this area are neither computer experts, nor interested in spending much time for information systems. Consequently, to provide a useful, useable and enjoyable application the system must be extremely suited to the requirements and demands of those professionals. One of the most important tasks at the beginning of a film production is to break down the movie script into its elements and aspects, and create a solid estimate of production costs based on the resulting breakdown data. Several film production software applications provide interfaces to support this task. However, most attempts suffer from numerous usability deficiencies. As a result, many film producers still use script printouts and textmarkers to highlight script elements, and transfer the data manually into their film management software. This paper presents a novel approach for unobtrusive and efficient script breakdown using a new way of breaking down text into its relevant elements. We demonstrate how the implementation of this interface benefits from employing the Model-View-Controller (MVC) as underlying software design paradigm in terms of both software development confidence and user satisfaction. -
The Culture of Patterns
UDC 681.3.06 The Culture of Patterns James O. Coplien Vloebergh Professor of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, PO Box 4557, Wheaton, IL 60189-4557 USA [email protected] Abstract. The pattern community came about from a consciously crafted culture, a culture that has persisted, grown, and arguably thrived for a decade. The culture was built on a small number of explicit principles. The culture became embodied in its activities conferences called PLoPs that centered on a social activity for reviewing technical worksand in a body of literature that has wielded broad influence on software design. Embedded within the larger culture of software development, the pattern culture has enjoyed broad influence on software development worldwide. The culture hasnt been without its problems: conflict with academic culture, accusations of cultism, and compromises with other cultures. However, its culturally rich principles still live on both in the original organs of the pattern community and in the activities of many other software communities worldwide. 1. Introduction One doesnt read many papers on culture in the software literature. You might ask why anyone in software would think that culture is important enough that an article about culture would appear in such a journal, and you might even ask yourself: just what is culture, anyhow? The software pattern community has long taken culture as a primary concern and focus. Astute observers of the pattern community note a cultural tone to the conferences and literature of the discipline, but probably view it as a distant and puzzling phenomenon. Casual users of the pattern form may not even be aware of the cultural focus or, if they are, may discount it as a distraction. -
A Pattern Approach to Interaction Design
A Pattern Approach to Interaction Design Jan O. Borchers Department of Computer Science Darmstadt University of Technology Alexanderstr. 6, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany [email protected] ABSTRACT perts need to work together very closely with team members To create successful interactive systems, user interface de- from other disciplines. Most notably, they need to coop- signers need to cooperate with developers and application erate with application domain experts to identify the con- domain experts in an interdisciplinary team. These groups, cepts, tasks, and terminology of the product environment, however, usually miss a common terminology to exchange and with the development team to make sure the internal ideas, opinions, and values. system design supports the interaction techniques required. This paper presents an approach that uses pattern languages However, these disciplines lack a common language: It is to capture this knowledge in software development, HCI, difficult for the user interface designer to explain his guide- and the application domain. A formal, domain-independent lines and concerns to the other groups. It is often even definition of design patterns allows for computer support more problematic to extract application domain concepts without sacrificing readability, and pattern use is integrated from the user representative in a usable form. And it is into the usability engineering life cycle. hard for HCI people, and for application domain experts even more so, to understand the architectural and techno- As an example, experience from building an award-winning logical constraints and rules that guide the systems engineer interactive music exhibit was turned into a pattern language, in her design process. -
A Model of Inheritance for Declarative Visual Programming Languages
An Abstract Of The Dissertation Of Rebecca Djang for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science presented on December 17, 1998. Title: Similarity Inheritance: A Model of Inheritance for Declarative Visual Programming Languages. Abstract approved: Margaret M. Burnett Declarative visual programming languages (VPLs), including spreadsheets, make up a large portion of both research and commercial VPLs. Spreadsheets in particular enjoy a wide audience, including end users. Unfortunately, spreadsheets and most other declarative VPLs still suffer from some of the problems that have been solved in other languages, such as ad-hoc (cut-and-paste) reuse of code which has been remedied in object-oriented languages, for example, through the code-reuse mechanism of inheritance. We believe spreadsheets and other declarative VPLs can benefit from the addition of an inheritance-like mechanism for fine-grained code reuse. This dissertation first examines the opportunities for supporting reuse inherent in declarative VPLs, and then introduces similarity inheritance and describes a prototype of this model in the research spreadsheet language Forms/3. Similarity inheritance is very flexible, allowing multiple granularities of code sharing and even mutual inheritance; it includes explicit representations of inherited code and all sharing relationships, and it subsumes the current spreadsheet mechanisms for formula propagation, providing a gradual migration from simple formula reuse to more sophisticated uses of inheritance among objects. Since the inheritance model separates inheritance from types, we investigate what notion of types is appropriate to support reuse of functions on different types (operation polymorphism). Because it is important to us that immediate feedback, which is characteristic of many VPLs, be preserved, including feedback with respect to type errors, we introduce a model of types suitable for static type inference in the presence of operation polymorphism with similarity inheritance. -
The Role of Model-View Controller in Object Oriented Software Development
Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (NJMR) ISSN: 2645-8470 Vol 2, No. 2 June 2019 The Role of Model-View Controller in Object Oriented Software Development Ram Naresh Thakur1 and U S Pandey2 1PhD Scholar, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India 2Professor, University of Delhi, India. Corresponding Author Ram Naresh Thakur Email: [email protected] Abstract Object Oriented Software Development (OOSD) is a design technique that is used before the development and design of a software. This design method makes the system appears as a collection of objects to communicate with other objects by passing messages. The Model-View- Controller (MVC) has been inherited from Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) with the integration of Graphical User Interface (GUI) and interactive program execution. The MVC is very useful for developing Interactive and Dynamic Web Applications and iOS. With MVC, developers can trust on design patterns that are widely accepted as solutions for recurring problems. MVC can be used to develop flexible, reusable and modular Software. Applying the MVC design pattern in object-oriented Software development a flexible, reliable, modular and scalable website can be built. So, it’s necessary for every developer to have the knowledge of software development using MVC design pattern. Keywords: OOSD, MVC, OOP, GUI, Dynamic, Web Application, iOS, Design Pattern. 1 Introduction In today’s era, it is very essential to develop and design a working software in an effective and efficient manner. As we know that Object Oriented software development is a designing technique that is used before the development and design of a software. Through this method the system appears as a collection of objects which communicate with other objects by passing messages.