Alternative Futures for Student Workshop, 5-12 October 2010

Prepared by:

University College London Development Planning Unit Cassidy Johnson Nick Wolff Krista Canellakis Benjamin Leclair Paquet Katarina Soltesova

University of Stuttgart Institute of International Urbanism Anette Gangler Nora Beste Raphael Dietz Cebrayel Cevrim Han Yeol Baek Max Gangler Ya ar Adanali

Do a Derne i Derya Engin Muhyettin Talayhan

Ay e Adanali Table of Contents

•! Objectives •! Working Approach and Methodology •! Challenges and Opportunities •! Findings and Analysis –! Stakeholder Diagram –! Land Use Plan –! Guiding Principles •! Action Projects –! A1 Tourist Circuits –! A2 Tourism Facilities –! A3 Riverside Improvement –! A4 Visitor Resource Centre –! A5 Participatory Economic Growth –! A6 Women’s Community Centre –! A7 Football Pitch & Club •! Annex

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Objectives of the Workshop

•! Build on the findings from the Search Conference for Hasankeyf, held in April 2010 with Do!a Derne!i and the of Hasankeyf

•! Planning exercise for developing ideas to support a future vision for Hasankeyf

•! Definition of action projects to improve the current living conditions of men, women and children and promote tourism development

•! Develop international linkages to raise awareness and muster support for Hasankeyf and find avenues for longer term cooperation

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Working Approach and Methodology

Tuesday 05.10. Arrival Visit on site Wednesday 06.10. Meeting with the (Cevat Uyanik) Visit Citadel Thursday 07.10. Working groups + surveys Visit Ilisu Friday 08.10. Meeting with the mayor (Vahap Kusen) Working groups + surveys Saturday 10.10. Working groups + surveys

Sunday 11.10. Surveys: surrounding landscape new site of Hasankeyf (Subcontracter Biroglu Insaat) Working groups + surveys Monday 12.10. Working groups Preparation Presentation

Tuesday 13.10. Presentation

Wednesday 14.10. Departure

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Acknowledgments

Hasankeyf is a special place in all of our hearts.

Thank you to all of the people of Hasankeyf who opened their businesses and homes to us during the workshop. Thank you to Mayor of Hasankeyf, Mr. Vahap Kusen, Governor of Hasankeyf, Mr. Cevat Uyanik, and Rector of Batman University, Prof. Dr. Abdüsselam Ulucam, who took the time to meet with all of us. Thank you to the staff of Do a Derne i for their support of this project.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Challenges

1.! Dam project has been a pervasive threat in Hasankeyf for 50 years and has restricted investment in development.

2.! The landslide in June 2010 on the citadel site has meant that the site is now closed to tourists and locals, creating a dramatic reduction in visitors to Hasankeyf. When the site will be open is uncertain.

3.! The reliance on the site for tourism has made local businesses vulnerable to shocks. The slowdown in tourism has had widespread impact on livelihoods with ongoing implications for local economic survival.

4.! The new Hasankeyf is currently being constructed, creating a reality of a “parallel city”. The immediate improvement of the old Hasankeyf is critical so that the old city can co- exist and thrive in this context.

5.! Awareness of the importance of safeguarding the environment and local ecology is low.

6.! While informal connections are present, there is limited mobilised organisation in Hasankeyf.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Opportunities

1.! Even though the gate is closed people are still visiting Hasankeyf and finding a way to see the area. This has increased interest in seeing the town and areas outside of the citadel.

2.! The fact that building is not allowed due to heritage status doesn’t stop informal building and people’s entrepreneurial spirit.

3.! Hasankeyf takes advantage of its proximity to the river to support subsistence farming and husbandry, which alleviates the immediate impact of poverty. Management of garden plots and irrigation systems has been followed for hundreds of years.

4.! Self-help and incremental housing development is possible in the current town and fits the needs of growing families.

5.! Despite substantial setbacks, there is still an underlying willingness to resist the dam project and resourcefulness which strengthens people’s resilience.

6.! Hasankeyf has potential to become a regional hub for tourism if investment continues.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Worl dba TOK! nk / Ministry ECA of Prime Ministry EU Enviornm ent and Forestry International DSI Ministry ICOMOS of The Digging Organisations UNESCO Culture Authority WHC and Int. Tourism Regional NGOs Conservation Governor Board UNESCO Union of District Local Authorities Regional Governor Development Agency Hasankeyf Batman Academic Municipality Municip ality Other MSGSÜ Uni. State Civil Uni. of Press Stuttgart Society ODTÜ UCL Hasankeyf Initiative People Developers Rep. Of of TU - WIEN political Hasankeyf Tourism parties

Do"a Derne"i Banks NGOs Private Stakeholder Diagram Sector Celeb rities

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Analysis of Existing Situation

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Business Land Use

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Guiding Principles of the Action Projects

1.! The future of Hasankeyf is here on the current town site. There is a collective refusal of the Ilisu dam project and relocation of the town.

2.! Hasankeyf is a living-heritage town. A site where both the tangible (monuments, buildings and environment) and intangible heritage (culture and well-being of people) are important and fully realized.

3.! Building local capacities and stimulating local entrepreneurialism of Hasankeyf residents

4.! Development addresses personal, family and livelihood aspirations, recognising the unique needs of men, women and children in the community.

5.! Transparency of development processes and sharing of information is necessary to develop trust and collective capacity for action.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf

MATRIX FROM BEN

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A1 Tourist Circuits Action Projects A2 Tourism Facilities A3 Riverside Improvement A4 Visitor Resource Centre A5 Participatory Economic Growth A6 Women’s Community Centre A7 Football Pitch & Club

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A1: Tourist Circuits

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A1: Tourist Circuits, cont.

Old Village in Hasankeyf There are so many attractive and enjoyable places in this old village but they haven‘t been discovered yet. Therefore we‘re planning to make tourists stay and look around there.

Void and solid plan that shows spatial sequence of old village in Hasankeyf

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A1: Tourist Circuits, cont.

Concept – staying in Hasankeyf

Potential •! nature and manmade environments •! dynamic spaces in the old village •! special buildings (heritage, , , , etc.)

Square, meeting points Viewpoint Attractive Streets Special buildings Potential buildings Existing building that has a potential. eg. Hostel

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A1: Tourist Circuits, cont.

5 Panorama view from point #2

Proposal 1 - Route for tourists

4 1.! Entrance to the old village 2.! Meeting point with view to , palace, valley, minaret etc. 3.! Square (meeting point, information) 6 4.! Square on top of the rocks (panorama view, hostel + sleep in caves, oven, open air cafe, culture 2 7 experiences etc.) 3 5.! View point, connection to other tour routes 6.! Mosque, ruins, view to the top 8 7.! Square 8.! Place for backpackers

1

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A1: Tourist Circuits, cont.

Proposal 2 – Cave Hostel •! Reuse of existing buildings •! Accomodation in caves •! Square maintenance •! Open air cafe (served by the residence) •! Culture (handmade souvenir etc.) •! Cafe on Rocks •! Reconstruction of ruins (for hotel about after 50 years)

Proposal 3 – Bed and Breakfast •! Reuse of existing empty houses •! Trial hostel managed by Do!a •! Bed and breakfast •! Repair and maintenance of street •! Terasse cafe on the roof

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Action Project 2.1 – Cave Hostel

Idea: Old house on the upper side of the old city can be used as a place for people who want to stay over night in Hasankeyf enjoying the nature and prefer more privacy

•! atrium is meeting point •! women can help to run the hotel by preparing food, etc. to earn some money •! ruin with beautiful viewing point over Hasankeyf •! public space with cafe on the right side as a break point on one of the tourist circuit

Project could be built in two steps:

First step:

•! the existing building is used as hostel with simple dormitories •! guests can stay in tents on the ruin area on the left side enjoying a beautiful view •! also the caves in the near can be used for spending some nights to enjoy the special atmosphere of Hasankeyf •! both are connected to the main building with kitchen, bathroom etc.

Second step:

•! ruin area can be built with new buildings •! hostel can expand as hotel for tourists who wish better quality

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Action Project 2.1 – Cave Hostel

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Idea: Cheap opportunity for people Action Project 2.2 – Bed & Breakfast staying in Hasankeyf for some nights who want to enjoy the lively atmosphere of the old city between the narrow streets on the upper side of the town

•! many empty houses in old city can be connected to one project •! women can help to run the hotel by preparing food etc. to earn some money •! house with view over the Tigris- valley as meeting point •! each house can be rent separately •! roof sleeping •! terrace and cafe with view over the Tigris

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A3: Riverfront Improvement

The existing riverfront is in a really poor condition. It is used as a dump for the restaurants which are integrated into the city wall; pipes lead their wastewater into the river. There is no connection between the two ends of the riverfront and most of the accesses to the riverfront are in an ugly condition, closed, or kept as secrets. Since the slide there is also a new fence under construction, which now, might already close the access to the old beach, what also demands a new solution. A new beach is already prepared, but it needs to be cleaned and its access needs to be improved to raise acceptance for this area. But in total the site contains a high potential and little changes might improve the area a lot.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A3: Riverfront Improvement – Accessibility & Connection

Potential examples are seen in the panoramic views along the Tigris with the cliffs and caves, as well as the connection of the two beaches which should vary in their meaning. While the western beach can only be built up in summer, the eastern beach for example could be built up in spring during the main season, because of the higher level of the beach above the river. The new car parking will also connect this beach much better to local visitors, while the other beach is more the place for day tourists coming with coaches. Finally at the new beach there could take place movie screenings or little events.

The accessibility was already mentioned and plays an important role in the concept. The access to the riverfront has to be easy and obvious to foreigners so several possible accessing points have been spotted. Some of them already exist, but are hidden, others would need new stairs or paths and a bit of design and cleaning, what could easily be done.

Finally the new riverfront is integrated in and linked to the tourist circuits and the other tourist attractions of Hasankeyf. A n improvement of this existing situation would definitely invite tourists to extend their stay for a couple of hours or days, which would have a direct influence on the local economy.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A3.1 – Tigris Café

Within the improvement of the riverfront there are two examples shown how the area could be improved. The first uses one of the access points to propose a café at a small square next to the old bridge which isn’t used yet and whose entrance is hidden and a local “secret” at the moment. The place already has a high quality, due to its setting next to the old bridge and would only need a bit of fixing and cleaning, a couple of benches and maybe some shading elements like canopies. That way it could easily become the perfect place for a café where tourists can sit down, rest a bit and enjoy the ancient atmosphere of the old artifacts surrounding them as well as the beautiful scenery of the Tigris, while they are having tea, served by the local café owner who has a new possibility of earning some money.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A3.2: Hasankeyf Beach Another example which would also need only small effort is the improvement of the accessibility to the new location of the restaurants. The accessibility is a very important issue to make this place successful. Also the appearance needs a big change to attract people. The litter has to be removed. Stairs can easily be built, using local resources and skills. Also terraces can be built, where a few trees could offer shading to sit underneath and simply relax. Those terraces could also be used as seating areas for events, held at the beach like cinema screenings, which could even take place in winter, so that it could also become a place to be for the inhabitants of Hasankeyf.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A4: Visitor Resource Centre Objectives •! Provide information to tourists and Current Situation and Justification of visitors about Hasankeyf and Tigris Project Valley. Essential history, accommodation, •! Untapped tourism potential -- more suggested nature + heritage trips (1-day, organized tourist guides and clear 3-day, 1-week), contact information for information about what’s available to do local businesses in town and region •! Link Hasankeyf to a network of Tigris •! Opportunity for attracting eco-tourism to Valley tourist sites and attractions complement and diversify cultural •! Provide online platform for oral history heritage focus of tourism and community-collected photography •! Need to promote tourism in Hasankeyf and video more nationally and internationally •! People come for short (2-3 hour) visit Description of Actions and its main and leave components •! Lack of investment interest in area •! Website (English, Turkish, German) with because of threat of dam, limiting linked archive of community collected development of tourist facilities. Need for photos and videos community-led initiative. •! Brochure (English + Turkish) •! Local tourist office selling locally produced books/maps of Hasankeyf •! Creation of network linking other heritage sites in the Tigris Valley

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A4: Visitor Resource Centre, cont.

Expected Results at end of the project Implementing Institution •! Clear documentation and information of where to go and who to contact •! Do a Derne i (project manager) •! To increase volume of visitors, especially longer visits and 2-3 day excursions using Main Partners Hasankeyf as a base to explore area •! Municipality –! Number of rooms rented •! Funding institution –! Number of meals consumed •! Historical Cities Union –! Number of tours sold •! Hasankeyf residents •! Website hits •! Listings in travel guides (e.g., Lonely Planet, Provisional budget and origin of resources Rough Guide, Frommers, etc) •! Building and maintaining tourism website - 15,000 TL Expected Duration of the project •! Staffing tourism office – 10,000 TL per year •! Content development: 2 months (budget for staffing for first year and then •! Website development: 3 months revenues from tours sold could fund staff thereafter) •! Collection of photos and videos from community and posting online: 4 months – •! Staffing collection of historical documents, ongoing photographs, stories – volunteer? (need a project manager) •! Collection and digitization of oral/ community-recorded history: 6 months - •! Designing and printing brochure and circuit ongoing guides – 2000 TL •! Online tour guide marketing of website: 6 •! Converting video and photographs to digital months intensive– ongoing format – 1000 TL

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A4: Visitor Resource Centre, cont.

Provisional budget and origin of resources Coherence with guiding principles •! Building and maintaining tourism •! The tourism website and marketing of website - 15,000 TL Hasankeyf help to establish Hasankeyf’s •! Staffing tourism office – 10,000 TL per cultural, ecological and economic year (budget for staffing for first year and importance in the region, advancing the then revenues from tours sold could fund case for why the dam project and/or staff thereafter) resettling the town is not tolerable. •! Staffing collection of historical •! This initiative will both emphasise the documents, photographs, stories – tangible value of Hasankeyf through the volunteer? (need a project manager) promotion of cultural and ecological •! Designing and printing brochure and attractions as well as the intangible circuit guides – 2000 TL heritage of the people of Hasankeyf through the collection of stories and •! Converting video and photographs to digital format – 1000 TL Spatial implications •! Tourism office on local circuit route/ maps

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A4.1: Visitor Resource Centre - Website

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A4.2: Visitor Resource Centre – Tourist Office A5: Participatory Economic Growth

Current situation and justification of Project

The shops on the street leading to the castle are overwhelmingly dependent on tourist trade. However most offer an identical range of souvenir goods that are manufactured across the Middle East and Asia, with the notable exception of the locally made carpets. The limited range and lack of obvious connection to Hasankeyf is considered a reason for lower sales to tourists by shop owners. When the castle was open, the higher numbers of tourists meant that although sales were low business was sustainable but since closure business has suffered. The low numbers of people employed and purchase of stock from outside Hasankeyf restricts the local benefit further.

Connected to this, there are many small scale subsistence producers of local produce in Hasankeyf that could be processed, packaged and marketed to tourists. There are also local handicraft skills that could be commercialised. The individualised nature of these activities is a barrier to achieving this. The project therefore proposes a cooperative approach to production and marketing of local goods that supports participatory economic development (principle 2), has social benefits in relation to women’s development and livelihoods (principle 3) and political benefits in relation to explicitly integrating land use, culture and the economy (principle 1) and capacity for collective action (principle 4).

This project is connected to and supports the action projects proposing improvements to local tourism infrastructure and marketing and the women’s laundry / social space project.

Relation of the project in relation with official documents

The project does not require any significant physical construction or improvement that may contravene the heritage status of Hasankeyf.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A5: Participatory Economic Growth, cont.

Objective

To establish cooperatives in production, processing, packaging and marketing of local food and drink and handicrafts.

Expected results at the end of the Project •! Increased diversity and trade in Hasankeyf tourist shops •! Increased family income in cooperative members •! Increased school attendance •! Through participation and leadership in the cooperatives, increased development of women in Hasankeyf through earning status, opportunities for socialising and skills sharing. •! Increased integration of local land use and living culture with the tourism economy. •! Increased marketing of Hasankeyf as a tourist destination and threatened living culture. •! Development of local skills and entrepreneurial capacities. •! Potential for micro-credit savings scheme within cooperatives. •! Increased shared interest between cooperatives and businesses in Hasankeyf, supporting the capacity for collective action.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A5: Participatory Economic Growth, cont.

Description of the action and of its main components

•! Establishment of cooperative in production, processing, packaging and marketing of local ‘Hasankeyf branded’ food and drink products (breads, cheeses, jams, juices, dressings, fruit, olives etc) specifically for the tourist market that can be sold in tourist shops and hotels and packaged into picnic and walking tours etc. •! Establishment of cooperative in production, processing, packaging and marketing of local ‘Hasankeyf branded’ handicraft products (bags, fabrics, embroidery, art etc) that can be sold in tourist shops in Hasankeyf and beyond. •! Both sets of products can be marketed as supporting the threatened living culture of Hasankeyf. •! Either or both cooperatives may be women-run. •! The implementation of the project requires a stimulus which may be internal or external. Local Do!a Derne!i staff may be in a position to promote and support the proposal within local producers and shop owners in Hasankeyf through specific awareness raising events and workshops. •! Once sufficient interest and commitment is secured from producers and retailers, external support will be required to support the initial development of a business plan and the formal constitution of cooperative status. •! Limited start up capital for processing and packaging equipment will also be required. •! Production and meeting space should be available within the village and may be rented from cooperative members. •! The laundry project may provide space for women’s cooperative meetings and operations. •! While self-management and control is implicit within the cooperative model, external support should remain regularly available in both the operation of a cooperative and business planning for at least the first 12 months.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A5: Participatory Economic Growth, cont. Indicative timetable for first 12 months

Month April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March

Activity

Awareness raising activity Start up workshop

Formation of co-op

Training in co-op operation and business developme nt Production, processing, packaging

Local and regional marketing Sales

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A5: Participatory Economic Growth, cont.

Expected duration of the Project 12 months to implement with supported funds and achieve financial self-sufficiency.

Implementing institution Do!a Derne!i

Main partners Do!a Derne!i – awareness raising events and workshops, promotion and development, marketing of initiative and products outside Hasankeyf, linking the project to Save Hasankeyf initiative. Mayor’s office – access to start-up funding and external training support. Local producers – commitment and ownership, sharing of space. Local businesses – commitment to stock and promote co-op products.

Provisional budget and origin of resources

Components Origin of resources

Awareness raising workshops Do!a Derne! i Equipment External funding Production and meeting space (12 months) External funding Training and development (12 months) External funding Initial marketing (12 months) External funding

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A5: Participatory Economic Growth, cont.

Coherence with the Guiding Principles

The project proposes a cooperative approach to production and marketing of local goods that supports participatory economic development (principle 2), has social benefits in relation to women’s development and livelihoods (principle 3) and political benefits in relation to explicitly integrating land use, culture and the economy (principle 1) and developing capacity for collective action (principle 4).

This project is connected to and supports the action projects proposing improvements to local tourism infrastructure and marketing and the women’s laundry / social space project.

Spatial implications

The project will have implications throughout Hasankeyf, specifically increasing the integration of the agricultural and home-based production activity currently taking place with the commercial and tourism centre of the village.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A5: Participatory Economic Growth, cont.

Money enters Hasankeyf from logistics traffic and tourists. Tourist numbers have recently declined and tourism services are suffering. Much income that is made from existing tourist businesses flows out again to suppliers in the region and beyond, reducing local economic benefit from commercial activity.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Developing and diversifying tourist businesses can retain more money in the local economy, support the marketing of Hasankeyf as a tourism destination and develop and market local skills. With increased organisation and cooperation between businesses, the Hasankeyf business community can present a strong voice in both the strengthening of the local economy and opposition to the dam.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A5: Participatory Economic Growth, cont.

FROM TO

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf 2. Family income increases

1. Cooperatives in local food and handicrafts sell to tourists via local retailers 5. Increased capacity of cooperative 3. Money made members through remains in the training and a united local economy voice over shared interests

4. Tourists buy local products that raise awareness of Hasankeyf A6: Hasankeyf Women’s Community Centre (name to be decided by the women of Hasankeyf)

Current situation and justification of Project a. Socialisation of women in Hasankeyf is limited. Women meet among family members or close neighbors. They do not frequent or work in public space occupied by men such as the carsi.

b. Spaces for socialization are few. Space for gatherings is only available in private houses (during time when men are absent), in the mosque, in the mourning house, in temporary settings which are often inappropriate such as an old factory set up for courses and counseling. Picnics provide yet another opportunity but the purpose of these is unique.

c. Social activities are inadequate and unfulfilling When organized by external organisations, social activities for women have been evaluated as inadequate and not fulfilling a purpose of developing women’s skills or providing opportunities to improve their current situation. Government-organized training sessions take place on an ad-ho basis and are often designed as hobby courses (courses for cloth and wood paining, embroidery) rather than developing women’s productive capacity. These courses are part of a vocational training programme offered by the government agency “Turkiye Is Kurumu – Iskur” or by the Public Education Centre. Programmes designed to support entrepreneurialism are formally available but local culture prevent women from attending.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A6: Hasankeyf Women’s Community Centre, cont.

Justification

•! During interviews and informal discussions with women in Hasankeyf, women expressed interest in establishing a space for socialization which would also allow skill development. Some concrete needs were voiced such as: –! vocational training: –! literacy courses; –! child & maternal & reproductive health / primary health / emergency care –! Hair / beauty salon –! Koran courses; space for religious gatherings and reading of religious texts –! Kindergarten facilities –! Involvement of women in tourism

Existing studies and main recent dynamics.

•! Maggie Ronayne’s report The Ilisu Dam: A Monument to Barbarism (2006) makes a strong case for the need to include women’s needs and perspectives in local development. It highlights the societal and cultural risks of not responding to women’s needs and of destroying spaces for their collective cultural and social role. This further greatly impacts community cohesion in villages, towns and the region as a whole. •! A Do a Derne i report (2009) based on 33 interviews undertaken with women of Hasankeyf, highlights the importance of women’s access to information about the Dam and about the future of Hasankeyf. Lack of access to information creates fear of the future and incapacity to invest (financially as well as emotionally) into the present. Women also rely on the income of men and suffer great distress due to long-term conditions of unemployment and uncertainty.

Relation of the project in relation with official documents

•! While the GAP programme formally declares future contribution to the improvement of women’s lives, there is little and opposing evidence that women will benefit from the construction of the Dam, the flooding of the valley and ensuing resettlement. •! Hasankeyf municipality has no specific programmes supporting women’s social and economic development. No NGOs are active in the town which would provide an opportunity for women to socialise and organise.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A6: Hasankeyf Women’s Community Centre, cont.

Objectives

1/ Create a facility and conditions which will allow social interaction amongst women and creation of collective support networks. 2/ Facilitate exchange of and access to information. 3/ Allow women to develop their capacity so as to increase their awareness of and confidence to participate in local development, and income generating opportunities. 4/ Decrease time spent on housework allowing women to instead engage in activities which are productive and more meaningful to them.

Expected results at the end of the Project

- Some 150 women will actively use the facility. - At any one time up to 15 women will be able to use the facility. - Kindergarten places will be available for ca 20 children at a time. - Women will be actively involved in the management of the centre and in the planning of social and training activities. - More women will be involved in income generating activities. - Increase of literacy among uneducated women. - Increase in number of girls continuing secondary and terciary schooling. - Increased awareness of and involvement in local issues (including future development of Hasankeyf, local economic and social development). - Establishment of an association of Hasankeyf women.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A6: Hasankeyf Women’s Community Centre, cont.

Description of the action and of its main components. •! The proposed project draws on successful examples from Diyarbakir and other regional cities. In 2001, three centres were established in Diyarbakir in three poor neighborhoods. The centres were to provide a social space for women to the demand on housework, create opportunities for self development and strengthening of community cohesion through women’s collective involvement and individual counseling. The centres were designed as multifunctional laundry facilities and included space for the followings functions identified by women: –! laundry room (conventional washing and drying machines) –! training room (with computers) –! Kindergarten –! tea/meeting room –! outdoor playground –! traditional baking ovens (tandir) –! garden (for recreation & gardening ) •! Drawing on the success of Diyarbakir projects, we propose a women’s centre which would provide multi-functional spaces for the following activities. •! Location – to be identified by women & municipality •! Functions – laundry room; kindergarten; training space; exhibition space; socializing area; baking/cooking space •! Management of the centre – to be agreed by women

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A6: Hasankeyf Women’s Community Centre, cont.

Expected duration of the Project Month 1: identify and contact relevant NGOs & women’s groups internationally, in the country and the region. identify possible funders (eg. KADEV; DIKASUM for advice) identify available buildings Month 2: organize focus group meetings with women: a/ information and brainstorming session; b/ further needs assessment focus group session (facilities, training, etc.) Month 3&4: Establishment of the centre: a/ purchasing and setting up of facilities and furniture; b/refurbishing works and preparation of the garden. Month 5: focus group meetings with women to agree on management structures and management plan and opening/activity schedules; hiring of personnel Month 6: Opening of the centre Implementing institution Women of Hasankeyf Municipality of Hasankeyf Training provided by government agencies & NGOs Main partners Women of Hasankeyf – we anticipate that it will take some time for women to take ownership of the project and collectively manage the facility. The Municipality of Hasankeyf would be key in the initial phases of trust building as well as in the long-term to channel funding.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A6: Hasankeyf Women’s Community Centre, cont.

Provisional budget and origin of resources (financing) The budget is estimated for a period of 5 years. This period is understood as a first phase of the project and we anticipate that there will later be some change in the running of the facility. A minimum of a five year commitment is also important to stress the necessity of planning and living for the future. Total for 5 years

Staffing budget project manager (800 TL/month) 48 000 TL (5 years)

kindergarten teacher (800 TL/month) 48 000 TL (5 years)

Furnishing 3 couches & cushions & carpets 2000 TL

Basic kitchen fittings 3000 TL

Kindergarten furniture/toys 2000 TL

Laundry facilities 4 large washing machines 28 000 TL 4 dryers

Training room 5 computers & desks 7000 TL

Refurbishing 15 000 TL works Rent 2 500 TL per year 12 500 TL (5 years)

TOTAL 165 500 TL A6: Hasankeyf Women’s Community Centre, cont. Classroom with computers Crèche

Tearoom Laundry room

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club

Current situation and justification of project

•! The destitute playground located on the identified site is not in use. There is a demand for a football pitch as the existing one located on the school’s ground (owned by the district governorate) is unaccessible during school hours, costly to use and is not sufficient to meet the current demand.

•! The desire for a new football pitch was first made obvious in participative exercises with young people from the community. Field observations and interviews have also led us to understand the need for improvement of infrastructures in order to improve the quality of life and ultimately participate to stop the outmigration in Hasankeyf.

•! Even though there have been attempts to unite youth of Hasankeyf in the past, the community would benefit from further community mobilisation, cooperation and engagement.

•! Plastic waste in Hasankeyf negatively affects the visual and environmental qualities of the town, which has yet managed to find means to use waste as a resource.

•! Official planning documents are developed for New Hasankeyf, no plans for the existing and still inhabited city were found even if the (speculative) relocation is only scheduled in around year 2020.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club, cont.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club, cont.

Objectives

A key objective of this project is to subvert the current state of planning which supports the flooding and evacuation of Hasankeyf instead of addressing existing needs in the inhabited Hasankeyf. In so doing, this project outlines the need for short-term and realisable projects in Hasankeyf, something essential for the bettering of the quality of life and for fostering stronger feelings of ownership over the city.

Expected results at the end of the Project

Our project proposes a framework and action plan for a football pitch in Hasankeyf. We hope for this project to stimulate community involvement while also contributing to the bettering of the quality of life in Hasankeyf today through improvement of leisure infrastructures and recycling waste.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club, cont.

Description of the action and of its main components

1.! formation of the Hasankeyf Youth Football Club: establish an organisation to take ownership and responsibility over the project;

2.! gather additional qualitative and quantitative data to support the community’s interest in the football pitch;

3.! present findings and project to the municipal authority in order to secure public funds for implementation and also seek external funding (i.e., from national turkish football clubs, NGOs, etc).;

4.! create a team for the public work and maintenance of the pitch;

5.! organise a friendly league from within the community that strategically bring together individuals with similar interests (e.g. a teams made of barbers, tailors, youth, etc)

6.! institute a recycling programme where the users directly or indirectly (i.e. collecting plastic bottles) contribute to the maintenance fees of the pitch.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club, cont.

Expected duration of the Project

As a short-term and low-cost project, we hope for implementation to take no-longer than 6 months.

Implementing institution

This project should be community-led (Hasankeyf Youth Club) and supported by the municipality.

Main partners

•! Environmental NGOs (jointly develop a recycling strategy for HYC to raise funds for the project and the maintenance) •! Municipality (help to implement the project, facilitate fundraising process and provide support for recycling) •! National football personalities (raise the profile of the project)

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7 Football Pitch & Club, cont.

Provisional budget and origin of resources

Components Estimated budget (in TL) Origin of resource

removal of old equipment 100 Municipality

preparing surface / flattening 5,000 Fundraising

synthetic turf 8,000 Fundraising

storage / changing room 10,000 Fundraising

stands / seating 700 Fundraising

balls, net, maintenance equipment 1,500 Fundraising

initial maintenance cost (6 months) 600 Fundraising

estimated cost 25,900 Fundraising

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club, cont.

Coherence with the Guiding Principles

This project directly relates to one of our guiding principles that expresses the importance to develop collective capacity for action in Hasankeyf and for the people to take control over the planning and development of their town in an attempt to counteract the state’s intention to flood and relocate Hasankeyf.

Spatial implications

We recommend for this football pitch to be constructed within the limit of the existing park as per the plan, picture and photomontage presented on the following pages. The football pitch association should organise meetings at one of the local cafes in order to lower operating cost while simultaneously supporting local businesses.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club, cont.

Hasankeyf (pop)

1997: 5670 2000: 3700 2010: 3000

Hasankeyf needs its people to counteract the Ilisu Dam project...

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf A7: Football Pitch & Club,cont.

Beyond tourism, Hasankeyf must think of its residents; it should be envisaged as an appealing place to grow up in, one to which you easily get attached.

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Contact:

Cassidy Johnson University College London Development Planning Unit Phone: +44 207 679 1111 Email: [email protected]

Anette Gangler Stuttgart University Institute of International Urbanism Phone: +49 1755902918 Email: [email protected]

Ya!ar Adanali Stuttgart University Phone: +90 (0) 532 224 0884 Email: [email protected]

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf

!""#$%

•! Key Contacts

•! Commercial Survey Fieldwork

•! Bibliography

•! Hasankeyf Workshop Terms of Reference

•! Search Conference Report Contacts

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf Commercial Area Interviews Summary

What type of business? • Camping, hotel, restaurant • Stationery and mini-market kiosk. • Mini market and greengrocer • Pharmacy • Tailor • Hotel • A mini market and grill in 2 units • Tourist and carpet shops Do you own the business? • All were owners of their businesses How many employees? • Typically 0-3 employees Do you own or rent the space? • 4 owned, 3 rented, 1 unknown. How much is the rent? • Approximately 1000 – 1500 per unit How’s business? • The main sources of outside income into Hasankeyf are tourists, truck drivers passing through and the civil servants who earn above average locally. • The closure of the castle and river front has wiped out a whole season of income. A figure of 70% drop was given. This has affected families and young people who relied on summer work to be able to afford to study. • It has also increased pressure on commercial space in the street leading to the castle leading to threatened rent increases. • The new road may eventually be a threat to the passing traffic, this is a less urgent issues than the effect of the closure of the castle. • Lack of good quality housing in Hasankeyf was blamed by some for the large number of civil servants (50 families) who live in Batman and work in Hasankeyf, taking money out of the local economy. Is this your only income? • Many shop owners are the only income earner in their family. • Others employ their family within the business – increasing family reliance on one business. • Anecdotally only 1 in 3 people (assumed means men) are working at the moment. Do you use / have access to any credit • Very few access bank credit. There appears to be little desire to get into debt considering the uncertainty of the economic future. • One is in debt (possibly rent arrears to landlord) Where are your clients from? • There is a strong reliance on people from outside Hasankeyf to sustain the local economy. Truck drivers and civil servants on the through-street and tourists on the street to the castle. Where are your products from? • Many generally get supplies from Batman or Diyabakir. • Many shops sell both supplied and local goods according to what the business owner produces / has access to. Eg, fresh fish, local fruit, eggs. • The hostel is the only business that said they get most supplies from Hasankeyf. • Tourist souvenirs are supplied from all over the Middle East and beyond. The carpets are made locally. Do you travel for business? • There is no typical pattern of travel for business. Usually it is to Batman for supplies, banking etc. Is the space sufficient? • Most are content with the size of their unit although some would like to expand. • Units are typically small and some businesses occupy more than one unit in a row. Shops especially may have one unit for the shop and a second for storage, often next door. • There appeared to be many shop-front units used as storage on the main tourist commercial street. Some had stalls outside, others present a blank frontage. How could it be better? • Most would like to make some kind of improvement to their space, either in size or to modernise it. Reasons given for not doing so include the heritage laws, lack of funds due to the current fall in business and lack of local skills and equipment. Have you made any improvements yourself? • There are self-improvements being made in business units. Some have been able to expand or do improvement works despite the heritage rules. Are you part of any business organisation or union • There is no local organisation of businesses.

Commercial Area Interviews Summary

Are you part of any business organisation or union • There is no local organisation of businesses. • Most recognise this as a real problem for businesses in resisting the dam plans. • Reasons given include too much competition between shops, a lack of education, fear caused by state pressure in the past and a lack of self confidence. Have you had any government support? • None have received any recent government support for their business. Are you informed about the new Hasankeyf project? • There has been minimal participation in the new Hasankeyf project. • The information shared so far has been one-way from . • There is speculation about whether the dam will or won’t go ahead. What is your opinion of it? • There was no support for the dam or new Hasankeyf. • The local resistance was criticised as being passive compared to the role of outsiders. • The impression was given that the outside resistance has not yet fully secured participation and ownership by the people of Hasankeyf. • The local governorship was criticised for being uncommunicative and the mayor for lacking visibility in organising resistance.

Commercial units use in Hasankeyf – 151 units surveyed 7-9 October 2010 (multiple uses shown separately)

Workshops and repair; 2 Hotel; 3 Stationers; 2 Pharmacy; 1 Kiosk; 3 Clothes, fabric and shoes; 5

Tailor; 5

Internet café; 5

Hairdresser; 5 Food / general shops; 29

Hardware / Gas; 6

Carpet shop / stall; 7 Storage / closed; 24

Public / private offices; 14

Cafes, restaurants; 20 Vacant; 15

Tourist shop/ stall; 17

Food / general shops Storage / closed Cafes, restaurants Tourist shop/stall Vacant Public / private offices Carpet shop / stall Hardware / Gas Hairdresser Internet café Tailor Clothes, fabric and shoes

Alternative Futures for Hasankeyf READINGS

Ahunbay, Z & Balkiz, O (n.d.), “Outstanding Universal Value of Hasankeyf and The Tigris Valey”, Dogadernegi.

Atakuman, C (2010), "Value of Heritage in : History and Politics of Turkey’s World Heritage Nominations", Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology vol 23(1), pp 107-131.

Amnesty International Osterreich (2006), “Human rights aspects of the construction of the Ilisu Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant Project in Turkey”, Osterreich, Moeringgasse.

Atzl aus Neuwield, A (2009), “The role of Transnational NGO-Networks in the Implementation of Social and Environmental Standards, The Ilisu Dam Project in Turkey”, Johannes Guten Berg Universitat, Unpublished Thesis.

Ayvaz, T (2010), “Loan trouble for Ilisu Dam Pproject nearly over”, Hurriyet Daily News, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=loan-torubles-of-ilisu-dam- project-nearly-over-2010-01-31

Buzzle (n.d.), “Activists Celebrate As Insurers Pull Plug of £1.1bn Turkish Dam”, Buzzle.com, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.buzzle.com/articles/242535.html

District Governorate of Hasankeyf presentation of New Hasankeyf: http://www.hasankeyf.gov.tr/a.html

Doga Dernegi (2010), “Last call to and Garantibank to step back from Ilisu Project!”, (Press release, 26 January 2010).

Eberlein et al. (2010), “The Ilisu dam in Turkey and the role of export credit agencies and NGO networks”, Water Alternatives, vol 3(2) pp 291!312.

Eberlien, Christine (2007), Evaluation of the Terms of Reference on the Resettlement and their implementation for the Ilisu Dam Project in Turkey. Berne Declaration, WEED, ECA-Watch, Zurich.

ECA Watch (2009), Stop Ilisu: Controversial Dam Project on the Tigris River. ECA Watch, Austria, viewed 23 October 2010 http://m-h-s.org/ilisu/front_content.php?idart=289

Gedikli, B (2009), “The Role of Leadership in the Success of Participatory Planning Processes: Experience From Turkey”, European Urban and Regional Studies vol 16, pp 115-130.

General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (2009), "The Southeastern Anatolia Project" in Turkey Water Report 2009, General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Ankara, Ch 5, pp 36-45.

Gruen, GE (2000), “Turkish Waters: Source of Regional Conflict of Catalyst for Peace?” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol 123, pp 565-579.

Immigrants’ Association for Social Cooperation and Culture (2006), “The Report of the Fieldwork carried out in the Villages that will Be Affected by the Ilısu Dam in ”, Diyarbakir.

Kurdish Human Rights Project (2009), “The Ilisu Dam Project: An Update”, 23 December 2009.

Lagendijk, A Kayasu, S & Yasar S (2009), “The role of Regional Development Agencies in Turkey: From Implementing EU Directives to Supporting Regional Business Communities?” European and Regional Studies, vol 16(4), pp 383-396.

1

Oktem, K (2002), “When Are Built on Shaky Grounds, Policy choice and social performance of hydro-project based development in Turkey”, Erdkundle, vol 56, pp 310-324.

Özdemirt D (2010), “The Role of the Public Sector in the Provision of Housing Supply in Turkey”, 1950–2009, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.

Patton, MJ (2003), “Voices from Turkey’s Southeast”, Middle East Report, vol 227, pp 42-45. Saglam, A (n.d.), “Make up your dam mind”, Hurriyet Daily News, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11189121.asp

Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture and Tourism (n.d.) Rescue Studies For Ancient Belkis - Zeugma City, viewed on October 20 2010, http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486E E5030E780C3D9D1D2CA1F8

Reuters (2008), “UPDATE 1- Foreign backers halt Turey’s Ilisu dam Project”, , viewed 20 October 2010, http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLN63701720081223

Ronayne, M (2005), "The Rationale for the GAP Project" in Ronayne, M. The Cultural and Environmental Impact of Large Dams in Southeast Turkey, Kurdish Human Rights Project, London, Ch 2, pp 19-46.

Sailhan, M (2010), “Hasankeyf’s historic remains jeopardised by dam”, The Brunei Times, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.bt.com.bn/art-culture/2010/04/22/hasankeyfs-historic-remains- jeopardised-dam

Save Hasankeyf Campaign (2008), Report of the Public Hearing on resettlement in Hasankeyf by the Hasankeyf Initiative, viewed 20 Oct 2010, http://m-h- s.org/ilisu/upload/PDF/Presse/report__public_hearing_hasankeyf_15-04-2008.pdf

Seckelmann, A (2002), "Domestic tourism - a chance for regional development in Turkey?", Tourism Management, vol 23(1), pp 85–92.

Secor, A (2007) “Between longing and despair: state, space, and subjectivity in Turkey” Environment and Planning: Society and Space, vol 25, pp 33-52.

Shoup, D, (2006), "Can Archaeology Build a Dam? Sites and Politics in Turkey’s Southeast Anatolia Project", Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, vol 19(2), pp 231-258.

Smith ,H (2006), “Bathed in controversy”, The Guardian, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/oct/04/turkey.arts

Southeastern Anatolia Promotion Project (2007), “A portrait of South-eastern Anatolia. Chambre of Commerce”, viewed 20 October 2010 http://www.guneydogumirasi.org/eng/?sf=2 (included pp.18-51 ‘South-eastern Anatolia’ and pp.86-107 ‘Batman’).

Southeastern Anatolia Project Regional Development Agency (2008), Southeastern Anatolia Project Action Plan (2008-2012), viewed October 2010, http://www.gap.gov.tr/gap- action-plan/files-of-gap-action-plan/pdf-file-of-gap-action-plan

Tait, R (2009), “Turkey plans to restart work on controversial dam project”, The Guardian, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/01/turkey-river-dam- environment

2 The Berne Declaration (2006), “Archaeological Salvage, Review of the EIAR for the Ilisu Dam and HEPP”, Eca-Watch Austria & World Economy, Ecology and Development (WEED), Feb 2006.

The Corner House (2007), “Ilisu Dam, Downstream Water Impacts and , Report of Fact Finding Mission to Iraq”, Kurdish Human Rights Project, 29 March 2007.

The Corner House (2000), “The Illisu Dam, The World Commission on Dams and Export Credit Forum: The Final Report of Fact-Finding Mission on the Illisu Dam Region”, Kurdish Human Rights Project, viewed 20 October 2010, www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/resource/ilisu-dam-world- commission-dams-and-export-credit- reform#index-03-01-01-00 20

The Economist (2010), “A special report on Turkey: All Turks together?” 21 Oct 2010, The Economist, viewed 22 October 2010 http://www.economist.com/node/17276398

The Economist (2010), “A special report on Turkey: Anchors aweigh” 21 Oct 2010, The Economist, viewed 22 October 2010 http://www.economist.com/node/17276440

The Economist (2010), “A special report on Turkey: to riches, Gaziantep’s rise and rise” 21 Oct 2010, The Economist, http://www.economist.com/node/17276352 van Loon, J & Bentley, M (2009), “Turkey Loses $630 Million Dam Financing on Flood Plan (Update2)”, Bloomberg, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_Uq16OO96b0

Yalcin, E. and Tigrek, S (2010), "Investigation of Alternative Solutions to Ilisu Dam and HEPP" Article presented at 2nd International Conference on Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources, Ankara, 4-7 July 2010.

Youtube Video, “Hasankeyf Garanti Bankasi Reklami Hasankeyf Garanti Bank’s Advertisment [with English Subtitles]”, viewed 20 October 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wNbcYebMnM

Young-Hyman, T (2008), "The Potential for Effective Regional Development Agencies in Turkey: A Comparative Analysis", Regional & Federal Studies vol 18(4), pp 375-402.

World Commission on Dams (2000), “Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision- making, An Overview” World Commission on Dams, viewed 23 October 2010 http://www.dams.org/report/overviews.htm

Video interviews made during the workshop Initiative to keep Hasankeyf Alive http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu3FLyxSqx0 Interview with Mayor of Hasankeyf, Vahap Kusen: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cey2wA9ywWE Interview with Mahmut Biroglu, Biroglu construction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfB1zZACVWE Interview with shop owner: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuftAnQFwIQ Interview with hotel owner): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nFFSTe_CFE Interview with Doga Dernegi: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFYVo_cH7Ks Video of New Hasankeyf:

Videos Setting the Context: http://www.youtube.com/user/hasankeyfworkshopUCL?feature=mhum

Photos of Hasankeyf and the Region: http://picasaweb.google.com/hasankeyfworkshop

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T.C. HASANKEYF BELED!YES!

SEARCH CONFERENCE FOR HASANKEYF:

TOWARDS A WORLD HERITAGE SITE

HASANKEYF, TURKEY

10 – 11 April 2010

FINAL REPORT

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Imprint: Published in June 2010 by Do!a Derne!i Türkiye (The Nature Association of Turkey). Author: Ya"ar Adanalı Proof-read: Photos: Graphics: Layout: Printing: Table of Contents Page #

1. Introduction 1.1. Problem 1.2. The aim of the conference and report 2. Methodology 2.1. Preparations for the conference 2.2. The conference 2.3. After the conference 2.4. Methodological constraints 3. Background Information 3.1. Hasankeyf & the Tigris Valley 3.2. The Project 3.3. The world heritage potential of Hasankeyf 4. Findings 5. Recommendations 5.1. Cultural / Natural Heritage and Conservation 5.2. Resistance, Mobilisation and Campaigning 5.3. Tourism and Local Development 5.4. Social and Human Development 6. Achievements 7. Conclusions Appendix

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1. Introduction 1.1. The problem

The Tigris Valley surrounding Hasankeyf is a unique place that meets nine of the ten UNESCO’s World Heritage criteria. Every year, over a million tourist, both from abroad and Turkey, visit 10.000 years old ancient town Hasankeyf and the natural beauties around it. Unfortunately, this unique world heritage site is severely threatened by the proposed Ilisu Dam, which will submerge almost entire Hasankeyf. The dam also threatens the unique biodiversity of the Tigris River, and thousands of its inhabitants to be forcefully evicted. If the Dam is constructed, Hasankeyf and 400 km-long River eco-system will be flooded. For this reason, even though Hasankeyf is an outstanding regional magnet with a great potential to be thrived, the area could not be able to develop economically nor socially, and the historical monuments have been left to decay in the past 50 years. Thus, the regional economy, local people and the heritage sites were badly affected because of the Project.

Following the intensive and widespread international campaign for the cancellation of the project based on its negative impacts on the nature, cultural heritage and the people the European Countries and investment banks withdrew from the project in 2009. However, until today the project was not cancelled nor the necessary steps were taken for an alternative development vision to be drawn, which would pave the way for Hasankeyf to be declared as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Municipality of Hasankeyf and Do!a Derne!i (The Nature Association of Turkey) organised an international search conference for taking that initial steps necessary for an alternative vision without the Dam Project to be collectively developed.

1.2. The aim of conference and report

This report is prepared following the Search Conference for Hasankeyf1, which took place on April 10 and 11, 2010, with the aim to initiate an inclusionary, ecologically sustainable and heritage sensitive alternative vision process for the site. The report builds on researches, consultations and site visits prior to; reflects the discussions and group works during; and includes supporting meetings, reflections and developments after the conference. Public authorities, local and international experts on cultural heritage, ecological conservation and socio-economic development, civil society organisations and local residents of the area have participated to the process from the very beginning of the organisation2.

2. Methodology 2.1. Preparation for the conference -The conference organisation team had visited the site and received the consent of the local stakeholders as the first action. -Following the site visit, a protocol was agreed between Do!a Derne!i and the Municipality of Hasankeyf to organise and co-host the event. -Key experts have been consulted on the way the search conference should be organised. -Prior to the conference extensive consultation process initiated by the consultant of the conference organisation board to draft the programme, which would ideally both reflect the

1 See Annex 1 - ToR 2 See Annex 2 – The List of Participants

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views of the experts on the subject and on the site, at the same time create an inclusive environment for the local population and the civil society actors to be able to participate. - Widespread communication with the targeted and broader stakeholders took place both nationally and internationally. 200 NGOs and 70 academics were invited directly apart from the broader communication with the public.

2.2. The conference The search conference included the following series of tools and activities to make the most out of the conference and to increase the participation: The Walk: -The first activity during the conference was to organise a walk for the participants. The walking tour allowed participants of the conference to quickly grasp the uniqueness of the site in terms of its harmonious blend of cultural heritage and nature. Also the walk enabled people to interact with the locals before moving into the conference hall. The Talk: -Presentations allowed the participants to clearly comprehend strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the road to UNESCO World Heritage Site candidacy. Presentations were clustered in 3 sessions (introduction to Hasankeyf; world heritage sites; alternatives for Hasankeyf). The introductory session on Hasankeyf presented the cultural, natural and social- economical background as well as the legal process against the Dam Project at the European Court of Human Rights. Presentations on the World Heritage Sites in Afghanistan, and Turkey enabled people to comparatively analyse the potential of Hasankeyf and learn from those examples. Finally, the presentations on alternatives allowed people to start thinking potentials in tourism, heritage and built environment, different than the current detrimental conditions. -Public hearing sessions were carried out throughout the conference for providing opportunities for people of Hasankeyf to testify the impact of the Dam Project on their life for the last 50 years. The workshop -Participants divided into four mixed-working-groups of academics, activists, locals and authorities to discuss and develop proposals for the following four themes: Cultural / Natural Heritage and Conservation; Tourism and Local Development; Social development; Resistance, Organisation and Campaigning. In the plenary session, the findings of each group were presented to the rest of the groups. Inclusion -Parallel to the conference in order to increase the participation of different stakeholders, facilitators organised focus group discussions with children and with the people at the local tea houses. The Action -For the public campaign, a photo shooting was organised with the involvement of participants and locals. The message of the campaign was “Save the World Heritage Hasankeyf”. The campaign photo was disseminated via mass media (See the cover photo). The media3 -A group of journalists were invited to participate to the conference in order to bring the issues discussed to the public opinion. The Task -Task Force consists of a group of young architects, in charge of developing a small-scale, entry level spatial intervention for the improvement of the newer part of Hasankeyf, worked in line with the alternative vision developed during the conference.

3 See Annex for the media coverage

4 2.3. After the conference -Following the search conference, in order to enhance the locals’ input and support their mobilisation, tea house sessions were continued. For including young people of Hasankeyf, one of the poorly represented groups during the conference, to the alternative vision process and increase their motivation for being an active partner, youth specific meetings were organised.

2.4. Methodological Constraints -Even though the organisers of the conference tried to include all the stakeholders to the process due to various reasons women of Hasankeyf were not represented. Attempts to organise women only workshops were not successful either. Thus, findings from the report on the conditions and the expectations of women were included to this report to overcome the problem of lack of women’ participation.

3. Background Information 3.1. Hasankeyf & the Tigris Valley

Hasankeyf (Greek: Kiphas; Turkish: Hasankeyf, : Cepha; and : Hisn Kayfa; Syriac: Heskîf ) is an ancient town and district in the in south- eastern Turkey built on and around the banks of the Tigris River. Hasankeyf and its surrounding limestone cliffs are home to thousands of human-made caves, hundreds of medieval monuments and a unique canyon ecosystem may be one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in the world spanning some 10.000 years.

The population of the district dropped from 5670 in 1997 to 3700 in 2000 because of the uncertainty of the future caused by the Dam Project. Hasankeyf does not have a vibrant economy. Livelihoods of the people depend mostly on small-scale trading and seasonal tourism. Although the town is culturally one of the most unique places in Turkey, the majority of people live below the poverty line, without benefitting from the great heritage they live on top of it.

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3.2. The Project

The Ilisu Dam Project4 has been planned to be constructed on the Tigris River 15 km far from Dargeçit district within the borders of province. The construction of the dam and the hydroelectric power station will provide an energy production of 3833 GWh per year with 1.200 Mw installed capacity (about 2% of Turkey’s electricity demand in 2012) according to the Turkish State Hydraulic Works (DSI). However a recent academic study shows that even in the fully developed upstream stage, according to the conducted consecutive operation studies, the existing Ilisu Dam project has an energy production capacity of 3094.3 Gwh/year5.

First plans to build the dam drafted in 1954 by the DSI. Then the project was incorporated into the South Eastern Anatolian Project (GAP) in 1982 and was included in the official regional investment program in 1997. Following the dismantling of the first consortium of the Project in 2002, a new consortium of four domestic companies (Nurol, Cengiz, Celikler and Temelsu Uluslararası) and six European companies (VA Tech/Andrits, Zublin, Alstom, Stucky, Maggia and Colencio) led by the DSI was formed in 2004.

According to the official reports by the DSI, some of the important cultural heritage sites in Hasankeyf that will be submerged by the construction of the Ilisu Dam Project are presented below6. However, with 80% of the sites which will be impacted by the Dam not yet surveyed, the full impacts are unclear.

The Impact of the Ilisu Dam Reservoir on some of the cultural heritage sites in Hasankeyf Information On Water Levels: ! The max. water level of dam reservoir: 527 m. ! The existing average water level of Tigris at Hasankeyf Town Center: 463 m.

4 See Annex 3 – History of the project 5 See Emrah Yalçın, "ahnaz Ti#rek, Investigation of Alternative Solutions to Ilisu Dam and Hepp, 2nd International Conference on Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources, 4-7 July 2010 Ankara 6 See DSI, 2009, Ilısu Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali ile Hasankeyf Gerçe#i

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! The average water rise at Hasankeyf Town Center: 63 m. The Parts of Hasankeyf The Impact of Water Rise Existing Housing & Settlements All of these buildings are (Average Level: 470-520 m.) EFFECTED Housings by the water rise of dam Shopping Units reservoir Official Buildings Others Cross Shore Cultural Heritages The cultural heritages are (Average Level : 465-500 m.) EFFECTED by the water Zeynel Bey Tomb: Named after Zeynel Bey, this is rise of dam reservoir opposite Hasankeyf on the Tigris River. Bey was the son of Uzun Hassan ruler of the Akkoyunlu Dynasty which ruled over Hasankeyf in the 15th century.

!mam Abdullah Tomb: The tomb lies west of the new bridge in Hasankeyf and it the tomb of Imam Abdullah. Abdullah was the grandson of Cafer-i Tayyar, uncle of the prophet Mohammad. An epitaph on the tomb states that the tomb was restored in the Ayyubid period.

Artuklu Bridge: Built in 1116 by Artukid Fahrettin Karaaslan, it replaced an older bridge. The bridge over the Tigris River is considered to be the largest from the Medieval Period. Support for the bridge was built with wood in case the bridge had to be removed in order to prevent an attack. Because of this, two piles and some foundation work are all that exist of the bridge today. Lower Town Cultural Heritages The cultural heritages are (Average Level: 483-500 m.) EFFECTED by the water El Rızk Mosque: The Mosque was built in 1409 by rise of dam reservoir. the Ayyubid Süleyman and stands on the bank of the Tigris River. The mosque also has a minaret that has remained intact.

Koç Mosque: The mosque is located east of the Süleyman Mosque and was likely built by the Ayyubids.

Sultan Süleyman Mosque: This mosque was built by Sultan Süleyman and is all but destroyed except for a minaret. Süleyman's grave is missing from the site as well.

Kızlar Mosque: Located east of the Koc Mosque, the Kizlar mosque was also likely from the Ayyubid period as well. The section of the structure which is used as a mosque today was a mausoleum in the past, containing grave remnants.

Small Mosque The Upper City Cultural Heritages The cultural heritages are (Average Level: 530 -550 m.) NOT EFFECTED by the Castle water rise of dam reservoir

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Small Palace Big Palace Ulu Mosque Shopping Units Mausoleum Baths Cemeteries & Tombs Cave Houses (4200 No)

The above mentioned negative impacts of the project on the heritage sites together with its cost on the people and nature paved the way to one of the most extensive international campaigns in the recent years

DSI, 2009, Ilısu Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali ile Hasankeyf Gerçe!i, s.64

3.3. The world heritage potential of Hasankeyf

Hasankeyf has a prominent position with a castle perched on a cliff towering over the Tigris River. Human existence along the river goes back to the beginning of life on earth; several tumuli in the region provide evidence about human settlement dating from prehistoric times. In this part of the country, the landscape shaped by the Tigris River provides a spectacular setting for settlement. Cave dwellings, Roman ruins and medieval monuments make up the impressive cultural heritage of this unique spot which is legally protected as an archaelogical site of the First Degree7. However, regrettably, Hasankeyf is not declared yet as a UNESCO World Heritage Site8, although it meets nine of the ten World Heritage Site Criterias set by the organisation.

7 Ahunbay Zeynep, Balkız Özge, Outstanding Universal Value of Hasankeyf and The Tigris Valley, Do!a Derne!i Report. 8 See the list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey and the criteria they fulfill.

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UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Turkey & the criteria that they fulfill:

YEAR SITE CRITERIA 1985 Historical Peninsula of I, II, III, IV “ Göreme National Park and Cappadocia I, III, V, VIII “ Divri!i Ulucamii and Darü"ifası I, IV, VII 1986 Bo!azköy (Hattu"a) I, II, III, IV 1987 Nemrut Da!ı I, III, IV 1988 Pamukkale (Hierapolis) III, V, VII “ Xanthos-Letoon II, III 1994 II, IV, V 1998 Truva Arkeolojik Alanı II, III, VI 9

According to the report written by Prof. Zeynep Ahunbay and Dr. Balkiz Ozge, the site fulfils the following criteria10:

Cultural aspects: I. to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; The site of Hasankeyf has an outstanding value with its masterpieces such as the Zeynel Bey Tomb, Sultan Süleyman Mosque, the Bridge and the Castle overlooking the Tigris River.

II. to exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; Hasankeyf, which is located in Northern , is one of the world’s ancient settlements. Life in the region was influenced by various powers, from the prehistoric times to Romans and Selcuks. One can see the high quality architectural works of the Artukid, Ayyubid and Akkoyunlu periods, which prove that several cultures contributed to the cultural fabric of Hasankeyf.

III. to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; Hasankeyf is a unique city that preserved important traces from the Medieval period. Its special location on the Tigris River and the urban remnants make it exceptional. Geographically, the region is influenced by Syrian and Persian architecture. The fact that it was not subjected to toal destruction by modern urbanisation makes the site even more significant.

IV. to be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; Hasankeyf hosts rare examples of Anatolian-Turkish Architecture. The building called Kızlar Camii is an interesting example of funerary architecture. Zeynel Bey Tomb with its cylindrical walls adorned with glazed tiles and topped by a double-shelled dome, is a special case: a unique example of Timurid Architecture in Turkey. Göreöe in Cappadocia, also a World Heritage Site, is an interesting area with its rock-cut churches and undergorund cities. In Hasankeyf also, many of the living spaces: houses, religous, commercial and other structuresare carved into the

9 Erder, C. 2010, Presentation at the Search Conference for Hasankeyf 10 See the Annex for the full report.

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rock, providing important historic and aesthetic data about life along the Tigris River over a long period of time.

V. to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; Considering its special location and uniqueness, this historical settlement, which preserved its traditional living spaces cut into the rock, is an extraordinary conservation area with distinguished Medieval buildings. The water supply system, caves, Stone houses, a carved into the rock on an ascending pathway reflect the arts and crafts, capabilities and cultural tradition of thousands of years.

VI. to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria);

VII. to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; Hasankeyf is located to the north of the Tigris River that is one of the two major rivers forming Mesopotamia. The immediate clash between the dry lands of the Middle East and the abundant freshwater of the Tigris River resulted in exceptional natural beauty and extraordinary aesthetic segments of unique riparian ecosystems. The River is main source of freshwater in these dry landscapes and everything else is shaped following the course of the river over the past several hundred thousands years. This includes human history that dates back for more than 10.000 years.

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VIII. to be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth's history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; The Tigris River within the borders of Turkey is located in the south of the Arabian and Anatolian Plates’ collision zone. As a result of the collision between these two geologically different plates, especially north of this zone uplifted; so the Tigris River formed its own river bed, especially around Hasankeyf and at the same time it migrated to the south.

IX. to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; The Tigris River Valley represents the single remaining example of the riverirne and canyon ecosystems in South-eastern Turkey after the depletion of similar ecosystems along the Firat () River. The area’s uniqueness and irreplaceability is largely reflected in rare, vulnerable, migratory and endangered bird species and other biodiversity confined to the river valley. Hence, Eken et al. (2006) describe five Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) (sites of global importance for conservation of biodiversity) along the Tigris River in Turkey. In addition to KBAs, Wlch (2004) describes five Priority Areas forming a single integral ecosystem along the Valley, which consists of natural sites of outstanding importance for birds, as well as for other biodiversity and on-going eclogical processes.

X. to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. The Tigris River has an outstanding importance for biodiversity in the world. It is the only natural river and canyon system remaining in Turkey. The importance of this river system for the natural

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habitats and threatened species is very significant, as can be attested by the existence of 5 Key Biodiversity Ares (KBAs) along its boundries of international importance for the conservation of nature11: the Bismil Plain, Tigris Valley, Küpeli Mountain, Euh Mountains, and KBA.

4. Findings

This part of the report summarises crucial issues facing Hasankeyf, which serves as a reality check for the recommendations to be developed. These findings are based on the views represented before, during and after the conference as explained above at the methodology section:

Collective Refusal of the Dam Project and Relocation The Search Conference made it clear that almost everyone who has some sort of connection with the site is against the Dam Project. Vast majority of the people of Hasankeyf and Tigris Valley, organised civil society, local politicians, academics, and civil servants working in the region declared their opposition to the project.

Uniqueness of the Site As soon as newcomers arrive to Hasankeyf, they realise the unique beauty of the site in terms of the impressive blend of nature with cultural heritage. Especially the international experts on cultural heritage that came to Hasankeyf for the conference fell under Hasankeyf’ spell. The enchanting aura of the place was a recurrent reflection for almost all the participants throughout the conference. As explained in the above section on “the world heritage potential of Hasankeyf”, these sort of subjective accounts on the site were supported by the objective assessments by experts from The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) and leading academic institutions in terms of the site’s comparative position within other world heritage sites.

Need for an inclusive and participatory approach People of Hasankeyf feel excluded and disempowered because of the long waiting for the forced relocation and also for never being taken seriously and included into the decision-making process. Until the Search Conference, the decisions for Hasankeyf were not made in Hasankeyf with the participation of its people, but made elsewhere and imposed upon them. Thus, it was repeatedly mentioned that the people of Hasankeyf should be at the “centre of development process, keepers and promoters of the heritage”12. Even though the locals were actively participated to the conference, women were under represented.

Community organisation As mentioned above, even though almost everyone is against the dam project in Hasankeyf, people are inactive and divided among themselves to collectively resist and quest for the alternatives. Especially, young people, senior citizens and women are not included and the broader community needs to mobilise and act together.

11 KBAs are areas of international importance for biodiversity and are selected bu using standard, globally applicable and threshold-based criteria taking into account the distribution and population of species for whic site conservation is appropriate. These criteria are built on thwo main principles of selection of sites conservation: vulnerability and irreplaceability. KBAs selected under the vulnerability principle host significant populations of threatened species whereas irreplaceability principle is used for determinin sites important for restricted range, congregatory and biome restriced species (Eken, G., Bozdo!an, M., "sfendiyaro!lu, S., Kılıç, D.T., Lise, Y. (editors) 2006. Türkiye’nin Önemli Do!a Alanları. Do!a Derne!i, Ankara) 12 Cassidy Johnson?

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Need for an alternative vision There had been many actions against the dam project and different groups worked on various campaigns in the recent years. However, there has not been a search for an alternative for the site and the region as opposed to the Dam Project, which would pave the way to a new way of thinking and strategising. The mentioned waiting process and the lack of an alternative vision inactivated the locals and forced them to fall into a cycle of poverty. As a result, population of the town has been decreasing in the last decade. Especially young people are envisioning leaving the town as soon as possible.

Lack of a holistic understanding of heritage In terms of conservation of heritage, living-heritage is a key term to emphasise13. This concept does not consider heritage exogenous to nature nor people. Heritage is best preserved when communities realise their potential benefits in terms of their livelihoods and when they are included in the decision-making processes.

Lack of documentation, access to and dissemination of the information Despite the cultural richness of the site and the region, Hasankeyf is far from having neither a complete inventory of the existing heritages nor serious studies of potential excavation sites. The current excavations at the site are not executed in a planned manner with the objective of uncovering the full potential and conserving maximum capacity of Hasankeyf, but mostly carried out for the purpose of justifying “heritage-sensitiveness” of the Dam Project. The existing monuments and routes at the heritage sites require a better arrangement, labelling and to be more informative. Field studies and surveys are necessary for exposing the current development challenges faced by the people of Hasankeyf and the region.

Problem of visibility

Repeatedly it was stated that the cultural richness and beauty of Hasankeyf is not visible enough and thus requires actions to present Hasankeyf’ assets to the world.

Legal restrictions At the moment, the conservation-site status of Hasankeyf brings along various restrictions against urban and social development. New constructions are not allowed, repair work of existing building stock faces serious regulations and many local businesses cannot receive licences due to this status. Even though these restrictions pave the way to the collapse of the town’s economy and social fabric, they do not halt the Dam Project, which is a direct violation of the conservation-site status.

Livelihoods and human development There are many problems in the town in terms of livelihoods and human development. Majority of people in Hasankeyf are living below the poverty line and the rate of unemployment is very high. Social infrastructures such as schools, hospitals, sports and recreational areas are not sufficient. Investment to and production capacity of the area is very low. The town’s economy is based on small trading and commercial activities as well as underdeveloped tourism services. People are desperately looking for income generating activities. Housing is another serious problem. Existing housing stock is not enough for the growing families and their conditions are deteriorating every day. People are complaining for not being allowed to repair their houses

13 Johnson, Cassidy, Hasankeyf Search Conference Presentation

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because of the town’s heritage conservation status and they consider the construction of the Dam Project that will submerge 80% of a town under conservation is hypocritical.

Children workshop during the conference

Tourism potential and constraints to fully benefit from it Despite Hasankeyf’ great potential for tourism, various constraints hinder the development. Historical sites desperately require improvements in conservation, restoration and signage. Built environment surrounding the historical sites are not in line with the character of heritage sites. People’s vision and capacity to protect and benefit from the heritages is not developed. There is a lack of infrastructure for tourism in terms of accommodation, recreation and commercial facilities. Thus, the value-added generated by tourism is very limited and alternative tourism services are not provided to fully benefit from tourism. Legal constraints, such as the conservation site area status, introduced and selectively applied by the authorities propound before the development of the tourism sector.

5. Recommendations

Recommendations are based on the pre-conference consultations, conference sessions/workshops and post-conference follow-up actions and reports. Before moving into the recommendations presented under four categories, it can be stated that all the actors proposed the cancellation of the Ilısu Dam Project as the first step in order to formulate an integrated and holistic development approach for Hasankeyf.

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5.1. Cultural / Natural Heritage and Conservation Developing a holistic conservation approach; Working on a management plan by bringing together all the stakeholders in a participatory way and defining the priority actions for the future; Starting the UNESCO World Heritage Process as soon as possible; Trying to get into the tentative list of UNESCO as a first step to the World Heritage status, through close interaction with the international organisations such as ICOMOS and IUCN; Aiming for becoming a charter area of the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas can be an alternative strategy, in parallel to the arduously UNESCO World Heritage process, for which the government involvement is required; Re-opening the caves for living and tourism without harming the historical fabric; Those building stock not appropriate with the historical fabric of the town should be overhauled and people living on those buildings should be relocated on the same spots; Increasing the public awareness on Hasankeyf and the assets that will be lost in case of the execution of the Dam Project; Presenting the importance and beauty of the Tigris Valley to the broader public.

5.2. Resistance, Mobilisation and Campaigning Targeting actively the Ministry of Culture and Tourism to include to the process; Strengthening the capacity of local people and enabling them to engage in the resistance and alternative-making process including the campaign for local banks (Akbank and Garanti) to pull back their credit support for the Project; Informing tourists visiting Hasankeyf on the Project and the role of Turkish Banks; Informing and motivating the youth of Hasankeyf to take part in the campaign; Organising a press release event in Ankara with the participation of the people of Hasankeyf; Increasing the number of applications at the European Court of Human Rights; Organising panels and meetings in Strasbourg; The Municipality of Hasankeyf should take part in the legal struggle; Nationally and internationally renowned names can buy shares of properties in Hasankeyf.

5.3. Tourism and Local Development Improving the infrastructure of the town, including the water treatment; Upgrading the built-environment to make the town more attractive for tourism; Providing capacity building trainings for the tourism sector including guides and local businesses; Offering local products to the tourists; Integrating agriculture to the tourism sector; Creating income generating activities, especially for the young people; Developing accommodation alternatives for the tourists; Promoting ecological and spiritual tourism besides the cultural tourism.

5.4. Social and human development Improving sports and recreational areas especially for children; Improving educational and health facilities; Providing cultural activities for the children; Generating affordable housing solutions on the land belong to the treasury outside the conservation site; Including women to the social life and enabling them to be present at the public spaces.

6. Achievements

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There have been some concrete achievements since the completion of the Search Conference. One of the most direct benefit occurred from the conference was the new energy infused to the people of Hasankeyf to mobilise and resist the Dam Project.

Following the Conference, a multi-stakeholder meeting was organised with the participation of the mayor, the notables, the municipal council members, the representatives of political parties, some NGOs and people. At the end of the meeting a committee of 15 people were elected to form the “Union of Hasankeyf”, which would act as the development catalyst for the town.

A youth group meeting was organised, where the young people stated their commitment to take part in the resistance and alternative-seeking process for Hasankeyf.

All those experts who participated to the Conference declared their interest in continuing working for Hasankeyf through formation of an advisory board for Hasankeyf.

University College London, University of Stuttgart and Mimar Sinan University declared their interest to follow-up the Conference with further studies and they planned to start the work with organising a field study for the October 2010.

For the “Rehabilitation Project of Hasankeyf Bazaar Street Silhoutte” which is to be realized by the end of 2010 with the aim of restorating frontals of the buildings and making various adjustments, a team of architects has carried out extensive studies, made measurements and started the drawings of the project.

7. Conclusion

The starting point for creating an alternative vision for Hasankeyf was to organise an international search conference at Hasankeyf with the participation of local inhabitants, international and national experts on cultural and natural heritage, civil society organisations and public authorities. For the first time in the town's history, people's own aspirations for the future has been discussed in a participatory way. Furthermore, these aspirations have constructed a base for any future interventions. Finally, through the conference not only the ground for potential future cooperation has been established but also the engagement of local population with the struggle against the dam project was strengthened. Thus, realisation of the conference itself has became the manifestation of another Hasankeyf is possible. To be concrete, the following results has been achieved by the end of the conference:

1. Hasankeyf was comparatively analysed with the major World Heritage Sites. 2. Vision, principles and road map for an alternative future of Hasankeyf was agreed upon. 3. In line with the vision, an architectural task force designed a small-scale developmental intervention during the conference. 4. People of Hasankeyf felt in solidarity with the conference participants and enhance their motivation for the survival of their town. 5. A solid foundation for the future interventions was set at the end of the conference. 6. Visibility of Hasankeyf in the national media was increased. 7. Mimar Sinan University, Stuttgart University, and University College London declared their interest to continue to work with Hasankeyf to realise the action areas defined at the Search Conference.

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8. A voluntary based advisory board for the alternative vision of Hasankeyf was formed with the participation of renowned Turkish experts.

ANNEX

Annex A. Terms of Reference Annex B. List of Participants (Ozlem yollayacaktı?) Annex C. History of the Project Annex D. Media Coverage Annex E. Outstanding Universal Value of Hasankeyf and The Tigris Valley Report

Bibliography

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Annex A. Terms of Reference

SEARCH CONFERENCE FOR HASANKEYF:

TOWARDS A WORLD HERITAGE SITE

HASANKEYF, TURKEY

10 – 11 April 2010

ToR

I. BACKGROUND

Hasankeyf is an ancient settlement located in southeast Turkey. It has a prominent position with a castle perched on a cliff towering over the Tigris River. Human existence along the river goes back to the beginning of life on earth; several tumuli in the region provide evidence about human settlement dating from prehistoric times. In this part of the country, the landscape shaped by the Tigris River provides a spectacular setting for settlement. Cave dwellings, Roman ruins and medieval monuments make up the impressive cultural heritage of this unique spot which is legally protected as an archaelogical site of the First Degree14.

However, regrettably, Hasankeyf is not declared yet as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, although it meets nine of the ten World Heritage Site Criterias set by the organisation. Furthermore, this unique world heritage site is severely threatened by the proposed Ilisu Dam, which will submerge almost entire Hasankeyf. The dam also threatens the unique biodiversity of the Tigris River, and thousands of its inhabitants to be forcefully evicted. Fortunately, the dam construction has not started yet fully and there is still a major chance to influence the fate of Hasankeyf.

Doga Dernegi (The Nature Association of Turkey) in collaboration with the Municipality of Hasankeyf is organizing an international search conference for the future of ancient town Hasankeyf. The conference's goal is to provide an alternative vision for the site as oppose to the Dam Project. The two-days interactive meetings will bring public authorities, local and international experts on cultural heritage, ecological conservation and socio-economic development and local residents of the area together in order to define a road map for Hasankeyf to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the near future, to develop the area through the cultural heritage protection and to create a political eagerness and commitment towards this aim.

II. OBJECTIVES OF THE SEARCH CONFERENCE

1. To learn from international world heritage sites.

14 Ahunbay Zeynep, Balkız Özge, Outstanding Universal Value of Hasnakeyf and The Tigris Valley, Do!a Derne!i Report.

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2. To agree on a common vision for the future of Hasankeyf in terms of cultural heritage and nature conservation and socio-economic development. 3. To define guiding principles for all the future interventions and to discuss priority action plans necessary for achieving the common vision. 4. To give hope to the inhabitants of Hasankeyf for a bright future without a dam. 5. To generate publicity nationally and internationally in order to carry Hasankeyf high on the public agenda. 6. To influence public authorities to re-evaluate their position on the Dam Project and pave the way for Hasankeyf’s UNESCO World Heritage Site nomination.

III. EXPECTED RESULTS

It is expected that by the end of the conference the following results will be achieved: 1. Hasankeyf will be comparatively analysed with the major World Heritage Sites. 2. Vision, principles and road map for an alternative future of Hasankeyf will be agreed upon. 3. One small-scale developmental intervention in line with the vision will be designed during the conference. 4. People of Hasankeyf will feel in solidarity with the conference participants and enhance their motivation for the survival of their town. 5. A solid foundation for the future interventions will be set at the end of the conference. 6. A new dialogue between the civil society actors against the Dam Project and the public authorities will initiated.

IV. EXPECTED DOCUMENTS FROM THE CONFERENCE

1. Alternative Vision for Hasankeyf Declaration. 2. List of guiding principles for all the possible future actions. 3. List of priority action plans. 4. A design proposal for one of the streets of the new town.

V. METHODOLOGY

The search conference will be conducted as multi-stakeholder participatory meeting, which will bring together experts of cultural heritage, nature conservation and development, representatives of civil society, public authorities and local residents. It will take place over two days and will include the following:

- Presentations of Hasankeyf and international experiences. - Transect walks. - Meetings with the people of Hasankeyf. - Plenary sessions.

VI. PROGRAMME

The exchange seminar will take place in Hasankeyf, from 10 – 11 April 2010.

Friday 09 Arrival of International participants in Batman

1st day, Saturday 10

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09:30 – 12:00 Action 1: Walking Hasankeyf

12:00 – 13:00 Lunch

13:30 – 14:00 Welcome from the Mayor Keynote Speech: Prof. Cevat Erder: ICOMOS Turkey Acting- President

14:00 – 14:30 Introduction of participants and expectations for the conference

14:30 – 15:30 Presentation 1: Introduction to Hasankeyf - Dr. Güven Eken: Outstanding Value of Tigris Valley and Hasankeyf - Murat Cano: European Court of Human Rights and Hasankeyf

15:30 – 16:00 Tea Break

16:00 – 18:00 Presentation 2: World Heritage Sites - Dr. Alaa El-Habashi: World Heritage Sites of Egypt - Dr. Wasay Najimi: World Heritage Sites of Afghanistan - Dr. Anette Gangler: Cultural Heritage and Conservationist Architecture

2nd day, Sunday 11

9:30 – 11:00 Presentation 3: Alternatives for Hasankeyf - Dr. Rita Pirpamer: Hasankeyf Workshop of University of Vienna - Dr. Cassidy Johnson: Conservation-Development Approach - Mehmet Emin Bulut: Alternative Tourism Report for Hasankeyf

11:00 – 11:30 Tea Break

11:30 – 12:30 Plenary Session 1: A common vision for Hasankeyf Discussion on the presentations

12:30 – 13:30 Lunch

13:30 – 15:00 Plenary Session 2: Roundtable discussion on the guiding principles of change

15:00 – 15:30 Tea Break

15:30 -17:30 Plenary Session 3: Discussion on priority actions and conference declaration

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Monday 12 Departure of the participants

I. VENUE

The search conference will take place at one of the largest caves in Hasankeyf.

VII. PARTICIPANTS

- Academics from Turkey and abroad. - Civil society representatives - International experts on World Heritage Sites - Local residents - Public authorities

VIII. ACCOMMODATION FOR PARTICIPANTS

The accommodation will be covered by the organisers.

IX. ORGANISATION AND LOGISTICS: COMMUNICATIONS

The event is being organised by the Do!a Derne!i, in coordination with the Municipality of Hasankeyf.

Any queries regarding the search conference can be directed to: • Özgür Koç, Do!a Derne!i, "stanbul: Tel: +90 533 732 38 09 / Email: [email protected] • Ya#ar Adanalı, Do!a Derne!i, Istanbul: Tel: +90 532 224 0884 Email: [email protected]

X. WORKING LANGUAGES

English and Turkish.

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Annex B. List of Participants

Abdullah Bagaj Abdullah !ridil Initiative to Keep Hasankeyf Alive Abdullah Suskun Abdullah Tarhan Hasankeyf Municipality Abdullah Turgay Hasankeyf Adnan Batıbey Adnan Ceviz Ahmet Ece Ahmet !pek Ahmet !ridil Aslı Sa"lam Hürriyet Daily News Assistant Prof. Erbatur Çavu#o"lu MSGS University Associate Prof. Murat Cemal Yalçıntan MSGS University Asuman Tatar Ay#en Eren Batman Youth Assembly Bahasistan Forta Barı# Altan Europa Nostra !stanbul Office Barı# Altan Europa Nostra Barı# Eviz Batman Culture and Art Association Bengi Gizem Turna Ceren Cano Dimitra Adamantidou Dimitra Ademhov Dr Wasay Najimi Kabul University Dr. Adnan Çevik, Mu"la University Dr. Annete Gangler Stuttgart University Dr. Cassidy Johnson UK Dr. Rita Pirpamer Austria Emin Tuna Esin Hürriyet Newspaper Eyüp Tatlıpınar Ak#am Gazetesi Fadime Bozta# istanbul 2010 ECOC Agency Feremez Arpa Fikret Tural TÜRSAB (Association of Turkish Travel Agencies) Gülbahar Ayhan Gülistan Güne# Hakan Sapan Duru# Newspaper Hasan Argünaga Batman Environment Volunteers Hasan !ridil

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Hayat Cano !dris Dezem !dris !mre Balanlı Film Director !pek Ta"lı Initiative to Keep Hasankeyf Alive !smet Can Öncü Youth Assembly M. Masum Süer Photoworld M. Salih Topkun M. #erif Ba"aran Batman Nature Association Medine Eren Youth Assembly Mehmet #ahin öztekin Mehmet Üstün Batman Newspaper Merve Yücel Mesut Olçay TMMOB (The Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Murat Altın Architects) Murat Cano Lawyer Nejat Türkan Hasankeyf Ö. Faruk Akyüz Batman City Council Ömer Süzer Batman provincial directorate of agriculture Osman Özbay Prof. Dr. Cevat Erder ICOMOS Recep Kavu" Initiative to Keep Hasankeyf Alive Rıdvan Ayhan #adiye Ayça Yılmaz Batman Youth Assembly Salih Arpa #ehmus Kartal Hasankeyf Municipality Semra Güne" Batman Nature Association #emsettin Gülmü" Serkan Ocak Radikal Newspaper Sıtkı Kandemir Suat Yılmaz Municipality Council Ufuk Gökduman U$ur I"ık Diyarbakır Chamber of Medicine V. Vahap Ku"en Hasankeyf Municipality Vahide Özcan Veysi Ayhan Initiative to Keep Hasankeyf Alive Yakup Uçar Yusuf Akçallı Youth Assembly Z. Özgün Forta Zeyneb Badur, Austria Austria Zuhal Açıkgöz

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Annex C – History of the project

CHRONOLOGY OF THE ILISU DAM PROJECT AT A GLANCE

1950s: First discussions regarding the project

1971: First feasibility study

1982: Acceptance of final project outline

1997 - 2000: Project preparations by a consortium of companies from , Austria, England, Italy, and under the direction of the Swiss firm Sulzer Hydro (Sulzer Hydro was purchased by VA Tech (AUT) in 1999; VA Tech Hydro was then purchased by Andritz (AUT) in 2006). Application for export credit insurance in the corresponding countries. Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS) agrees to provide financing.

2000: The Swedish firm Skanska withdraws from the project.

2001: The British construction firm Balfour Beatty and the Italian firm Impregilo withdraw after the export credit agencies (ECAs) insinuate that they may not assume liability.

2002: The Swiss bank UBS withdraws financing. Justification: Continuing ambiguity regarding social and ecological conse- quences (2006: Confirmation of this step upon request).

Autumn 2004: Turkish government attempts to reinitiate the project.

2004-2005: A new building consortium is formed, with VA Tech (AUT, now Andritz) acting as head, and the firms Züblin (GER) whose majority shareholder is in the meantime STRABAG (AUT), Alstom, Stucky, Maggia, and Colenco (CH) as well as Nurol, Cengiz, Celikler, and Temelsu (TUR). Request for insurance from German, Austrian and Swiss export credit agencies.

March 2007: , Austria and Switzerland approve the project in principle and assume export credit liability. Guarantees are tied to 153 requirements, with a Committee of Experts (CoE) monitoring compliance. Worldwide protest against this decision.

June 2007: Zürcher Kantonalbank (Switzerland) withdraws from the project. Justification: the project is incompatible with the bank’s sustainability principles.

August 2007: Contracts are signed between Turkey, the building consortium and the banks Bank Austria Creditanstalt (AUT), Société Générale (FRA) and DEKA Bank (GER).

Summer 2007: Turkey begins on-site expropriations. The ECAs and the Committee of Experts (CoE) are not informed, and are initially alerted to this development by NGOs.

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February 2008:Turkey begins construction in Ilisu. Streets are levelled, workers’ quarters are constructed, and military camps are built overlooking the construction site.

March 2008: The Committee of Experts submits its first report. Outcome: international standards have not been achieved; practically none of the necessary requirements have been fulfilled. A suspension of construction of at least two years is recommen- ded. Turkey continues to build.

May 2008: In Turkey, the environmental protection organization Doga Dernegi initiates a nation- wide “Stop Ilisu – Save Hasankeyf” campaign, with participation from celebrities such as the Turkish pop-star Tarkan. An information office is opened in Hasankeyf.

September 2008: The second expert report is published. The report on resettlement leaves no doubt that the project is a disaster. A delay in construction of at least three years is recommended in order for the project to meet requirements. As a result, buil- ding activities in Ilisu and Hasankeyf are drastically reduced.

October 7th, 2008: Withdrawal Phase I: Germany, Austria and Switzerland send a letter to Turkey activating the environmental failure clause. From this point on, Turkey has 60 days time to fulfil project requirements.

Dec. 23rd, 2008: Withdrawal Phase II: Turkey’s deadline is extended, allowing another 180 days to fulfil requirements. The new deadline is set for July 6th, 2009.

April 17th, 2009: A study from the University of Istanbul confirms Hasankeyf’s eligibility as a UNESCO World Heritage site, along with the Tigris Valley. The region fulfils nine out of ten possible UNESCO-criteria, more than any other existing world heritage site.

June 2009: More and more celebrities join the campaign, including Nobel laureate for literature Orhan Pamuk, the Turkish pop-star Tarkan, the German director Akin, and numerous German and Austrian actors and politicians.

July 7th, 2009: Germany, Austria and Switzerland officially declare their withdrawal from the Ilisu project. Never before has an existing export guarantee been cancelled due to ecological, social or cultural concerns.

July 8th, 2009: The European banks also declare their withdrawal, leaving Turkey short of over 400 million Euros in funding. The Euro- pean construction firms decline to make a statement.

October 2009: Construction activity picks up again in Ilisu. Allegedly, German company Züblin and Swiss Alstom want to withdraw from the project, while Austrian Andritz AG wants to remain involved.

January 2010: Doga Dernegi announced that Garanti Bank and Akbank, two of biggest private banks of Turkey, and Halkbank, a state Bank, has assured domestic fund for the Ilisu Dam. All three banks confirmed this

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information. Doga Dernegi has expanded its campaign to include these two private banks. As the state bank, Halkbank, provided the requested fund the construction activities at Ilisu once again activated.

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Annex D – Media Coverage

Introduction This document highlights initial media coverage results achieved following the “Search Conference for Hasankeyf: Towards a World Heritage Site”.

There were 10 members of National Press attended the event. - Esra Açıkgöz Cumhuriyet - Aslı Sa!lam Turkish Daily News - Ersin Kalkan Hürriyet - Kür"at Bayhan Zaman - Serkan Ocak Radikal - Helin Alp Taraf - Esra Elönü Star - Buket A"çı Vatan - Eyüp Tatlıpınar Ak"am - #ükran Özçakmak HaberTürk

The press members had the opportunity to interview with the local people and experts who participated to the event.

12 articles appeared on national newspapers and 20 articles on local newspapers.

The selection below is a range of publications about the event in newspapers, magazines, and other forms of media:

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Bibliography

Ahunbay Zeynep, Balkız Özge, Outstanding Universal Value of Hasankeyf and The Tigris Valley, Do!a Derne!i Report, 2009.

DSI, Ilısu Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali ile Hasankeyf Gerçe!i, 2009.

Eken, G., Bozdo!an, M., "sfendiyaro!lu, S., Kılıç, D.T., Lise, Y. (editors), Türkiye’nin Önemli Do!a Alanları, Do!a Derne!i, 2006, Ankara.

Erder, C., Presentation at the Search Conference for Hasankeyf, 2010

Emrah Yalçın, #ahnaz Ti!rek, Investigation of Alternative Solutions to Ilisu Dam and Hepp, 2nd International Conference on Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources, 4-7 July 2010, Ankara.

Johnson, Cassidy, Presentation at the Search Conference for Hasankeyf, 2010

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