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Introduction Chapter 1 Notes Introduction 1. The term “declaracao de estado de sitio” (Gusmao 2008; Guterres 2008) means “state of place,” but translated as “state of siege or emergency, or martial law,” involving a night curfew, increased powers of arrest and detention, and the inclu- sion of the F-FDTL as part of the active security forces. 2. It was widely believed that the attack against Ramos-Horta and Gusmao was intended as a kidnapping but that it went wrong. Chapter 1 1. East Timor’s postinvasion independence movement was multifaceted and included the principal proindependence party (Fretilin), the armed resistance (Falintil), the urban underground (Internal Political Front), and the student underground (Renetil). The resistance came together under the banner of the Council of National Maubere Resistance (CNRM) and later the Council of Timorese National Resis- tance (CNRT). 2. Precolonial regional ruler or local “king,” lit. liu rai or “earth lord.” This term origi- nally referred to the suzerain king of Wehali in southern central Timor, acknowl- edged by small, local chiefs, but later devalued in status to apply to all local chiefs or “kings.” 3. The formal and actual percentages of registered voters who have voted in East Timor’s ballots will be discussed later in detail. 4. This system of regulating the relationship between people and land and hence between people is generally known as tara bandu and also lobu and kerok, depend- ing on location, and in some cases having categories distinguishing fields from for- ests (e.g., in Oecussi). The lulik nain (guardian of the pole symbolizing tara bandu) is regarded by others as being close to the souls of his ancestors. Most villages (sucu) that have been able to retain them have a “tradition house” in which the souls of ancestors gather, all of whom are under the protection of the rai nain, or kind of overarching spirit, which both symbolizes and protects the land. 5. Natural law has strongly influenced English common law; its proponents have included, for example, Airstotle and Thomas Aquinas. It also deeply influenced thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. 6. This reflects the system of top-down orders and the limited options for debate or refusal. 220 Notes Chapter 2 1. Tais is a traditional cloth woven in Timor and closely related to the ikat of the southeastern islands of Indonesia, reflects colors and patterns, and in some cases, weaving techniques of each of the regions, and is primarily worn or presented at ceremonial occasions (e.g., birth, hunting initiation, marriage, funeral, and so on). 2. The Indonesian term “transmigrant” refers to government assisted internal migration. 3. Canto 14 of the Nagarakertagama refers to Timor, along with many others, as being a vassal territory of the Javanese Majapahit empire, although as there is no evidence of Javanese rule this may more accurately refer to a territory that had trading relations with Majapahit. Given that “timor” translates as “east” in Malay, it could have had a more generic meaning, referring to islands east of those within the regular Majapahit orbit, such as Sumbawa, which is also named. 4. Also known as Mau Kiak (Poor Mau) or Ta t Felis (Poor Fellow). 5. When asked about her Catholic faith, a well-educated, Dili-based woman described herself as believing in a blend of Roman Catholicism and the traditional belief sys- tem, termed fatu lulic (spiritual stone), she described herself as “Catholulic.” 6. There was an element of the church’s self-assumed political role that reflected its origins in Timor under its dispensation from the then Pope, in dividing the world between the Spanish and the Portuguese, to extend the church’s writ globally. 7. “Traditional” figurines from the East Timorese island of Atauro, just north of Dili, continue to wear stylized hats, while hat wearing among inland East Timorese con- tinues as a symbol of status or, perhaps as devolved status, as fashion. An alternative explanation for the name Topasses derives from the Portuguese adoption of the Malayalam word for a bilingual person; topashe (Hindi: dobashi). 8. From which, as an historical reminder, derives the name Pantai Makssar (Makassar Beach) at Oecussi. 9. Based on various discussions with Timorese from Viqueque in the east and Maliana in the west. 10. The Tetum word funu is generally translated as “war” or “warring,” but has a deeper and wider symbolic meaning to include a range of rituals around conflict. 11. Traditional social and power relations were commonly understood to be inwardly focused toward a center rather than focused as a complete territory defined by its external relationships. Examples of this were common in precolonial Africa, pre– Westphalian Europe, and throughout much of precolonial Asia (exceptions being the imperial Confucian states of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam). 12. This was according to that political figure, a head of one of the parties contesting the elections of 2007 (personal discussion, May 2007). 13. Not including the Topasses. 14. Mubyarto and Soetrisno describe “ficaro” as simply meaning “easterner,” while “keladi” means rustic. 15. The precise meanings of these terms is not fully agreed upon, reflecting their vague origins. Other terms, even less accurate descriptive terms applied to East Timor’s “easterners” and “westerners” have been lorosai and loromonu, which are Tetum words meaning “land where the sun rises” and “land where the sun sets,” but which Notes 221 were applied, up until 2006, to denote East Timor and West Timor. As James Fox noted in discussion, the idea of what constitutes the “lorosai” has been increasingly moving eastward, from the broad area east of the Wehale “center” to the border with West Timor to Dili and then to Manatutu, so that one might imagine soon only occupants of Tutuala at East Timor’s eastern tip would qualify under the term (Fox 2008). 16. Coffee plantations had been started in the early nineteenth century, but were largely unsuccessful until toward the end of that century. 17. Sandalwood continues to have a small market. Coffee is the world’s second most traded commodity, after oil, but along with other agricultural produce, its prices have remained at historic lows into the twenty-first century, even further reduced as a consequence of the methods of harvesting, sorting, and drying the beans. 18. In the late 1950s, Indonesia’s President Sukarno was attempting to reassert his own authority over that of a fractious parliament and involvement in overseas adven- tures came to characterize a tactic of his for diverting attention away from domestic problems. By 1963, Sukarno was openly engaged in Konfrontasi (Confrontation) with Malaysia. Both issues complied with his 1945 plan for an Indonesia Raya (Greater Indonesia), incorporating all of Timor, Malaysia, and even the Philippines. However, the distraction of what amounted to an illegal activity in Portuguese Timor would only have complicated his plans at that time for the incorporation of West Papua. Chapter 3 1. In June 2008, Sagrada familia’s political manifestation as the party Undertim formed an alliance with Xanana Gusmao’s AMP government. 2. Its head of international relations was former translator for Indonesian military commander-in-chief General Wiranto, Christiano da Costa. Private UN Political Section files held in Dili and seen by the author said that CPD-RDTL had been established by former Indonesian military intelligence chief Major-General Zacky Anwar Makarim. Makarim was Wiranto’s representative to the UN in East Timor until August 30, 1999. 3. “Maubere” is a common Mambai name that was employed during the Poruguese period as a synonym for illiterate, uneducated and ‘uncivilised’ Timorese. It was employed by Gusmao and others as signifying the common East Timorese people. 4. A less-powerful position than C-in-C, and part of Suharto’s plan to ease Murdani from power. 5. This view was widely shared by East Timor solidarity activists, and was noted in discussion by one leading activist, Charles Schiener, formerly of the East Timor Action Network, Dili, February 4, 2008. 6. Perhaps the most unfortunate aspect of this publication is that it was published by an Australian-based international organization focusing more honestly on Indo- nesia and East Timor to the rest of the world, including having a focus on human rights issues and including a number of human rights activists and journalists. 7. The UN had been trying to achieve a discussion toward a resolution of the East Timor issue since 1997, when Jamsheed Marker was appointed by the UN Secretary-General 222 Notes Kofi Annan, as his representative with a brief to pursue negotiations in February 1997 (Marker 2003, 7). 8. Noted in various districts by the author as an accredited observer to the ballot. 9. As seen by the author in Maliana, Balibo, Maubara and Liquica in August 1999, and as noted by Bartu 2000, and McDonald et al. 2002. 10. Former president of UDT, former East Timor governor, ambassador-at-large for East Timorese Affairs, senior adviser to President Suharto, head of the ballot-period pro-Indonesia Barisan Rakyat Timor Timur (East Timor Peoples’ Front—BRTT), a political front for the militias. 11. Based on off the record discussion with CNRT representatives, Dili, August 1999. 12. The author was an observer and participant in these events. 13. The author retained this sign after it was left when “Fort Maliana” was abandoned and just before it was burned. 14. See the personal account of being a UN police officer in Maliana at this time, in David Savage’s emminently readable Dancing With the Devil (Monash Asia Insti- tute, Melbourne 2002), the cover of which is a photograph of the official UN police vehicle set against a backdrop of the UN police house in flames.
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