Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical www.jmpas.com And Allied Sciences ISSN NO. 2320 - 7418

REVIEW ARTICLE A review on pharmacological Correspondence Shweta Sharma activities of School of studies in Chemistry And Biochemistry Dulce extract, and there Department, effective doses Ujjain. (M.P.) E-mail- Sharma Shweta*, Mehta B.K. [email protected] Keywords School of studies in chemistry and Biochemistry department, Pithecellobium Dulce, Ujjain. (M.P.) Broad category, Biological Effect Recieved 15/10/2013 Reviewed 15/10/2013 Accepted 28/10/2013 ABSTRACT Pithecellobium species (leguminosae) are widely distributed in the tropics, chiefly in Asia and America. Pithecellobium dulce Benth, a most versatile medicinal , has attracted a worldwide prominence in recent years, owing to its wide range of medicinal properties and diverse utility. All plant parts of the P. dulce elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds and have been demonstrated to exhibit antidiabetic, locomotor, anti venom, free radical scavenging, protease inhibitor, anti inflammatory, anti bacterial, anti mycobacterial, abortifacient, spermicidal, anti convulsant, anti ulcer, anti diarheal, anti fungal, anti tubercular, anti tumor and anti oxidative properties. Here the compounds present in different parts ofP.dulce and biological activities of their extracts or the chemical constituents as reported in the literature since 1962 to 2013 have been reviewed.

37 Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (2013) 05; 37-45 INTRODUCTION Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. (Family rainfall is 400 to 1650 mm. It is typical of Leguminosae, sub family Mimosoideae) is lowlands, but can be found at elevations one of 100-200 species in this genus. above 1,500 m in and East Africa. Pithecellobium dulce is the only species that This species is found on most soil types, has become widespread outside its origin. It including clay, limestone, and sands. is now common and naturalized in and Pithecellobium species are noted for their tropical Africa, especially along coasts. It is tolerance of heat, salinity, and impoverished notably weedy in the islands soils. They are also tolerant of drought (including Cuba, Jamaica, , and conditions. It contains the Tannin, 25.36%; St. Croix), and in and , USA, fixed oil, 18.22%, olein. A glycoside but less so where population and animal quercitin has been isolated. Seeds have been pressure keep it contained (1). reported to contain steroids, saponins, lipids, Pithecellobium dulce is a thorny which phospholipids, glycosides, glycolipids and can become weedy. In Hawaii it has a polysaccharides. Bark yields 37% tannins of reputation as a pest in grass pastures, but the catechol type. Leaves yield quercitin, normally only when fields have been left kaemferol, dulcitol and afezilin(3). nitrogen-starved. It is a tree with many uses; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY food (sweet pods), firewood, honey, fodder, soap oil, tannin, hedges and shade--and it can Abortifacient Activity survive hostile climates. The generic name The isoflavonoid isolated from root extract, refers to the curly pod, that mimics an ape's tested on female rats, showed dose earring (pithekos ellobium), and the species dependent estrogenic activity by increasing name "dulce" refers to the sweet pod. Many dose weight from 15.5±0.25 mg in control to N-fixing are alternately praised and 34.2±068 mg in orally treated rats (1.25 mg/ cursed. Hardy, tenacious, seedy, and able to kg/day for 4 days) (4) provide their own nitrogen, they often colonize soils and sites that are difficult or Anti Inflammatory Activity impossible for other trees. Pithecellobium dulce is such a tree(2). Pithecellobium dulce The saponin (contain two genin acids, thrives in dry warm climates where annual oleanolic acid (8) and echinocystic acid with

Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (2013) 05; 35-45 38 xylose, arabinose and glucose as sugar Antimicrobial Activity moieties) obtained from fruits of P.dulce has The powder, methanolic and aqueous been studied against the exduative and extracts of P. dulce seeds have proved proliferative phase of inflammatory reaction fungistatic and possess fungicidal effects in albino rats by using carrageenin inducd against plant pathogens like Fusarium oedema and formaldehyde induced arthritis oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium models. (5). digitatum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Several Antivenom Activity triterpene saponins, pitheduloside A, B, E, F and I inhibited in vitro mycelial growth of Polyphenols from the aqueous extract of Rhizopus stolonifer and colletotrichum Pithecellobium dulce was tested for their gloeosporioides, respectively. The less-polar inhibitory activities against Naja kaouthia hexane extract and polar methanolic extract (NK) venom by invitro neutralization of this plant screened against various bacteria method. (5) and fungi were also found to be active (9, 10, 11) Protease Inhibitor Activity

Antitubercular Activity Delgado report (7) for the first time the isolation and characterization of a protease The hexane, chloroform and alcoholic inhibitor from the seeds of Pithecellobium extracts of the leaves were studied for their dulce. antimycobacterial activity by BACTEC460TB- Radiospirometric system. Spermicidal Activity The alcoholic extract at the concentration In view of the importance of saponins as 20mg/ml showed highest activity when possible spermicidal agents, the saponins of comparable with standard drugs like, P. dulce were also subjected to tests for streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, spermicidal property by banergi et al.The ethambutol and pyrazinamide (12, 13) sapogenin showed the activity in the dilution Activity against CCl -Mediated Hepatic of 0.03% against human semen (8) 4 Oxidative Impairments and Necrotic Cell Death

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Treatment with Aqueous extract of viz., 25, 50,100,200,300 and 400 Pithecellobium dulce both pre- and post-CCl4 g/mL in sterile water were prepared administration prevented the toxin-induced (15). hepatic damage (14).

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti- Anti-Ulcerogenic Activity Bacterial Properties In ulcer control animals the activities of H (+), K (+) - ATPase and myeloperoxidase From fresh of Pithecellobium were found to be significantly raised up and dulce (Roxb.) Benth, glycoside found to be decreased in drug pretreated quercitin has been isolated. In vitro animals. Gastric ulcer was induced by anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial administering alcohol (or) acetylsalicylic properties have been studied in the acid (or) hypothermic restraint stress to rats ethyl acetate extract of P. dulce which pretreated with HAEPD (200 mg/kgbwt for contain glycosides. 30 day). The effects of Pithecellobium dulce

Anti-Microbial Studies compare with omeprazole as standard drug (17). This is in-vitro method by using EtOAc fraction isolated from Hypolipidemic activity which is containing the flavonoid In an anti-hyperlipidemic activity of glycoside, Mueller-Hinton agar Pithecellobium dulce aqueous extract of (2.5mL) medium for growth of leaves was isolated against triton induced organisms was added to sterile Petri– hyperlipidemia in rats. The dose of PD was dishes. The organisms is 200μg/kg (p.o) to the triton induced Staphylococcus aureus(gram +ve), hyperlipidemic rats. Pithecellobium dulce Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhii has shown a significant decrease in the levels ( gram –ve) and Standards containing of serum cholesterol, phospholipids, streptomycin at concentration of triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and significant 50,100 and 200 g/mL and a control increase in the level of serum HDL. Aqueous containing no drug were prepared. extract fraction decreased serum level of Solutions of the test compound (EtOAc total cholesterol, LDL andincreased the residue) at six different concentrations serum HDL cholesterol level (18).

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Locomotor activity Adulticidal Activity Among five solvent extracts tested, The CNS depressant activity, aqueous and LC50 and LC90 values of P. dulce leaves and alcoholic extracts of leaf of P. dulce was seeds against Cx. quinquefasciatus were evaluated using actophotometer in albino 234.97, 309.24 ppm and 464.86, 570.80 mice. CNS depression action of extracts may ppm, respectively. The maximum efficacy be due to increase in the concentration of was observed in the methanol extract of GABA in brain. The potency of alcoholic leaves of P. Dulce for excellent potential and aqueous extracts of leaf was compared against filariasis vector mosquito, Cx. with that of chlorpromazine at a dose of quinquefasciatus(22). 100mg / kg (19). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities Neuropharmacological profile Using hot plate test and acetic acid-induced Aqueous and ethanolic extracts was in mice and for anti-inflammatory using rat evaluated for several neuropharmacological paw edema test. Activity in mouse at the activity in swiss albino mice. Results from doses of 200 and 400mg/kg body weight. experimental model for locomotion and Utilize methanol extract. A significant (p motor coordination of both extracts showed a <0.0005) analgesic effect with200 mg / kg major reduction in activity (20). and 400 mg / kg was observed in both trials. Antioxidant properties 3 hours maximum anti-inflammatory response in the 200 and 400 mg / kg dose of extract was produced (23). Pithecellobium dulce fruit was utilized for the extraction of anthocyanin and evaluate Acute and sub-acute toxicity study the antioxidant activity. Pithecellobium dulce Hydroalcoholic fruit extract (HAEPD) of fruit pericarp anthocyanin, flavanoids and as Pithecellobium dulce (Leguminosae) was a major source of poly phenol antioxidants carried out to evaluate the acute and sub- can be evaluated. Here anthocyanin and acute toxicity. Albino rats were treated orally phenolic content of the study indicated two with 100, 200 and 500 mg kg(-1) bodyweight different extracts and free radical scavenging (BW) of HAEPD for 90 days to assess its activity to determine Pithecellobium dulce sub-acute toxicity. HAEPD at single doses of between fruit pods (21). 100, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg kg(-1)

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BW was also administered to rats to assess inhibitor activity, Spermicidal activity, its acute toxicity. The LD(50) was found to Antimicrobial activity and Antitubercular be 3916 mg kg(-1) BW and potential activity from alcoholic extract at the effective doses for efficacy studies are 100 concentration 20mg/ml showed highest and 300 mg kg(-1) BW as the minimum and activity when comparable with standard maximum doses, respectively(24). drugs. In Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and Anti-Microbial Studies Observed culture Micropropagation of Pithecellobium Dulce growth at a lower and higher concentration (Roxb.) Benth and assessment of genetic of the drug. Anti-ulcerogenic activity fidelity of micropropagated using compare with omeprazole as standard drug. molecular markers. Hypolipidemic activity, Locomotor Activity compared with that of chlorpromazine. Benth of Pithecellobium dulce (a Neuro pharmacological Profile showed a multipurpose leguminous tree) Shoot bud major reduction in activity. Antioxidant induction with 4.4 μM 6-benzyladenine (BA) properties P. Dulce for excellent potential and multiplication was achieved on meda against filariasis vector mosquito. Acute and supplemented with 4.4 μM BA + 0.73 μM sub-acute toxicity study, Micropropagation phenylacetic acid (PAA) i.e. up to 7 shoot of Pithecellobium dulce. This is the first buds in the period of 5–6 weeks. Addition of report of an efficient protocol for adenine sulphate (AdS) to this medium regeneration of P. dulce through further enhanced the number of shoot buds organogenesis. up to 10. In green house in pots containing sand, soil and manure (1:1:1). Genetic CONCLUSION stability of micropropagated clones was Pharmacological activity of Pithecellobium evaluated using Random amplified Dulce Extract, And There Effective Doses polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (25). are well performed from many researchers, RESULT AND DISCUSSION this review articles compile the data of biological activity. And conclude that Pithecellobium Dulce Extract fraction of Pithecellobium Dulce is an essential plant as various extract show’s differ activity such as recent treatment for various abonormalities Abortifacient activity, Anti inflammatory or disease activity, Antivenom activity, Protease

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