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Jacob and Laban's Double Talk. Prof. Scott B. Noegel Chair, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilization University of Washington "Drinking Feasts and Deceptive Feats: Jacob and Laban's Double Talk." First Published in: Scott B. Noegel, ed. Puns and Pundits: Wordplay in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near Eastern Literature Bethesda, Maryland: CDL Press (2000), 163-179. n.- - ~~ PUNS AND PUNDITS WORD PLAY . IN THE HEBREW BIBLE AND . ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN LITERATURE .... ~~ Edited by Scott B. Noegel 2000 ~ COL Press Bethesda, Maryland \ ( -" :;r G. A. J{t:NDSIIUR(; ( ,.t. .visual word play," pcrhaps the subtlest typc of word play that authors/ scribes cmploy, from an ancicnt Eb'Yptian tcxt.7I DIUNKING FEASTS AND DECEPTIVE FEATS: JACOB AND LABAN'S DOUBLE TALK "Jt.'" . Scott B. Noegcl Ulliversity of W"SllillgtOIl 11lcrc is an clcmcnt of deception inhercnt in word play. It masks other mcanings amI whcn cmploycd frequcntly in closc proximity, it can con. fuse rcadcrs and compel thcm to intcrprct the ambiguity in ways that might mislead. Moreover, word plays manipulate' memory by forcing readcrs to recall through association ,!nd to bring into contrast figures, thcmes, and events. Pcrhaps not surprisingly thcse characteristics of word play can be found in the storics of the Bible's most cunning and manipulative figurcs, Jacob and Laban (Gen 28:10-32:3). The charac. ters, who constantly are deceiving and being deceived, both pun, and arc the victims of puns. ') TI1Cnarrator too cannot bc hcld guiltless in this regard. He frequently puns, especially on the names of the main characters in our story. In fact, the narrator givesJacob and all of his children punning etymologies for their namcs. 1It Alter explains: 1. With the exception of Dinah. For puns on these names see Stanley Gevirtz, .Of Patriarchs and Puns:Joseph at the Fountain, Jacob at the Ford,. HUCA 46 (1975): 33-34. For the psychology and belief system behind these asso- 71. This and many additional examples of word play and alliteration in Ship. ciations, see I. Rabinowitz, A Witlless Forever:Allclellt Israel's Perception wrecked Sallur arc presented in G. A. Itendsburg, "Literary Devices in the of Literature alld tile Resultallt Hebrew Bible (Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press, Story ufthe Shipwrecked Sailur"jAOS 120 (2000), in press. 1993). "'J 162 (,'<'"' "'J 163 (J"" ( -' ( "'" S. U. NOEGEl DRINKING FEASTS ANI> DECEJ>TIVE FEATS ...thc n:lIl1Cis t:lkcnas a triggcr of sound associations,relcasingnot a shccp's bk:lling, as if to quip: "a cwe Iamb is baa.lng with the shcep." absolutc mcaning bm possible mC:lI1ing,and in somc instances, a In casc this pun escapes the reader, the same vcrb is repeatcd in 29:9 dustcr of complcmcntary or cvcn contradictory mcaning.2 with a slight variance in inflection.5 Thcse puns are edified in turn at the Ncvcrthelcss, whilc thc punning ctymologies of Jacob and his chil. end of 29:9 with the narrator's seemingly superfluous addition of kf drcn have rcceivcd somc scholarly aucntion, thc narrator and charac. I'ocil"IUlc,"for she was a shepherdcss" (with QerejJerpeluum). Wlillc tcrs' cmploymcnt of word play beyond thc punning etymons has becn typically it is translated "for she was a shepherdess," the line also sug- notcd only pcriodically, and thcn mostly in bricffootnotes. Moreovcr, a gcsts, "shc was grazing." The total cffect is undeniably intentionaJ.6 thorough study of thc word play phcnomcnon in thc Jacob cyclc has A5with Rachel, Leah's namc also is thc targct of puns. We hcar it fore- ncvcr bccnunucrtakcn, nor has an)' effort bccn made (()placc thc morc shadowed whcn)acob dcmands: "Give(mc) my wifc for my days arc ful- well.known cxamplcs of word phlY in their litcrary contcxts. Thus, fillcd, that I may go in unto hcr" (29:21). While shortly -,Iftcrwardthc dcspitc thc frcqucnt appcarancc ofthc dcvicc inGcn 28:10-32:3, schol. narrator alerts the reader that Labanhas switched Leahfor Rachel(29:23), arly knowledgc of word play in thc Jacob cyclc has had little hcrnleneu. Jacob remains unawares. Yet his own words In 29:21, specifically the tical impact. In what follows: I shall attcmpt 1<1remedy Ihis situalion, al phrasc "go in unto her," 1l1i?ilb6'illl'e!ellil, suggest the name "Leah" leasl in p:rrt, by illustrating how thc cxtcnsive usc of word play in thc (Le'illl). The Ilomell omell is realized after thc wedding feast when Leah Jacob cyclc cstablishcs a paUcrn that clucidatcs for us Ihc rcdactor's rolc Is brought to Jacob and he "unknowingly" "gocs In unto hcr," wayyilbO' and intcrcst in thc phcnomcnon. 'iJlella(29:23). To dcmonstratc, I bcgin with thc wcll.known obscrvation that Rachel Thc same pun haunts Rachel, albeit.in a diffcrent way. Despera~e to and Leah's names mcan "cwe Iamb"and "wild cow," rcspcctive1y.3WIllie have childrcn associated with her name, she offers a pica to Jacob: the namcs rcprcscnt a common Scmitic naming practice,4 thcy also pro. "Behold, my maid Bilhah,go in unto her... that I also might have children vidc thc author of thc Jacob cyclc with opportunitics to pun. For exam. (lit. "be built") through her (M' 'e/ella... we'ibbanell gam 'anokfmim- pic, the text frequently portrays R:lchel in ways that rccall thc mcaning mellllall: 30:3), a line that puns not only on the name "Dilhah,"7but also of her namc. Whcn Jacob arrives at the well of Haran, the men there on 'ilb, "father," ben, "son," and 'eben, "stone." The latter three puns are infonu him welli1llliJIIRil{lelbilu bil)i1I,ClmIWHu'lI, "Dehol~,Rachel,his cspecially significant for they both recall Jacob removing the stone daughter, iscoming with thc sheep" (Gen 29:6). The Englishcannot pos. ('ebell) offof Laban's well (29: 10)a!1dsubtly remind us thatJaeob's own sibly capture thc puns. Not only docs thc namc Rachel suggest "cwc "family"(bayil) must be "built" (Mnall) with "sons" (banfm) as an Isra- Iamb" in this contcxt, but thc verb bil'illl, "comc," convcys the sound of elite "house" (bayil) Is "built" (bilnall) with "stone" ('eben). Only then 2. Robert Alter, Gellesis: Trallslatioll t/l/tl Commelltary (New York, N.Y.:W. 5. In 29:6 it appears in the fcminine singular participle form with the accent W. Norton, 1996), p. 161. on the second syllable. In 29:9 it is in the feminine singular perfect form with the accent on the first syllable. 3, J. Skinner, A Critical ami E.wgetical Comll/elllar)' 011Gellesis (Internation. al Critical Commentary I; New York: Charles Scribncr's Sons, 1910), p. 383; 6. TIle earliest known onomatopoeia "ba.a" to describe the bleating of a sheep D.Jacob, Das ersle Bllell tier Tora: Gellesis (Derlin:Shockcn, 1934), p. 589; is found in the foml pii in the work of Hermippus. Sce Com/clls, 19. Sarna, N. Sarna.JPS Torall Comll/elllary.' Gellesis (Philadelphia: Jewish Publica. Gellesis, p. 202, suggests that the addition is a gloss. tion Society, 1989), pp. 202-3. 7. Observed by Moshe Garsiel,'Biblical Names: A Literary Study of Midraslllc 4. See, e.g., J. Stetkevyeh, "Name amI Epithet: l11e Philology and Semantics of Derivatiolls alld P,ms (Ramal-Gan, Israel: Dar.llanUnlve~ity Press, 1991), Animal Nomenclature in EarlyArabic Poetry,"JNES 45 (1986): 89-124. p. 221. ..,.., 164 t,'\"" "7J 165 ~ \ ( ( -", S. n. NOEGH DllI/I!KING FEASTS AND DECEI'TlVI! FEATS will Jacoh fulfillthc words of thc God of his 'iib "fathcr" (28: 13) and Rachel, Rachel's pica to Jacob, and Laban's act of dcccption (cf. 'en en- hecomc the father of a multitudc (cf. 28: 14). Thcsc conncctions arc Illl cimu in 31:2 and 'ellelllul 'clay in 31:5).12Thc phr.tsc liIbu"al!s put madc apparent by the rcpcatcd i11lcrplay bctwccn thc words 'ebell i11l0Jacob's mouth to subtly preparc the rcader for his schcmc ofrcvenge. "stonc" (29:2, 29:3 12XI, 29:8, 29:10)", 'ab, "father" (29:9,29:12 (2X)), Jacob thcn proceeds to cncourage the strongcr females of Laban's ani. bell, "son" (29:1, 29:5, 29:12, 29:13), and "Laban" (29:5, 29:10 (3XI, mOIlsto matc 'el hammaqlOl, "on thc rods" (30:39), instead of with the 29: 13) in thc bctrothal scene at the wcll," a scene that concludes with malcs of thc flock.13Thc rcsultlcaves Laban with a grcatly diminished thc narmtor's note that L;lhan llIlIJ'i!bi)"iHlll 'el betu, "brought him flock of fccbler 'animals. Thcsc puns force us to link thc story of Jacob (Jacob) into his house" (29:13). and Laban's daughters with that of Jacob and his flocks and to sce in Thc allllsive phrase -'Nellii again occurs whcnJacob conscnts to slccp. them, along with N. Sarna, "thc idea of Jacob beating Laban at his own ing with hilhah ;\lul WlI)')'ilbu' 'dellil, "gocs in unto hcr" (30:4). In 30: 16 gamc."14 Leah also uscs the phr.lsc cmphatically whcn shc commands Jacob: The plllls on Leahcomc full circlc whcn Rachel finallyconceivcs. TI.lC "Vou arc to slccp with mc Celli)' mbu~ for I have hircd you csakor narrator appositely comments: "AndGod rcmcmbcrcd Rachel, and hear. sekartfkil) with my son's mandr.1kcs (biidiidil'e benf)" (30:16). Thc kcncd to her" (30:22). TIle words "to her" ('eliihii), again rcmind the repeat cd puns bctween 'eM/ill and Leah and thc usc of silkar, "hirc," rcader of Leah, but this time the cffect is different. Since Rachel has a drawattcntion to Lcah as thc focus of Rachel's vcxation and poignantly son, thc pun now serves to remind us that Rachel has overcomc Leah.
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