Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae: Cyllopodini)
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
REVISION OF THE GENUS CYLLOPODA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE: STERRHINAE: CYLLOPODINI) By DELANO ST. AUBYN LEWIS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2006 Copyright 2006 by Delano St. Aubyn Lewis "He that is at peace with his God is at peace with himself and the world." Delano S. Lewis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study could not be accomplished without the expert guidance and support from my graduate committee. I thank Dr. Thomas Emmel for his untiring efforts at making my sojourn at the University of Florida a smooth one. The expert advice and hands-on training received from Dr. Charles Covell Jr. were without equal. Dr. Andrei Sourakov’s many practical suggestions also greatly enriched my experience in conducting this revision. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the staff of the McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, for their helpful considerations, advice and discussions, and Mr. Alan Chin-Lee for his assistance with photography. I would be negligent not to mention that my interactions with personnel at the National Museum of Natural History-Smithsonian Institution, American Museum of Natural History, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Zoologische Staatsammlungen, The Natural History Museum and El Instituto National de Biodiversidad made an otherwise impossible task much easier. Dr. Patricia Gentili-Poole was particularly helpful, making my visit to the Smithsonian Institution most profitable. I also would like to thank my wife for her patience and understanding and my family for their continued support in all my educational endeavors. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 The Family Geometridae ..............................................................................................1 The Subfamily Sterrhinae.............................................................................................4 The Tribe Cyllopodini ..................................................................................................5 The Genus Cyllopoda ...................................................................................................6 Scope of the Project......................................................................................................7 2 REVISION OF THE GENUS CYLLOPODA...................................................................9 Introduction to the Genus .............................................................................................9 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................9 Method of Identification.............................................................................................11 Historical Background................................................................................................11 Cyllopoda Dalman......................................................................................................12 Key to the Species of Cyllopoda ................................................................................14 The Species of Cyllopoda...........................................................................................16 3 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................61 Synonymic Checklist..................................................................................................64 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................67 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................................72 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Wing venation in Cyllopoda...................................................................52 2-2.1 Cyllopoda adults. ....................................................................................53 2-2.2 Cyllopoda adults (continued)..................................................................54 2-3.1 The male genitalia and aedeagus of Cyllopoda ......................................55 2-3.2 The male genitalia and aedeagus of Cyllopoda (continued)...................56 2-3.3 The male genitalia and aedeagus of Cyllopoda (continued)...................57 2-4 Female genitalia of C. claudicula...........................................................58 2-5 Female genitalia of C. gibbifrons ...........................................................59 2-6 Female genitalia of C. jatropharia jatropharia......................................60 2-7 Female genitalia of C. osiris osiris .........................................................60 3-1 Holotype of Atyria albifrons...................................................................66 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science REVISION OF THE GENUS CYLLOPODA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE: STERRHINAE: CYLLOPODINI) By Delano St. Aubyn Lewis December 2006 Chair: Thomas Emmel PhD Major Department: Entomology and Nematology This revision is the first part of a comprehensive revision of the tribe Cyllopodini. Taxonomic relationships, evolutionary history, mimicry, and biogeographic influences on convergence are future studies that hinge on this work. Some of the synonymy that exists in the genus Cyllopoda is resolved and a contribution to a better understanding of the relationships within this genus is accomplished. Morphological taxonomic techniques were used, leading to: four new synonymies, Cyllopoda versicolor, Cyllopoda claudicula catabathmus, Cyllopoda ovata and Cyllopoda protmeta eurychoma; the revision and elevation to species level of Cyllopoda osiris; the use of new combinations Cyllopoda osiris osiris and Cyllopoda osiris protmeta; the designation of a neotype for Cyllopoda osiris; the designation of lectotypes for Cyllopoda angusta, Cyllopoda claudicula, Cyllopoda claudicula catabathmus, Cyllopoda jatropharia puta, and Cyllopoda postica; and the designation of paralectotypes for Cyllopoda angusta, Cyllopoda claudicula, Cyllopoda jatropharia puta, and Cyllopoda postica. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Family Geometridae The family Geometridae is one of the three largest families of the order Lepidoptera with a global representation of about 21,000 described species (Scoble et al. 1995; Minet & Scoble, 1999). This family belongs in the super-family Geometroidea along with Drepanidae and Uraniidae, and is subdivided into six sub-families. The moths of this family are broad-winged, butterfly-like in appearance and relatively easy to separate from other moths. When the adults of some species rest, the wings are held outspread (not folded roof-like over the body). The wings in many other species may be held vertically with the dorsal surface of the wings touching. Adults can be most effectively recognized and defined by the presence of paired tympanal organs at the base of the abdomen, which are very distinctive (Cook and Scoble, 1992; Kennel and Eggers, 1993; Minet, 1983). They lie in deep ventrolateral walled cavities called cavi tympani (Cook and Scoble 1992) but may be reduced or lost in brachypterous females (Minet & Scoble, 1999). Geometridae eggs in many species are laid horizontally, with longitudinal axis lying parallel, or almost parallel, to the substrate. However, those of some other species (some Sterrhinae) are laid in a barrel-shaped fashion with the longitudinal axis perpendicular to the substrate. These two types of egg orientation may occur in the same genus. Egg shape may be ovoid or elliptical when viewed from the lateral side, and circular or oval when viewed from above (Minet & Scoble, 1999), and they may or may 1 2 not be sculptured. They are laid singly or in batches wrapped around twigs, usually glued to plant substrate, inserted in crevices of bark, or simply dropped from the female positioned over or near the host plant (Minet & Scoble, 1999). No single character or combination of characters is known that can be used to separate eggs of Geometridae from eggs of other families in Lepidoptera. While it is easy to tell the adults apart from other closely related species, the best character used to differentiate the family is found in the larvae. Geometrid larvae are distinctive from those of other families because of their looping mode of locomotion (Noctuidae has some semi-loopers). They move this way because they have only two pairs of abdominal pro-legs. In fact, the derivative of the mane Geometridae comes from the looping habit of the larvae, which in the original Greek means “earth measuring”. The larvae are typically cylindrical with slender bodies, the length of which is about 10 times the width (Minet & Scoble, 1999). At times, they may be stout and flattened. The cuticle is smooth or granular and there are often stripes running the length of the body. Humps,