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LJUDI BEZ KROVA @Ivot Izbeglica I Raseljenih Roma Sa Kosova U Crnoj Gori

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LJUDI BEZ KROVA @Ivot Izbeglica I Raseljenih Roma Sa Kosova U Crnoj Gori Bo`idar Jak{i} LJUDI BEZ KROVA @ivot izbeglica i raseljenih Roma sa Kosova u Crnoj Gori ROOFLESS PEOPLE The Life of Refugees and Displaced Kosovo Roma in Montenegro Beograd, 2002 Izdava~i / Published by Republika, Beograd, Crnotravska bb Bo`idar Jak{i}, 11221 Kumodra`, Prava 4, tel. ++381 11 39-454-03 E-mail: jaksicªinstifdt.bg.ac.yu ISBN 86–902915–1–2 © Bo`idar Jak{i} Istra`ivanja podr`ao / The researches suported by Swiss Disaster Relief Unit, Shelter Office, Podgorica Objavljivanje knjige podr`ali / Publishing of this book suported by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation Office Fond za otvoreno dru{tvo, Beograd SADR@AJ / CONTENTS Predgovor . 7 Prvi deo @IVOT IZBEGLICA U VRELIMA RIBNI^KIM . 13 Prethodni opis stanja . 15 Ciljevi istra`ivanja . 23 Osnovni ciljevi istra`ivanja . 23 Na~in i okvir istra`ivanja . 24 Ispitivana populacija . 27 Starosna i obrazovna struktura . 30 Od ~ega `ivi Va{a porodica? . 33 Uslovi `ivota u naselju Vrela Ribni~ka . 39 Redosled re{avanja problema da bi se stvorili podno{ljiviji uslovi `ivota u naselju . 44 Ko mo`e pomo}i da bi se uslovi `ivota pobolj{ali? . 46 [ta je adekvatna pomo}? . 49 Socijalni odnosi . 51 Me|usobni odnosi izbegli~ke populacije . 53 Izbeglice, domicilno stanovni{tvo i raseljeni Romi – odnosi, vi|enja, saradnja . 54 Perspektive integracije . 59 Status quo je neodr`iv . 64 Predlog mera . 69 Drugi deo @IVOT I MOGU]NOSTI INTEGRACIJE RASELJENIH ROMA SA KOSOVA U CRNOJ GORI . 73 Globalni pogled . 75 Prethodni opis situacije . 75 Kratak pogled na istoriju . 77 Mesto centralnog prihvata raseljenih Roma . 80 Okvir i osnovni ciljevi istra`ivanja . 83 Okvir istra`ivanja . 83 Ciljevi istra`ivanja . 84 Karakteristike ispitivane populacije . 89 Op{te karakteristike ispitivanih porodica . 89 Obrazovani nivo i zaposlenost . 92 Socijalno-zdravstveni status . 97 Uslovi `ivota i mogu}nosti njihovog pobolj{anja . 99 Uslovi stanovanja . 99 Procena statusa i spremnost na anga`man . 103 Koji su najte`i problemi? . 108 Ko mo`e i treba da pomogne? . 112 Me|usobni odnosi . 115 Socijalna distanca . 115 Procena osobina . 119 Intergrupna dinamika . 122 O~ekivanja i planovi u budu}nosti . 129 Op{ti zaklju~ci i preporuke . 137 Neposredna humanitarna pomo} . 139 Stanovanje . 140 Trajniji vidovi pobolj{anja `ivotnih uslova . 142 Mogu}i pravci akcije Shelter programa SDR . 145 Kratkoro~ne mere . 145 Srednjoro~ne mere . 146 Op{ti zaklju~ak . 151 ROOFLESS PEOPLE – The Life of Refugees and Displaced Kosovo Roma in Montenegro . 153 Foreword . 155 Part one THE LIFE OF REFUGEES IN VRELA RIBNI^KA . 163 Preliminary Description of the Situation . 165 Research Objectives . 173 Main Research Objectives . 173 Framework and Methods of Research . 174 The Surveyed Population . 177 Age and Educational Structures . 180 What are the Sources of Livelihood for Your Family? . 183 Living Condtions in the Vrela Ribni~ka Settlement . 189 The Order of Priorities in Problem-Solving for Better Living Conditions in the Settlement . 194 Who Can Help Improve Living Conditions? . 197 Social Relations . 203 Mutual Relations of Refugee Population . 205 Refugees, Domestic Population, and Displaced Persons – Relations, Views, Cooperation . 206 4 Integration Perspectives . 211 Status quo is Untenable . 216 Suggested Measures . 221 Part two LIFE OF DISPLACED KOSOVO ROMA IN MONTENEGRO AND POSSIBILITIES FOR INTEGRATION . 227 General View . 229 Preliminary Description of the Situation . 229 A Brief Glance at History . 231 Central Location for Accommodating Roma IDPs . 235 Framework and Main Objectives of the Research . 239 Framework of the Research . 239 Research Objectives . 240 Properties of the Surveyed Population . 245 General Properties of the Surveyed Families . 245 Educational Level and Employment . 248 Health Condition of Roma Families . 254 Living Conditions and How to Improve Them . 257 Housing Conditions . 257 Assessment of Status and Readiness for Engagement . 261 What are the Gravest Problems? . 266 Who Can and Should Help . 171 Mutual Relations . 275 Social Distance . 275 Assessment of Traits . 279 Intergroup Dynamics . 282 Expectations and Plans for the Future . 291 General Conclusions and Recommendations . 301 Immediate Humanitarian Aid . 303 Housing . 305 More Lasting Forms of Improvement of Living Conditions . 307 Possible Courses of Action of the SDR Shelter program . 311 Short-term Measures . 311 Middle-term Measures . 312 General Conclusion . 318 Izabrana bibliografija / Selected Bibliography . 319 5 6 PREDGOVOR Dvadeseti vek na Balkanu po~eo je i zavr{io ratovima. Dva svetska i bar tri specifi~no balkanska rata ostavili su za sobom tragi~ne posledice: stotine hiljada ubijenih i ranjenih ljudskih bi}a, milioni prognanih i izbeglih, poru{ena sela i gradovi, uni{tene bogomolje, industrijska postrojenja, kultur- ni spomenici neprocenjive istorijske vrednosti, razorena in- frastruktura i socijalne institucije. Ako je kraj Prvog svetskog rata na Balkanu obele`io milionski val izbeglica izme|u Gr~- ke i Turske, kraj dvadesetog veka obele`ili su sna`ni valovi izbeglica i raseljenih lica iz zemalja biv{e Jugoslavije. Kolo- ne izbeglica i raseljenih lica bile su deo ratnih balkanskih po- litika i prilika. Nesretna ljudska bi}a su naj~e{}e be`anjem spa{avala gole `ivote. Nekada su bili proterivani: Srbi i Slo- venci u Vojvodini po~etkom, a Nemci iz Vojvodine krajem Drugog svetskog rata, Srbi iz Hrvatske, Bo{njaci, Srbi i Hr- vati iz pojedinih delova Bosne i Hercegovine, prvo Hrvati a zatim Srbi iz Kninske Krajine, Srbi, a privremeno i Albanci sa Kosova i iz Metohije u „tre}em“ balkanskom ratu krajem veka. Re|e su preseljenja bila dobrovoljna: naseljavanje Ko- sova za vreme Kraljevine Jugoslavije, ili naseljavanje Vojvo- dine porodicama iz Like, Bosne i Hercegovine i Crne Gore neposredno posle Drugog svetskog rata. Izbeglice i raseljena lica tragi~ne su `rtve nasilja, sveop- {te plja~ke, razaranja zajedni~ke dr`ave i stvaranja nacional- nih dr`ava u krvi. Kolone o~ajnih ljudi, prognane ili u begu od nesre}e, bile su, svugde gde su se pojavljivale nerado vi|e- ni i nikada `eljeni gosti. Neljudski uslovi `ivota ve}ine izbe- glica i raseljenih lica samo su najupe~atljiviji deo svedo~an- stva o velikoj socijalnoj katastrofi na Balkanu. Susreti s tim ljudskim bi}ima poma`u da se bolje pojmi metafora Hermana Broha (H. Broch) o zlo~inu iz ravnodu{nosti koju on odre|uje kao „...nesposobnost modernog ~oveka da shvati i pojmi pat- nju ~oveka pored sebe.“1 Suprotstavljaju}i se ravnodu{nosti 1 Herman Broh, Pisma o Nema~koj 1945–1949, str. 52, Svetovi, Novi Sad 1994. 7 prose~nog ~oveka prema tu|oj nevolji, Broh je verovatno iz- rekao dublju, ali te`e dosti`nu istinu kada je zapazio da beda proiza{la iz katastrofe mo`e da deluje oplemenjuju}e. Ta~an broj izbeglica i raseljenih lica sa Balkana i na Balkanu te{ko je ustanoviti. Tome je doprinelo nekoliko okolnosti: 1) Sve strane u~esnice u balkanskim sukobima trudile su se da u svom i svetskom javnom mnjenju uve}aju broj svojih `rtava i umanje broj suparni~kih; 2) u svim no- vonastalim dr`avama se manipulisalo brojem izbeglica i ra- seljenih lica u zavisnosti od trenuta~nih politi~kih potreba i procena; 3) izbeglice i raseljena lica ~esto su izbegavali po- pise boje}i se uskra}ivanja statusnih prava, mobilizacije itd; 4) podaci iz tre}ih zemalja su ne{to precizniji, ali je broj ile- galnih ulazaka i promene statusa ostao nepoznat. Ako se ovim okolnostima doda i poslovi~na balkanska haoti~nost u evidencijama, onda zaista niko sa sigurno{}u ne mo`e tvrdi- ti da su podaci kojima raspola`e ta~ni! Uglavnom, procene ukupnog broja izbeglica i raseljenih lica kre}u se od 1.752.500 iz jula 1992, do 3.800.000 (podatak koji je Visoki komesar za izbeglice UN, gospo|a Sadako Ogata iznela 13. aprila 1993. godine). UNHCR je za 1995. godinu procenio da 3.722.000 lica iz biv{e Jugoslavije primalo humanitarnu pomo}. Kasniji popisi i procene pokazuju zna~ajan pad, ta- ko da se krajem 1996. godine govori o dva miliona lica. Sklonost ka preterivanju svakako je sadr`ana u izjavama da je broj izbeglica u Srbiji oko jedan milion, ili da je iz Bosne i Hercegovine, prema nalazima Ministarstva za izbeglice i socijalnu pomo} federacije BiH, izbeglo 2.600.000 lica! Izbegli~ka i raseljeni~ka populacija je predmet brige ra- znih me|unarodnih i dr`avnih institucija, velikog broja fon- dacija, humanitarnih i nevladinih organizacija, predmet inte- resovanja sredstava masovnog komuniciranja, ali i velikih i malih politi~kih interesa. Masu izbeglica i raseljenih lica tre- ba prvo smestiti, nahraniti i odenuti, a zatim pru`iti i svaku drugu vrstu pomo}i, od re{enja izbegli~kog statusa i progra- ma psiho-socijalne podr{ke. Ti programi su posebno potrebni jer su izbeglice i raseljena lica suo~ena sa hamletovskom dile- mom biti il’ ne biti – „vratiti se ili integrisati se“. Katastrofalni 8 rezultati internacionalno proklamovane Godine povratka (1998) na Balkanu govore o tome da }e izbegli~ke i raselje- ni~ke tegobe trajati jo{ dugo. Otuda i zna~aj socijalnih istra`i- vanja uslova `ivota tih ljudi, posebno u kolektivnim centrima. Istra`ivanja koja sam obavio bila su akcionog karaktera i imala su ograni~ene ali zna~ajne prakti~ne ciljeve. Tim is- tra`ivanjima su prethodila druga {ire zami{ljena, ambiciozni- je koncipirana istra`ivanja i u Srbiji i u Crnoj Gori, ali tako|e i u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini i Makedoniji. Neka od tih istra`ivanja imala su i me|unarodni karakter, a broj me|unarodnih konferencija i simpozija o izbeglicama i raseljenim licima te{ko je nabrojati. Dva istra`iva~ka poku- {aja su neposredno prethodila mojim istra`ivanjima. Jedan je istra`iva~ki rad dr Vladimira Cvetkovi}a Strah i poni`enje – Jugoslovenski rat i izbeglice u Srbiji 1991–19972 i rad mr Jo- vanke Vukovi} Izbjegli{tvo u Crnoj Gori3.
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