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Tree Species Diversity and Population Structure Across Major Forest Formations and Disturbance Categories in Little Andaman Island, India

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Tree Species Diversity and Population Structure Across Major Forest Formations and Disturbance Categories in Little Andaman Island, India RASINGAM & PARATHASARATHY 89 Tropical Ecology 50 (1): 89-102, 2009 ISSN 0564-3295 © International Society for Tropical Ecology www.tropecol.com Tree species diversity and population structure across major forest formations and disturbance categories in Little Andaman Island, India L. RASINGAM & N. PARATHASARATHY* Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India Abstract: The Andaman and Nicobar islands, located in the Indian ocean, are among the biodiversity rich localities in India. Several islands in the southern part were severely affected by a recent cyclone ‘ tsunami ’. We compared patterns of tree species diversity and extent of damage by tsunami at eight sites in Little Andaman island within eight one ha plots. The study sites were located at relatively undisturbed and disturbed Evergreen (UE, DE), Semi- evergreen (US, DS), Deciduous (UD, DD) and Littoral (UL, DL) forests. A total of 4252 trees ≥30 cm girth at breast height, covering 186 species in 125 genera and 56 families were recorded within these sites. Of these, 23 species (12.4%) were endemic to these islands. Tree species richness was lowest (18 species ha -1) in the tsunami affected littoral forest and highest (84 species ha -1) in the UE. Tree density (79 to 935 trees ha -1) and basal area (41 to 59.10 m 2 ha -1) were greater in all the undisturbed forests as compared to disturbed forests. In all the eight sites, tree species richness and density decreased with increasing girth class and the stand structure of the forests displayed a reverse J-shaped curve, with the exception of the DL. Importance Value Index of three endemic species viz. , Manilkara littoralis, Canarium euphyllum and Terminalia bialata has been compared across the forest types and tsunami hit areas. Management implications are discussed. Resumen: Las islas Andamán y Nicobar, localizadas en el Océano Índico, figuran entre las localidades ricas en biodiversidad de la India. Varias islas de su parte sur fueron afectadas severamente por un reciente tsunami. Comparamos patrones de diversidad de especies arbóreas y la magnitud del tsunami en ocho sitios en la isla Pequeña Andamán, en ocho parcelas de 1 ha. Los sitios de estudio se localizaron en bosques perennifolios (UE, DE), subperennifolios (US, DS), caducifolios (UD, DD) y de litoral, tanto relativamente no perturbados como perturbados. En estos sitios se registró un total de 4252 árboles ≥ 30 cm de perímetro a la altura del pecho, los cuales incluyeron 186 especies distribuidas en 125 géneros y 56 familias. De éstas, 23 especies (12.4%) resultaron ser endémicas de las isla. La riqueza de especies arbóreas tuvo su mínimo (18 especies ha -1) en el bosque de litoral afectado por el tsunami y su máximo (84 especies ha -1) en el UE. La densidad arbórea (79 a 935 árboles ha -1) y el área basal (41 a 59.10 m 2 ha -1) tuvieron valores mayores en los sitios no perturbados que en los bosques perturbados. En los ocho sitios, la riqueza y la densidad de especies arbóreas y su densidad decrecieron hacia las clases perimétricas mayores, y las estructuras de rodal de los bosques mostraron una curva en forma de J invertida, con excepción del de DL. Los Índices de Valor de Importancia de tres especies endémicas, Manilkara littoralis, Canarium euphyllum y Terminalia bialata , fueron comparados entre tipos de bosque y áreas afectadas por el tsunami. Se discuten las implicaciones para el maneJo. Resumo : As ilhas de Andaman e Nicobar, localizadas no oceano Índico, estão entre as * Corresponding Author ; e-mail: [email protected] 90 TREE DIVERSITY IN LITTLE ANDAMAN ISLAND localidades com maior riqueza em biodiversidade na Índia. Várias ilhas na parte sul foram severamente afectadas por um ciclone “ tsunami ” recente. Comparam-se os padrões de diversidade arbórea e a extensão dos estragos pelo tsunami em oito parcelas de um hectare localizadas na pequena ilha de Andaman. As estações de estudo foram localizadas em locais perturbados e não perturbados na floresta sempreverde (EU e DE), na floresta semi- sempreverde (US e DS), na floresta decídua (UD, DD) e Litoral (UL, DL). Um total de 4252 árvores com perímetro à altura do peito ≥ 30 cm, cobrindo 186 espécies em 125 géneros e 56 famílias foram registadas nestas estações. Destas, 23 espécies (12,4%) eram endémicas nestas ilhas. A riqueza nas espécies arbóreas era mais baixa (18 espécies ha -1) nas florestas litorâneas afectada pelo tsunami e mais alta (84 espécies ha -1) na EU. A densidade arbórea (79 a 935 arvores ha -1) e uma área basal (41 a 59,10 m 2 ha -1) foi maior em todas as florestas não disturbadas quando em comparação com as disturbadas. Em todas a oito estações, a riqueza arbórea e a densidade decresceu com o aumento da classe de perímetro e a estrutura da parcela das florestas apresentavam uma curva do tipo J invertido, com excepção da DL. O índice do Valor de Importância de três espécies endémicas viz. Manilkara littoralis , Canarium euphyllum e Terminalia bialata foi comparado ao longo dos tipos florestais e nas áreas atingidas pelo tsunami. As implicações para a gestão são discutidas. Key words: Conservation, human disturbance, Little Andaman, stand structure, selective logging, tree diversity. Introduction insular flora is, therefore, very vital to understand the patterns of speciation, extent of plant diversity Insular biology has always drawn the across the small islands and to draw long term attention of a number of ecologists (e.g., plans for their conservation and management. Balakrishnan & Rao 1983; Renvoize 1979). It has The flora of A&N islands is insufficiently contributed much to our knowledge of speciation, known as compared to other parts of India and adaptability, invasion, colonization and evolution. nearly 20% of the area remains unexplored. Islands tend to have higher percentage of Earlier studies have mainly focused on the endangered species than other areas due to small qualitative assessment of the forest wealth and geographical area available for each species. only few efforts have been made to quantify the Presently, a vast maJority of the island biota are vegetation structure and composition (Padalia et severely threatened due to incessant al. 2004; Tripathi et al . 2004). This study was anthropogenic pressures (Bramwell 1979). Rapid undertaken, to determine tree species diversity loss of tropical forests is recognized as one of the and stand structure in relatively undisturbed and serious environmental and economic problems all disturbed evergreen, semi-evergreen, deciduous over the world (Hare et al . 1997). A number of and littoral forests in Little Andaman. MaJor conservation biologists have raised concern over findings of the study with reference to floristic loss of biodiversity in tropical forests owing to the composition, species diversity and population deforestation and imprudent infra-structure structure of tree layer across disturbed and development in the name of modernization. It is undisturbed categories of these forests are doubtful whether modern man will arrive even at discussed. the stage of alpha taxonomy of some of the insular floras before they vanish in catastrophic events. Material and methods This situation may hold true for islands such as Andaman and Nicobar (A&N), where nearly 17% Study area of the plants are endemic (Reddy et al. 2004). The study was carried out in Little Andaman, Information on the distribution and abundance of which forms a part of A&N group of islands, India RASINGAM & PARATHASARATHY 91 Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Little Andaman Island, east of Indian mainland and eight study sites in the island. The complete names of study sites are mentioned in the text. (10° 30’ - 10° 54' N latitudes and 92° 20’ - 92° 35' E and are mostly dominated by endemic tree longitudes; Fig. 1). It is the third largest island in Manilkara littoralis , in association with A&N and covers an area of 733 km 2. The terrain is Terminalia catappa, Gyrocarpus americanus, more or less flat with undulations in the northern Guettarda speciosa and Pongamia pinnata. The parts. The central and western portions are hilly deciduous forests are located beyond littoral and the highest elevation is about 210 m asl. forests and extend up to 400-600 m inland, Perennial streams are numerous which run both characterized by Terminalia bialata, T. procera, T. in the east-west and west-east directions. citrina, Tetrameles nudiflora and Pterocymbium Geologically, the island comprises thick tinctorium . The semi-evergreen forests, distributed sedimentary deposits of Eocene period deposited in the south-eastern part of the island harbour on pre-Tertiary fine grey sandstone, shales and silt dominant trees such as Oroxylum indicum, stones. Coral reef formations are found in the Canarium euphyllum, Neonauclea gageana and south-western portion. The soils are loose in Tetrameles nudiflora . The evergreen forests are texture and low in water holding capacity. The distributed from shore up to 210 m in the interior climate is warm and the temperature ranges from side of the island and are mostly dominated by 22° - 32°C. The island receives rains from southwest Pometia pinnata, Dipterocarpus spp. and Euodia and northeast monsoon (April-December). The glabra . All forest types were subJected to some mean annual rainfall ranges from 3000-3500 mm level of selective felling from 1983-2001. Timber and humidity is 85-90% throughout the year. extraction was banned by the order of Supreme The maJor vegetation types in the island are Court of India in 2002. Andaman Tropical Evergreen, Andaman Semi- evergreen, Andaman Moist Deciduous and Littoral Field methods forests (Champion & Seth 1968). The littoral Eight 1 ha plots were established, one each in forests extend up to 150-200 m from the seashore undisturbed (site code prefixed with ‘U’) and 92 TREE DIVERSITY IN LITTLE ANDAMAN ISLAND disturbed (site code prefixed with ‘D’) evergreen disturbance was ranked as none (0), very low (1), (UE, DE), semi-evergreen (US, DS), deciduous low (2), medium (3) and high (4) (Table 1).
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