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The American Association for Cancer Research, 1907–1940: Historical Review

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The American Association for Cancer Research, 1907–1940: Historical Review CANCER RESEARCH VOLUME21 FEBRUARY 1961 NUMBER2 The American Association for Cancer Research, 1907-1940 Historical Review* VICTORA. TRIÓLOANDILSEL. RIEGEL (ìlcArdleMemorial Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.) FOREWORD During the past decade, various members of the American Association for Cancer Research have felt that the history of this Association should be compiled and pub lished. Since the early records of the Association were missing, it was imperative that this project be undertaken while some of the older members were still living. At my suggestion, Dr. Ilse Riegel wrote to some of these members several years ago for pos sible leads. As a result, Dr. E. E. Tyzzer turned over his personal file of the Association activities for the period 1907-14, and this represented the first step in the preparation of this historical account. Encouraged by the acquisition of this material and by the favorable reaction of the Board of Directors of the American Association for Cancer Research, we appointed Mr. Victor Triólo, a predoctoral candidate in the Depart ments of the History of Science and the History of Medicine, to assist in compiling the data from the original source materials. To obtain such data, he visited various indi viduals and libraries in New York, Philadelphia, and Bethesda. As further information was collected, it appeared likely that most of the missing of ficial records, if still extant, would be in Buffalo with Dr. Thibaudeau's files. An appeal to Dr. Hauschka and a search of the attic by Dr. Thibaudeau's daughter netted an old box containing the official records for most of the period from 1907 to 1940, as well as a box of Association correspondence. This material, together with various other sources listed in the history, forms the basis of the present report. The complete records are being turned over to the Secretary of the Association for the permanent files. It should be emphasized that this is not a history of cancer research but of the formation and organizational activities of the Association. It is not within the scope of this paper to review scientific trends in the field, even though this information would undoubtedly be of interest and value. As the title indicates, this historical account covers the period until 1940. Informa tion since that time is readily accessible in Cancer Research and in the Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research. Moreover, recent activities are difficult to review in historical perspective. Thus, with the Association just over half a century old, it is satisfying to know that the history of this organization is now available to anyone who may be interested in the early years when the Association was developing into the organization that we know today. TT T»T> run HAROLDP. RUSCH,Editor * This work was supported in part by «rantCRTY 5002 of Cancer Research, Inc. the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, by the American Association for Cancer Research, Inc., and by Received for publication Noveuilx;r 7, I960. 137 Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. 138 Cancer Research Vol. 21, February 1961 PROLOGUE were favorable for the promotion of these studies Until about the turn of the 20th century cancer in the United States. research was conducted primarily by a few in First, suitable experimental materials were be trepid physicians whose endeavors were limited coming available to American investigators. Shortly by the lack not only of facilities and funds, but also after 1900 Jensen, Ehrlich, Loeb, Borrel, and of promising ideas. However, about 1900 several Bashford, abroad, succeeded in propagating tu significant advances in science gave impetus to the mors of spontaneous origin in mice. Work along study of cancer. X-rays, discovered by Roentgen these lines was immediately taken up by American investigators, notably H. R. Gaylord (the Jensen in 1895, and radium, isolated by the Curies in "races"), in 1903, and E. E. Tyzzer (Ehrlich 1899, proved immensely useful to the medical "Stamm 11"), in 1904. These studies opened new practitioner and soon became recognized as valu able tools to the cancer investigator. The Labora approaches to cancer immunity, under active con toire Biologique du Radium, for example, founded sideration by Ehrlich and others, and laid much of in Paris in 1906, expanded physiological studies the basis for the cytological and histological dif begun as early as 1900 on the effects of radiation ferentiation of tumor tissues. on neoplastic processes.1 Moreover, the impressive Various therapeutic measures based on labora successes of the chemotherapeutic approaches, tory investigations were introduced in the first e.g., against tuberculosis and syphilis, encouraged decade of the 20th century for the treatment of cancer. Aside from surgery, x-radiation, radium, the attempted application of similar technics in and "caustic pastes," holdovers from a previous the field of cancer. In addition, the recognition of occupational cancers at this time (Percival Pott in generation and in great vogue among rural practi 1775 suggested irritation as a source of chimney tioners, certain biological products were intensive sweeps' cancer) stimulated studies in experimental ly investigated for carcinostatic potential. The carcinogenesis and encouraged attempts, rein synergism of the mixed toxins of erysipelas and forced by developments in bacteriology, to gain an Bacillus prodigiosus, for example, shown by Wil insight into the etiology of cancer. liam B. Coley of the Cornell Medical College in These studies resulted largely from the work of 1906 to be of limited success against some inoper the preceding generation. The advent of cellular able sarcomas, was based on observations made by pathology, after 1850, brought forth technics such him as early as 1891. as freezing, sectioning, and staining, which per Second, adequate facilities for cancer research mitted distinctions between benign and malig were coming into existence. In 1898 the Department nant growths and among different forms of the of Health of New York established the New York latter (11). The recognition of cancer in terms of State Institute for the Study of Malignant Dis symptoms and of lesions permitted a bridging, oc eases at Buffalo, largely as the result of the efforts curring simultaneously in several fields, between of Dr. Roswell Park. Dr. H. R. Gaylord became its first Director. This has been cited1 as the first the clinic and the experimental laboratory. The first successful transplantations of cancer from one instance in history in which any government inter animal to another by Hanau (rat carcinoma in ested itself directly in cancer research and spon 1889), followed by Moreau (mouse epitheliomas in sored a group attack on the disease. During the 1891), Firket (spindle-cell sarcoma of the rat in early years, the staff at the institute engaged in a 1892), and others, marked the emergence of cancer great deal of research on the new transplantable biology as a laboratory specialty (12). tumors of rodents. The first observations implicat Medical personnel, biologists, and chemists in ing immunological reactions with malignancy were the United States took an early and active part in reported by Drs. Gaylord, Clowes, and F. W. Baeslack in 1904.2 The search by Drs. Loeb and the development of this specialty. Young investi gators—George H. A. Clowes, Harvey R. Gaylord, Gaylord for a causative infectious agent of cancer and Leo Loeb, among others—were eager to apply proved unsuccessful, however. The optimism often the latest ideas in pathology, bacteriology, and expressed by Dr. Park and his associates, reflected by their attitude that the discovery of the cause immunology, as well as the technics learned in the of cancer was "just around the corner,"1 may be la bora tories of Virchow, Ehrlich, Metchnikoff, and Jensen, to the cancer problem. Certain conditions recalled by investigators today. (The New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Dis 'The Hayes Martin Memorial Collection: Library of the eases became "Roswell Park Memorial Institute" Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases, First Ave. and E. 68th St., New York, N.Y. Courtesy of Dr. Hayes Mar 'Collected notes on "Roswell Park Memorial Institute tin. 1898-1957," p. 3: courtesy of Dr. Theodore S. Hauschka. Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÓLOANDRIEGEL—Historyof AACR 139 by a special act of the New York State legislature term continuance of cancer research at a time in 1946.) when the duration of most laboratory projects, In 1898 James Ewing, one of the foremost often financed by the participating investigators pathologists in American medicine, became asso themselves, was measured in terms of weeks or ciated with the Loomis Laboratory for Research months at most (6). in Experimental Pathology, founded in 1886 for The following vignette by Dr. E. E. Tyzzer, undergraduate instruction and graduate research drawn from a report issued in 1905,4 illustrates the at Cornell Medical College in New York City. acute financial need of the investigators of these From this laboratory Dr. Ewing and Dr. Silas P. early days: Beebe issued a significant report in 1906 on the With my present facilities, I find too large a portion of my lymphosarcoma of dogs; it established that the time is taken up in routine work such as cleaning slides, cover- disease was transmitted from one animal to an glasses and other glassware, and in the imbedding of tissues in other during coitus and showed that its passage paraffin, which cannot even be classed as skilled labor. Another portion of my time is taken up with technical work of such a was through the transfer of viable tumor cells. Dr. nature, however, that any one of moderate intelligence could George Crile, briefly associated with the Loomis learn in a short time to perform it satisfactorily.
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