The American Association for Cancer Research, 1907–1940: Historical Review

CANCER RESEARCH

VOLUME21 FEBRUARY 1961 NUMBER2

The American Association for Cancer Research, 1907-1940 Historical Review*

VICTORA. TRIÃ“LOANDILSEL. RIEGEL

(Ã¬lcArdleMemorial Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.)

FOREWORD During the past decade, various members of the American Association for Cancer Research have felt that the history of this Association should be compiled and pub lished. Since the early records of the Association were missing, it was imperative that this project be undertaken while some of the older members were still living. At my suggestion, Dr. Ilse Riegel wrote to some of these members several years ago for pos sible leads. As a result, Dr. E. E. Tyzzer turned over his personal file of the Association activities for the period 1907-14, and this represented the first step in the preparation of this historical account. Encouraged by the acquisition of this material and by the favorable reaction of the Board of Directors of the American Association for Cancer Research, we appointed Mr. Victor TriÃ³lo, a predoctoral candidate in the Depart ments of the History of Science and the History of Medicine, to assist in compiling the data from the original source materials. To obtain such data, he visited various indi viduals and libraries in New York, Philadelphia, and Bethesda. As further information was collected, it appeared likely that most of the missing of ficial records, if still extant, would be in Buffalo with Dr. Thibaudeau's files. An appeal to Dr. Hauschka and a search of the attic by Dr. Thibaudeau's daughter netted an old box containing the official records for most of the period from 1907 to 1940, as well as a box of Association correspondence. This material, together with various other sources listed in the history, forms the basis of the present report. The complete records are being turned over to the Secretary of the Association for the permanent files. It should be emphasized that this is not a history of cancer research but of the formation and organizational activities of the Association. It is not within the scope of this paper to review scientific trends in the field, even though this information would undoubtedly be of interest and value. As the title indicates, this historical account covers the period until 1940. Informa tion since that time is readily accessible in Cancer Research and in the Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research. Moreover, recent activities are difficult to review in historical perspective. Thus, with the Association just over half a century old, it is satisfying to know that the history of this organization is now available to anyone who may be interested in the early years when the Association was developing into the organization that we know today. TT TÂ»T> run HAROLDP. RUSCH,Editor

* This work was supported in part by Â«rantCRTY 5002 of Cancer Research, Inc. the National Institutes of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, by the American Association for Cancer Research, Inc., and by Received for publication Noveuilx;r 7, I960. 137

PROLOGUE were favorable for the promotion of these studies Until about the turn of the 20th century cancer in the United States. research was conducted primarily by a few in First, suitable experimental materials were be trepid physicians whose endeavors were limited coming available to American investigators. Shortly by the lack not only of facilities and funds, but also after 1900 Jensen, Ehrlich, Loeb, Borrel, and of promising ideas. However, about 1900 several Bashford, abroad, succeeded in propagating tu significant advances in science gave impetus to the mors of spontaneous origin in mice. Work along study of cancer. X-rays, discovered by Roentgen these lines was immediately taken up by American investigators, notably H. R. Gaylord (the Jensen in 1895, and radium, isolated by the Curies in "races"), in 1903, and E. E. Tyzzer (Ehrlich 1899, proved immensely useful to the medical "Stamm 11"), in 1904. These studies opened new practitioner and soon became recognized as valu able tools to the cancer investigator. The Labora approaches to cancer immunity, under active con toire Biologique du Radium, for example, founded sideration by Ehrlich and others, and laid much of in Paris in 1906, expanded physiological studies the basis for the cytological and histological dif begun as early as 1900 on the effects of radiation ferentiation of tumor tissues. on neoplastic processes.1 Moreover, the impressive Various therapeutic measures based on labora successes of the chemotherapeutic approaches, tory investigations were introduced in the first e.g., against tuberculosis and syphilis, encouraged decade of the 20th century for the treatment of cancer. Aside from surgery, x-radiation, radium, the attempted application of similar technics in and "caustic pastes," holdovers from a previous the field of cancer. In addition, the recognition of occupational cancers at this time (Percival Pott in generation and in great vogue among rural practi 1775 suggested irritation as a source of chimney tioners, certain biological products were intensive sweeps' cancer) stimulated studies in experimental ly investigated for carcinostatic potential. The carcinogenesis and encouraged attempts, rein synergism of the mixed toxins of erysipelas and forced by developments in bacteriology, to gain an Bacillus prodigiosus, for example, shown by Wil insight into the etiology of cancer. liam B. Coley of the Cornell Medical College in These studies resulted largely from the work of 1906 to be of limited success against some inoper the preceding generation. The advent of cellular able sarcomas, was based on observations made by pathology, after 1850, brought forth technics such him as early as 1891. as freezing, sectioning, and staining, which per Second, adequate facilities for cancer research mitted distinctions between benign and malig were coming into existence. In 1898 the Department nant growths and among different forms of the of Health of New York established the New York latter (11). The recognition of cancer in terms of State Institute for the Study of Malignant Dis symptoms and of lesions permitted a bridging, oc eases at Buffalo, largely as the result of the efforts curring simultaneously in several fields, between of Dr. Roswell Park. Dr. H. R. Gaylord became its first Director. This has been cited1 as the first the clinic and the experimental laboratory. The first successful transplantations of cancer from one instance in history in which any government inter animal to another by Hanau (rat carcinoma in ested itself directly in cancer research and spon 1889), followed by Moreau (mouse epitheliomas in sored a group attack on the disease. During the 1891), Firket (spindle-cell sarcoma of the rat in early years, the staff at the institute engaged in a 1892), and others, marked the emergence of cancer great deal of research on the new transplantable biology as a laboratory specialty (12). tumors of rodents. The first observations implicat Medical personnel, biologists, and chemists in ing immunological reactions with malignancy were the United States took an early and active part in reported by Drs. Gaylord, Clowes, and F. W. Baeslack in 1904.2 The search by Drs. Loeb and the development of this specialty. Young investi gatorsâ€”George H. A. Clowes, Harvey R. Gaylord, Gaylord for a causative infectious agent of cancer and Leo Loeb, among othersâ€”were eager to apply proved unsuccessful, however. The optimism often the latest ideas in pathology, bacteriology, and expressed by Dr. Park and his associates, reflected by their attitude that the discovery of the cause immunology, as well as the technics learned in the of cancer was "just around the corner,"1 may be la bora tories of Virchow, Ehrlich, Metchnikoff, and Jensen, to the cancer problem. Certain conditions recalled by investigators today. (The New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Dis 'The Hayes Martin Memorial Collection: Library of the eases became "Roswell Park Memorial Institute" Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases, First Ave. and E. 68th St., New York, N.Y. Courtesy of Dr. Hayes Mar 'Collected notes on "Roswell Park Memorial Institute tin. 1898-1957," p. 3: courtesy of Dr. Theodore S. Hauschka.

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÃ“LOANDRIEGELâ€”Historyof AACR 139 by a special act of the New York State legislature term continuance of cancer research at a time in 1946.) when the duration of most laboratory projects, In 1898 James Ewing, one of the foremost often financed by the participating investigators pathologists in American medicine, became asso themselves, was measured in terms of weeks or ciated with the Loomis Laboratory for Research months at most (6). in Experimental Pathology, founded in 1886 for The following vignette by Dr. E. E. Tyzzer, undergraduate instruction and graduate research drawn from a report issued in 1905,4 illustrates the at Cornell Medical College in New York City. acute financial need of the investigators of these From this laboratory Dr. Ewing and Dr. Silas P. early days: Beebe issued a significant report in 1906 on the With my present facilities, I find too large a portion of my lymphosarcoma of dogs; it established that the time is taken up in routine work such as cleaning slides, cover- disease was transmitted from one animal to an glasses and other glassware, and in the imbedding of tissues in other during coitus and showed that its passage paraffin, which cannot even be classed as skilled labor. Another portion of my time is taken up with technical work of such a was through the transfer of viable tumor cells. Dr. nature, however, that any one of moderate intelligence could George Crile, briefly associated with the Loomis learn in a short time to perform it satisfactorily. Some opera Laboratory about 1907, pursued research on the tions such as the inoculation of mice necessitate a helper, and immunization of dogs by means of the transfusion up to the present time I have been obliged to depend upon the transient aid of friends or members of the laboratory staff. of blood of immunized dogs to nonimmunized I feel that a girl, such as may be hired for $40.00 a month, to dogs with sarcomasâ€”a line of investigation which do work such as cleaning glassware, imbedding tissues, cutting produced some promising results (7). sections, would not only add to the amount but to the character Simon Flexner opened the cancer research lab of the work. oratory at the Rockefeller Institute (incorporated Through a general awareness of the real or in 1902) in 1905. The following year, Dr. Flexner apparent increase in cancer throughout the world, and Dr. James W. Jobling reported a transplant- a beginning was being made in international co able epithelial tumor of the ratâ€”the Flexner-Job- operation on this great questionâ€”particularly the ling carcinomaâ€”still widely employed in present- dissemination of knowledge and the compilation day research. Programs similar to that at the of statistics. The First International Congress of Rockefeller Institute were soon developed else Cancer was convened in Paris in 1906. Although where in the country. The Otho S. A. Sprague Dr. H. R. Gaylord is listed as one of the protago Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases in nists in the organization of this conference (10), Chicago, under the directorship of H. Gideon American representation was almost completely Wells, sponsored long-range studies on the heredi lacking. According to Dr. Ewing, W. S. Bain- ty of tumors in mice (Dr. Maud Slye is remem bridge, a long-time controversial figure in the field bered for this work), and this support eventually of cancer, "without any authority or backing provided lifetime studies on 165,000 mice.3 whatever, went to Europe in 1906 and, being the Third, endowments for cancer research were being only American present at the 1906 Cancer Confer granted. In 1902 the General Memorial Hospital ence, announced himself as the American dele for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases gate."1 In 1908 the newly formed American As (formerly the New York Cancer Hospital) in New sociation for Cancer Research eliminated the York City received a gift of $100,000 from Mrs. possibility of a similar recurrence by establishing Collis P. Huntington for the establishment of the affiliation with the International Association for Collis P. Huntington Fund for Cancer Research. Cancer Investigation. One of the conditions of the bequest was that the The German Central Committee for Cancer In income of the Fund be expended on research at the vestigation (Zentral-Komitee fÃ¼rKrebsforschung) Loomis Laboratory, since there were no facilities was organized in 1900 at the suggestion of E. v. for such work at that time at the General Memorial Leyden, and George Meyer was elected Secretary- Hospital.'This endowment, together with that from General. This society maintained close affiliation Caroline Brewer Croft ($92,025), which was pre with several foreign research institutes concerned sented to the Harvard Medical School in 1899 for "prosecuting researches for the cure of cancer and with cancer investigation, including the Cancer similar diseases" (8), the Martha Gratwick Fund Research Laboratories at the Middlesex Hospital in London, the Bacteriological Institute at Copen- (presented to the New York State Laboratory in 1901), and other funds, helped to insure the long- 4E. E. Tyzzer, "Present Status of Research," p. 5. The Caroline Brewer Croft Fund : Cancer Commission. The Medical 3Personal communication to the authors from Dr. Paul E. School of Harvard University, Boston, Mass., Novemlier 10, Steiner. 1905.

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hagen (under Jensen), the New York State of Pathologists and Bacteriologists (1900), the Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases at American Roentgen Ray Society (1900), and the Buffalo (under Gaylord), and the Moscow Cancer National Tuberculosis Association in 1904" (5). Research Institute (under Blumenthal). The Ger In this atmosphere of newly established organi man Committee also encouraged the formation of zations, the American Association for Cancer Re the English Association for Cancer Research in search was formed in 1907 to further this area of London, the Committee for Cancer Research in investigation. Holland, the Spanish Committee for Cancer Re search, and the Hungarian Medical Union Com RECORD OF THE ASSOCIATION mittee in Budapest. By 1903 the German Com ORGANIZATION mittee for Cancer Investigation numbered 69 full There are indications that a group of American members, 11 foreign members, and 9 honorary medical men, chiefly pathologists, began to meet TABLE1 CHARTERMEMBERSOFTHEAMERICANASSOCIATION-FORCANCERRESEARCH,WHO PARTICIPATEDINTHEORGANIZATIONMEETINGS,MAY7-8,1007

NameSilas areaPhysiological P.BeebeGeorge ChemistryChemistrySurgeryMedicine,YorkNewUniversity School of Medicine, New York, New ClowesWilliamH. A. YorkCornellYork State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases, Buffalo, New B.ColeyGeorge YorkWesternUniversity School of Medicine, New York, New W.CrileJames SurgeryPathologyPathologySurgicalOhioCornellReserve L^niversity, School of Medicine, Cleveland, EwingHarvey YorkNewUniversity School of Medicine, New York, New R.GaylordRobert YorkHarvardYork State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases, Buffalo, New B.GreenoughLeo PathologyPathologyPathologyPathologySurgeryLocationCornellMassachusettsUniversityUniversity School of Medicine, Boston, LoebFrank PennsylvaniaHarvardof Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, B.MalloryErnest MassachusettsHarvardUniversity School of Medicine, Boston, E.TyzzerJ. MassachusettsHarvardUniversity School of Medicine, Boston, Collins Warren*Research University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

1Cited erroneously as William H. Warren in the Minutes of the Organization Meeting of the A.A.C.R., May 7-8, 1907.

members. In 1904 the society authorized the pub informally to discuss research problems in the field lication of Zeitschrift fÃ¼rKrebsforschung, the first of cancer as early as 1904 or 1905 (6).8 These indi publication in the field of cancer research. viduals wished to have more discussion of cancer Thus, by 1907the subject of cancer was emerging topics than was possible at the meetings of the as a group study which incorporated new methods American Association of Pathologists and Bacteri of treatment and united the efforts of the clinic ologists. The first recorded meeting for the purpose and experimental laboratory. There was need for of promoting an organization of cancer investiga greater communication among workers in the tors was convened on May 7, 1907, at the New various departments of medicine as the trend Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. (Table 1). At toward specialization increased, and specialization this session, attended by Drs. Silas P. Beebe, within specialization was becoming the rule : George H. A. Clowes, William B. Coley, James "From 1900 to 1906 nine such specialized socie Ewing, Harvey R. Gaylord, Robert B. Greenough, ties were formed on a national level and four on and J. Collins Warren (chosen temporary chair- local levels. Among the national associations or 6Personal communication, Eleanor Phillips, Historian, Jane ganized at this time were the Society of American Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research, 383 Cedar Bacteriologists (1900), the American Association St., New Haven, Conn.

man), it was decided that the projected associa At a luncheon meeting on the following day, tion, which would constitute a society of labora which included in addition to the above Drs. tory investigators, should avoid use of the term George W. Crile, Leo Loeb, Frank B. Mallory, and "American" in its title and should become an af Ernest E. Tyzzer, the new "Association for Cancer filiate of the Zentral-Komitee fÃ¼rKrebsforschung Research" installed a slate of officers (Table 2) in Berlin. and adopted a scientific schedule of two meetings

TABLE 2 OFFICERSOFTHEAMERICANASSOCATIONFORCANCERRESEARCH,1907-1960

Yeai1907-81908-91909-101910-111911-121912-131913-141914-151915-161916-171917-181918-191919-201920-211921-221922-231923-241924-251925-261926-271927-281928-291929-301930-311931-321932-331933-341934-351935-361936-371937-381938-391939-401940-411941^421942-431943-44*1944-45*1945-461946-471947^81948-491949-501950-511951-521952-531953-541954-551955-561956-571957-581958-591959-601960-61PresidentJamesTreasurerHarvey EwingJames BMalloryFrank R.GaylordHarvey EwingHarvey B.MalloryFrank TyzzerLeoR. Gaylord Ernest E. R.GaylordFrank BMalloryHarvey TyzzerLeoLoeb Ernest E. B.MalloryLeo R.GaylordFrank TyzzerS.Loeb Ernest E. LoebErnest B.MalloryLeo TyzzerS.Burt Wolbach Ernest E. E.TyzzerGary LoebErnest WolbachS.Burt Wolbach S. Burt N.CalkinsS. E.TyzzerH. Burt WolbachEwingRichard James BurtWolbachH. GideonWellsS. WeilRichard GideonWellsHarvey BurtWolbachFrancis WeilRichard R.GaylordFrancis WroodRichardCarter WeilWilliam WoodEdwinCarter 1917)H. Weil (dec. H.W'oglomWilliam R.LeCountH. GideonWellsRobert H.WoglomWilliam GideonWellsRobert B.GreenoughJames H.WoglomWilliam B.GreenoughJames B.MurphvWilly H.WoglomWilliam B.MurphyWilly MeyerWilliam H.WoglomWilliam MeyerWilliam DuaneErwin H.WoglomWilliam DuaneErwin F.SmithChanning H.WoglomWilliam F.SmithChanning SimmonsBurton H.WoglomWilliam SimmonsBurton T.SimpsonAldred H.WoglomWilliam T.SimpsonAldred WarthinJ.Scott H.WoglomWilliam WarthinJ.Scott F.SchambergFrederick H.WoglomWilliam F.SchambergFrank PrimeClarence H.WoglomWilliam B.MalloryClarence LittleFrancisC. H.WoglomWilliam LittleFrancisC. WoodEdwardCarter H.WoglomWilliam WoodEdwardCarter B.KrumbhaarWard H.WoglomWilliam B.KrumbhaarWard J.MacNealMillard H.WoglomWilliam J.MacNealMillard C.MarshElexious H.WoglomWilliam C.MarshElexious T.BellWilliam H.WoglomMillard T.BellWilliam H.WoglomJames C.MarshMillard H.WoglomJames EwingGeorge 1936)AlphonseC. Marsh (dec. ThibaudeauAlphonseA. EwingGeorge ClowesClarenceH. A. ThibaudeauAlphonseA. ClowesClarenceH. A. C.LittleBurton ThibaudeauAlphonseA. C.LittleBurton T.SimpsonGeorge ThibaudeauAlphonseA. T.SimpsonCarl M.SmithShields ThibaudeauAlphonseA. VoegtlinShields WarrenAlphonse ThibaudeauWilliamA. WarrenShields ThibaudeauAlphonseA. U.GardnerWilliam WarrenShields ThibaudeauAlphonseA. U.GardnerWilliam WarrenShields ThibaudeauWilliamA. U.GardnerCharles WarrenWilliam U.GardnerJohn W.HookerCharles U.GardnerJohn J.BittnerCharles W.HookerCharles J.BittnerCharles HugginsJoseph W.HookerCharles HugginsJoseph C.AubJacob W.HookerCharles C.AubEdmund FurthPaul W.HookerCharles CowdryPaulV. E.SteinerStanley W.HookerHarold E.SteinerStanley P.ReimannHarold W.ChalklevHugh P.ReimannHarold P.RuschAustin J.CreechHugh P.RuschAustin M.BruesHoward J.CreechHugh M.BruesHoward B.AndervontAlbert J.CreechHugh B.AndervontAlbert TannenbaumJacob J.CreechHugh TannenbaumJacob FurthHarold J.CreechHugh FurthHarold L.StewartTheodore J.CreechHugh L.StewartTheodore HauschkaMurrayS. J.CreechHugh HauschkaMurrayS. J.ShearThelma J.CreechHugh J. ShearVice-PrÃ©sidentFrankB. DunnSerretmy J. Creech

* During World War II the regular annual meetings and elections of officers were suspended; conse quently, the same officers served throughout the period 1942-45.

per year (Table 3), to be held in established and Adami, not present at these meetings, were centrally located laboratories of cancer research or elected to membership at this time. A committee in conjunction with the meetings of the American of the officers was instructed to draft a constitu Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists. tion and by-laws, a draft of which was approved Drs. Edward K. Dunham, Gary N. Calkins, Ber by the first Council of the Association on Novem tram H. Buxton, Richard Weil, Philip A. Shaffer, ber 15, 1907 (Appendix A). To further its scientific Simon Flexner, James W. Jobling, and John G. objectives, the Association appointed a curator to act as custodian of slides and of preparations of TABLE 3 interest in connection with the published work of SCIENTIFICSESSIONSOFTHEAMERICANASSOCIATION the members. These materials were to be made FORCANCERRESEARCH,1907-1960 available for inspection and study. Furthermore, it was suggested that some means be considered

Meet for making available to the members living ani ing of mals bearing transplanted cancers. Apparently, number1i34Ã•67891011121314101617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738:i940414243444546474849505152DateNovemberpapers*9121413142119211417211516168IS91720192116211618201714181918262840407086808486143154174219183182221272267293292296these latter projects never materialized. 1907April 15, York,N.Y.Buffalo, 15,1908November N.Y.Philadelphia, INTERNATIONALAFFILIATION 1908November27, Pa.New 1909May 27, York,N.Y.Washington, On April 15, 1908, Dr. Clowes was delegated to 2,1910April D.C.Buffalo, act as representative of the Association at the or 11,1911April N.Y.Philadelphia, ganizational meeting of the International Associa 3-4,1912May Pa.Washington, 5,1913April DC.Toronto, tion for Cancer Investigation (Appendix B), which 9,1914April CanadaSt. was to be held in Berlin the following May. The 1,1915May Louis,Mo.Washington, 8,1916April D.C.New results of the Berlin conference were reported by 5,1917March York,N.Y.Philadelphia, Dr. Clowes at a meeting of the Council on Novem 28,1918June Pa.Atlantic ber 27, 1908. The international society, he stated, 14,1919April N.J.New City, apparently had as its main objective "the develop 1,1920March York,N.Y.Cleveland, 24,1921May OhioWashington, ment of cancer research, especially the interesting 1,1922March D.C.Boston, of the German government in the matter of a can 1923April29-30, Mass.Buffalo, 17,1924May N.Y.Washington, cer institute in Berlin, the general problems of 4,1925April D.C.Albany, cancer, and the dissemination of knowledge in con 1,1926April N.Y.Rochester, nection with statistics, etc., rather than direct 14,1927April N.Y.Washington, scientific investigation."6 In view of the fact that 30,1928March D.C.Chicago, 27,1929April 111.New an association of laboratory workers was shortly 16,1930April York,N.Y.Cleveland, 1,1931April OhioPhiladelphia, to be arranged within the International Associa 27,1932May Pa.Washington, tion, a matter urged by special Council resolution, 8,1933March D.C.Toronto, the Council decided that the American Association 27,1934April CanadaNew 17,1935April York,N.Y.Boston, for Cancer Research would accept membership in 7,1936March Mass.Chicago, the International Association. (The term "Ameri 1937May23-24, 111.Atlantic can" is regularly used in the title of the Association 2,1938April N.J.Richmond,City, 5-6,1939March Va.Pittsburgh, after 1908.) Five delegates were appointed to the 1940April19-20, Pa.Chicago, International Association, each to be assessed 1941Mar.SO-Apr.14-16, 111.Boston, 1942March 1, Mass.Atlantic $25.00 annually. 1946May11-12, N.J.Chicago,City, In 1914 the American Association for Cancer 16-17,1947March 111.Atlantic Research, which by this time was well established, 1948April12-13, N.J.Detroit,City, 1949April16-17, Mich.Atlantic voted to terminate its relationship with the Inter 1950April16-18, N.J.Cleveland.City, national Association for Cancer Research. Since 1951April27-29, OhioNew the Council felt that the functions of the American 1952April11-13, York,N.Y.Chicago, 9-11,1953April 111.Atlantic Society for the Control of Cancer (A.S.C.C.) were 1954April10-12, N.J.San City, more in accord with the purposes of the Interna 1955April15-17, Calif.AtlanticFrancisco, 1956April13-15, N.J.Chicago,City, tional Association, the A.S.C.C. was invited by 1957April12-14, 111.Philadelphia, the Council to assume relations with the interna 1958April11-13, Pa.Atlantic tional organization. However, the outbreak of 1959April10-12, N.J.Chicago,City, World War I in 1914 disrupted plans for an Inter- 8-10, 1960LocationNew 111.Number 6Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American * Number of papers includes papers presented orally, dem - Association for Cancer Research: November 27, 1908, Phila onstration papers, and papers read by title. delphia, Pa.

national Cancer Conference to be held in Copen American investigators in this field. The advances of the past hagen and resulted in the dissolution of the Inter ten years are due to the inauguration of the experimental method of investigation, and it may safely be said that more national Association upon the resignation of its progress has been made in this last period than in the preceding president, Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger. twenty-five years. Americans have taken a very early, practi As regards international affiliation, the Associa cally an initial part in this work. Experimental work in cancer tion appears to have tended toward a policy of was undertaken by an American investigator, one of our mem isolation in the 1920's and 1930's. A request by bers, as early as 1902, before the advent of similar work in Eu rope. The first institution exclusively devoted to the investiga Surgeon General Cumming (U.S.P.H.S.) in 1934 tion of cancer was established in this country by the State of inviting the Association to become a sponsoring New York in 1898, and it has been the prototype of several for member of the recently organized International eign institutions devoted to the same cause. There are today Union against Cancer was declined by the Coun several centers in which cancer research is being actively pur sued, but we feel that this work will be greatly strengthened in cil. The matter was given detailed consideration in many directions by a Bureau of Cancer Research as a part of 1935, but final action was postponed until April 4, the Department of Health. 1939, when the Association, by Council resolution, The British, following the initiative of this country, have voted to participate in the International Cancer founded an Imperial Cancer Research Fund, endowed with Congress at Atlantic City in September, 1939, and more than three million dollars. Their organization includes intimate relations with the Colonial Office of the British Gov thereby establish affiliation with the International ernment and they have been able to collect records and statis Union agamst Cancer. tics of great value from the most widely distributed parts of the earth. The States of Prussia and Baden are both supporting NATIONALANDLOCALACTIVITIES institutions for cancer research and the Russian Government In 1909 the Council empowered the President maintains a similar institution in Moscow; all of these estab lished since the foundation of the first special institution in of the Association, Dr. H. R. Gaylord, to prepare America. In many respects these Government Institutions pos a letter to the President of the United States, sess great advantages over private institutions, especially in the pointing out the claims of cancer research for rec matter of obtaining improved statistics relating to cancer, and ognition in the proposed National Bureau of special facilities through the various coordinate branches of the Health. The following is an excerpt of the petition, Government. In consideration of the growing economic importance of can drawn up as a resolution and submitted to Presi cer as a disease, and the honorable position which American dent William Howard Taft: research occupies in this field, we feel that the formation of a The American Association for Cancer Research, a body in National Bureau of Health should properly include a Depart ment for Cancer Research, in order that this country may be cluding in its membership the principal cancer investigators of the United States, represented by its Council in meeting as placed upon at least as advanced a footing as the leading States sembled, did, on the 27th day of November, 1909, pass the fol of Europe. For this reason we heartily recommend to the con sideration of the President the desirability of including in the lowing resolution: new Bureau of Health a Department for Cancer Investigation.7 WHEREAS,having seen in the public prints the statement that the President will shortly recommend to Congress the At the Council meeting of 1910 a reply from formation of a National Bureau of Health, to be composed of President Taft was read. It suggested that the rec the existing medical bureaus of the Government, to which shall be added such others as may seem necessary, it is, therefore, ommendation be submitted to the head of the Na RESOLVED,thatwe urge upon the President the expediency tional Bureau of Health when that department and importance of including in the new Bureau of Health a was established. Dr. Gaylord, who appeared be Department for Cancer Research, and offer in support of this fore President Taft in connection with a proposed resolution the following facts: Cancer is a disease which, according to statistics the world appropriation of $50,000 to enable the Fish Com over, is increasing to a remarkable degree. (Cancer statistics mission to carry on research on fish goiter and from the United States, the German Empire, Italy, Norway, Eng cancer, announced that the President was particu land and Wales, Holland, Switzerland, France, Sweden, and Den larly interested in cancer research and that he had mark are cited.) recently prepared a message to Congress in which Without considering to what this increase may be due, "he bore down upon the great importance of can whether it is apparent or real, it is gradually raising cancer to cer research to humanity."8 Furthermore, the the status of one of our most important diseases. That this in crease has unquestionably continued is shown by the fact that President pointed out to the Legislature the ad in the State of New York during the last thirteen years cancer vances that had been made in cancer research lias increased 29 per cent, whereas tuberculosis during this pe riod has decreased 9 per cent. The actual deaths from cancer in through experimental work on the lower animals, the State of New York have now reached a point where there in consequence of which the chief executive was are annually about half as many as the deaths from tuberculo specifically quoted in the press and other sources sis. Tuberculosis is today accorded the recognition which its 7Minutes of the Meeting of the American Association for importance demands, but cancer is just beginning to be sys tematically studied, and deserves much greater consideration Cancer Research: November 27, 1909, New York, N.Y. than it is as yet receiving. 8Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American It is with pleasure that the American Association for Cancer Association for Cancer Research: May 3, 1910, Washington, Research points to the very early and successful work done by D.C.

as an advocate of vivisection.8 As a result of this struction of medical students in the symptoms and interview a visit to the New York State Cancer In early diagnosis of cancer was seriously deficient, stitute in Buffalo was arranged for President Taft, the report urged that special lectures by compe and, after a 45-minute tour, he issued the follow tent lecturers be introduced into the medical cur ing statement to the press: "I am delighted with riculum. Moreover, the associate members of the what I have seen here. There should be more Association were requested to take up the question institutions of this kind in this country, and I hope of the proper methods of approaching the public that some day we will have one under official aus on the subject of cancer. It was recommended that pices."8 (Congress authorized the National Cancer the activities of the Association in this regard be Institute in 1937; the Cancer Unit in the Hygienic confined to the education of the medical profes Laboratory had been in operation since 1922.) sion. The resolution was duly sent to the deans of In January, 1912, the Association considered the medical schools and the secretaries of the the advisability of engaging in the compilation of State medical societies, and published in the medi cancer statistics, such as was being done by the cal press. When the American Society for the Con International Association. The Council adopted trol of Cancer, the precursor of the American Can three resolutions: (a) that a committee of the As cer Society, was founded in 1913, it immediately sociation act with an expert statistician to lay out incorporated the functions of the Committee on a satisfactory format for such work, (o) that state Statistics and Public Education into its own ac medical societies be induced to take up the matter, tivities; hence, the latter Committee was aban since state statistics were unreliable for the most doned. part, and furnish the machinery for the completion A resolution instructing Dr. Wells to consider of a suitable program, and (c) that the American with the American Association of Pathologists and Medical Association be requested to act in con Bacteriologists and the American Association of junction with the state societies and the Associa Immunologists a plan for future federation em tion. As a consequence of this proposal, Associa bracing these two societies and the American As tion President Loeb suggested the formation of a sociation for Cancer Research was passed by the committee to prepare information for public dis Council on April 5, 1917. Except for brief nota tributionâ€”through leaflets, magazine articles, tions in the 1919 and 1921 minutes that some newspapers, and lectures before clubs and the pub progress had been made, there are no further de licâ€”topromote the early detection of cancer and tails as to the purpose and outcome of this laboratory diagnosis of the disease. measure. In April, 1912, the Committee on Statistics and From time to time the Association continued to Public Education of the Association presented its speak out on issues of broad import but refused to findings. The "Calkins report" announced that the commit itself on issues it considered wholly out matter of statistics could best be handled by the side its province. In 1921 the Association moved United States government (i.e., Bureau of the to encourage the manufacture of dyes in America, Census). Furthermore, since there was a marked in response to a letter from the Chairman of the lack of data, a campaign of education was neces Committee of Bacteriological Technique calling on sary to improve the condition of medical reports. biologists to cooperate with that society in helping The organization of such a campaign would in to secure a reliable domestic source of stains. In volve time and money, if undertaken independ 1923 it was the unpleasant but necessary duty of ently, and the aid of an existing organization the society to censure the controversial L. Duncan equipped for such purposes should be sought. The Bulkley: National Association for the Study and Prevention The Council believes that Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley by using of Tuberculosis (N. A.S.P.T.) for instance, had con the name of this Association to support his claim to cure cancer tact with 665 independent, local Boards of Health by diet and medicine as well as by his attacks on the surgical all over the country and had a working agreement profession and the American Society for the Control of Cancer jeopardizes the good name of this Association and recommends with the editors of 6500 newspapers. The President that his name be dropped from the list of members.' of the N.A.S.P.T., Dr. Livingstone Farrand of Columbia University, offered to cooperate in mak A proposal submitted to the Association by the ing these media familiar with the objectives of the Managing Director of the American Society for Statistics and Education Committee of the Ameri the Control of Cancer to prepare a pamphlet "out can Association for Cancer Research. lining the history of cancer research, its difficulties, Another report of this committee, the "Ewing report," was issued in May, 1913, and unanimous 9Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, March 28, 1928, Boston, ly adopted as a resolution. Since the proper in Mass.

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÃ“LOANDRIEGELâ€”Historyof AACR 145 the bearing of work now in progress on the solu semi-annual meeting members to prepare an epit tion of the cancer problem, the amount of money ome of current literature of the preceding six devoted to cancer research, the sources from which months"14 indicates that the Association wished such investigation now finds support, the training to broaden its interests in the area of scientific and experience necessary for research, . . ."I0 was publication almost from the time of its inception. taken up by the Council in 1928. This task was to Early in 1914 a committee was appointed for the be a joint undertaking of the two societies in order purpose of "investigating ways and means for the to "arouse in the public a sympathetic interest in foundation and maintenance of a journal by the cancer research."10 A committee of three was dele American Association for Cancer Research."15 A gated to meet with three members of the A.S.C.C., report issued in December of that year weighed but there is no clue as to the results of this the feasibility of this undertaking. According to project. At the same time, a delegate from the As the judgment of the committee, "A careful con sociation was requested by the A.S.C.C. to serve sideration of the estimates submitted by Dr. on a committee with delegates from the Founder H. Gideon Wells (Chairman) led to the belief that (Federated?) Societies, this committee to act in an $2500 would amply defray the annual cost of pub "advisory or other capacity" with officers or com lishing a quarterly journal, each number to consist mittees of the A.S.C.C. of from 100 to 150 pages, with an average number In 1931 the Association approved The American of plates, in an edition of 500 copies."16 Registry of Pathology (Appendix C), one of the On November 1, 1915, the Publication Commit first large-scale undertakings of its kind and a tee announced that arrangements had been made service that has now become an indispensable with the Williams and Wilkins Company of Balti activity in cancer pathology. more to issue the first number of the Journal of In response to an appeal in 1933 from the Medi Cancer Research in January, 1916.17 During 1915 cal Library Association regarding the "unduly the Association prepared to assume sole support of high cost of German medical journals," the Asso the journal; this necessitated an increase in dues ciation moved to go on record to "support any from $3.00 to $5.00 a year, and the raising of a action taken by the Medical Library Association, guarantee fund of $600.00 stipulated by the pub even to supporting the plan of making photostat lishers to insure them against any initial loss. The copies of journals, or of boycotting the periodi burden of sponsoring an "official organ" was felt cals, . . ."" However, no action was taken on a almost immediately. The loss of subscribers, the request by the National Committee on Calendar remission of dues for members in the armed forces Simplification in 1929 that the Association "ex during World War I, a steady decline in member press its opinion whether or not the present calen ship from 1917 through 1920, and the difficulty of dar should be revised."12 Similarly, 10 years later securing the necessary guarantors promoted a a proposal that the Association act as sponsor of mounting deficit which threatened to wipe out the "The Silver Jubilee of the Blues" was tabled." small bank balance of the society. In April, 1917, the Council protested an ex JOURNALSOF THE ASSOCIATION pensive solicitation campaign instituted by the Journal of Cancer Research.â€”From 1907 to 1915 publishers and refused responsibility for further the Association published short reports of its scien solicitation outlays not specifically approved by tific proceedings in the Journal of the American the Treasurer. By the end of 1917 it was neces Medical Association (1). More extended reports of sary to curtail sharply the number of pages and the meetings were published in the Zeitschrift fÃ¼r engravings, as well as the number of reprints avail Krebsforschung from 1912 to 1915 (2). That the able for distribution. In the same year the journal Chair was authorized in 1909 to "select at each 14Minutes of a Special Council Meeting of the American 10Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research: April 8, 1909, Cambridge, Association for Cancer Research, April 30, 1928, Washington, Mass. D.C. 15Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American 11Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, April 9, 1914, Toronto, Association for Cancer Research, May 7, 1933, Washington, Ontario, Canada. D.C. 18Excerpt from a communication from S. B. Wolbach 12Minutes of the regular Meeting of the Council of the Secretary-Treasurer) to Richard Weil (Councilor), December American Association for Cancer Research, March 26, 1929, 26, 19U. Chicago, III. 17Printed announcement to the members of the American 1JMinutes of a Special Meeting of the Council of the Amer Association for Cancer Research issued by Richard Weil, Secre ican Association for Cancer Research, December 20, 1939, New- tary of the Association, according to a directive of the Council: York, N.Y. November 1, 1915.

and the Association as a whole sustained a further by the Board of Managers of this fund on January lowering of morale by the death of the Editor, 20, 1921. Major Richard Weil, M.R.C., a victim of pneu Dr. Wood explained that the Association has only a small monia, contracted while studying an outbreak of membership and a low membership fee, and that as its mem the disease in military training camps. bers are almost entirely research workers it is impossible to His successor, William Woglom, summarized increase the fee. The Journal has a circulation of about five hundred, which is as large a number as is usual for periodicals the lamentable status of the journal in the Council of this type.19 minutes of 1918: The Crocker Institute agreed to support the If I might venture to obtrude my own position on the Coun cil, I would say that it has been necessary to adopt the judicial journal for a period of 2 years with the stipulation detachment of Pooh-Bah in the "Mikado." Speaking as Treas that the Association attempt in the meantime to urer of the Association I cannot but approve of anything that find some means of financing the journal. These will reduce the expense of publishing the Journal. But as Acting efforts proved unsuccessful, and the Council of the Editor of the Journal, I can see clearly that any such policy cannot but fail to make it unpopular among those to whom it American Association for Cancer Research in 1924 looks for articles. One who publishes his work from a great rich authorized the formal transfer of the journal to the laboratory is not affected by this situation, for the Institute Crocker Institute. Henceforth, the journal was pays for his illustrations and his reprints. But to the man who to be published under the auspices of Columbia works in a smaller place the question is vital, and it is particu University and, for administrative purposes, the larly trying when he is a member of the Association, for while loyalty prompts him to support the Journal, an exiguous in editorship passed from Dr. Woglom to Dr. Wood, come imposes caution. He cannot spend twenty-five or fifty Director of the Crocker Institute. dollars in this way, and the Journal, in consequence, loses his Even at this time the scope of the journal was article. undergoing a significant change. To enhance its Again, the Journal has now in hand enough manuscripts to keep it going until the summer or fall of 1919. But if the editor popularity the editors, in 1923, decided to accept a of a publication requests a comparatively large sum of money suggestion to publish, from time to time, reviews in the first paragraph of his letter of conditional acceptance, of various phases of the cancer problem. Under the and says in the second that the article will appear toward the sponsorship of the Crocker Institute it became the end of the following year, some resentment on the part of the policy of the Editor to publish short clinical pa author is natural and, indeed, pardonable, no matter how diplo pers, investigations on x-ray and radium therapy, matically the subject be presented. The pith of the whole matter is that the Journal is in an advances in the surgical treatment of cancer, and unsafe financial condition, but by what sort of brilliant finan collective surveys of certain phases of the cancer cial feat it is to be rescued, I must confess that I have not the problem, as well as occasional editorials and re faintest conception.18 views. However, the journal remained primarily By an increase in subscription rates and the re a research organ. In 1928 Dr. Wood requested that ceipt of several substantial gifts, three volumes all papers read before the Association be submitted were cleared financially by 1919. On December 15, to the journal for possible publication. The Coun 1920, the contract with the publishers expired, and cil agreed to this proposal, asking in return that it became necessary to consider the possibility of the journal announce itself the official organ of the discontinuing publication, against the consensus Association. of the Council, since there appeared to be little American Journal of Cancer.â€”In 1927 the chance of increasing the number of subscribers or Trustees of the Crocker Institute requested of securing a sufficient endowment. The question through Dr. Wood that the American Association was allowed to pend in a last-minute effort to lo for Cancer Research accept some responsibility in cate new sources of revenue (an estimated $1500 financing the journal. During 1929 Mr. William before the first of the year), but on December 9, W. Buffum, General Manager of the Chemical 1920, the Secretary was instructed to inform the Foundation, was apprised by Dr. Joseph Colt publishers to stop setting any further material. At Bloodgood, surgeon at Johns Hopkins and a mem ber of the Association, "of the difficulty of obtain a special meeting of the Council on January 8, 1921, Francis Carter Wood announced that a con ing space for publication of monographic articles ference between himself and President Nicholas on cancer; that the current surgical journals only Murray Butler of Columbia University resulted in wanted short and snappy practical papers and that their bringing the issue of the journal before the the Journal of Cancer Research could not afford to Trustees of the Crocker Institute for Cancer Re take long articles with a good many illustrations search. The matter was taken under advisement 19Wood, Francis C., Editor: Report on the American Jour 18Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American nal of Cancer,prepared at the suggestion of the Executive Com Association for Cancer Research, March 27, 1918, Philadel mittee of the American Association for Cancer Research at a phia, Pa. Special Meeting on February 4, 1931.

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÃ“LOANDRIEGELâ€”Historyof AACR 147 without charging the writer for cuts. . . ."19 Mr. for Cancer Research, a measure Dr. Wood consid Buffum said to Dr. Bloodgood: "Why don't you ered necessary to "safeguard the Journal of Cancer do something about it? We might help out." On Research, which belonged to the Crocker Founda October 9, 1929, Dr. Bloodgood reported to the tion and was held in trust . . . for the American Association that an offer had been made by Mr. Association for Cancer Research."19 Although the Buffum ". . . to support a comprehensive journal Chemical Foundation would regard the journal as of cancer."19 its property, it was to be "intellectually the A committee composed of Drs. Ewing, James property of the Editorial Board." This Board, B. Murphy, Wood, C. C. Little, and Bloodgood composed of representative men throughout the took the matter under advisement. country selected as department editors, would It was obvious that the idea of the journal was a good one, read abstracts on their subjects and give a mature and the committee could only recommend . . . that the estab survey to guarantee the quality of these abstracts. lishment of such a journal be approved. The committee also Since it was the expressed wish of the sponsors that felt that it was important that the Journal of Cancer Research the new journal represent both the American As be made the starting point of this new journal so that the con tinuity of publication of that journal, which is now the property sociation for Cancer Research and the American of the Institute of Cancer Research (Crocker Institute), should Society for the Control of Cancer, the composition not be interrupted, Dr. Little pointing out that if such inter of this Board would be subject to approval by ruption did occur the old volumes of the journal would be both societies. Hence the American Journal of promptly taken off current stacks in libraries and their con tents at once rendered difficult of access. The consensus of Cancer was to be considered the official organ of opinion was, therefore, that the new journal should form a con both organizations. Dr. Wood emphasized that tinuation of the old Journal of Cancer Research. The approval "neither the American Society for the Control of of such a plan naturally depended upon the willingness of the Cancer nor the Crocker Foundation could support Council of the American Association for Cancer Research to the present Journal under any circumstances. This accept this plan, since the Journal was originally established by them." Journal will ultimately cost some $60,000 or $70,000 a year."19 The Trustees of the Crocker At a meeting between Dr. Wood and Mr. Buffum Fund agreed to the conditions, and, on April 1, in December, 1929, the latter explained that Mr. 1931, the American Association for Cancer Re Francis P. Garvan, President of the Chemical search gave formal approval to the Board of Foundation, was anxious to inaugurate the new Editors, as suggested by Dr. Wood, and requested journal, and plans were made to begin publication that the proposed American Journal of Cancer as soon as the last number of Volume XIV, 1930, carry on its title page the statement that it was of the Journal of Cancer Research had appeared. the official organ of the society. As an expression of its enlarged scope, the new W'ithin a few years, however, many of the journal was titled the American Journal of Cancer. members of the American Association for Cancer A letter from Mr. Buffum to Dr. Wood in Febru Research began to express dissatisfaction with the ary, 1930, confirmed this agreement: arrangement of the reorganized journal. Labora The Chemical Foundation will assume the business manage tory results, scattered among the numerous clini ment of this Journal; will solicit subscriptions; canvass such ad cal papers and abstracts, diminished ready accessi vertisers as will be acceptable to the Board of Editors; keep all bility to research results, and the index of such a necessary records for the Business management of the Journal, and at the end of each year render a certified public account comprehensive journal was considered very cum ant's report to the Board of Editors. If at the end of the year a bersome. Moreover, the editorial policies of the deficit is incurred, it will be met by the Chemical Foundation, American Journal of Cancer, particularly in the but if, on the other hand, a profit has accrued, it is agreed that late 1930's, began to alienate a growing number it will be used for either expanding the Journal or for cancer research, said research to be designated by the Board of Edi of contributors. Many investigators, especially the tors." younger contingent, decried what they considered the arbitrary treatment of research papers; long It was decided that the headquarters for the new journal remain at the Crocker Institute "as delays in publication and the general preference given to clinical reports aroused agitation for a that carried the permanence of a going institution journal under the immediate supervision of the ... and carried the intellectual prestige of Colum bia University."19 Dr. Wood obtained an agree Association. Cancer Research.â€”Early in 1939 the Council ment from Mr. Buffum that, should the Chemical learned that the American Journal of Cancer was Foundation at any time no longer desire to support in serious financial difficulty owing to the loss of the American Journal of Cancer, the rights to the many European subscriptions because of the war, journal should revert to the Crocker Institute and, together with the reduction in income resulting with their approval, to the American Association from the expiration of important patents held by

the Chemical Foundation. At the annual meeting assume control of the journal at some time in the that year the Secretary was instructed to write Dr. future, it would have to engage in a much more Wood "that this association is unanimously of the limited enterprise than the Chemical Foundation opinion that the American Journal of Cancer had undertaken. should be continued and will do all in its power to The gravity of the situation was sufficiently im support it."20 The appeal was reiterated in Decem pressed upon the minds of the Councilors at this ber, 1939, when the Council stressed the need of time, as expressed in a personal communication the Association for a research journal. Its unani from Dr. Little to Dr. Alphonse A. Thibaudeau, mous opinion was that the society would stand Secretary of the Association, in 1940: ready to assist in the reorganization of the Ameri It is ... I think, fairly clear that the present management can Journal of Cancer, and representation on the of the American Journal of Cancer is going to hold on until it Board of Trustees was requested in the event of goes broke. This means that we must look forward to the ac any reorganization. The Council also expressed a quisition of a bankrupt journal that has gone down hill before its publication ceased. There is a real question under those cir willingness to support the journal and eventually cumstances of whether or not we should consider starting to assume responsibility for its conduct. Further something in the way of a simple research journal before the more, it was urged that the following resolution American Journal passes out of the picture so as to have no be widely distributed: break in the continuity of publishing research data." As official representatives of the cancer research workers in A critical point arrived in August, 1940, when America, we have grave concern over the future of the Ameri Dr. Thibaudeau was informed by Dr. Little, can Journal of Cancer and feel that a journal of cancer research is absolutely essential.13 Chairman of the newly revived Journal Commit tee of the Association, of the results of a confer No reply to these appeals was apparently re ence, held on August 14, between himself, Dean ceived. The Council was informed of little more Willard Cole Rappleye of the Columbia Univer than a meeting between Dr. Wood and repre sity College of Physicians and Surgeons and sentatives of the International Cancer Research, Chairman of a committee reorganizing the Crocker Fuller, Rockefeller, and other Foundations, as well Institute, and Dr. Mildred SchrÃ¤mof the Inter as with representatives from the National Cancer national Cancer Research Foundation: Institute, evidently for the purpose of soliciting ... I was informed that Dr. Wood has resigned the editor financial support for the publication. It may be ship of the American Journal of Cancer and that journal is surmised that Dr. Wood intended to preserve the about to revert to Columbia University under the agreement ambitious format designed for the American Jour which has existed for some years.23 nal of Cancer 10 years previously. Dean Rappleye was to ascertain the financial con The status of the American Journal of Cancer dition of the journal before it would be finally ac was discussed at length at the business session on cepted by Columbia University. Moreover, Dr. March 19, 1940. President C. C. Little reported that according to "the best authentic information SchrÃ¤mannounced that she was preparing to ap proach the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for we can get at present. . . the Chemical Founda Medical Research, the Anna Fuller Fund, and the tion is showing ... a recrudescence of interest in National Advisory Cancer Council with a view to the Journal and is likely to carry it on for some time at least."21 He announced that the Council establishing a Board of Directors within a corpora tion set up to manage a journal. Dr. Little con considered it unwise to push further action in con cluded his communique : nection with the journal, but that the Association As far as I know everyone is willing that the Research As should be ready to participate in the reorganiza sociation should assume ownership and control of a journal tion of the journal when that necessity arose. It when it is ready and able to do so. My object in writing you at was pointed out by the Association President that present is to keep you informed of the developments in the situ the "decentralization of responsibility" provided ation which have been rapid and which have been caused by the collapse of the Chemical Foundation as a source of support by the new constitution then under consideration for the Journal.23 would make it difficult for the society to manage a journal unless representatives were specified for It is certain that several medical research funds this purpose. He believed that, should the society had for some time been seriously considering the 20Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American 22Excerpt from a personal communication from Clarence Association for Cancer Research, April 4,1989, Richmond, Vir C. Little (President) to Alphonse A. Thibaudeau (Secretary): ginia. March 4, 1940. 21Minutes of the regular Council Meeting of the American 2*Excerpt from a personal communication from Clarence C. Association for Cancer Research, March 19, 1940, Pittsburgh, Little (Chairman of the Journal Committee) to Alphonse A. Pa. Thibaudeau (Secretary): August 14, 1940.

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÃ“LOANDRIEGELâ€”Historyof AACR 149 problem of maintaining a journal in the field of the copyright in its name. Dr. James B. Murphy, cancer. Dr. Stanhope Bayne-Jones, Director of the of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Board of Scientific Advisors of the Jane Coffin was named Chairman of the Editorial Committee, Childs Memorial Fund, assured the Secretary of and the working editorial office was established in the Association in December, 1939, that "The the office of the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund American Journal of Cancer should be in effect as in New Haven, under the direction of Dr. Bayne- well as in name the official organ of the Association Jones as Secretary of the Editorial Board. and that plans for reorganization should center As late as December, 1940, the position of the around a conception of that relationship of the Association with respect to the American Journal Journal to the Association."24 In January, 1940, of Cancer remained obscure. At the beginning of Dr. SchrÃ¤mhad advised Dr. Thibaudeau that the the month, Dr. Thibaudeau informed Dr. Bayne- International Cancer Research Foundation was Jones that the proceedings of the 1940 meeting pleased at the attempts of the Association in ap had never been published, since no word had been plying for a greater role in the management of the received from the American Journal of Cancer con journal. She apprised the Secretary that the Amer cerning the publication of these materials in that ican Journal of Cancer had become the object of journal, and he requested information as to earnest study by several interested groups seeking whether they could be published in the new jour an equitable solution of the problem of its thor nal. The matter was recommended to the Advisory ough reorganization. The medical advisor of the Board of Cancer Research and approved. At the Anna Fuller Fund had been informed of the devel end of the month, Dr. Little sent a telegram to opments concerning the American Journal of Can Secretary Thibaudeau : "American Journal Cancer cer late in 1939. has discontinued being official organ Research As In the autumn of 1940 representatives of the sociation. Please answer by Western Union wheth International Cancer Research Foundation, the er you approve establishment of new journal Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical 'Cancer Research' as our official organ."25 Research, the Anna Fuller Fund, and the Journal The first issue of Cancer Research, which ap Committee of the American Association for Can peared in January, 1941, carried the designation cer Research agreed to inaugurate a new publica "The Official Organ of the American Association tion, Cancer Research, to replace the American for Cancer Research, Inc." (The journal con Journal of Cancer which, at this time, was rapidly passing out of existence. The Association was given tinued to be supported, in part, for the next few a solid stake in the new venture by the contribu years by grants received from the Jane Coffin tion of $1,000, in October, 1940, in the form of a Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research, the gift from the Eli Lilly Company received through Anna Fuller Fund, the Elsa U. Pardee Founda Dr. G. H. A. Clowes, Director of Research for that tion, and the American Association for Cancer firm, toward support of the journal. It was under Research. In addition, to meet the annual deficits stood from the outset that the Association was to encountered with publication, a small endowment assume a progressively greater role in the conduct fund was provided by the International Cancer of Cancer Research. The unpublished minutes of Research Foundation which, upon reorganization, the director and scientific board of the Jane Coffin later became the Donner Foundation, Inc. In 1948, Childs Memorial Fund indicate that a determining Cancer Research, Inc., a separate corporation consideration in the financial support provided by owned by the American Association for Cancer the Fund for a journal on cancer was (a) that it Research, Inc., was established for the purpose of become the official organ of the American Associa publishing the journal Cancer Research. The Don tion for Cancer Research and (6) that it be con ner Foundation in 1949 assigned and transferred fined to experimental work and omit clinical case records.6 Late in 1940 the Anna Fuller Fund, the all rights and the title to the journal to Cancer Research, Inc. Since that time, the various respon Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund, and the Inter national Cancer Research Foundation allocated sibilities associated with the publication of Cancer grants to Cancer Research. The International Can Research have been fulfilled by Cancer Research, cer Research Foundation, the principal sponsor, Inc., acting through a board of three directors accepted title to the journal and agreed to hold who, by custom, are the duly elected officers of the Association.) 24Excerpt from a personal communication from Stanhope Bayne-Jones (Director of the Board of Scientific Advisors of 25Excerpt from a telegram from Clarence C. Little (Chair the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund) to Alphonse A. Thibau man of the Journal Committee) to Alphonse A. Thibaudeau deau (Secretary) : December 26, 1939. (Secretary): December al, 19*0.

INTERNALAFFAIRS admit to membership any of the applicants recom Membership (Chart 1).â€”-Thedecline in mem mended by these committees without formal ac bership during World War I was discussed by the tion by the Council. Other schemes to liberalize Council in connection with the question of financ the admission policy were discussed the following ing the Journal of Cancer Research, but at the same year. As a result, a proposal was adopted to read time its relation to the growth of the Association the list of applicants at the General Meeting and was also considered. To forestall a weakening of to declare them elected if no objections were re the primary objectives of the Association the ceived from the floor. Secretary was instructed, on April 5, 1917, to pre The regional selection of members suggested the pare a printed list of members and nonmembers possibility of organizing branch societies. At the subscribing to the journal, to be forwarded to the annual meeting in 1934, a committee was formed members of the society with a request that they to consider the issue, and, on June 6, a recommen dation was made to the Council that a regular meeting of the Association be called for the follow ing November to consider certain changes in the constitution whereby branches of the Association would be established throughout the United States and Canada. Qualifications for membership in the local organizations would be the same as those for the parent association, the members to be elected by the Council on the recommendation of the branch. Members and other investigators in vari ous cities were invited to form such local organiza tions. The purpose of this move was outlined in an open letter issued by the Association Secretary on 10 13 16 19 22 aS 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 I YEAR August 7, 1934, from which the following excerpt is taken: CHART1.â€”Membership growth, 1907-1960. The data are plotted as total membership for every 3d year. Membership The reasons for the projected expansion (of the Association) growth does not necessarily reflect the expanded interest in are the constantly increasing interest in cancer research, both cancer research. The criteria for admission to membership, experimental and clinical, and the prohibitive distances which which have varied somewhat from time to time, affected the our colleagues in the middle and far west, and in Canada, total membership at various periods. Until 1940 three types would have to travel in order to attend meetings held, as those of membershipâ€”Active, Associate, and Honoraryâ€”were desig of the Association are now, on the Atlantic seaboard.2" nated. After incorporation, the Association eliminated the Associate class and established an Emeritus class, and, more An amendment certifying this plan was presented recently, Corresponding members have been admitted. to the members for action on April 17, 1935, and adopted unanimously. attempt to secure additional members. However, In 1936 a report was issued by Dr. Burton on April 6 the United States entered the war, and, Simpson on the organization of a Minnesota since the Secretary regarded it as an "inauspicious Branch (with eighteen members) and a Western time to embark upon a membership campaign, New York Branch (with 28 members), both of particularly as the funds of the Association were which were approved. The following year the low and threatened to become still lower,"18 the Council voted to continue the "Committee on Branch Societies," and in 1938 Dr. Simpson was proposal was postponed until 1919. The following year the President was authorized by the Council directed to inquire into the establishment of a to appeal to certain distinguished investigators to Western Branch. The movement was further stim join the Association. ulated in 1939 when the Council delegated Dr. The membership issue was again taken up by Halsey Bagg to organize a New York City group, the Council in 1927. At this time a regional cam and Dr. G. M. Smith, a New England group. (At paign was initiated. Dr. Frederick Prime was ap present the only active branches are a Southwest pointed a committee of one to obtain members ern group [Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma] and from Philadelphia; Dr. James E wing, another a Chicago group.) committee of one, to enlist members from his hos Annual Meetings (Table 3, Chart 2).â€”In 1910 pital staff and other sources in New York; and Dr. the Secretary informed the Council that he found Aldred Scott Wart hin (University of Michigan), it difficult, owing to the small number of active a third committee of one, to secure members from 26William H. Woglom, Secretary of the Association, com the Midwest. The Secretary was authorized to munication of August 7, 1934.

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÃ“LOANDRIEGELâ€”Historyof AACR 151 members, to schedule programs for two meetings round-table discussion for 1939 and "Recent a year. To avoid bringing "such pressure to bear Trends in Cancer Research" as the subject for on individual members that they would be led to 1940. Until 1940, with a few exceptions, the Ameri report immature researches, which under other can Association for Cancer Research held its scien circumstances they would prefer to pursue further tific sessions preceding those of the American As before publishing them,"8a regular annual meeting sociation of Pathologists and Bacteriologists. On was initiated. From the beginning, the scientific March 18, 1940, the Council adopted a motion program was designed to emphasize the important that in 1941 and thereafter the Association would contemporary phases of research. For example, in hold its meeting in the same city and immediately 1909 a communication from Dr. James Ewing to preceding the meetings of the Federation of the Dr. E. E. Tyzzer outlined several of the current American Societies for Experimental Biology. problems to be developed for discussion at the Although the By-Laws of the Association im meeting that year : posed a restriction on papers of a "casuistic char- In accordance with the recommendation of the Council of the Cancer Society, it has been suggested that you be requested 300 to prepare for the next meeting a "Referat" on the subject of The Influence of Heredity on Cancer. I hope you will approve 2250- of the subject and can find time for the work. Please do as much as you can on it. Loeb will take immunity, and Weil, ferment â€¢200 reaction of blood and tumor tissues.27 A proposal to lengthen the 1923 meeting to 2 g 150 days was taken under advisement by the Associa n tion in 1922. The successful "experiment" of de â€¢3100 voting the first day of the meeting that year to a "threshing out by surgeons and radiologists of the I- value of radiotherapy in malignant disease"28 and Illllllillll .l.llllilllllllli 07 IO 15 20 25 30 35 40 46 50 55 60 the second day to the usual laboratory program YEAR suggested that a similar format be adopted for CHART i.â€”Scientific sessions, 1907-1960, numbers of papers subsequent programs. However, 13 years inter presented. The data include all program listings, i.e., demon vened before the next symposium was held on stration papers (before 1940), abstracts, and papers read by "The Relation of Internal Secretions to Mammary title as well as papers presented orally. No scientific meetings Tumors" (1936). In 1937 the Association took the were held during the war years, 1943-1945. Owing to the first definite steps toward implementing a progres tremendous output in cancer research, particularly in the last decade, the American Association for Cancer Research, Inc., sive schedule: it moved that in the future the has had to limit the number of papers presented at each session annual meeting should comprise a full-day session by adding restrictions to the rules for submitting papers and plus an afternoon session given over to a sym by more critical evaluation of the abstracts submitted. There posium to be arranged by the Program Committee fore, the data for the more recent meetings are the result of the more stringent policies adopted at the recommendation (organized in 1934). of the membership. The scope of the program was widened in 1938, when the Council voted to adopt a 2-day meeting acter" (Art. 5), the Secretary in 1930 was author for 1939 and thereafter, with provision for a for ized to reject summarily any paper that did not mal arrangement of presentation: (a) formal seem worthy of presentation before the society. In papers (1st morning, last part of the afternoon of 1928 there had been considerable discussion on the the 1st day, and 2d day) ; (6) demonstration papers advisability of limiting the number of papers to lie (1st part of the afternoon of the first day); and (c) round-table discussion (1st day following the read at each annual meeting, but the idea was re jected as impractical. However, by 1930 the Secre annual dinner). It was decided that the assistance tary was instructed to limit the number of papers of the American Association of Medical Museums to the time available, although the Council felt should be requested in arranging for the demon stration papers. "The Relation of Sex Hormones that more than the 10 minutes which had previ to Cancer" was designated as the subject of a ously been allowed should be allotted for each presentation upon request of the author. At the 27Personal communication: James Ewing to Ernest E. 1938 meeting there were so many papers to be Tyzzer, April 17, 1909. 28Minutes of a Special Council Meeting of the American read that the presentation of each paper was Association for Cancer Research, October 19, 19Ã•2,New York, strictly held, for the first time, to the time as N.Y. signed. The first Presidential address, a prominent

feature of contemporary sessions of the Associa maintenance of the Journal, but fortunately that tion, was delivered in 1928. officer "was able, through Dr. Coley, ... to inter Finances (Chart 3).â€”Through 1910 the annual est . . . Mr. Archer M. Huntington in the Jour income of the Association, entirely in the form of nal,"29 whose donation of $250 offset this payment. membership dues, amounted to about $135. Be Loss in membership dues decreased the cash cause of this early financial limitation the society balance in 1918; however, a series of giftsâ€”$500 was unable to furnish exhibits for the Internation from the Huntington Fund, $250 from the Har al Cancer Congress held in Paris in 1910, and in vard Cancer Commission, and $125 from the dividual members were solicited to supply the Gratwick Laboratory (in Buffalo)â€”substantially appropriate demonstrations independently or raised the reserve of the Association the following through the auspices of the International Museum year and gave rise to the hope that the nucleus of Association. Dues withheld from the International an endowment might be formed. Association for Cancer Investigation by the Asso It was necessary to apply these gifts and several ciation in 1913 and 1914, pending a decision on other smaller donations to the journal deficit in 1920 and 1921, and true cash balances of slightly 20,000 over $500 were reported by the Treasurer for each of these years. High subscription rates paid by the RECEIPTS Association to the Crocker Institute for the publi EXPENDITURES cation of the journal accounted for the greater part Â®â€”-Â®ASSETS of the society's disbursements from 1923 to 1930 and contributed toward dwindling cash reserves during these years. By raising the membership dues the heavy burden of the subscription allotments was partly alleviated after 1927. In 1931 the Asso ciation was discharged from most of its financial responsibilities to the journal, which, as the Ameri can Journal of Cancer, was put upon a sound foot ing by the Chemical Foundation. This fact, to gether with a steady increase in membership throughout the 1930's, assured the Association of 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 I94O 1945 I95O 1955 I960 FIVE YEAR AVERAGES some fiscal stability. After 1932, at which time the bank balance of the Association approached $1,000, CHART3.â€”Fiscal schedule, 1910-1960, 5-year averages. the Treasurer's reports were regularly audited, and Travel allotments for meetings of the International Union against Cancer, administered through the Association, have he was able to place small but regular amounts been deducted from the financial statements of the Secretary- into a savings account. Treasurer, since the amounts received totaled exactly the amounts disbursed for travel expenses. The data are based INCORPORATION on over-the-board transactions of the Secretary-Treasurer of the American Association for Cancer Research. Receipts In the course of its first 30 years the Association include membership dues, special donations, interest and underwent few changes in internal organization; dividends, and income from the Annual Meeting, etc.; ex its character remained largely that outlined by the penditures include the costs of the Secretary-Treasurer's office, first Constitution. On the occasion of Dr. Ewing's expenses of the Annual Meeting, contributions, journal sub scriptions, etc.; assets include operating account balance, sav retirement from the Council in 1910 it was sug ings, and value of investments, etc. The assets of the Associa gested that it might be a wise precedent to have tion have been substantially augmented in recent years by the the retiring member name his successor. receipt of several legacies and contributions. The annual in Dr. Mallory was of the opinion that this would be a bad come from the investment of such funds is used to support precedent to establish, for lie had found that where this prac the journal Cancer Research, the operating costs of which are tice is followed in faculty nominations the retiring member may not included in the above data. name a successor who will merely continue the work as he has been doing it, where a change is expected. Dr. Ewing also was whether to retain affiliation, made possible the of the opinion that this would not be a wise precedent, for lie accumulation of slightly larger cash balances dur felt that elections to the Council should depend solely upon the ing these years. selection of the best men, and should not be especially influ enced by consideration for the retiring member. Dr. Gaylord The financial burden of the Journal of Cancer expressed the view that influence in the Association should In- Research notwithstanding, the Association main distributed, and that it would be undesirable to give rise to the tained fairly constant bank balances for 1915 and impression that only a certain set of men would be eligible for 1916. In 1917 the Treasurer, with $297 on hand, 29Minutes of the regular meeting of the American As was instructed to pay $250 to the publisher for the sociation for Cancer Research, April 5, 1917, New York, N.Y.

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÃ“LOANDRIEGELâ€”Historycf AACR 153 election to the Council. Dr. Loeb believed it desirable to have sons. In a report entitled "The Incorporation of membership in the Council distributed so that it would repre Scientific Societies," issued by the Society of Plant sent different laboratories, and if possible different parts of the country.8 Physiologists in 1932, it was found that The advantages of incorporation are important, inasmuch However, limitations in travel facilities and in as it establishes a learned non-profit organization as a legal adequacies in communication confined the Asso entity, thus bestowing: ciation activities in these early days to the eastern (1) Freedom from financial responsibility in any lawsuit seaboard, where most cancer research was then against members on account of any action of the society. (i) The ability to hold property and to receive gifts and being done. The Association resembled a local bequests. society with a restricted but select membership A few scientific societies reported to our committee that in chosen from outstanding research institutes and corporation had resulted in the accumulation of funds for re clinical laboratories. search, etc., by giving greater security to endowment funds and After 1917 it became customary for the Vice- thus making it easier for donors to give relatively large gifts and bequests. PrÃ©sidentto succeed the President, and both offi The possible disadvantages are related to the freedom of ac cers were selected from the Council or appointed tion of the organization. An unincorporated society may do as to that body upon their election (Table 4). The it chooses, whereas upon incorporation the organization must Council transacted officiai matters, but amend comply with the laws of the jurisdiction where it is incorpo rated. Practically, however, the disadvantage resulting from ments and decisions of consequence were submit this restraint or freedom ot action is regarded by legal authori ted to the members for vote. Although the Consti ties as being slight. The statutes of some jurisdictions impose tution provided for a Council of seven members, fewer restraints than others and the requirements for head including the executive officers, through an over quarters, annual meetings, reports, etc., differ in different juris sight the officers elected in 1922 and 1923 were not dictions (9). simultaneously members of the Council but were The tendency for scientific societies to become in selected from among the active members. The Sec corporated gained impetus in the later 1930's. retary called the attention of the Council to this The Council, on April 4, 1939, decided to take error in 1924 and suggested that, since the Associ steps toward incorporation. The primary purpose ation had grown considerably since the Constitu was to have the Association in a position to receive tion was framed and since it was difficult to get a bequests. Since President-elect Little had offered quorum even with the seven members and the to secure legal advice, an active correspondence three officers on the Council, the governing body between that officer and Dr. A. A. Thibaudeau, be enlarged to ten. This measure was accordingly Secretary of the Society, ensued. Excerpts from adopted. these communications follow : By the late 1930's the membership of the socie Dr. Little to Dr. Thibaudeau, July, 1939: ty had so increased and its activities had so ex I did not realize that I was given any authority to approach panded that the members felt that the organiza a lawyer on the subject of the incorporation of the Cancer Re search Association and should lie glad to have a copy of any tion of the Association was outmoded. This criti vote authorizing that action so that I may know how far I am cism was raised particularly by the newer members expected to proceed.30 and especially by those of the laboratory research In August, 1939, Dr. Thibaudeau reported to contingent (Dr. Murray Shear has applied the term "Young Turks" to this group, of which Dr. Little that certain inquiries as to the incorpo ration had been made in New York City, since he was a member). This element advocated certain parties there were considering making be a modern, democratized structure comparable quests to the Association. At a special meeting of to that of the American Physiological Society the Council on September 12, 1939, Dr. Little was or of other more recently organized societies. Sev delegated to proceed definitely to secure legal ad eral attempts were made to satisfy this group by vice. Dr. Little turned the matter over to Mr. offering them more responsibility and control Charles Hilles, Jr., representative of the firm of within the Association, such as the establishment Root, Clark, Buckner and Ballantine, New York, of sub-sections; but the criticisms stimulated argu N.Y. ments in favor of a proposal by Dr. William Wog- Dr. Little to Dr. Thibaudeau, September, 1939: lom that the Association be incorporated. This I am enclosing the Certificate of Incorporation and the pro proposal was taken into consideration by the posed By-Laws for the American Association for Cancer Re Council in 1939 and 1940. search. The By-Laws seem to me to be in need of considerable change. Aside from the question of the internal influ 30Excerpt from a personal communication from Clarence C ences for reorganization, the resolution to incorpo Little (President) to Alphonse A. Thibaudeau (Secretary) rate the society seemed advisable for several rea July 31, 1939.

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TABLE4 COUNCILORSANDDIRECTORSOFTHEAMERICANASSOCIATIONFORCANCERRESEARCH,1907-60 From 1907 to 1940 the American Association for Cancer Research was served by Councilors. In 1940, with incorporation, a Board of Directors was established, and from this time on the title of "Director" instead of "Councilor" has been used to designate the administrative officers. The list extends through directors whose terms began in 1960.

NameHoward B.AndervontJoseph Md.MassachusettsCancer Institute, Bethesda, 1940-43, 1953-561946-49,

C.AubHalsey Mass.The General Hospital, Boston, 1949-521935-39, J.BaggStanhope Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, 1940-431941-441927-33, N.Y.YaleNew York, Bayne-JonesElexious Conn.UniversityUniversity School of Medicine, New Haven, T.BellJohn Minn.Universityof Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, 1936-39, 1940-411960-631945-48,

J.BieseleJohn TexasUniversityof Texas, Austin, J.BittnerOscar Minn.Sloan-Ketteringof Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, 1948-511959-621947-50, BodanskyAustin N.Y.Argonne Institute for Cancer Research, New York, M.BruesWalter HI.UniversityNational Laboratory, Lemont, 1952-551953-56, J.BurdetteGary UtahColumbiaof Utah College of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 1958-611908-141958-611930-36, N.CalkinsAbraham N.Y.JeffersonUniversity, New York, CantarowGeorge Pa.Eli Medical College, Philadelphia, ClowesEdmundH. A. Ind.WashingtonLilly and Company, Indianapolis, 1939, 1940-411943-46,

CowdryHughV. Mo.Institute University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 1946-49, 1949-521952-f1907-81943-46,

J.CreechGeorge Pa.Westernfor Cancer Research, Philadelphia, CrileEdward OhioSt. Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, A.DoisyThelma Mo.NationalLouis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 1946-49, 1949-521959-621907-9,

B.DunnJames Md.The Cancer Institute, Bethesda, EwingSidney Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, 1911-17, N.Y.Children'sNew York, 1920-26, 1929-35, 1938-39,1940-421955-5819071944-47,

FarberSimon Mass.RockefellerCancer Research Foundation, Boston, FlexnerJacob N.Y.RoswellInstitute for Medical Research, New York, FurthWilliam N.Y.YalePark Memorial Institute, Buffalo, 1947-50, 1950-53,1955-581

U.GardnerFrederick Conn.UniversityUniversity School of Medicine, New Haven, 943-44, ÃŽ1945-48, 1948-52,1960-631910-161907-10,

GayHarveyP. Calif.New of California School of Medicine, Berkeley, R.GaylordAlfred N.Y.CollegeYork State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases, Buffalo, 1912-181953-56, GellhornGeorge N.Y.Theof Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, 1960-631950-53 O. GeyLocation*NationalJohns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md.Term1939,

* Most recent address. t Ex officio as Secretary-Treasurer of the Association since 1952. f Served on the Executive Committee, the administrative body of the A.A.C.R. for the years 1943-44.

154

NameRobert B.GreenoughHarry Mass.YaleUniversity School of Medicine, Boston, GreeneTheodoreS. N. Conn.RoswellUniversity School of Medicine, New Haven, HauschkaCharlesS. N.Y.McArdlePark Memorial Institute, Buffalo, HeidelbergerLudvig Wis.ChicagoMemorial Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, HektoenRoy 111.NationalTumor Institute, Chicago, HertzWalter Md.NationalCancer Institute, Bethesda, E.HestonGeorge Md.WellcomeCancer Institute, Bethesda, H.HitchingsCharles N.Y.UniversityResearch laboratory, Tuckahoe, HookerCharles N.C.Universityof North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, 1952-551945-48, B.HugginsHenry 111.Stanfordof Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, 1948-511953-561954-571956-59I960-Â«.'!1918-201931-37, S.KaplanDavid Calif.Sloan-KetteringMedical Center, Palo Alto, A.KarnofskyLloyd N.Y.National Institute for Cancer Research, New York, W.Lan-Charles Md.McGillCancer Institute, Bethesda, P.LeblondEdwin CanadaRushUniversity Medical School, Montreal, Quebec, R.LeCountClarence 111.LittleMedical College, Chicago, C.LittleI>eo Me.WashingtonHaven, R. F. D., Ellsworth, 1940-41, 1941-44, 1944-47, 1947-50,1951-541907-121948-511925-311907-111926-321933-381919-251952-551957-601916-22,

LoebBalduin Mo.UniversityUniversity School of Medicine, St. Louis, LÃ¼ckeWard Pa.82 of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, J.MacNealFrank N.Y.HarvardRockrose Place, Forest Hills, B.MalloryMillard Mass.Springville,University School of Medicine, Boston, C.MarshJoseph N.Y.UniversityErie County, McFarlandWilly Pa.700 of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, MeyerG. N.Y.NationalMadison Avenue, New York, MiderElizabethBurroughs Md.McArdleCancer Institute, Bethesda, MillerJamesC. Wis.RockefellerMemorial Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, B.MurphyIra N.Y.Collis Institute for Medical Research, New York, 1934-39, 1940-42, 1942-45, 1945-4Â«1951-541955-581922-281950-531951-54,1954-Â§1958-611945-18,1943-44, 1

T.XathansonVan Mass.McArdleP. Huntington Memorial Hospital, Boston, R.PotterFrederick Wis.131 Memorial Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, PrimeStanley N.Y.InstituteE. 66th Street, New York, P.ReimannHarold Pa.McArdlefor Cancer Research, Philadelphia, P.RuschArnold Wis.Sinai Memorial Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, M.SeligmanMurray Md.NationalHospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, J. ShearLocation*Harvard Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.Term1918-241956-591957-601959-621942-451954-571956-591959-621948-51,1958-fil

Â§Exofficioas Editor-in-Chief of Cancer Research.

155

TABLE 4â€”Continued

NameBurton T.SimpsonHoward N.Y.SouthernYork State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases, Buffalo, 1938-38, 1940-431957-601938-39,

E.SkipperGeorge Ala.Pine Research Institute, Birmingham, M.SmithPaul Conn.InstituteOrchard, 1940-42, ÃŽ1950-531952-551956-591955-581954-571946-491940-431907-131939,1942-45, 1943-44

E.SteinerFred Pa.Memorialfor Cancer Research, Philadelphia, W.StewartHarold Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York, N.Y.National L.StewartC. Md.Sloan-KetteringCancer Institute, Bethesda, N'.Y.Medical Institute for Cancer Research, Xew York, ChesterStockAlbert TannenbaumHoward 111,622 Research Institute, Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Jr.AlphonseC. Taylor, N.Y.NewWest 168th Street, New York, ThibaudeauErnestA. N.Y.175York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases, Buffalo, E.TyzzerCarl Mass.4700Water Street, Wakefield, VoegtlinShields D.C.NewConnecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, 1940-42, 1942-45,1945-461941-44,

WarrenAldred Mass.UniversityEngland Deaconess Hospital, Boston, 1944-47, 1947-501928-(dec.

WarthinRichardScott Mich.Cornellof Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, 1931)1914-(dec. WeilSidney N.Y.InstituteUniversity School of Medicine, New York, 1917)1957-601913-19, WeinhouseH. Pa.Universityfor Cancer Research, Philadelphia, GideonWellsWilliam 111.Collegeof Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, 1921-271917-23, H.WoglomS. N.Y.Harvardof Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, 1937-39, 1940-41, 1941-44, 1944-471909-15

Burt WolbachLocation*New University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.Term1924-30,

Will you also look over the proposed Certificate of Incorpo ized by scattered interests and various types of approach to the ration and see what changes seem desirable there. cancer problem. Our numbers have grown . . . our interest is fo It seems to me that the Articles of Incorporation are excel cused and has become coordinated where it seemed to your lent and that we can safely proceed along those lines.31 Council that two things were desirable. The first was the incor poration of the Society so that it might be in a position to take On December 20, 1939, the proposed Certificate organized leadership in the field of Cancer Research. . . . of Incorporation and By-Laws were taken up by The second step which the Council very much wants to the Council at a special meeting, and certain bring about is the greater liberalization of the control of the Society. We realize that we have been a pretty closely centered, changes regarding the Articles of Incorporation self-perpetuating body, but we feel that, in the period of the were suggested. early history of the Society and up to the present, such was The incorporation scheme was laid before the more or less justifiable, and a small group of devoted people Society at the Pittsburgh meeting on March 19 giving their time to it seemed to be the best way to get through those stages. We now wish more active participation on the and 20, 1940. President Little opened the discus part of the individual members, and the Council will try, I am sion on the matter: sure, if these Articles of Incorporation are passed and By-Laws approved, to give you the types of meetings and move in the This morning the Association has reached a very interesting direction of other activities that will bring more of you, and and important point in its history after an existence character- perhaps the younger of you, into the picture than in the past.21 31Excerpt from a personal communication from Clarence C. Little (President) to Alphonse A. Thibaudeau (Secretary): The proposed Certificate of Incorporation was September 30, 1939. read by the Secretary. President Little cited the

"statement of purposes" as the most important the Officers by the members and not by the Direc feature of the document, since the "Association tors. Dr. Little cautioned that the authority of the should be elastic and capable of assuming any Directors should not be restricted too greatly, function in connection with Cancer Research, that since their management of the Association might is in receiving gifts, organizing fellowships, con otherwise be ineffectual. He believed that he was ducting publications, in fact doing anything that representing the sentiment of the Council in the the future may bring up as a need."21 Following a feeling that "the whole subject of cancer control short preliminary discussion the Articles of Incor and research ... is picking up momentum very poration were approved as submitted (3). rapidly, and that there is an increasing need for Dr. Thibaudeau then read the proposed By- coordination and for interrelationships to be Laws (4).32Dr. Simpson, in the general discussion thought out carefully and worked out carefully."21 that followed the reading, suggested: He assured the members that the Council wished to enact a program that would best enable the In order to avoid possible criticism and protect this Associa tion . . . that some consideration be given to an addition to the society to adjust to the rapid changes in the field of section on expulsion of members, the last sentence of which cancer. TABLE5 EDITORSorTHEJOURNALSOFTHKASSOCIATION

\nrneRichard

WeilWilliam ResearchJournalof Cancer

H.WoglomFrancis ResearchJournalof Cancer

C.WoodJames of Cancer Research EditorChairman, 1931-19401941-1948*1945-19461946-19471947-19491949-19501950-JtmrnalJournalAmericanCancerCancer Journal of

B.MurphyWilliam Editorial ResearchCancer CommitteeEditorEditorEditorEditorEditorPeriod1916-19171918-19*819*4-1930

H.WoglomStanhope Re.iearchCancer

Bayne-JonesBalduin ResearchCancer

LÃ¼ckePaul ResearchCancer

E.SteinerHarold RexearchCancer

P. RuschTitleEditorEditorEditor Research

* During the period 1941-44, no formal editor was in charge of publication. The Editorial Com mittee performed this function at that time. From 1945 to 1948 a member of this Committee was named Editor. reads "may be dropped from membership by the Board of Di Dr. Shear offered the opinion that "the most rectors. ..." I would suggest the addition of some such clause effective way of carrying forward our primary ob as this: May be dropped from membership after due oppor tunity to present in written form and/or by personal appear jective, which is more rapid progress in cancer re ance before the Board of Directors a defense of the act or acts search, would be ... by adopting the constitution which raised the question of possible expulsion (By-Laws, Article 1, Sect. 5) (4)." as presented, and I am not at all sure that if we would come to a vote that I would not vote for the This clause was duly incorporated. A considera constitution as read, but I think in that case we tion, raised by Drs. Shields Warren and Murray- ought to make clear to the members that this is Shear, on whether the Association would be suffi not a democratic constitution, that is, in the sense ciently liberalized by the proposed articles was of democracy in the operation of the society."21 next taken up. Discussion concerning this focused on two points: (a) making the By-Laws sufficiently As a compromise, Dr. Shields AVarrenmoved that the section of the By-Laws specifying that the flexible so that they would not have to be amended Board of Directors "at its annual meeting . . . by the Directors and (6) authorizing the election of elect the officers of the Corporation and the Execu "These By-Laws are the final version adopted in April, tive Committee" be stricken and that it be substi 1941. The text deals with the discussions leading to this tuted that "they should be nominated by the amended version.

Board of Directors but elected by the members As regards future lines of investigation, there are many (By-Laws, Article 2, Sect. 2 [a])" (4).21 problems that should be worked out. It would seem advan tageous to give cancer investigation as broad a foundation as It was finally agreed that the Board of Direc possible. Certain problems could be worked upon by the chem tors, through a nominating committee appointed ist, others by the embryologist, others by the physiologist, and by it should submit to the members the names of the clinical side of the cancer (problem) should not be lost sight not four, as had been originally suggested, but of. Only certain men are suitably fitted to undertake investi eight candidates, four of whom were to be elected gation of this character, and until such men are found it does not seem to me desirable to allot problems to men who have to the Board of Directors by the membership. neither any perspective of the subject of cancer as a whole or Each member would be allowed to list his own special ability to carry on such lines of research.'3 preferences on additional lines inserted on a ballot The character of the Association for the first 30 to be sent out by the Secretary with the notice of years of its existenceâ€”a select, or "royal society" the Annual Meeting. Prolonged discussion ensued on whether to include the President, Vice-PrÃ©si of research workersâ€”reflected the policies urged dent, and Secretary as ex officio members of the by Dr. Tyzzer by assuring a continuity of activi Board of Directors, and a motion to this effect ties through the efforts of a small but distinguished was lost. A motion to amend the section on vacan group of dedicated scientists. However, the sharp cies in the Board of Directors which specified that increase in cancer research clearly evident by 1940, such vacancies "however caused may be filled by which precipitated the rapid changes in the struc a majority of the remaining members of the Board ture of the Association, was conditioned not only of Directors then in office, though a majority of by technical progress and a greater number of per sonnel entering the field, but also by an entirely such remaining members do not constitute a new element, a public awareness or "social con quorum until the next annual meeting, or until their successoris elected"was defeated (By-Laws, Article sciousness" of cancer investigation. 2, Sect. 6. The italicized material constitutes It is beyond the scope of this report to enter into the wording of the motion.) (4).21The deletion of the nature of these technical advances or social an article providing for an Executive Committee attitudes except for a few brief remarks. In the was recommended and carried. The By-Laws were years immediately preceding World War II public subsequently accepted as amended by the action interest in medical research had become aroused of the meeting. by editorial emphasis on this subject and by the other improved media of mass communication. EPILOGUE The consideration of a $2,000,000,000 Manhattan With incorporation, the American Association Project on cancer in 1945, rejected as unfeasible by for Cancer Research strengthened its primary sci a Senate Hearing Committee on Science Legisla entific objectives and gained greater stability tion (11), was the resultant of accelerated legisla through self-sufficiency. The Society, in Dr. tive activity, beginning with the establishment of Little's words, "was given the ability to grow into the National Cancer Institute (1937) and greatly the complicated cancer picture as it grows."21 To reinforced by public enthusiasm for a war-scale, day, the Association has grown far beyond the "crash" program in medical research. expectations of the incorporators, but although its The new public, private, and government sup scope and activities have broadened (notwith port for cancer research, both moral and financial, standing a lag during the war years 1942-45) its encouraged the entry of many capable young in design has remained essentially the same as that vestigatorsâ€”biochemists, geneticists, virologists, laid out at the Pittsburgh meeting in 1940. This etc., armed with new technicsâ€”into the field and latter date, therefore, was considered a natural permitted a significant remodeling of the founda terminal point for this historical account. Ac tions of this department of science. Progress be counts of the activities of the Association from came the order of the day. Moreover, these inves 1940 to the present have been made readily avail tigators desired affiliation with an organization able to interested persons by the publication of that would respond to their primary needs, name the minutes of the meetings of the Directors and ly, an effective consolidation of common interests members in Cancer Research (1941-52), and in the and an adequate outlet for reporting the results of Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer their research. An accurate historical appraisal of Research since 1953. the American Association for Cancer Research That the many facets posed by the "riddle of during the transitional period tends to minimize cancer" were clearly envisioned by the investigator " E. E. Tyzzer, "Present Status of Research," p. 4. The of the early days is set forth in a report issued by Caroline Brewer Croft Fund: Cancer Commission. The Medi Dr. E. E. Tvzzer in 1907: cal School of Harvard University, Boston, Mass., Spring, 1907.

Year Selected activities in cancer research* Activities of the American Related developments Association for Cancer Research

1889 Hanau successfully transplants meta- static tissue of a spontaneously devel oping carcinoma from a white rat to another rat (Forl.tchr. der Med., 7: Sil, 1889).

1895 Roentgen discovers x-rays. Rehn reports the frequent appearance of papilloma and carcinoma of the bladder among men employed in the aniline dye industry (Arch.f. klin. Chir., 50:588, 1895).

1898 The New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases is es tablished at Buffalo, N.Y.

1899 Radium isolated by the Curies. The Caroline Brewer Croft Cancer Commission is established at Har vard University.

1900 The Zentral-Komitee fÃ¼r Krebsfor schung is organized in Berlin.

1900- Committees for Cancer Research es 1905 tablished in England, Holland, Spain, Austria-Hungary, and Japan.

1901 Loeb transplants a carcinoma of the The Rockefeller Institute for Medical mouse and cystic sarcoma of the thy Research is incorporated. roid in rats through several genera The Collis P. Huntington Memorial tions, thereby confirming Hanau's Hospital for cancer is established at results (J. if. Research, n.s., 1:28, Harvard University. 1901). 190-2 Frieben observes the carcinogenic ef The Imperial Cancer Research Fund fect of x-rays in man (Deutsche med. (England) is founded. Wchnschr., Vol. 28, Vereins-Beilage The Collis P. Huntington Fund for 335, 1902). Cancer Research is established at the General Memorial Hospital in New York City. The (Ã¬ratwick Laboratory is estab lished at the New York State Insti tute for the Study of Malignant Diseases, Buffalo, N.Y. The United States Marine Hospital Service (established in 1798) be comes the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service.

1903 Jensen transplants a mouse carcinoma through nineteen generations (Zen- tralU. fÃ¬akt.,1. Abt.,34:28 and 1Â«, 1903). Bashford and Murray confirm Jensen's 1904 The Zentral-Komitee fUr Krebsfor results through investigation of schung (Berlin) introduces Zeitschrift mouse tumors with various types of jÃ¼rKrebsforschung, the first journal parenchyma and stroma (Proc. Roy. of cancer research. Soc., 73:70, 190-1). Gaylord, Clowes, and Baeslack study active resistance to the Jensen carci noma in mice (Med. \eu\t, 86:91, 1905).

* The following references were consulted in the selection of the items listed in this column: COWDRY, E. V. Cancer Cells. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1955. DUNHAM, L. J., and STEWART, H. L. A Survey of Transplantable and Transmissible Animal Tumors. J. .Vai. Cancer In.il., 13: 1299-1377, 1953. Index to the Literature of Experimental Cancer Research, 1900-1935. Philadelphia: Donner Foundation, Inc., 1948. OBERLING, C. The Riddle of Cancer (translated by William H. Woglom). New Haven: Yale University Press, 1944. WOGLOM, W. H. Studies in Cancer and Allied Subjects: The Study of Experimental Cancer, a Review. 3 vols. (Vol. 1.) New York: Columbia University Press, 1913. 159

Activities of the American Year Selected activities in cancer research* Related developments Association for Cancer Research

190Â« E wing and Beebe discover that lympho- First International Cancer Congress is sarcoma in dogs results through the held in Paris. l'Association franÃ§aisepour l'Ã‰tudedu transmission of viable cancer cells from one animal to another (J. M. Cancer founded. Research, n.s., 10:209, 1906). Flexner and Jobling report on a rat sar coma which devolves (1908) into a rat adenocarcinoma (Proc. Soc. Exp. Rial.

1907 Harrison cultures nerve fibers in nitro The American Association for Can Gann, the Japanese journal of cancer (Proc. Soc. Exper. Hiol. & Meri., 4: cer Research (AACR) is organ research, sponsored by Japanese So 140, 1907). ized. ciety for Cancer Research, is estab lished in Tokyo.

1908 Tyzzer studies the hereditary transmis The AACR affiliates with the Inter The International Association for sion of natural resistance to an inocu national Association for Cancer Cancer Investigation is organized at lable tumor of Japanese waltzing Investigation. the Second International Cancer mice (.7. 31. Research, n.s., 16:519, Congress held in Berlin. 1909). A bulletin of cancer research is issued Ellermann and Bang produce leukosis by the French Association for Can in chickens by cell-free filtrates of cer Research. blood and organ extracts (Zentralbl. liakt., 1. Abt., 46:595, 1908). Ehrlich introduces experimental chemo therapy in cancer (Dunham and Stewart,,/. Nat. Cancer Inni., 13: 1301, 1953).

The AACR petitions the President of the United States for a Nation al Department for Cancer Inves tigation.

1910 Clunet obtains malignant tumors in Third International Cancer Congress animals by means of x-rays, the first is held in Paris. produced experimentally (Charles Oberling, The Riddle of Cancer, pp. 60-61). Fujinami and Inamoto transplant a neoplasm of the hen, a myxoma or a myxosarcoma, by means of a cell-free filtrate of the tumor (reported in de tail in Ztschrf. Krebsforxch., 14:94, 1914).

1910- Rous reports a transmissible sarcoma of The Crocker Institute for Cancer Re 1911 the common fowl and obtains a caus search is established at Columbia ative agent for tumor extracts (./. University in New York Citv Exper. Med., 12:696, 1910, and (1911). J.A.M.A.,Mll96, 1911). Tumori, the Italian journal of cancer, is issued in Rome (1911).

1911- Rons and Murphy produce sarcomas in 1912 chicken embryos by means of the transmissible agent of fowl sarcoma through cultivation experiments (J.A.M.A., 66:741, 1911, and ./. Exper. Med., 16:119, 19H).

MU.' First constitution of the AACR is The United States Public Health and adopted. Marine Hospital Service becomes "Calkins report" on cancer statis the United States Public Health tics is issued bv the AACR. Service. The Clinical Congress of Surgeons of North America designates a Cancer Campaign Committee for public education on cancer.

160

Activities of the American Year Selected activities in cancer research* Related developments Association for Cancer Research 1912- lions and Murphy obtain other trans- 1914 plantahle chicken tumors, each due to a different causative agent (J. Ex- per. Med., 19:52, 1914). "Ewing report" on cancer education 1018 Fibiger discovers a relationship between Fourth International Cancer Congress a parasitic worm (Gongylonema neo- is issued by the AACR. is held in Brussels. Â¡dasticvm) and cancer-like masses in The American Society for the Control the cardiac regions of the stomach of of Cancer is founded. rats (Ztschr.f. Krebsforsch., 13:217, William Woglom publishes The Study 1913). Later investigators have had of Experimental Cancer,a Review, in difficulties in duplicating these exper three volumes. iments. Tyzzer reports on the production and growth of tumor mÃ©tastases (J.A.M.A., 60:2021, 1918).

1913- Slye studies the incidence and inherita- 1922 bility of spontaneous tumors in mice (J. if. Research, n.s., 26:281, 1914, 27:159, 1915; J. Cancer Research, 1: 479, 503, 1910, 6:139, 1981, 7:107, 1922).

1914 The AACR withdraws from the In The International Association for ternational Association for Cancer Cancer Investigation is dissolved Investigation. upon the outbreak of World War I. The first Journal Committee of the American Association for Cancer Research is established.

1915 Yaraagiwa and Itchikawa observe the experimental production of tumors in rabbits by means of coal tar applica tions (reported in J. Cancer Research, 3:1, 1918).

1916 E. R. Smith shows, through studies be The AACR issues the Journal of gun as early as 1910, that a bacterium Cancer Research (Â¡indilliÂ»tiimefaciens) is the causative agent for crown gall tumors in plants (J. Cancer Research, 1:281, 1916).

1917 The AACR considers affiliation with the American Association of Pa- thologists and Bacteriologists and the American Association of Im- munologists.

1918 James Kwing publishes the first edi tion of ATeo/i/a.v/)>Diseases.

1919 Loeb demonstrates that removal of the ovaries of young mice belonging to a strain susceptible to mammary can cer prevents or delays cancer (J. if. Research, n.s., 40:477, 1919). The first "National Cancer Week" is 19-21 The Crocker Institute at Columbia University assumes control of the announced throughout the United Journal of Cancer Research. States and Canada.

1922 Cancer research is initiated by the Public Health Service under Carl Voegtlin at the Hygienic Labora tory and Joseph W. Schereschewsky in Boston. The American Society for the Control of Cancer is incorporated. Second "National Cancer Week" is designated for the United States and Canada.

161

Activities of the American Year Selected activities in cancer research* Related developments Association for Cancer Research

1923 The AACR presents its first scientif The British Empire Cancer Campaign ic symposium on "The Present is initiated. Status of Surgery and Radiation Le Cancer, the Belgian journal of can in Cancer." cer research, is issued. The first post-war cancer conference is held at Strasbourg on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of the birth of Louis Pasteur. 1923- Warburg discovers that cancer tissue 1928 has a much higher rate of anaerobic glycolysis than does normal tissue, thereby indicating metabolic differ ences between normal and neoplastic tissues (Biochem. Ztschr., 142:317, 1923, and The Metabolism of Tumors, London, 1930). 1924 Bullock and Curtis report on the histo- The AACR enlarges its governing Third "National Cancer Week" is an genesis of tumors induced by the cys- council from seven to ten mem nounced. ticercus parasite (J. Cancer Research, bers. 8:446, 1924). Schmidt observes that Sudan dye pro duces large cancer-like growths in the liver of mice (Virch. Arch., 263:432, 1924). 1925- Cori and Cori study carbohydrate me 1929 tabolism in malignancy (J. Cancer Research, 9:510, 1925; 10:264, 1926; 11:190, 1927; 13:287, 1929; J. Dial. Chem., 65:397, 1925). 1926- Strong and Little develop inbred strains The Nobel Prize is awarded to Fibiger 1989 of mice with varying degrees of sus for work on tumor induction. This ceptibility to cancer and investigate has been the only Nobel Prize genetic and constitutional factors in awarded for cancer research(1926). cancer (J. Cancer Research, 10:219, The British Empire Cancer Campaign 1926 [Strong]; subsequent publica issues the first volume of The Cancer tions by Little and Strong). Review (1926). An international symposium on cancer is held at Lake Mohonk in New York under the auspices of the American Society for the Control of Cancer, attended by representatives of eight nations. A permanent in ternational association is suggested (1926). 1927 The AACR organizes a regional membership campaign. 1928 Findlay furnishes experimental proof of The AACR forms a joint committee The British Empire Cancer Campaign the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet with the American Society for the sponsors an International Cancer rays in rats and mice (Lancet, 106 [2]: Control of Cancer for public edu Conference in London attended by 1070, 1928). cation on cancer research. representatives of sixteen nations. 1930 Kennaway and Hieger, with the help of Mayneord and Cook, report the iso lation of the first chemically pure car cinogenic hydrocarbons (Brit. M. J., 1:1044, 1930). 1931 The Journal of Cancer Research be The Anna Fuller Fund is established. comes the American Journal of Otto Warburg is awarded Nobel Prize Cancer under the auspices of the for work on tissue metabolism. Chemical Foundation. The AACR approves the American Registry of Pathology.

162

Activities of the American Year Selected activities in cancer research* Related developments Association for Cancer Research

193Â« Lacassagne demonstrates the produc The International Cancer Research tion of mammary tumors in female (later Donner) Foundation is estab mice of a high breast cancer strain lished. through the administration of exces sive doses of estrogenic hormones, thereby directly confirming Loeb's conclusion (1919) (Compi, rend. Acad. Sc., 196:630, 1932).

1933 Shope demonstrates the virus etiology The International Union against Can of warts (papillomas) in wild rab cer (UniÃ³ internationalis contra bits (J. Ex per. M Ã©d.,58:607, cancrum, UICC) is organized in 1933). Madrid with Justin Godert, French Minister of Health, as President.

1934 The AACR establishes a Program The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is es Committee and a Committee on tablished. Branch Societies.

1935 Roffo confirms Findlay's results on the Arta Cancrologica is issued in Buda carcinogenic effect of ultraviolet rays pest. under standardized experimental conditions (Ztschr. f. Kreb.tforsch., 41:448, 1935). Sasaki and Yoshida demonstrate the carcinogenic activity of o-arninoazo- toluene (Virch. Arch., 296:175, 1935).

1936 The AACR approves the establish The Second (UICC) International ment of a Minnesota and a West Cancer Congress is held in Brussels. ern New York Branch. The International Union against Can The AACR presents a second scien cer establishes an international tific symposium on "The Relation journal, Acta Unto internat, contra of Internal Secretions to Mam cancrum. mary Tumors."

1936- Bittner demonstrates a "milk factor," 1939 a virus-like material, transmitted through nursing by female mice of a high cancer frequency to mice of a low breast cancer frequency; this was also advanced experimentally by Kortweg (Science, 84:162, 1936 and Am. J. Cancer, 36:90,1939 [Bittner]; Genetica, 18:350, 1936 [Kortweg]).

1937 Furth and Kahn successfully transmit The AACR extends its scientific ses The National Cancer Institute Act mouse leukemia from one animal to sions an extra half day, to be de passed by Congress. Dr. Carl Voegt- another by the inoculation of a single voted to a symposium. lin becomes the first Chief of the malignant cell (Am. J. Cancer, 31: National Cancer Institute. 276, 1937). The Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Kinosita reports the production of hep- Fund is established. atomas in rats by means of p-dimeth- ylaminazobenzene (butter yellow) added to the animal diet (Trans. Jap anese Pathol. Soc., 27:665, 1937). A committee on "Fundamental Can- 1938 The AACR prepares to incorporate. Research" is appointed by Surgeon General (USPHS) Thomas Parran.

1939 The AACR affiliates with the Inter The third (UICC) International Can national Union against Cancer. cer Congress is held in Atlantic The AACR adopts a 2-day scien City. tific session.

1940 The AACR becomes incorporated. A new publication, Cancer Re search, to succeed the American Journal of Cancer, is announced.

163

the stress that has been placet! upon the conflict of and By-Laws were adopted, under which the Association was organized and started. At the same time the drafting of a more conservative and liberal views within Association permanent Constitution and By-Laws was referred to a special ranks, but emphasizes the dynamic exchange of committee of the Council. The membership of this committee opinions as to the most judicious course to follow varied from year to year. The first permanent Constitution and through an uncertain though promising future. By-Laws were adopted by the general session of the Association on April 3, 1912. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge their indebtedness to the CONSTITUTION following individuals for their cooperation in providing source NAMEANDBY-LAWS materials for this study: Mrs. Isabelle Herger, daughter of 1. This Association shall be called "The American Associa former Secretary Alphonse A. Thibaudeau, M.D., of Roswell tion for Cancer Research." Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.; Dr. Hayes E. Martin, 737 Park Ave., New York 21, N.Y.; and Dr. Ernest E. Tyzzer, 2. The purpose of the Association shall be to further the 175 Water Street, Wakefield, Mass. To those many members of investigation and spread the knowledge of cancer. the American Association for Cancer Research, Inc., who gra ciously offered their valuable reflections, recollections, and COUNCIL advice: our deepest thanks. Composition and Duties Special acknowledgment should be made of the help given 3. The Association shall be governed by a Council of seven, by Dr. Harold P. Ruseli to this projectâ€”it was initiated at his consisting of the officers of the Association and of three other encouragement, funds for its preparation were provided councilors. through his efforts by a grant to the McArdle Memorial Labo 4. The officers of the Association shall be a President, a ratory for Cancer Research, and valuable suggestions were re Vice-president, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, who shall be ceived from him on the organization and scope of this paper. elected annually by the Council. 5. One councilor shall retire each year and the vacancy REFERENCES shall be filled by the Council from the active members. 1. American Association for Cancer Research, Scientific Pro 6. No councilor is eligible for re-election until after one ceedings. J.A.M.A., 50:63-67, 1908; 51:158-59, 251- year. 54, 1908; 52:407-1*, 1909; 64:226-28, 310-12, 899- 7. If any councilor without good and sufficient reason fails 400, 1910; 66:340-42, 1910; 60:2019-22, 1913; and 64: to attend two consecutive meetings of the Council he shall be 1525, 1610-11, 1915. considered to have resigned and a successor shall be elected to 2. American Association for Cancer Research, Scientific Pro take his place. ceedings. Ztschr. f. Krebsforsch., 11:131-52, 1912; 12: 8. The same person shall not serve as President more than 411-41, 1913; 13:532-61, 1913; and 16:421-34, 435-51, one year consecutively. 1916. 9. It is the duty of the Council to conduct the business of 3. American Association for Cancer Research, Inc. Certificate the Association and to elect new members. of Incorporation. Cancer Research, 1:72, 1941. 4. American Association for Cancer Research, Inc., By-Laws. MEMBERSHIP Cancer Research, 1:757-59, 1941. 10. The Association recognizes three types of members. 5. BATES,R. S. Scientific Societies in the United States, pp. 11. Active members. Any one actively engaged in the sys 85, 116. New York: .1. Wiley & Sons, 1945. tematic study of problems relating to cancer shall be eligible to 6. CLOWES,G. H. A. Cancer Research Fifty Years Ago and active membership. Now. Cancer Research, 16:4-4, 1956. 12. Associate members. Any one who has engaged in the 7. CHILE,G. (ed.). George Crile: An Autobiography (2 vols.), study of cancer shall be eligible to associate membership. 1:180-81. Philadelphia & New York: J. B. Lippincott 13. Honorary members. Any one who has given notable Company, 1947. support to the cause of cancer research shall be eligible to 8. HAUHINGTON,T.F. The Harvard Medical School, a His honorary membership. tory, Narrative and Documentary 1782-1905 (3 vols.), NOMINATIONOFMEMBERS 3:1389. New York: Lewis, 1905. 9. LIVINGSTON,B. E.; OVEHTON,J. B.; and THOMAS,W. 14. Candidates for membership shall be nominated by two (Chairman). Science, 75:438-39, 1932. active members of the Association, who shall present in writing 10. Obituary, Harvey R. Gaylord. J. Cancer Research, 8: to the Council evidence of the fitness of the candidates to be 443-45, 1924. come members of the Association. 11. SHKYOCK,R..II.American Medical,Research, pp. 218, 235. QUORUM New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1947. 12. WOGLOM,W. H. Studies in Cancer and Allied Subjects: 15. A quorum of the Council for the transaction of all busi The Study of Experimental Cancer, A Review (3 vols.), ness shall be four. 1:53-55. New York: Columbia University Press, 1913. BY-LAWS APPENDIX A MEETINGS THE FIRST CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS 1. A regular meeting of the Association shall be held an nually at such time and place as the Council shall determine. At the first informal meeting of the proposed Association for 2. Special meetings of the Association may be held at the Cancer Research on May 7, 1907, a committee composed of discretion of the Council. seven prospective members (the first Council) was elected to 8. These regular and special meetings shall be open to all draft a Constitution and By-Laws. A temporary Constitution members of the Association.

COMMUNICATIONS APPENDIX B 4. The titles of all communications to be presented before the Association shall l>e approved by the Council. STATUTES OF THE INTERNATIONAL 5. Papers of a casuistic character will be accepted only in ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER exceptional instances. INVESTIGATION The statutes of the first international association in the field INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONFOR CANCER INVESTIGATION of cancer are not known to have been hitherto published. These 6. This Association shall maintain an affiliation with the were adopted in 1908. International Association for Cancer Investigation and shall support that Association by delegates appointed by the Coun NAMEANDOBJECT cil. 1 DUES The "International Association for Cancer Investigation" 7. The annual dues of active and associate members shall be has for its object: $3.00. 1. the promotion of arrangements for cancer investigation, 8. Failure to pay dues for three successive years shall con the care of cancer patients and the combating of can stitute annulment of membership. cerous disease, 2. the establishment of uniform, international cancer sta COUNCILMEETINGS tistics, 9. A meeting of the Council shall be held on the day preced 3. the establishment of an international information office ing a session of the Association. for all questions pertaining to cancer investigation, 4. the edition of an international journal for cancer investi AMENDMENTS gation, 10. The Constitution and By-Laws may be amended by a 5. the preparation for the international cancer conferences. two-thirds vote of the active members present at any regular meeting. MEMBERS 11. No amendment shall be adopted at the meeting at 2 which it is proposed. The members are ordinary, extraordinary, and honorary.

ADDKNDUM 3 AMENDMENTS Ordinary meml>ers may l>e appointed by each country be RESOLVED, that the Council recommend that the annual longing to the international association. dues of the Society for 1915 and for subsequent years be five The number of ordinary members which each country is dollars ($5) per year, in case the Society undertakes during the privileged to appoint is in proportion to the number of in year 1915 the publication of a Journal of Cancer Research, the habitants, two members for ten millions of inhabitants and one increased dues entitling each member to an annual subscription member for each further five millions, the number of members to said journal. (Art. 7, By-Laws.) appointed not to exceed five. (Proposed to the Society on April 1, 1915. Adopted by the The ordinary members are appointed by the central office General Meeting on May 8, 1916.) for cancer investigation of the respective country. In those countries not having a central office for cancer investigation the RESOLVED, that the Council be composed of the three of ordinary members will be appointed by the government. ficers of the Association and seven other members. (Art. 8, Constitution.) (Proposed to the Society on April 17, 1924. Adopted by the For extraordinary membership all such persons may be pro General Meeting on May 4, 1925.) posed who have made themselves conspicuous by independent RESOLVED,that the annual dues of the Association be raised scientific researches or who have otherwise aided in the investi from five dollars to seven dollars ($7). (Art. 7, By-Laws.) gation and treatment of cancer. (Proposed to the Society on May 4, 1925. Adopted by the General Meeting on April 1, 1926.) The following statement is found in the minutes of the For honorary membership such persons may be proposed Council meeting of March 31, 1931: who have proved themselves promoters of cancer investigation "The dues were restored to the original sum of two dollars." or cancer treatment. RESOLVED,that the Association, through its Council, may establish branch societies throughout the United States and ORGANIZATIONOFTHEINTERNATIONAL Canada. The members of sucli branch societies shall be mem ASSOCIATION bers of the Association. Candidates for membership in the 6 branch societies shall be nominated by the local branch and a) The meeting of Members approved by the Council of the Association. (Art. 6, Constitu b) The Board of Directors tion.) c) The Committee on Business (Proposed to the Society on November 7, 1934. Adopted by the General Meeting on April 17, 1935.) a) Meeting of Members Those who wish to compare the original and current forms 7 of the Constitution and By-Laws will find the latter in the Pro The meeting of members consists of all the members of the ceedings of the American Association for Cancer liesearch, Vol. 2, association. This meeting will take place, as far as possible, in No. a, page 167 (April, 1956) with an amendment on member conjunction with an International Cancer Conference, but at ship in Vol. 3, No. 1, page 86 (March, 1959). least once every three years, when the reports on the work of

the association will tic published and the necessary resolutions Each of the central offices of the different countries belong made. ing to the association for cancer investigation is expected to At the meeting of members the Board of Directors and the pay an annual fee of 100 Marks for each of its ordinary mem honorary members will be elected and the treasurership au bers. dited. In so far as the income from the running contributions and At the meeting of members the ordinary members are en the special donations is not sufficient to cover the expenses, the titled to vote for the Board of Directors. In all other matters same will be paid as an advance by the German Central Com the ordinary as well as the honorary members are alike entitled mittee for Cancer Investigation. to vote. 6) Board of Directors APPENDIX C 8 AMERICAN REGISTRY OF PATHOLOGY The Board of Directors consists of at least 15 ordinary members, from among which the president, a treasurer and a (This registry, prepared under the supervision of Major secretary general are elected, with three substitutes for the George R. Callender, a member of the A.A.C.R., was approved president and one for the treasurer and secretary general. by the Council of the American Association for Cancer Re In the Board of Directors each country belonging to the as search in 1981.) sociation is to be represented as far as possible by at least one The object of this registry is to collect data and specimens member. from patients, especially those with tumors, with a view to ac The Board of Directors is elected for three years. A reelec cumulating a sufficient number of instances of each disease to tion is permissible. determine its characteristic course, the criteria for diagnosis, Honorary members are admitted to the meetings of the and to evaluate methods of treatment. To attain this objective, Board of Directors. only those cases accompanied by comprehensive data and ade 9 quate material will be accepted for registration. While the chief purpose of the registry is the study of tumors, no limitation as As soon as sufficient material has been collected the Board to character of disease is contemplated. The cases preferred are of Directors will be called to meeting by the President, at least those living at the time of registration and that can be followed once a year. Besides a meeting must be called, if at least five so that the outcome may be ascertained. The following up of members of the Board so desire. these cases will constitute a considerable and important part of The Board of Directors will elect the extraordinary mem the Registry's activities. bers. c) Committee on Business In some conditions, it is undoubtedly true that accurate diagnosis is not possible in the early stages when treatment of 10 fers the best chance of cure. It is only by the opportunity to see The Committee on Business consists of the president, the conditions early and then following through that interpretation treasurer and the secretary general of the Board of Directors, of the changes and establishment of criteria for diagnosis can or, if they are prevented, their substitutes. be learned at a time to be of benefit to the patient. In other cases there is less difficulty in diagnosis, but the methods of 11 treatment need to be studied. For this purpose it is necessary The Committee on Business has its seat in Berlin. to have a uniform classification of the conditions so that vari ous methods of treatment may really be comparable. This is 1* particularly true in such conditions as tumors of the bladder in The Committee on Business will attend to the running (of) which there are many types of tumor, all too frequently con business matters, furnish the business report, calculate the ex sidered as similar. penses of the association and decide on the salary for the secre Except at the large medical centers too few cases of any one tary general. As soon as necessary, but at least once a year, the kind can be accumulated to obtain results on which reasonable Committee on Business will call a meeting. judgments can be based. Some of these centers have already established local registries. By combining the cases accumu 13 lated by the centers with the cases of the American Registry of All running business matter, in so far as it cannot be at Pathology obtained from the country as a whole, it will be pos tended to by the president of the Committee on Business, wil1 sible to obtain considerable numbers in a much shorter time. It be despatched by the secretary general. is the purpose of this registry to cooperate to the fullest extent with all such groups to the end that uniform nomenclature may MEANSOFTHEASSOCIATION be used, and that the greatest amount of knowledge may IH> U obtained in the shortest time. The expenses of the association will be covered by contribu The registry will never serve as a diagnostic laboratory re tions from the countries belonging to the association and by placing local pathologists. It is rather to be a clearing house in special donations. pathology to which will l>esent cases already diagnosed, and

PLATKS1-8.â€”Photographs of ten of the charter members George H. A. Clowes; of William B. Coley and James Ewing, participating in the organizational meeting of the American courtesy of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; of Association for Cancer Research. A photograph of the eleventh George W. Crile, courtesy of the J. B. Lippincott Publishing charter member, Silas P. Beebe, could not be located. A photo Co.; of Harvey R. Gaylord, reprinted from the Journal of graph of Richard Weil is included, because he was active in Cancer Research, Vol. 8, 19*4; of Rotiert B. Greenough, Frank the Association almost from the beginning and was also the B. Mallory, Ernest E. Tyzzer, and J. Collins Warren, courtesy first editor of the Journal of Cancer Research. When available, of the Harvard University Schools of Medicine and Public photographs taken when these members were active, during Health Library; of Leo Loeb, courtesy of Miss Adelaide Sands; the early years of the Association, have been selected. and of Richard Weil, reprinted from the Journal of Cancer Photograph of George H. A. Clowes, courtesy of Mrs. Research, Vol. 3, 1918.

GEORGEW. CHILE JAMESEWING

LEO LOBE FRANKB. MALLORY

RICHARDWEIL

Downloaded from cancerres.aacrjournals.org on September 30, 2021. © 1961 American Association for Cancer Research. TRIÃ“LOANDRIEGELâ€”Historyof AACR 167 the obscure cases about which more can be learned by obtain meantime, however, there are many persons suffering from ing the opinions of several pathologists. In addition, by sending malignant disease who can not be benefited by these studies "follow up" letters to the physician registering cases, the Regis but who afford a fertile field for investigation promising quicker try will be a means of helpful stimulation. results in diminishing the fatality rate and prolonging life. The The foundation on which to build is now existent in the value of such investigations has been repeatedly demonstrated, three registries already established: The Registry of Ophthal but never better than by the Registry of bone tumors of the mic Pathology, of about 2,000 cases; the Registry of Lym American College of Surgeons. By means of the study of these phatic Tumors, of 200 cases; and the Registry of Bladder Tu cases many lives have been saved and many deforming opera mors, of over 200 cases. tions have been avoided. This Registry has made significant The collection and study of the cases in these registries have advances in our knowledge of the criteria for diagnosis, the out been done through the Ophthalmological societies of this coun come, course and methods of treatment of the bone tumors, and try, the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriolo is still adding to our knowledge of these tumors. gists, and the American Urological Association. The records so In the present state of our understanding of neoplastic dis far collected have been obtained in spite of a minimum of pub eases more information can be obtained at less cost by registries licity effort because there has been insufficient personnel avail than by any other manner. The information is immediately able at the Army Medical Museum to conduct larger collec available to medical practice. tions. As the registries have become better known, the rate of It is generally acknowledged by pathologists that many neo increase has risen rapidly, until at the present time, the "follow plasms are difficult to diagnose. In many the diagnosis is but a up" work alone is more than can be handled adequately in the guess. The earliest changes which signify malignancy are not time of the Museum personnel available for it. The expense of sharply defined. In fact, there is serious doubt if we know by these registries has thus far been borne entirely by the Mu sight the earliest malignant changes in any tissue. Unless cases seums, whose entire budget, inclusive of all personnel and up are followed up we can not learn these changes. Even if a keep of plant, is about $80,000. The expense for materials and definite cause for cancer should be found, it will still be neces equipment for the proposed Registry can be handled by the sary to recognize the earliest change indicating its presence. Museum, but it is necessary to have additional help in the form Physicians are not justified in omitting the follow up of their of professional, clerical and technical personnel. cases, yet this is the rule and not the exception. Pressure of eco There is but one medical officer on duty at the Army Medi nomic conditions and lack of facilities for adequate study are cal Museum. The Museum is the central pathological labora important factors. The proposed Registry will facilitate the tory for the Army, and by official order, tissues and histories "follow up" by the doctor by periodically sending to him a from all cases of tumor, or suspected tumor, are sent to the simple blank form on which he can make his report. Museum, from Army hospitals, which have a total bed capacity The Army Medical Museum is well equipped and has funds of 10,000. In addition protocols of all necropsies, some 800 per adequate for routine supplies. It is located in the same building annum or about 50 percent of all deaths at Army hospitals, are as the Army Medical Library so that the literature is at hand reviewed at the Museum, and tissues are examined from a con for study. The proposed project of a new building to house both siderable number of necropsies. In all about 1500 of the 2000 the Museum and Library at the Army Medical Center, adja annual accessions are from the military service, more than the cent to Walter Reed Hospital, is before the Bureau of the Budg personnel can handle satisfactorily. The clerical force at the et. In the new building as contemplated there will be rooms Museum, one stenographer and one typist, can not do more available for research by scientists not on the Museum staff. than the routine of the Army work. The drain on the techni Laboratory facilities will be available and all collections of the cians, of which there are two, is not great for the bladder tu Museum will be more accessible for research. In this connection mors and lymphatic tumors, but the ophthalmic pathology it is to be noted that an Act of Congress has already made avail requires over half of the time of one technician. able the collections of the Army Medical Museum to scientific The fact that the officer personnel at the Museum is shifted men for research. every four years makes it necessary to provide a pathologist or The registries as at present conducted furnish the Museum registrar so that there will be assured a continuity of the poli with duplicate records, and where possible duplicate slides cies outlined by the committee of the Registry. Even if the from the cases to minimize the loss during the circulation of the Army could allow sufficient personnel to handle the Registry, material to the diagnostic committees. the War Department policy of requiring changes of station The placing of this Registry under the auspices of the Na would result in uneven interest in, and development of, the tional Research Council insures continuity of administration Registry which requires active participation on the part of the and policy independent of Government action. registrar to make it of value. Well endowed research is now Funds donated to the Registry will be received and admin being conducted in many places on various phases of the tumor istered through the National Research Council by the National problem, and from this much good will come ultimately. In the Academy of Sciences.

Victor A. Triolo and Ilse L. Riegel

Cancer Res 1961;21:137-167.

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