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Remotesensing and Associated Payloads In Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211 RemoteSensing and Associated Payloads in Moon and Mars Space Missions: A Review Adhya Rao, Harshita V M, Hamsavahini R⁎, Rashmi N BMS Institute of Technology & Management, Bengaluru, India [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: RemoteSensing refers to any non-contact technique to observe the object from space. RemoteSensing more commonly refers the use of satellite or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth. Now a days, there is a tremendous effort from major powers on the Earth to explore not only Earth but other celestial bodies such as Moon and Mars. Satellite RemoteSensing is useful in acquiring high-resolution data by integrating high-resolution satellite imagery with ground-based sensor data for various applications. Advancement in the RemoteSensing techniques resulted in the use of various sensors for the mapping of natural resources, environment and data acquisition. There is also an absolute need to understand the origin and evolution of various planets, surface characteristics, atmospheric conditions and the presence of water on planets. Present day orbiters, landers & rovers along with relevant payloads plays an important role in determining the conditions of the planet leading to the human settlement on various planets in the future. This paper deals with a review on exploration of various objects of interest on Moon and Mars by RemoteSensing Satellites, Lander & Rovers and by in-situ techniques using relevant Payloads. Keywords:RemoteSensing, Sensors, Payloads, Moon, Mars, Orbiter, Lander and Rover ⁎ Corresponding Author VOLUME 15 ISSUE 9 2020 Page: 3400 Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211 Introduction Interplanetary missions are carried out by various space agencies to enrich our knowledge about the neighbouring planets, comets, asteroids and other celestial bodies. Deep space missions foster the advancement of technology, increase our understanding about the planets’ atmospheric conditions, surface features of various celestial objects and also increases the scientific temperament of the mankind. Many challenges will be faced while configuring the spacecraft subsystems for deep space missions. The Remote Sensing instruments developed for earth biosphere cannot be used for the other planetary bodies. The Thermal Environment, chemical composition of the atmosphere, eclipse periods of the spacecraft, availability of sun irradiance and many other variations will be present. Accordingly, the configuration of sensors used for Remote monitoring also varies. Estimation of physical properties of the far-off objects is done by RemoteSensing using reflected or emitted energy. RemoteSensingis the science of recognition of surface features of Earth and assessingits“geo-biophysical properties” using “electromagnetic radiation” as a medium of interaction (Roy et al. 2017). RemoteSensing is presentlyexperiencing a substantial transformationas far as its technical monitoring capabilities are concerned. Amelioration in spatial and spectral resolutions, new platforms and sensors and regularlyrefining digital analysis and communications techniques are augmenting the types of detail that could be extricated from raw imagery( Terrenceand Brnger 2002).Exploration of other planets are carried out by both RemoteSensing and in-situ techniques (Jentsch 2009; Steffeand Karpowicz 2008). Bhandari (Bhandari 2008) in his article elaborated on the two majorobjectives of planetary exploration. Firstly,insight into the origin of the planetary system from the solar nebula, geological and VOLUME 15 ISSUE 9 2020 Page: 3401 Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211 chemical evolutionand timescales of the planetary systemin different stages, and secondly,evaluation and utilisation of planetary resources for human habitation. This paper deals with, gathering details about the planetary environment, mineralogical, geological and chemical processes on surfaces of some planets by RemoteSensing techniques and in particular using sensor technology.Attributes of platforms bearing the remote sensors plays a vital role in knowing the efficacy of the object space. Consistently a desired level of accuracy can be achieved with the constant range of observation which in turn is difficult. Cooperative Sensing is a more conceptual way to improve observability. The most obvious solution would be to install many sensors in different alignments on the same platform. This contributes in the development of single sensor based RemoteSensingand headway to the current multisensory framework ( Pages et al. 2006). Thus, RemoteSensing widely refers to the use of aircraft-based sensor technologies or satellite to recognise and categorize objects on Earth or Deep space. RemoteSensing provides a means of acquiring spatial data. The sensors are the electronic components on board the satellite that help in accomplishing the same. Satellites are instrumented with sensors to monitor the health parameters of onboard subsystems, measure and analyse the radiations emitted or reflected from various celestial bodies (Chen et al. 2006). The evolution of satellite sensor system has provided unprecedented observations in wide range of applications including studying the surface of Earth, its atmosphere, land and ocean coverage etc. Also, studying the surface of various celestial bodies in the solar system including Mars, Moon etc. Sensors for Monitoring Health Parameters of a RemoteSensing Satellite RemoteSensing satellites under automatic control demand a great extent to work properly. Thus, all RemoteSensing satellites require a health monitoring system forobserving and distinguishing a shortcoming as it occurs and recognizing the defective part(Chen et al. 2006). VOLUME 15 ISSUE 9 2020 Page: 3402 Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211 Telemetry or health sensors are used for monitoring health parameters of a satellite, which includesa horizon sensor/earth detector,star sensor, sun sensor, gyroscopes, magnetometers, earth gravity sensors etc. These sensors help in determining the orientation of the satellite and estimating its attitude and hence are referred to as attitude sensors (Ortega et al. 2010). A horizon sensor is used to measure the angle between the satellite and the two horizonsequidistant to the centre of Earth by scanning the Earth with the scanner’s line of sight sweeping from one horizon to the next and computing the product of the time taken for scanningwith the angular rate of the scanner rotation. Star sensor provides information about the attitude of the satellite by measuring the azimuthal and elevation angle of a star in the star sensor reference frame.Sun sensor also contributes to the attitude information of the satellite by determining the azimuthal and elevation angle of the sun(Chen et al. 2006). Recent advancements in star sensor technology permit a significant increase in both the sensitivity and bandwidth of the stellar information available for on-orbit attitude rate determination.Magnetometer measures the Earth’s magnetic field vector local to the satellite. It should be sensitive enough to pick up the eddy current from other subsystem of satellite (Gai et al. 1985).Gyroscopes are used to measure the angular velocity of the satellite and not directly the attitude of the satellite (Sumathi et al. 2013). RemoteSensing of Moon The Moon is the nearest planetary body to Earth with the Earth-Moon distance roughly being 400000 km. Being closest to Earth, enables it almost immediate communication with Earth. While the adversaryMars is essentially as hostile to human life as the Moon but is at a distance of 128.5 million kmaway from Earth with a significant delay in communication(Benaroya 2018). Beyond Earth, the only body in the outer space that has been methodically sampled is the Moon. Meteorites have indicated samples of solar system debris from the asteroids, and could possibly include VOLUME 15 ISSUE 9 2020 Page: 3403 Journal of Seybold Report ISSN NO: 1533-9211 rubbles of Mars, but the Moon is the only other planet from which samples have been fragmented, lifted, scraped, shoveled, and collected in cores. These samples were placed togetherby the three U.S.S.R. Luna missions and the six U.S. Apollo missions from identifiedsites on the Moon surface. Examines of soils and rocks from these locations have permitted their use as “ground-truth” points for Remotely-sensedgeochemical and physical maps of the Moon(Heiken et al. 1991). RemoteSensing is one of the most powerful tools available to modern scientists as it provides the means to place the data such as the Apollo/Luna samples and Lunar meteorites into a global context enabling the comparison of different areas across the lunar surface. Early photographic missions demonstrated the power of RemoteSensing in lunar science and revolutionized our understanding of the Moon, they also demonstrated the Moon to be an excellent testbed for the use and refinement of RemoteSensing techniques( Dunkin and Hither 2004). The surface of the Moonis overlaid by multi-layer regolith, which covers the primordial lunar bedrock. Regolith comprises of pebbles, rocks and dust. Maximum of the regolith consists of minute particles formed by everlasting bombardment of meteoroids. Impact craters were identified on rocks with size varying from millimetre to sub-micro- meter range( Grun et al. 2011). Outer layers of Moonalso safeguard a record of nature in the inward Solar System
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