DOCSLIB.ORG

Becoming Men in a Modern City: Masculinity, Migration And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

© COPYRIGHT by Harjant S. Gill 2012 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DEDICATION To my dear friend Abhishek Sharma and to Chandigarh, the city I grew up loving, where I always find myself at home. BECOMING MEN IN A MODERN CITY: MASCULINITY, MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION IN NORTH INDIA BY Harjant S. Gill ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the formation of contemporary Punjabi Sikh masculinity in North India. Through fifteen months of fieldwork carried out in Chandigarh, the capital city of Punjab, I look at how young Punjabi men belonging to landowning Jat Sikh families develop notions of masculinity and migration. In addition to the traditional gender norm Punjabi men are expected to follow such as getting an arranged marriage, having kids, and supporting their families, most of the men I interviewed characterized successful masculinity as the ability to migrate abroad and become transnational citizens. Over the last three decades the trend towards transnational migration has grown exponentially among Punjabi Jats. Punjabi families view migration as the quickest path to financial prosperity and middle class status. Countries with large concentrations of diasporic communities such as Canada, the United State, United Kingdom and Australia often top the list of preferred destinations for Punjabi migrants. In addition to seeking better educational and employment opportunities abroad, the Punjabi Sikh desire to leave India is partly rooted in ongoing economic and political marginalization experienced by the Punjabi Sikh community within India. iv In this dissertation, I chronicle the experiences of young Punjabi men who give up farming and move to Chandigarh to gain the language and technical training necessary to apply for a study abroad as well as skilled worker visas. Their families were actively involved in making the decision send their sons abroad, at times selling parts of their land to finance HIS educational training and to access other migration related services in Chandigarh. The family supports their son’s aspirations in hopes of realizing the benefits later of transnational migration through remittances and migration opportunities for other family members. Chandigarh, a city known for its modernist architecture and its postcolonial legacy, is perceived by the young men as a knowledge society where they can learn English and other technical skills that would help enhance their migration opportunities. The city represented a temporary destination in these men’s over all journeys out of India. My research examined the time they spent in Chandigarh, ranging anywhere from four months to three years. I started by exploring how the young men interact with the unfamiliar landscape of the modernist city. For most of these men, the move to Chandigarh was their first time living away from their families. This transition from the village to city offered new opportunities for fraternal bonding, exploring their sexualities and developing a sense of masculine selfhood. These men often spent their free time hanging out in the Chandigarh main shopping plaza and watching Punjabi films and idolizing their favorite Punjabi heroes. I looked at how the men underwent a series of coming of age rituals as part of the overall process of becoming a man. I discovered that for most of the young men, the reason their v definition of successful masculinity hinged on being able to migrate abroad was because it allowed them the type of independence and financial success that they felt they could not attain by staying in India. In defining contemporary notions of successful Punjabi masculinity as characterized through mobility and transnational migration, this dissertation also offers a more nuanced understanding of gender relations in migration and migration related processes. I conclude by arguing that access to transnational mobility provides Punjabi Jat men with disproportionate amount of power in Punjabi society, as these men enjoy caste and gender-based privileges that include being able to move between rural, urban and transnational spaces in ways that are largely foreclosed to women. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to begin my thanking all my family, friends and colleagues for their ongoing encouragement and support throughout my doctoral studies. To my advisor Dr. David Vine I want to say thank you for believing in me and for your consistent guidance, wisdom, feedback and support both personally and professionally. To Dr. Geoffrey Burkhart and Professor Leena Jayaswal, thank you for your direction, advice and support throughout the process of researching and writing this dissertation. I also want to thank Dr. Debarati Sen for your feedback and guidance. To my dad, thank you for your invaluable advice and support. To my mom, thank you for your encouragement and for being such powerful role model. I would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and feedback throughout the research process and on various drafts of this dissertation: Dr. William Leap, Dr. Inderpal Grewal, Dr. Doris Jakobsh, Dr. Nicola Mooney, Dr. Margaret Walton- Roberts, Dr. Radhika Chopra, Prof. Shohini Ghosh, Dr. Shalina Mehta, Dr. Kamool Abbi, Dr. Rajinder Dudrah, Dr. Virinder Kalra, Dr. Brett Williams and Dr. Cymene Howe. I also want to thank Point Foundation and my mentor Jeff Pluth for supporting me throughout my doctoral studies. I would like to thank Jamia Millia Islamia University’s AJK Mass Communication research center in New Delhi for supporting the research for Chapter 5 of this dissertation and for giving me access to their library and archival materials. This research would not have been possible without the help of following individuals: Gaurav Sangwan, Robb Selander, Karamjeet Singh Brar, Sumit Baudh, vii Gaurav Sogi, Satinderjeet Singh and Ramal Sood. Thank you to my dear friends Michelle Marzullo, Conner Krone, Dylan Kerrigan and Anndell Quintero for reading my rough drafts and giving me valuable feedback. Thank you to my brother Sunny Gill for your support throughout the writing phase of this dissertation. To my partner Nick Geboy, thank you for your love, patience and encouragement while I undertook the insurmountable task of writing a dissertation. I also want to thank my dear friend Abhishek Sharma with whom I rediscover Chandigarh and to whom I dedicate this ethnography. Thank you for being my companion throughout fieldwork. I will always remember our lengthy discussions about Chandigarh during our strolls through Sector 17. Above all, I want to thank all of my research participants and their family members. Thank for sharing your stories, memories and experiences. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................................ xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Border Crossings ..................................................................................................... 1 Theorizing Masculinities ........................................................................................ 7 Masculinity as a Social Status ................................................................................. 8 Performing Masculinities ...................................................................................... 14 Formation of Historical Punjabi and Sikh Masculinities ...................................... 19 Marginalizing Sikh Masculinity ........................................................................... 28 Contemporary Punjab ........................................................................................... 35 National Borders, Transnational Movement ......................................................... 39 Recent Histories of Migration ............................................................................... 43 Contemporary Migration from Punjab .................................................................. 46 Steps and Stops Along the Way ............................................................................ 50 Summary of Chapters ........................................................................................... 51 Contribution to South Asian Masculinities ........................................................... 53 CHAPTER 2 CHANDIGARH ........................................................................................ 55 Encountering Modernity and Post Modernity ....................................................... 55 The Architect’s Chandigarh .................................................................................. 62 Chandigarh as the North Indian Knowledge Society ............................................ 73 ix Participants ............................................................................................................ 78 Setting ................................................................................................................... 81 Timeline and Methodology ................................................................................... 87 NRI – Ethnographer .............................................................................................. 89 CHAPTER 3 BECOMING MEN IN CHANDIGARH ..................................................
Recommended publications
  • Slno NEET ROLL CANDNM 1 2812003032 MARIYA JAMES M 2

    Slno NEET ROLL CANDNM 1 2812003032 MARIYA JAMES M 2

    / 230 KARNATAKA EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY 1 Sampige Road,18th Cross,Malleshwaram, Bangalore - 560012 PROVISIONAL LIST OF CANDIDATES REGISTERED FOR UGNEET-2020 -(NON-Karnataka candidates) Note 1.If any candidates has registered for UGNEET-2020 and if not listed in the following list should report to KEA with registration details. 2.Mere registration for UGNEET-2020 does not confirm any right for admission to medical or dental seats , it is subject to fulfilling eligibility conditions. 3. If any discrepancy found should report to KEA immediately. 4. Candidates should not presume that it is a merit list for UGNEET-2020 admissions.
  • Stars Come out for First Ever Punjabi International Film Festival Harbhajan Mann, Gippy Grewal, Neeru Bajwa Confirmed

    Stars Come out for First Ever Punjabi International Film Festival Harbhajan Mann, Gippy Grewal, Neeru Bajwa Confirmed

    For Immediate Release Stars Come Out for First ever Punjabi International Film Festival Harbhajan Mann, Gippy Grewal, Neeru Bajwa Confirmed March 30, 2012, Toronto, ON – Top Punjabi film stars Harbhajan Mann, Gippy Grewal, Neeru Bajwa and more are confirmed to participate in the first-ever Punjabi International Film Festival (PIFF). PIFF will be held in Ontario, Canada from May 18-21, 2012. The four-day extravaganza will feature a lineup of international feature films, short films and documentaries from around the world on themes of Punjabi culture and identity. PIFF will include glamorous gala events, film parties, concerts, workshops, seminars and much more as it celebrates South Asian Heritage Month and the Punjabi community in Toronto, Brampton and Mississauga. Punjabi singer and actor Harbhajan Mann has become a prominent figure in the revitalization of Punjabi cinema. He has starred and produced in movies such as: Ji Aayan Nu, Asa Nu Mann Watna Da, Dil Apna Punjabi, Mitti Wajaan Mardi, Mera Pind, My home, "Jag Jeondiyan De Mele" and "Heer Ranjha". “tars like Harbhajan Mann are beloved by the entire Punjabi Community and beyond for their decades of work promoting Punjabi cultural through film and music says “uy Gill, Presidet of PIFF. Gippy Grewal and Neeru Bajwa are extremely popular as part of the new generation of Punjabi films stars who are breathing fresh life into the industry. Festival partners include Humber College, The Mississauga Arts Council, The Brampton Board of Trade ad ore. The entire community is coming together to make this a fun filled event that people of all ages ad akgrouds a ejoy, says Mr.
  • Central European Journal of International & Security Studies

    Central European Journal of International & Security Studies

    Vysoká škola veřejné správy a mezinárodních vztahů v Praze Volume 1 / Issue 2 / November 2007 Central European Journal of International & Security Studies Volume 1 Issue 2 November 2007 Contents Editor’s Note . 5 Special Report Daniel Kimmage and Kathleen Ridolfo / Iraqi Insurgent Media: The War of Images and Idea . 7 Research Articles Marketa Geislerova / The Role of Diasporas in Foreign Policy: The Case of Canada . .90 Atsushi Yasutomi and Jan Carmans / Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Post-Confl ict States: Challenges of Local Ownership . 109 Nikola Hynek / Humanitarian Arms Control, Symbiotic Functionalism and the Concept of Middlepowerhood . 132 Denis Madore / The Gratuitous Suicide by the Sons of Pride: On Honour and Wrath in Terrorist Attacks . 156 Shoghig Mikaelian / Israeli Security Doctrine between the Thirst for Exceptionalism and Demands for Normalcy . 177 Comment & Analysis Svenja Stropahl and Niklas Keller / Adoption of Socially Responsible Investment Practices in the Chinese Investment Sector – A Cost-Benefi t Approach . 193 Richard Lappin / Is Peace-Building Common Sense? . 199 Balka Kwasniewski / American Political Power: Hegemony on its Heels? . 201 Notes on Contributors . 207 CEJISS Contact Information. 208 5 Editor’s Note: CE JISS In readying the content of Volume 1 Issue 2 of CEJISS, I was struck by the growing support this journal has received within many scholarly and profes- sional quarters. Building on the success of the fi rst issue, CEJISS has man- aged to extend its readership to the universities and institutions of a number of countries both in the EU and internationally. It is truly a pleasure to watch this project take on a life of its own and provide its readers with cutting-edge analy- sis of current political affairs.
  • California's A.Jnjabi- Mexican- Americans

    California's A.Jnjabi- Mexican- Americans

    CULTURE HERITAGE Amia&i-Mexicon-Americans California's A.Jnjabi­ Mexican­ Americans Ethnic choices made by the descendants of Punjabi pioneers and their Mexican wives by Karen Leonard he end of British colonial rule in India and the birth of two new nations-India and Pakistan-was celebrated in California in T 1947 by immigrant men from India's Punjab province. Their wives and children celebrated with them. With few exceptions, these wives were of Mexican ancestry and their children were variously called "Mexican-Hindus," "half and halves," or sim­ ply, like their fathers, "Hindus," an American misno­ mer for people from India. In a photo taken during the 1947 celebrations in the northern California farm town of Yuba City, all the wives of the "Hindus" are of Mexican descent, save two Anglo women and one woman from India. There were celebrations in Yuba City in 1988, too; the Sikh Parade (November 6) and the Old-Timers' Reunion Christmas Dance (November 12). Descend­ ants of the Punjabi-Mexicans might attend either or The congregation of the Sikh temple in Stockton, California, circa 1950. - -_ -=- _---=..~...;..:..- .. both of these events-the Sikh Parade, because most of the Punjabi pioneers were Sikhs, and the annual ChristmaB dance, because it began as a reunion for descendants of the Punjabi pioneers. Men from In­ dia's Punjab province came to California chiefly between 1900 and 1917; after that, immigration practices and laws discriminated against Asians and legal entry was all but impossible. Some 85 percent of the men who came during those years were Sikhs, 13 percent were Muslims, and only 2 percent were really Hindus.
  • Download the Punjab Community Profile

    Download the Punjab Community Profile

    Punjabi Community Profile July 2016 Punjab Background The Punjabis are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan peoples, originating from the Punjab region, found in Pakistan and northern India. Punjab literally means the land of five waters (Persian: panj (“five”) ab (“waters”)). The name of the region was introduced by the Turko-Persian conquerors of India and more formally popularized during the Mughal Empire. Punjab is often referred to as the breadbasket in both Pakistan and India. The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab into a broader common “Punjabi” identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. Prior to that the sense and perception of a common “Punjabi” ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, even though the majority of the various communities of the Punjab had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities. Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion, and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region, or associate with its population, and those who consider the Punjabi language their mother tongue. Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background. Historically, the Punjabi people were a heterogeneous group and were subdivided into a number of clans called biradari (literally meaning “brotherhood”) or tribes, with each person bound to a clan. However, Punjabi identity also included those who did not belong to any of the historical tribes.
  • Guru Randhawa Is an Indian Singer, Songwriter and Music Composer Associated with Punjabi, Bhangra, Indi-Pop and Bollywood Music

    Guru Randhawa Is an Indian Singer, Songwriter and Music Composer Associated with Punjabi, Bhangra, Indi-Pop and Bollywood Music

    Sunanda Sharma is an Indian singer and actress. She made her debut with the song "Billi Akh". Sharma also recently began her acting career in the film Sajjan Singh Rangroot with co-stars Diljit Dosanjh and Yograj Singh. Sunanda Sharma started her Bollywood career with "Tere Naal Nachna" song. Harrdy Sandhu, is an Indian singer and actor. His first song was Tequilla Shot, and he gained popularity with Soch (2013) and Joker (2014), which were written by Jaani. Sandhu made his acting debut in Yaaran Da Katchup (2014). His song "Soch" was remade for the 2016 Bollywood film Airlift. SoundTrack:- *Joker * Soch * Yaar Superstar * Kya Baat Ay * Naah * Backbone * Hornn Blow * Naa Ji Naa * Aashqui Te Loan * Kudi Tu Pataka Dhvani Bhanushali is an Indian singer. She is mostly known for her singing in "Dilbar", from the movie Satyameva Jayate. She started her music career with the song "Ishtehaar" from the film Welcome To New York. *Veere *Dilbar *Psycho Saiyaan *Ishare Tere *Leja Re *Main Teri Hoon *Vaaste *Ishtehaar *Smiley *Mukhda Vekh Ke *Koka. Manj Musik, is an Indian music composer, singer and filmi scorer. He was the former lead vocalist and music composer for the bhangra music group RDB, which he formed with his two brothers Surjeet Singh and Kuljeet Ral in 2000, Manj Musik began producing his own singles and also began to produce music in Bollywood, and has worked with established actors such as Saif Ali Khan, Shahrukh Khan and Akshay Kumar, among others. In 2014 Manj founded his own music label Muzik ONE Records. In 2017, his son, (stage name "Noopsta"), dropped his first single named "You Can’t Stop The Party" featuring popular desi hip hop artists Raftaar and Humble the Poet.
  • Vicissitudes of Gurdwara Politics

    Vicissitudes of Gurdwara Politics

    ISSN (Online) - 2349-8846 Vicissitudes of Gurdwara Politics YOGESH SNEHI Vol. 49, Issue No. 34, 23 Aug, 2014 Yogesh Snehi ([email protected]) is a fellow at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla. The demand of the Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee to oversee the functioning of gurdwaras represents the legitimate aspirations of the Sikhs of Haryana and more significantly, inversion against almost absolute hegemony of SAD over the management of Sikh shrines through Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. The situation over the formation of Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (HSGPC) and the Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) dominated Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee’s (SGPC) opposition to it, has entered into a confrontational stage endangering the peace and harmony in the region. Despite the enactment of the Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Act 2014, the SGPC has refused to vacate the gurdwaras in Haryana for HSGPC. While Gurdwara Chhevin Patshahi at Kurukshetra becomes the centre-stage for a long-drawn battle, HSGPC has taken possession of six gurdwaras in the state (Sedhuraman 2014).[1] After clashes between the supporters of SGPC and HSGPC, the Supreme Court has ordered maintenance of status-quo and postponed the next hearing for 25 August 2014. This recent controversy has its roots both in the movement for gurdwara reforms (1920s), which sought to purge Sikhism from the polluting effects of non-Sikh practices, as well as the reorganisation of Punjab province in 1966. It also raises some fundamental issues about the residue of colonialism in the 21st century India. Historicising Gurdwara Reform More than nine decades ago in 1921, Punjab was embroiled in a controversy over misuse of the premises of Gurdwara Janam Asthan at Nankana Sahib (now in Pakistan) for narrow self-interests by the hereditary custodian Udasi Mahant Narain Das who was a Sehajdari Sikh (Yong 1995: 670).[2] Mahants had traditionally inherited the custodianship of most gurdwaras since pre-colonial Punjab[3] and had allegedly started behaving like sole proprietors.
  • 'In Our Whole Society, There Is No Equality': Sikh Householding And

    'In Our Whole Society, There Is No Equality': Sikh Householding And

    religions Article ‘In Our Whole Society, There Is No Equality’: Sikh Householding and the Intersection of Gender and Caste Nicola Mooney Department of Social, Cultural and Media Studies & South Asian Studies Institute, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada; [email protected] Received: 24 December 2019; Accepted: 7 February 2020; Published: 19 February 2020 Abstract: Sikhism is widely understood and celebrated as san egalitarian religion. This follows from its interpretation as a challenge to the caste schema of Hinduism as well as readings which suggest its gender equality. This paper explores the intersection of caste and gender in Sikh society in relation to Guru Nanak’s tenet that Sikhs be householders. Nanak’s view that householding is the basis of religious life and spiritual liberation—as opposed to the caste Hindu framework in which householding relates only to the specific stage of life in which one is married and concerned with domestic affairs—was one of the most important social and ritual reforms he introduced. By eliminating the need for an asceticism supported by householders, or in other words the binary framework of lay and renunciant persons, Nanak envisioned the possibility that the rewards of ascetism could accrue to householders. For Sikhs living at Kartarpur, the first intentional Sikh community, established by Guru Nanak as a place of gathering and meditation, Nanak’s egalitarian ideals were practiced so that women and members of all castes were equal participants. Guru Nanak’s model for social and ritual life presents a radical challenge to the hierarchies and exclusions of Hinduism, and yet, contains within it the basis for ongoing caste and gender disparity for Sikhs, since most Sikhs continue to arrange their householding around caste endogamous marriages and social and domestic arrangements which privilege men.
  • Revival of Punjabi Cinema - Understanding the Dynamics Dr Simran Sidhu Assistant Professor & Head P.G

    Revival of Punjabi Cinema - Understanding the Dynamics Dr Simran Sidhu Assistant Professor & Head P.G

    Global Media Journal-Indian Edition; Volume 12, Issue 2; December 2020.ISSN:2249-5835 Revival of Punjabi cinema - Understanding the dynamics Dr Simran Sidhu Assistant Professor & Head P.G. Dept. of Journalism and Mass Communication Doaba College, Jalandhar Abstract The Punjabi film industry is currently in its growth stage. The Punjabis in the Diasporas gave a new dimension to the Punjabi identity. It has brought a massive boost in the cinema and film music. Pollywood in the North Indian film industry is commercial and art cinema Punjabi is in its initial stage. Producers target just clientele and seldom take the risk. Crisp comedy films overpower an experiment in production, rare themes and different genres. The research did a descriptive analysis with the support of unstructured and semi- structured interviews of producers, actors, and Pollywood directors. The research also explores the need and importance of film institute and film clubs to sensitize the Punjabi audiences regarding the film as a medium, film grammar, and aesthetics. The research also focused on the marketing trends and the vital role of social media in multiplexes' age. Pollywood also lacks in skills and availability of high-end studios for post-production. Indirect taxes and expensive multiplex as a hindrance to attracting rural audiences to remote areas in Punjab. Keywords: Pollywood, Diasporas, multiplex, approach, revival. Introduction Punjab of North India is the most fertile land it also called Sapta Sindhu in 'Vedas'. Agriculture is the main occupation in Punjab. Hard working Punjabis as community adapt to changing condition and adjust a lot faster than others. A considerable amount of literature and Vedas originated in Punjab.
  • Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab And

    Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab And

    T If ORIGIN OF THE SIKH POWKF TTS^ THE } POLITICAL LIFE OF MUHA-RAJA RUNJEET SINGH. MITFl AN ACCOUNT OV THE PRESENT CONDITION', KKf.UaoN. [.\\i rSTOMS OF THE SIKHS. COMPILED BV HENRY T. PRINSEP, OF THE BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE, rnOM A REPORT BV CAPTAIN WILLIAM MURRAY, LATE POLITiC VI- AGEXT AT UMBALA, AND FKOM OTHER SOURCES. CALCUTTA: G. H. HUTTMANS, MILITARY ORPHAN PRESS. 1834. ftP7 PREFACE. X HERE is an interest attaching to the character and fortunes of Rlnjeet Singh, and to the dominion he has establislied over the Punjab and the Sikh nation, which promises to ensure to the following pages a favorable reception from the British Public. This interest is founded not less upon the geographical position of the territory of the new state, than upon the fact of its having been silently growing up under our eyes, till our wonder is excited at the accumu- lation of power and of wealth at the command of its present head. The desire to learn the steps and the means, by which the founder of any empire has risen to greatness, is a natural curiosity of the human mind, intense in propor- tion to the exaltation reached : but in this instance there is proximity to our own posses- sions, with the collisions that have occurred in consequence, to add to tlie interest felt about a IV PREFACE. RuNJEET Singh ; besides that the tract of coun- try, now forming the Sikh kingdom, is in the high road by which every conqueror from the west has penetrated into Hindoostan ; and spe- culation is always more or less afloat, as to the possibility of a similar conquest being again attempted, by the armies of Europe associated, or by those of the Northern Autocrat alone, whose views of aggrandizement seem insatiable, and have long been directed towards Persia and the East.
  • Changing Caste Relations and Emerging Contestations in Punjab

    Changing Caste Relations and Emerging Contestations in Punjab

    CHANGING CASTE RELATIONS AND EMERGING CONTESTATIONS IN PUNJAB PARAMJIT S. JUDGE When scholars and political leaders characterised Indian society as unity in diversity, there were simultaneous efforts in imagining India as a civilisational unity also. The consequences of this ‘imagination’ are before us in the form of the emergence of religious nationalism that ultimately culminated into the partition of the country. Why have I started my discussion with the issue of religious nationalism and partition? The reason is simple. Once we assume that a society like India could be characterised in terms of one caste hierarchical system, we are essentially constructing the discourse of dominant Hindu civilisational unity. Unlike class and gender hierarchies which are exist on economic and sexual bases respectively, all castes cannot be aggregated and arranged in hierarchy along one axis. Any attempt at doing so would amount to the construction of India as essentially the Hindu India. Added to this issue is the second dimension of hierarchy, which could be seen by separating Varna from caste. Srinivas (1977) points out that Varna is fixed, whereas caste is dynamic. Numerous castes comprise each Varna, the exception to which is the Brahmin caste whose caste differences remain within the caste and are unknown to others. We hardly know how to distinguish among different castes of Brahmins, because there is complete absence of knowledge about various castes among them. On the other hand, there is detailed information available about all the scheduled castes and backward classes. In other words, knowledge about castes and their place in the stratification system is pre- determined by the enumerating agency.
  • Legoland's Most Costly Attraction, 'Undersea' Submarine

    Legoland's Most Costly Attraction, 'Undersea' Submarine

    2 GULF TIMES Sunday, July 15, 2018 COMMUNITY ROUND & ABOUT PRAYER TIME Fajr 3.25am Shorooq (sunrise) 4.53am Zuhr (noon) 11.40am Asr (afternoon) 3.04pm Maghreb (sunset) 6.29pm Isha (night) 7.59pm Soorma near-death experience through sheer determination, hard DIRECTION: Shaad Ali work and unrelenting passion for the sport. East Indian fi eld USEFUL NUMBERS CAST: Diljit Dosanjh, Tapsee Pannu, Angad Bedi hockey player Sandeep Singh tries to make a comeback after a SYNOPSIS: Soorma is the story about a player, who gunshot wound leaves him in a wheelchair. made headlines for his miraculous comeback after facing a THEATRES: Landmark, The Mall, Royal Plaza The Extraordinary Journey Of The Fakir Emergency 999 DIRECTION: Ken Worldwide Emergency Number 112 Scott Kahramaa – Electricity and Water 991 CAST: Erin Moriarty, Local Directory 180 Bérénice Bejo, Barkhad International Calls Enquires 150 Abdi Hamad International Airport 40106666 SYNOPSIS: The Labor Department 44508111, 44406537 fi lm follows the story Mowasalat Taxi 44588888 of Ajatashatru Oghash Qatar Airways 44496000 Rathod, a fakir who Hamad Medical Corporation 44392222, 44393333 tricks his local village Qatar General Electricity and in Rajasthan, India into Water Corporation 44845555, 44845464 believing he possesses Primary Health Care Corporation 44593333 special powers and into 44593363 paying him to fl y to Paris Qatar Assistive Technology to buy a bed of nails Centre 44594050 from an Ikea store. The Qatar News Agency 44450205 Extraordinary Journey 44450333 of the Fakir is a French Q-Post – General Postal English-language comedy, Corporation 44464444 adventure fi lm directed by Ken Scott and starring Humanitarian Services Offi ce Dhanush.