Forbidden Hollywood Au Cinéma À Partir Du 1Er Juillet 2020

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Forbidden Hollywood Au Cinéma À Partir Du 1Er Juillet 2020 Rétrospective Forbidden Hollywood Au cinéma à partir du 1er juillet 2020 Le Pré-Code : parenthèse libertaire d’une ère de censure En 1929, face à la popularité grandissante des productions reflétant l’attitude libertaire de l’époque, la MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America) établit un code de censure – le code Hays – visant à abolir toute sorte d’imagerie sexuelle ou de représentation offensante de l’Église et de la société. Cependant, le respect du code n’étant pas imposé légalement, les studios ne l’appliquent pas véritablement, trop préoccupés par la baisse de fréquentation des salles après la crise de 1929. Ainsi, un vent de liberté va souffler sur Hollywood et l’ère Pré-Code (1929-1934) débute avec La Divorcée, de Robert Z. Leonard, mettant en scène Norma Shearer en épouse infidèle se vengeant de l’adultère de son mari. L’incroyable succès critique et financier du film conduit les studios à suivre le mouvement ; bientôt, les productions exaltent les valeurs d’insoumission libertaires à travers une grande diversité de genres cinématographiques. Les personnages féminins incarnent cet esprit en bravant les interdits sociaux et en s’employant à montrer que les femmes sont des hommes comme les autres. Cette ère s’achève brusquement le 1er juillet 1934, lorsque la communauté catholique et l’Église établissent une Légion de la Décence pour surveiller la production des films et menacent de déserter les salles de cinéma. Les studios courbent l’échine sous la pression, marquant le début de l’ère de la censure, qui durera jusqu’à l’établissement du système de classification des films américains en 1968. Âmes libres (A Free Soul) - 1931 Employees' Entrance - 1933 Clarence Brown Roy del Ruth L'Ange blanc (Night Nurse) - 1931 Female - 1933 William A. Wellman Michael Curtiz, William A. Wellman et William Dieterle Baby Face - 1933 Red-Headed Woman - 1932 Alfred E. Green Jack Conway La Belle de Saïgon (Red Dust) - 1932 Jewel Robbery - 1932 Victor Fleming William Dieterle Blonde Crazy - 1931 The Mind Reader - 1933 Roy del Ruth Roy del Ruth Des films oubliés à la modernité frappante Ces films n’ont pour la plupart jamais été diffusés en France. Choquants et provocants selon les codes de l’époque, ils ont subi la censure à partir de 1934 et sont restés pendant longtemps interdits. Ce sont pourtant des chefs d’œuvre, résolument modernes, aux genres cinématographiques très divers et réalisés par de grands noms du cinéma : William A. Wellman, le maître du genre, mais aussi Victor Fleming ou Roy del Ruth. A cette époque, de nombreuses stars hollywoodiennes étaient alors à leurs débuts : Humphrey Bogart, Barbara Stanwyck, Loretta Young, John Wayne… Âmes libres (A Free Soul) - 1931 Durée : 1h34 Réalisé par Clarence Brown Avec Norma Shearer, Leslie Howard, Lionel Barrymore 1931 : Oscar® du Meilleur Acteur pour Lionel Barrymore Drame Âmes libres explore l’énigme, le sens héroïque du sacrifice, mais aussi l’ambivalence et la noirceur de la relation amoureuse et filiale qui s’est nouée entre une orpheline de mère, magistralement interprétée par Norma Shearer, et son père shakespearien, célèbre avocat issu d’une grande famille patricienne, mais maladivement alcoolique. Le grand avocat, désespéré et cabotin, suicidaire et fantaisiste, est idéalement interprété par Lionel Barrymore, qui reçut pour ce rôle l’Oscar® du meilleur acteur. L'Ange blanc (Night Nurse) - 1931 Durée : 1h12 Réalisé par William A. Wellman Avec Barbara Stanwyck, Joan Blondell, Ben Lyon, Clark Gable Policier Lora (Barbara Stanwyck) est une jeune infirmière qui dédie sa vie à l'aide d'autrui, lorsqu'elle est amenée à s'occuper de deux petites filles dont on convoite l'héritage. Avec l’intelligence et l’audace (esthétique et politique) qui caractérisent l’oeuvre entière du cinéaste de génie William A. Wellman, L’Ange blanc mélange toutes les figures et inquiétudes de la période du Pré-Code, et dépeint avec cynisme le monde hospitalier. Le combat mené par la jeune infirmière et son amie, qui ont pourtant tout à perdre, prend un sens humain et politique déchirant. Baby Face - 1933 Durée : 1h16 Réalisé par Alfred E. Green Avec George Brent, Barbara Stanwyck, John Wayne Romance, Drame Censuré pour ses insinuations sexuelles, ce chef-d’œuvre est le portrait d’une femme forte et magnifique, luttant avec ses armes dans l’Amérique impitoyable de la Grande Dépression. Barbara Stanwyck interprète remarquablement cette Liliane qui se transforme en garce professionnelle en utilisant son charme auprès des hommes pour gravir l'échelon social. Cette version originale non censurée de Baby Face a été présentée au London Film Festival en 2005 et classée parmis les 100 meilleurs films de tous les temps par le Time Magazine. La Belle de Saïgon (Red Dust) - 1932 Durée : 1h23 Réalisé par Victor Fleming Avec Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Gene Raymond, Mary Astor Romance La Belle de Saïgon est le deuxième d’une série de six films que Jean Harlow et Clark Gable ont tournés ensemble. Leur couple est le noyau fascinant d’une oeuvre où la jungle est entièrement reconstituée en studio, la mise en scène utilisant deux éléments récurrents, associés à la saison des moussons — les pluies diluviennes et les accès de fièvre que redoutent les colons — pour construire la dramaturgie érotique qui est le vrai sujet du film. Jean Harlow déploie son charme totalement irrésistible dont s’inspireront Marilyn Monroe et Brigitte Bardot. Blonde Crazy - 1931 Durée : 1h19 Réalisé par Roy del Ruth Avec Joan Blondell, James Cagney, Louis Calhern Comédie romantique Blonde Crazy est l’histoire de deux escrocs allant d’arnaque en arnaque, refusant de s’avouer leur amour l’un pour l’autre. James Cagney est Bert, un simple groom d’hôtel, lorsqu’il rencontre Anne, une nouvelle employée. Très vite, ils vont se rapprocher pour former un duo d’arnaqueurs redoutable, jusqu’à ce qu’ils tombent face à un adversaire plus redoutable. Blonde Crazy est une comédie électrique et très rythmée supportée par deux performances exemplaires et pleines de relief de Joan Blondell et James Cagney. Ce film incarne sans aucun doute l'audace de la période du Pré-Code. Employees' Entrance - 1933 Durée : 1h15 Réalisé par Roy del Ruth Avec Loretta Young, Warren William, Alice White, Wallace Ford Romance, Drame Kurt Anderson (Warren William) est le manager d’un grand magasin américain. C’est un loup solitaire entièrement dévoué à son travail. Cruel, il abuse de son pouvoir auprès de nombreuses de ses employées. Lorsque Madeline (Loretta Young) arrive dans l'entreprise, elle doit subir en silence ces abus en cachant qu'elle est mariée à Martin (Wallace Ford), le bras droit de son patron. Ce film brave les codes de l’époque pour son portrait du monde capitaliste mis en scène avec cynisme et monstruosité, opposant un patron quasi-amoral et impuni face à l’innocence d’une union amoureuse. Female - 1933 Durée : 1h00 Réalisé par Michael Curtiz, William A. Wellman et William Dieterle Avec Ruth Chatterton, George Brent, Lois Wilson Romance Female propose une défense vibrante de l’égalité des sexes, et même d’une forme d’interchangeabilité de leurs fonctions, sur le plan du travail, autant que des rapports de séduction. Mais ce film de 1933 développe également une critique violente et rigoureuse (on y retrouve le style politique de Wellman) des objectifs de rentabilité du capitalisme, dès lors que ses normes productivistes et sa poursuite permanente d’accroissement du profit déteignent sur la vie intime, sexuelle et amoureuse des individus qui y sont engagés. Red-Headed Woman - 1932 Durée : 1h19 Réalisé par Jack Conway Avec Jean Harlow, Chester Morris, Lewis Stone Comédie romantique Lilian « Lil » Andrews (Jean Harlow) est une jeune femme ambitieuse et prête à tout pour gravir l’échelle sociale. Elle séduit son riche patron William « Bill » Legendre Jr. et le pousse à mettre un terme à son mariage. Le film est un manifeste cru, sexuel et brutal, à la gloire du pouvoir féminin. Il tire sa force du duo qui le gouverne en coulisses : l’alliance de la scénariste Anita Loos, et de la star scandaleuse Jean Harlow, à l’origine de la mythologie américaine de la star blonde. Red-Headed Woman pourrait servir de manifeste à la période du Pré-Code, qui atteint dans cette œuvre une telle cohérence qu’on devrait le qualifier de genre de l’histoire du cinéma américain. Jewel Robbery - 1932 Durée : 1h08 Réalisé par William Dieterle Avec William Powell, Kay Francis, Helen Vinson Comédie, Crime Réalisé en 1932 par le cinéaste allemand William Dieterle exilé à Hollywood, Jewel Robbery propose une variation érotico-politique autour d’un genre dans lequel Ernst Lubitsch, notamment, s’est illustré, à savoir une intrigue mêlant jeux de séduction et cambriolage dans la haute société. L’époque — la période de désespoir et d’ivresse qui, aux États-Unis, a succédé à la Grande Dépression — donne le ton de cette comédie audacieuse et désabusée, mettant en scène l’alchimie érotique et burlesque qui se dégage de l’alliance musicale entre Kay Francis et William Powell. The Mind Reader - 1933 Durée : 1h10 Réalisé par Roy del Ruth Avec Warren William, Constance Cummings, Allen Jenkins Action, Crime Un escroc (Warren William) se faisant passer pour un devin parcourt le pays de ville en ville, abusant de la naïveté de ses spectateurs. Lors de l'un de ses spectacles, il tombe amoureux d'une jeune femme candide, Sylvia, jouée par Constance Cummings. The Mind Reader offre un portrait drôle, cruel et saisissant d’une Amérique en proie à la crise et au chômage, le marché du travail inexistant contraignant les individus sans scrupules à arnaquer des foules poussées au désespoir, avides d’entendre ce que n’importe quel pseudo-devin va inventer, afin de rendre leur avenir moins sombre..
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