VS-Regulated Livestock and Poultry Pathogens (Partial List, Revised 2/11/2019) Absidia Corymbifera Acremonium Strictum Acinetob
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viruses Review The Interactions between Host Glycobiology, Bacterial Microbiota, and Viruses in the Gut Vicente Monedero 1, Javier Buesa 2 and Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz 2,* ID 1 Department of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CSIC), Av Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain; [email protected] 2 Departament of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-96-386-4903; Fax: +34-96-386-4960 Received: 31 January 2018; Accepted: 22 February 2018; Published: 24 February 2018 Abstract: Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the major etiological agents of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Host genetic factors, the histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), are associated with RV and NoV susceptibility and recent findings additionally point to HBGA as a factor modulating the intestinal microbial composition. In vitro and in vivo experiments in animal models established that the microbiota enhances RV and NoV infection, uncovering a triangular interplay between RV and NoV, host glycobiology, and the intestinal microbiota that ultimately influences viral infectivity. Studies on the microbiota composition in individuals displaying different RV and NoV susceptibilities allowed the identification of potential bacterial biomarkers, although mechanistic data on the virus–host–microbiota relation are still needed. The identification of the bacterial and HBGA interactions that are exploited by RV and NoV would place the intestinal microbiota as a new target for alternative therapies aimed at preventing and treating viral gastroenteritis. Keywords: rotavirus; norovirus; secretor; fucosyltransferase-2 gene (FUT2); histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs); microbiota; host susceptibility 1. -
Abstract Betaproteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria
Abstract N-210 Contact Information The majority of the soil’s biosphere containins biodiveristy that remains yet to be discovered. The occurrence of novel bacterial phyla in soil, as well as the phylogenetic diversity within bacterial phyla with few cultured representatives (e.g. Acidobacteria, Anne Spain Dr. Mostafa S.Elshahed Verrucomicrobia, and Gemmatimonadetes) have been previously well documented. However, few studies have focused on the Composition, Diversity, and Novelty within Soil Proteobacteria Department of Botany and Microbiology Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics novel phylogenetic diversity within phyla containing numerous cultured representatives. Here, we present a detailed University of Oklahoma Oklahoma State University phylogenetic analysis of the Proteobacteria-affiliated clones identified in a 13,001 nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene clones 770 Van Vleet Oval 307 LSE derived from Oklahoma tall grass prairie soil. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the community, and comprised Norman, OK 73019 Stillwater, OK 74078 25% of total clones. The most abundant and diverse class within the Proteobacteria was Alphaproteobacteria, which comprised 405 325 5255 405 744 6790 39% of Proteobacteria clones, followed by the Deltaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, which made Anne M. Spain (1), Lee R. Krumholz (1), Mostafa S. Elshahed (2) up 37, 16, and 8% of Proteobacteria clones, respectively. Members of the Epsilonproteobacteria were not detected in the dataset. [email protected] [email protected] Detailed phylogenetic analysis indicated that 14% of the Proteobacteria clones belonged to 15 novel orders and 50% belonged (1) Dept. of Botany and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK to orders with no described cultivated representatives or were unclassified. -
Anaplasmosis: an Emerging Tick-Borne Disease of Importance in Canada
IDCases 14 (2018) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect IDCases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/idcr Case report Anaplasmosis: An emerging tick-borne disease of importance in Canada a, b,c d,e e,f Kelsey Uminski *, Kamran Kadkhoda , Brett L. Houston , Alison Lopez , g,h i c c Lauren J. MacKenzie , Robbin Lindsay , Andrew Walkty , John Embil , d,e Ryan Zarychanski a Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada b Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada c Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada d Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada e CancerCare Manitoba, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB, Canada f Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Winnipeg, MB, Canada g Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada h Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada i Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Winnipeg, MB, Canada A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) is an infection caused by the intracellular bacterium Received 11 September 2018 Anaplasma phagocytophilum. -
Evolutionary Origin of Insect–Wolbachia Nutritional Mutualism
Evolutionary origin of insect–Wolbachia nutritional mutualism Naruo Nikoha,1, Takahiro Hosokawab,1, Minoru Moriyamab,1, Kenshiro Oshimac, Masahira Hattoric, and Takema Fukatsub,2 aDepartment of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba 261-8586, Japan; bBioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan; and cCenter for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan Edited by Nancy A. Moran, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, and approved June 3, 2014 (received for review May 20, 2014) Obligate insect–bacterium nutritional mutualism is among the insects, generally conferring negative fitness consequences to most sophisticated forms of symbiosis, wherein the host and the their hosts and often causing hosts’ reproductive aberrations to symbiont are integrated into a coherent biological entity and un- enhance their own transmission in a selfish manner (7, 8). Re- able to survive without the partnership. Originally, however, such cently, however, a Wolbachia strain associated with the bedbug obligate symbiotic bacteria must have been derived from free-living Cimex lectularius,designatedaswCle, was shown to be es- bacteria. How highly specialized obligate mutualisms have arisen sential for normal growth and reproduction of the blood- from less specialized associations is of interest. Here we address this sucking insect host via provisioning of B vitamins (9). Hence, it –Wolbachia evolutionary -
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis Are Tick-Borne Diseases Caused by Obligate Anaplasmosis: Intracellular Bacteria in the Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
Ehrlichiosis and Importance Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne diseases caused by obligate Anaplasmosis: intracellular bacteria in the genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. These organisms are widespread in nature; the reservoir hosts include numerous wild animals, as well as Zoonotic Species some domesticated species. For many years, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species have been known to cause illness in pets and livestock. The consequences of exposure vary Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, from asymptomatic infections to severe, potentially fatal illness. Some organisms Canine Hemorrhagic Fever, have also been recognized as human pathogens since the 1980s and 1990s. Tropical Canine Pancytopenia, Etiology Tracker Dog Disease, Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are caused by members of the genera Ehrlichia Canine Tick Typhus, and Anaplasma, respectively. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, Gram negative, Nairobi Bleeding Disorder, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family Anaplasmataceae, order Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Rickettsiales. They are classified as α-proteobacteria. A number of Ehrlichia and Canine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Anaplasma species affect animals. A limited number of these organisms have also Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, been identified in people. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, Recent changes in taxonomy can make the nomenclature of the Anaplasmataceae Tick-borne Fever, and their diseases somewhat confusing. At one time, ehrlichiosis was a group of Pasture Fever, diseases caused by organisms that mostly replicated in membrane-bound cytoplasmic Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, vacuoles of leukocytes, and belonged to the genus Ehrlichia, tribe Ehrlichieae and Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, family Rickettsiaceae. The names of the diseases were often based on the host Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, species, together with type of leukocyte most often infected. -
Select Agents Fact Sheet
SELECT AGENTS FACT SHEET s e ion ecie s n t n p is ms n e e s tio s g s m to a a o u t Rang s p t tme to e th n s n m c a s a ra y a re ho Di P Ge Ho T S Incub F T P Bacteria Bacillus anthracis Humans, cattle, sheep, Direct contact with infected Cutaneous anthrax - skin lesion 2-5 days Fatality rate of 5-20% if Antibiotics: goats, horses, pigs animal tissue, skin, wool developing into a depressed eschar (5- untreated penicillin,ciprofloxacin, hides or their products. 20% case fatality); Inhalation - doxycycline, Inhalation of spores in soil or respiratory distress, fever and shock tetracylines,erythromyci Anthrax hides and wool. Ingestion of with death; Intestinal - abdominal n,chloram-phenicol, contaminated meat. distress followed by fever and neomycin, ampicillin. septicemia Bacteria Brucella (B. Humans, swine, cattle, Skin or mucous membrane High and protracted (extended) fever. 1-15 weeks Most commonly reported Antibiotic combination: melitensis, B. goats, sheep, dogs contact with infected animals, Infection affects bone, heart, laboratory-associated streptomycin, abortus ) their blood, tissue, and other gallbladder, kidney, spleen, and causes bacterial infection in tetracycline, and Brucellosis* body fluids. highly disseminated lesions and man. sulfonamides. abscess Bacteria Yersinia pestis Human; greater than Bite of infected fleas carried Lymphadenitis in nodes with drainage 2-6 days Untreated pneumonic Streptomycin, 200 mammalian species on rodents; airborne droplets from site of flea bite, in lymph nodes and and septicemic plague tetracycline, from humans or pets with inguinal areas, fever, 50% case fatality are fatal; Fleas may chloramphenicol (for plague pneumonia; person-to- untreated; septicemic plague with remain infective for cases of plague Bubonic Plague person transmission by fleas dissemination by blood to meninges; months meningitis), kanamycin secondary pneumonic plague Bacteria Burkholderia mallei Equines, especially Direct contact with nasal 1. -
Insights Into the Pathogenicity of Burkholderia Pseudomallei
REVIEWS Melioidosis: insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei W. Joost Wiersinga*, Tom van der Poll*, Nicholas J. White‡§, Nicholas P. Day‡§ and Sharon J. Peacock‡§ Abstract | Burkholderia pseudomallei is a potential bioterror agent and the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe disease that is endemic in areas of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Infection is often associated with bacterial dissemination to distant sites, and there are many possible disease manifestations, with melioidosis septic shock being the most severe. Eradication of the organism following infection is difficult, with a slow fever-clearance time, the need for prolonged antibiotic therapy and a high rate of relapse if therapy is not completed. Mortality from melioidosis septic shock remains high despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prevention of disease and a reduction in mortality and the rate of relapse are priority areas for future research efforts. Studying how the disease is acquired and the host–pathogen interactions involved will underpin these efforts; this review presents an overview of current knowledge in these areas, highlighting key topics for evaluation. Melioidosis is a serious disease caused by the aerobic, rifamycins, colistin and aminoglycosides), but is usually Gram-negative soil-dwelling bacillus Burkholderia pseu- susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, domallei and is most common in Southeast Asia and doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ureido- Northern Australia. Melioidosis is responsible for 20% of penicillins, ceftazidime and carbapenems2,4. Treatment all community-acquired septicaemias and 40% of sepsis- is required for 20 weeks and is divided into intravenous related mortality in northeast Thailand. Reported cases are and oral phases2,4. Initial intravenous therapy is given likely to represent ‘the tip of the iceberg’1,2, as confirmation for 10–14 days; ceftazidime or a carbapenem are the of disease depends on bacterial isolation, a technique that drugs of choice. -
Comparative Genomics Reveals Insight Into Virulence Strategies of Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes
Comparative Genomics Reveals Insight into Virulence Strategies of Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes Bishwo N. Adhikari1, John P. Hamilton1, Marcelo M. Zerillo2, Ned Tisserat2, C. Andre´ Le´vesque3,C. Robin Buell1* 1 Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America, 2 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Abstract The kingdom Stramenopile includes diatoms, brown algae, and oomycetes. Plant pathogenic oomycetes, including Phytophthora, Pythium and downy mildew species, cause devastating diseases on a wide range of host species and have a significant impact on agriculture. Here, we report comparative analyses on the genomes of thirteen straminipilous species, including eleven plant pathogenic oomycetes, to explore common features linked to their pathogenic lifestyle. We report the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of six Pythium genomes and comparison with other stramenopiles including photosynthetic diatoms, and other plant pathogenic oomycetes such as Phytophthora species, Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, and Pythium ultimum var. ultimum. Novel features of the oomycete genomes include an expansion of genes encoding secreted effectors and plant cell wall degrading enzymes in Phytophthora species and an over- representation of genes involved in proteolytic degradation and signal transduction in Pythium species. A complete lack of classical RxLR effectors was observed in the seven surveyed Pythium genomes along with an overall reduction of pathogenesis-related gene families in H. arabidopsidis. Comparative analyses revealed fewer genes encoding enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in Pythium species and H. -
The Taxonomy and Biology of Phytophthora and Pythium
Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access Review Article Open Access The taxonomy and biology of Phytophthora and Pythium Abstract Volume 6 Issue 1 - 2018 The genera Phytophthora and Pythium include many economically important species Hon H Ho which have been placed in Kingdom Chromista or Kingdom Straminipila, distinct from Department of Biology, State University of New York, USA Kingdom Fungi. Their taxonomic problems, basic biology and economic importance have been reviewed. Morphologically, both genera are very similar in having coenocytic, hyaline Correspondence: Hon H Ho, Professor of Biology, State and freely branching mycelia, oogonia with usually single oospores but the definitive University of New York, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA, differentiation between them lies in the mode of zoospore differentiation and discharge. Email [email protected] In Phytophthora, the zoospores are differentiated within the sporangium proper and when mature, released in an evanescent vesicle at the sporangial apex, whereas in Pythium, the Received: January 23, 2018 | Published: February 12, 2018 protoplast of a sporangium is transferred usually through an exit tube to a thin vesicle outside the sporangium where zoospores are differentiated and released upon the rupture of the vesicle. Many species of Phytophthora are destructive pathogens of especially dicotyledonous woody trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants whereas Pythium species attacked primarily monocotyledonous herbaceous plants, whereas some cause diseases in fishes, red algae and mammals including humans. However, several mycoparasitic and entomopathogenic species of Pythium have been utilized respectively, to successfully control other plant pathogenic fungi and harmful insects including mosquitoes while the others utilized to produce valuable chemicals for pharmacy and food industry. -
Human Pythiosis, Brazil
septate or nonseptate hyphae, often identified as fungal ele- Human Pythiosis, ments of the zygomycetes (6). Conventional diagnosis is based mainly on immunofluorecence and immunoperoxi- Brazil dase procedures, which have proved specific in tissues of persons, cats and dogs with pythiosis. Serologic tests, such Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco,* as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Eduardo Bagagli,* João Pessoa Araújo Jr.,* immunodiffusion, have been also used to diagnose pythio- João Manuel Grisi Candeias,* sis (7). Molecular diagnostic assays, such as nested poly- Marcello Fabiano de Franco,† merase chain reaction and a species-specific DNA probe Mariangela Esther Alencar Marques,* from the ribosomal DNA complex, have been useful to Leonel Mendoza,‡ identify P. insidiosum in the absence of culture (8,9). This Rosangela Pires de Camargo,* article reports the first case of human pythiosis in continen- and Silvio Alencar Marques* tal Latin America in a patient from Brazil, and diagnosis Pythiosis, caused by Pythium insidiosum, occurs in was confirmed by molecular taxonomy. humans and animals and is acquired from aquatic environ- ments that harbor the emerging pathogen. Diagnosis is dif- The Study ficult because clinical and histopathologic features are not A 49-year-old policeman was admitted on May 2002 to pathognomonic. We report the first human case of pythio- the dermatology division of the university hospital for the sis from Brazil, diagnosed by using culture and rDNA treatment of a skin lesion on his leg, initially diagnosed as sequencing. cutaneous zygomycosis. The patient stated that a small pustule developed on his left leg 3 months earlier, 1 week ythiosis is a cutaneous-subcutaneous disease of human after he fished in a lake with standing water. -
INFECTIOUS DISEASES of ETHIOPIA Infectious Diseases of Ethiopia - 2011 Edition
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ETHIOPIA Infectious Diseases of Ethiopia - 2011 edition Infectious Diseases of Ethiopia - 2011 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2011 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-068-3 ISBN-10: 1-61755-068-X Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content: Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia – bacterial) or etiologic grouping(Coltiviruses – Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application. -
Pythium Insidiosum
SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM MUSCODOR CRISPANS AGAINST THE PATHOGENIC OOMYCETE PYTHIUM INSIDIOSUM Theerapong Krajaejun1, Tassanee Lowhnoo2, Wanta Yingyong2, Thidarat Rujirawat2, Suthat Fucharoen3 and Gary A Strobel4 1Department of Pathology, 2Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok; 3Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; 4Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA Abstract. Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete capable of causing a life-threatening disease in humans, called pythiosis. Conventional antifungal drugs are ineffec- tive against P. insidiosum infection. A synthetic mixture of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the endophytic fungus Muscodor crispans strain B23 demonstrates antimicrobial effects against a broad range of human and plant pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, and oomycetes. We studied the in vitro ef- fects of B23 VOCs against 25 human, 1 animal, and 4 environmental isolates of P. insidiosum, compared with a no-drug control. The B23 synthetic mixture, at amounts as low as 2.5 µl, significantly reduced growth of allP. insidiosum isolates by at least 80%. The inhibitory effect of the B23 VOCs was dose-dependent. The growth of all isolates was completely inhibited by a dose of 10.0 µl of B23 VOCs, and all isolates were killed by a dose of 20.0 µl. Synthetic B23 VOCs of M. crispans had inhibitory and lethal effects against all P. insidiosum isolates tested. Further studies are needed to evaluate this mixture for treatment of pythiosis. Keywords: pythiosis, Pythium insidiosum, oomycete, in vitro susceptibility, Mus- codor crispans, endophytic fungus INTRODUCTION oomycete Pythium insidiosum (Mendoza et al, 1996).