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“ Benedict” redirects here. For other named Gregory’s account of this saint’s life is not, however, a Benedict, see Benedict. biography in the modern sense of the word. It provides “St. Benedict” redirects here. For organisations with this instead a spiritual portrait of the gentle, disciplined . name, see St. Benedict’s. In a letter to Bishop Maximilian of Syracuse, Gregory states his intention for his Dialogues, saying they are a kind of floretum (an anthology, literally, 'flowers’) of the Benedict of Nursia (Italian: San Benedetto da ) [5] (c. 480 – 543 or 547) is a Christian saint, honoured by most striking miracles of Italian holy men. the Church and the Anglican Church[1] as the Gregory did not set out to write a chronological, histori- of and students. cally anchored story of St. Benedict, but he did base his Benedict founded twelve communities for at anecdotes on direct testimony. To establish his authority, Subiaco, Italy (about 40 miles (64 km) to the east of Gregory explains that his information came from what he ), before moving to Monte in the moun- considered the best sources: a handful of Benedict’s dis- tains of . The Catholic Order of St Bene- ciples who lived with the saint and witnessed his various dict and the Anglican Order of St Benedict are of miracles. These followers, he says, are Constantinus, who later origin and, moreover, not an “order” as commonly succeeded Benedict as Abbot of ; Valen- understood but merely a confederation of autonomous tinianus; Simplicius; and Honoratus, who was abbot of congregations.[2] Subiaco when St Gregory wrote his Dialogues. Benedict’s main achievement is his extquotedblRule of In Gregory’s day, history was not recognised as an in- Saint Benedict extquotedbl, containing precepts for his dependent field of study; it was a branch of grammar or monks. It is heavily influenced by the writings of John rhetoric, and historia (defined as 'story') summed up the approach of the learned when they wrote what was, at that Cassian, and shows strong affinity with the Rule of the [6] Master. But it also has a unique spirit of balance, moder- time, considered 'history.' Gregory’s Dialogues ation and reasonableness (ἐπιείκεια, epieikeia), and this Two, then, an authentic medieval cast as a conversation between the and his Peter, is persuaded most religious communities founded through- [3] out the to adopt it. As a result, his Rule be- designed to teach spiritual lessons. came one of the most influential religious rules in West- ern . For this reason, Benedict is often called the founder of western . 2 Early life

He was the son of a Roman noble of Nursia,[3] the mod- 1 Biography ern Norcia, in . A tradition which accepts makes him a twin with his sister . If we accept Apart from a short poem attributed to Mark of Monte the date 480 for his birth, we may fix the date of his aban- Cassino, the only ancient account of Benedict is found donment of his studies and leaving home at about 500. St in the second volume of 's four-book Gregory’s narrative makes it impossible to suppose him Dialogues, thought to have been written in 593.[3] The au- younger than 19 or 20 at the time. He was old enough thenticity of this work has been hotly disputed, especially to be in the midst of his literary studies, to understand by Dr Francis Clarke in his two volume work The Pseudo- the real meaning and worth of the dissolute and licen- Gregorian Dialogues. Book Two consists of a prologue tious lives of his companions, and to have been deeply and thirty-eight succinct chapters.[4] affected himself by the love of a woman. He was at the

1 2 4 beginning of life, and he had at his disposal the means to 3 Later life a career as a Roman noble; clearly he was not a child. Benedict doesn't seem to have left Rome for the purpose St Gregory tells us little of these years. He now speaks of of becoming a , but only to find some place away Benedict no longer as a youth (puer), but as a man (vir) from the life of the great city. He took his old nurse with of God. Romanus, he twice tells us, served the saint in him as a servant and they settled down to live in Enfide, every way he could. The apparently visited him near a church to St Peter, in some kind of association frequently, and on fixed days brought him meals. with “a company of virtuous men” who were in sympathy During these three years of solitude, broken only by oc- with his feelings and his views of life. Enfide, which the casional communications with the outer world and by the tradition of Subiaco identifies with the modern Affile, is visits of Romanus, Benedict matured both in mind and in the Simbruini mountains, about forty miles from Rome character, in knowledge of himself and of his fellow- and two from Subiaco. man, and at the same time he became not merely known to, but secured the respect of, those about him; so much so that on the death of the abbot of a in the neighbourhood (identified by some with Vicovaro), the community came to him and begged him to become its abbot. Benedict was acquainted with the life and dis- cipline of the monastery, and knew that “their manners were diverse from his and therefore that they would never agree together: yet, at length, overcome with their en- treaty, he gave his consent” (ibid., 3). The experiment failed; the monks tried to poison him. The legend goes that they first tried to poison his drink. He prayed a bless- ing over the cup and the cup shattered. Then they tried to poison him with poisoned bread. When he prayed a over the bread, a raven swept in and took the St Benedict orders to the rescue of , loaf away. Benedict returned to his cave at Subiaco. by Fra , 1445 A.D. From this time his miracles seem to have become fre- quent, and many people, attracted by his sanctity and character, came to Subiaco to be under his guidance. He founded 12 in the vicinity of Subiaco, and, eventually, founded the great Benedictine monastery of A short distance from Enfide is the entrance to a nar- Monte Cassino, which lies on a hilltop between Rome [7] row, gloomy valley, penetrating the mountains and lead- and Naples. ing directly to Subiaco. The path continues to ascend, and the side of the ravine, on which it runs, becomes steeper, until a cave is reached above which the moun- 4 Veneration tain now rises almost perpendicularly; while on the right, it strikes in a rapid descent down to where, in St Bene- dict’s day, 500 feet (150 m) below, lay the blue waters of He died at Monte Cassino not long after his sister, Saint the lake. The cave has a large triangular-shaped open- Scholastica. Benedict died of a high fever on the day God ing and is about ten feet deep. On his way from En- had told him he was to die, and was buried in the same fide, Benedict met a monk, Romanus of Subiaco, whose place as his sister. According to tradition, this occurred on 21 March 543 or 547. He was named patron protector monastery was on the mountain above the cliff overhang- [8] ing the cave. Romanus had discussed with Benedict the of Europe by Pope Paul VI in 1964. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared him co-patron of Europe, together with purpose which had brought him to Subiaco, and had given [9] him the monk’s habit. By his advice Benedict became a Saints Cyril and Methodius. hermit and for three years, unknown to men, lived in this In the pre-1970 , his feast is cave above the lake. kept on 21 March, the day of his death according to some 3

be managed. And two chapters specifically describe the abbot’s pastoral duties.

6 The

Main article: Saint Benedict Medal This medal originally came from a cross in honour of

Totila and St. Benedict. Painted by Spinello Aretino manuscripts of the Martyrologium Hieronymianum and that of Bede. Because on that date his liturgical would always be impeded by the observance of , the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar moved his memorial to 11 July, the date that appears in some Gallic liturgical of the end of the 8th century as the feast commemorating his death (Natalis S. Benedicti). There is some uncertainty about the origin of this feast.[10] Ac- cordingly, on 21 March the men- tions in a line and a half that it is Benedict’s day of death and that his memorial is celebrated on 11 July, while on 11 July it devotes seven lines to speaking of him, and mentions the tradition that he died on 21 March.[11] The commemorates St. Bene- dict on 14 March.[12] The has no single universal cal- endar, but a provincial is published in each province. In almost all of these, St Benedict is com- memorated on 11 July.

5 Rule of St. Benedict

Main article: Rule of St Benedict Image of Saint Benedict with a cross and a scroll stating which is abbreviated on the Saint Benedict Medal Seventy-three short chapters comprise the Rule. Its wis- dom is of two kinds: spiritual (how to live a Christo- St Benedict. On one side, the medal has an image of St centric life on earth) and administrative (how to run a Benedict, holding the Holy Rule in his left hand and a monastery efficiently). More than half the chapters de- cross in his right. There is a raven on one side of him, scribe how to be obedient and humble, and what to do with a cup on the other side of him. Around the medal’s when a member of the community is not. About one- outer margin are the words “Eius in obitu nostro praesen- fourth regulate the work of God (the ). One- tia muniamur” (“May we, at our death, be fortified by tenth outline how, and by whom, the monastery should His presence”). The other side of the medal has a cross 4 7 THE INFLUENCE OF ST. BENEDICT with the initials CSSML on the vertical bar which signify Christian Religious Orders’, issued on 13 March 2002 is “Crux Sacra Sit Mihi Lux” (“May the Holy Cross be my one of them. light”) and on the horizontal bar are the initials NDSMD which stand for “Non Draco Sit Mihi Dux” (“Let not the dragon be my overlord”). The initials CSPB stand for 7 The influence of St. Benedict “Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti” (“The Cross of the Holy Father Benedict”) and are located on the interior angles of the cross. Either the inscription “PAX” (Peace) or the “IHS” may be found at the top of the cross in most cases. Around the medal’s margin on this side are the Vade Retro Satana initials VRSNSMV which stand for “Vade Retro Satana, Nonquam Suade Mihi Vana” (“Begone Satan, do not suggest to me thy vanities”) then a space followed by the initials SMQLIVB which signify “Sunt Mala Quae Libas, Ipse Venena Bibas” (“Evil are the things thou profferest, drink thou thy own poison”).[13]

Austria 50 euro 'The Christian Religious Orders’ commemorative coin Benedict depicted on a Jubilee Saint Benedict Medal for the 1400th anniversary of his birth in 1880 The have been called “the Benedic- [14] This medal was first struck in 1880 to commemorate the tine centuries.” In April 2008, Pope Benedict XVI dis- fourteenth centenary of St Benedict’s birth and is also cussed the influence St Benedict had on Western Europe. called the Jubilee Medal; its exact origin, however, is un- The pope said that “with his life and work St Benedict known. In 1647, during a witchcraft trial at Natternberg exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture” and helped Europe to near Metten in Bavaria, the accused women testi- fied they had no power over Metten, which was under the emerge from the “dark night of history” that followed the fall of the .[15] protection of the cross. An investigation found a num- ber of painted crosses on the walls of the abbey with the St. Benedict contributed more than anyone else to the letters now found on St Benedict medals, but their mean- rise of monasticism in the West. His Rule was the foun- ing had been forgotten. A manuscript written in 1415 dational document for thousands of religious communi- was eventually found that had a picture of Saint Benedict ties in the Middle Ages.[16] To this day, The Rule of St. holding a scroll in one hand and a staff which ended in Benedict is the most common and influential Rule used a cross in the other. On the scroll and staff were writ- by monasteries and monks, more than 1,400 years af- ten the full words of the initials contained on the crosses. ter its writing. Today the Benedictine family is repre- Medals then began to be struck in , which then sented by two branches: the Benedictine Federation and spread throughout Europe. This medal was first approved the .[17] by Pope Benedict XIV in his briefs of 23 December 1741, [13] The influence of St Benedict produced “a true spiritual and 12 March 1742. ferment” in Europe, and over the coming decades his fol- Saint Benedict has been also the motive of many collec- lowers spread across the continent to establish a new cul- tor’s coins around the world. The 50 euro 'The tural unity based on Christian faith. 5

8 See also [10] “Calendarium Romanum” (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), pp. 97 and 119 • [11] Martyrologium Romanum 199 (edito altera 2004); pages • Benedictine Order 188 and 361 of the 2001 edition (Libreria Editrice Vati- cana ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3) • [12] Orthodox Church in America: The Lives of the Saints, • Hermit March 14th • Poustinia [13] “The Life of St Benedict,” by St. Gregory the Great, Rockford, IL: TAN Books and Publishers, pp 60–62 • San Beneto [14] “Western Europe in the Middle Ages”. Archived from the • St. Benedict Medal original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008. • Vade retro satana [15] Benedict XVI, “Saint Benedict of Norcia” Homily given to a general audience at St Peter’s Square on Wednesday, 9 April 2008 extquotedbl? extquotedbl. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 9 References [16] Stracke, Prof. J.R., “St. Benedict – Iconography”, Au- gusta State University [1] Barry, Patrick (1 July 1995). St. Benedict and Christian- ity in England. Gracewing Publishing. p. 32. ISBN [17] Foley O.F.M., Leonard, rev. McCloskey O.F.M., Pat, 9780852443385. Retrieved 24 November 2012. “Saint of the Day”, American Catholic [2] Holder, Arthur G. (29 July 2009). Christian Spiritual- ity: The Classics. Taylor & Francis. p. 70. ISBN • Gardner, Edmund G. (editor) (2010) [1911]. The 9780415776028. Retrieved 24 November 2012. “To- Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great. Mer- day, tens of thousands of men and women throughout the chantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1- world profess to live their lives according to Benedict’s 889758-94-7. Rule. These men and women are associated with over two thousand Roman Catholic, Anglican, and ecumeni- • “The Life of St Benedict,” by St. Gregory the Great, cal Benedictine monasteries on six continents.” Rockford, IL: TAN Books and Publishers, ISBN 0- 89555-512-3 [3] Ford, Hugh. “St. Benedict of Nursia.” The Catholic Ency- clopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 3 Mar. 2014 10 Gallery of pictures related to St [4] Life and Miracles of St. Benedict (Book II, Dialogues), translated by Odo John Zimmerman, O.S.B. and Bene- Benedict dict R. Avery, O.S.B. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), p. iv. • St. Benedict and the cup of poison ( Abbey, [5] See Ildephonso Schuster, Saint Benedict and His Times, Austria) Gregory J. Roettger, trans. (London: B. Herder, 1951), • Small gold-coloured St Benedict Crucifix p. 2. • Two sides of a Saint Benedict Medal [6] See Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis, editor, Historiogra- phy in the Middle Ages (Boston: Brill, 2003), pp. 1–2. • Portrait (1926) by Herman Nieg (1849–1928); [7] Nursia Heiligenkreuz Abbey, Austria • [8] “St. Benedict of Nursia”. Catholic Online. Retrieved 31 “St. Benedict at the Death of St. Scholastica” July 2008. (ca. 1250-60), Musée National de l'Age Médiévale, Paris, orig. at the Abbatiale of St. Denis [9] “Egregiae Virtutis”. Retrieved 26 April 2009. Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II, 31 December 1980 () • Statue in , Switzerland 6 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

11 External links

• St. Benedict (pdf) from Fr. Alban Butler's Lives of the Saints • A Benedictine – The Rule in Life • Guide to Saint Benedict

• The Holy Rule of St. Benedict – Online by Rev. Boniface Verheyen, OSB, of St. Benedict’s Abbey • The Order of Saint Benedict

• The Medal Or Cross of St. Benedict: Its Origin, Meaning, and Privileges

• Life and Miracles of St Benedict

• “The Life of St. Benedict” from the Caxton transla- tion of the Golden Legend

• St. Benedict Of Nursia, Patron Of Poison Sufferers, Monks, And Many More

• Saint Benedict of Nursia at the Christian Iconogra- phy web site.

• Works by or about Benedict of Nursia in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

• “The Life of St. Benedict: Introduction”. Retrieved 17 November 2008. 7

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

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