Published by the Anti-ApartheidMovement May1965 number4 pricesixpence

Published by the Anti-ApartheidMovement May1965 number4 pricesixpence /U ~ews' icul whether theBritishgovern. S Hedidnotelaborate. mentwilljoinwiththeAfrican F break Countrieswithholdingarmsand nations to free South West Africa ammunition from are we.ot Africa's colonial-type arm s em bargo doingsotom parktheirobjectio p l l flFrancewillgoonsupplyingarms These doubts arise from the kind to South Africa - in the race of Mr. Sehmittlein said President rsatdtstasfm ekinc ebargoesbytheUnitedStates, CharlesdeGaullemadeitclearin S o uofalertivesthatarebeingacively Britainand other nations- a French recent talks with British Prime canassed amongthe Western legislatorsaidonApril5. MinisterHaroldWilsonthat France W e s t ....tries to maintain the ...... quo outriessee tof itainSothest wouldnotsupporttheimposition W e sortheessenceofitinSouthW t RaymondSchmiltlein,vice-president of sanctions against South Africa. Africa. These alternatives appear of the French National Assembly, He said that, at the United Natios, s tobeofthefollowingkind. wasquotedbytheSouthAfrican Francewould continue to vote s e ll-o u t fPressAssociationassayingFrance's againstany resolution aimed at First, to seek fresh ways to postpone trade and cultural ties with South penalicing South Africa for its enforcement of any UN decision. Africa "will also be strengthened." policies. Ttie South West African issue will By raising procedural wrangles and undoubtedly reach a climax this questions of interpretation of tile year. It also promises to become a Court's judgement it may become major issue in world politics a possible to so confuse the issue as flashpoint in the international struggle to push it further away from decisive against -nvotving not action. The crisis within the UN only the African nations but the may be employed to delay active greatpowersaswell. considerationofthequestion.Itis on these grounds that, as the Johannesburg Star recently put it, gesa Zambia " South Africa maywell be able to Rhodesia sit this one out." i_ South uanatu Second,iftheseprevaricationtactic 5 fail,there is nowthe suggestion of a bargain with South Africa whose purpose would be to avert UN punitive and enforcement measures. As tlhe recent Report of the Working Party of the British Council of Churches revealed, this bargain would involve the permanent neutralisation of South West Africa under the supervision of an administration composed of the " Anglo-Saxon" powers and South Africa (Ithe 1918 the W cawisoise its Allied powers). Further, this kind of judgement in teasbright by deal would call for the demifitarisaAfrhias fribera aimositn o tion of the territory's frontiers, as well as various safeguards for apartheid on the South West Al~rican South Africa's economic and people. The aim of the African political interests. states is clearly to bring the issue of international sanctions against theI Verwoerd regime under tile umbrella Britain and tle United States have of a binding Court judgement. developed a considerable economic stake in South West Attica since Their purpose is to free South West the end of the last war. The rich Africa from the rule of apartheid and copper mines at Tsumeh are largely to assist the South West African under US control. British and People to determine their own future Nmerican companies working with and govern themselves. This is the southAfricanenterpriseshavebeenrealisue. awarded extensive concessions over thousands of square miles to search Neither Britain nor the United State for oil, and mine diamonds and other has been passive spectators in these minerals. Dr. Verwoerd's apartheid dolicies, which have the purpose of representatives at the United Nation. creating a large pool of cheap Arcnlabour, have horn important assiduouslyworked to stifle effective Ain abor aebe motn anti-aprtheid policies being adopted. I aking South West Africa a Theyobstructed all moves for profitable and attractive area for collective and binding sanctions in British and US capital investment. spite of South Africa's illegal annexation of South West Africa. This background of economic More recently, in an attempt to interes lends added weight to the weaken the African case at the view that Britain along with the World Court, both Britain and the United States may seek the kind of United States advised Dr. Verwocrd alternatives suggested here, all with to postpone the implementation of a view to thwarting international tle apartheid proposals of the efforts to expel South Africa tot OdendaalCommission. SouthWestAfrica. This Commission. set up by the Sorb alternatives must he actively Verwoerd Government, drew up far- Sed all who beivel reacingproosal tocrete sme ell Opposed by all who believe in reaching psroposals toi create some tcen freedom and justice. The issue here " Bantu homelands" in South West is both important and sinples Africa, thus extending to that to free the South West African people territory the apartheid policybeingtofrei oeande ire tOursued inside Soutlt Africa from foreign rte and more directlyI from the rule of apartheid. To seek Howeer, heralternatives to this, in' tn ndermine Howcver, there are good possibilities this aim, is to connive with Dr. that the Courts judgement will Verwoerd to hold untrammeled the favour tie African states. It is regime of white supremacy and race widely anticipated that the Court rsde in South West Africa. This must will rule that South Africa's apartheid not be allowed. Only by the overpolicies in the territory have violated whelming involvement of the British tile terms of the Mandate and must people in the issue of South West be abandoned. Should this happen African freedom will it become the African states will undoubtedly possible for this country to join in call for immediate UN action to international efforts to remove South Nearly four million Africans now live around the cities of South Africa. enforce the Court's judgement. Africa's colonial role over the More are being sucked in from the rural reserves by the rapidly expanding territory and allow the South West economy. On pages five and six we examine the impact of this developmnt It is here that some grave doubts African people to advance forward on industrial apartheid, the strength of the working-class movement in exist about Britain's policy: in par- to independence, peace and freedom. South Africa and the attitude of Britain's largest trade union. 1 *

Sharpeville The world mourns In the United States one member of South Africa Freedom Action Committer, founded in Los Angeles last year, started a 90-hour hunger strike, sitting inside a replica of a 90-day detention cell on the back of a truck, parked outside the South African * Tourist Corporation in Beverly Hills. To commemorate the Sharpeville anniversary Hilda Bernstein's speech made at the November AntiApartheid Rally in London was broadcast from New , San Francisco and Los Angeles. In Canada the United Electrical Workers won a major triumph in the boycott of South African goods. The Union warned that 20,000 members would boycott the stores unless they stopped selling South Alt icon goods. Two big chain stores have discontinued and members were asked to express their appreciation to the sales managers. A mass meeting was held in Toronto and te film - Let MyPeople Go " was also shown. The Anti-Apartheid Committee there is producing a regul ar newsletter detailing its activities and any news of special interest about South Africa. In Sweden the Prime Minister was presented with a petition signed by 110 prominent Swedes MPs, trade union loaders, singers, actors, authors, musicians, lawyers, journalists, university professors and lecturers. It recalled the the increasing oppression and terror in South Africa, and called for total economic sanctions against South Africa. In Norway the Anti-Apartheid Committee organised an open-air meting in Oslo which Harold Wolpe, a South African lawyer, addressed together with a liberal MP. This was followed by a torchlight procession to the Cathedral in Oslo. In Germany the German Democratic Republic broadcast a programme featuring Sharpeville and the current situation in South Africa from Radio Berlin. In Israel the National Union of Israeli Students held a press conference with the African Students Association in Jerusalem. On Sharpevile Day itself they launched a petition in Haifa at the Technical Istitute of Israel. They have plans to further anti-apartheid activity until June when the petition will be handed to the British Consul in Jerusalem. Irish President stays away The Irish President, normally chief guest of honour at international rugby matches in Dublin, stayed away from the match with South Africa on April 10, marking the end of the Springbok tour of the country. This followed a personal request to him not to attend the match from the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement which has conducted an intensive campaign to get the rugby tour boycotted, because of the colour bar practised by the South African Rugby Football Union and the selection of South African sports teams along racial lines. 400 people picketed the match, which was attended by only half the number the stadium can hold. Liter 100 members and supporters of the Irish Movement picketed a banquet given in the Springboks' honour and 50 stalwarts saw the team off at ihc airport. Di Vadeiaid, the Nationalist party i"""wspaper in the Transvaal, criticisrd Prcsidln iitl- V-let a's decision not to attend the match (although no ieasons were given). 2 Anti-Apartheid members bearing wreaths outside South Atrca House in London, nollowing a march from London University to commemorate the killing of 69 people at Sharpevile five years ago. Three and a half thousand signatures were collected in London and elsewhere for the "In Memoriam" book over the anniversary weekend, including those of 80 Nips from all parties, Baroness Asquith, Peter Finch, Margharita Laski, Mrs. Jo Grimond, Sylvia Syms and the entire cast of the Nottingham Playhouse. Foreign visitors from France, South Africa, India and many other places signed the book on its stand at St. Marin- in-the-Fields Church in Trafalgar Square, and participated in a public meeting there, addressed by Tom Kellock, chairman of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and other speakers. A month London University College Students' Union, London, held a "South Africa Week " to commemorate Sharpein Britain W kt. ....t hre ville. The week's events included exhibition of photographs and Belfast documents exposing the fraud of apartheid, a debate between The South African and Rhodesian Professor Manning, of the South women's hockey teams were both Africa Society, and Joe Slovo, a welcomed by picket demonstrations, South African lawyer prominent in organised by the Belfast AA the fight against apartheid, a showing Group, when they played at Celtic of the film "Let My People Go Park on 27 March. The Group gave a meeting addressed by, among a similar reception to the South others, George Melly and Vanessa African rugby team when it played Redgrave, and a folk-song evening. at Ravenhill on 3 April. Glasgow Cambridge After a heated debate on II March the Cambridge City Council voted 23-18 to stop buying South African products to sell in their civic restaurant, the Guildhall, and the Parkside Pool. Our special correspondent reports that a number of councillors and spectators in the public gallery "applauded vigorously " when the decision was announced. The move was initiated by AA members in Cambridge. Hampstead Shoppers in Hampstead have been nxhorted every weekend for a month to cease buying South African goods, and to start buying AA News, by members of Hampstead Labour Party and the London School of Economics Society Against Racial Discrimination. Nottingham The AA Groups at the College of Education, Clifton, and the University are ainalgamatmg. and ask other sympathetic students' groups or individual members to join in this new AA Students' Committee. Student supporters who wish to get in touch with the Committee should contact The Secretary, Anti-Apartheid Group, Students' Union, The University, Nottingham. For non-students in the area, there is an active AA Committee which will welcome your help. The Secretary is Mrs. S. Whawell, 78 Orston Drive, Wollaton Park, Nottingham. Middleton Dr. MacCullunil addressed a successful public meeting on South Africa at the Langley Labour Club. Middleton Young Socialists, who oigaiised the meeting, enstred a large audience by distritling several tholisand leafets to advertise it. More than 150 delegates from trade unions, students' organisations, church groups, and other groups attended the inaugural meeting of the Glasgow Anti -Apartheid Movement on Saturday, 10 April, Sponsors of the conference included MPs, trade union officials and church dignitaries. The conference was under the chairmanship of Councillor L. Taylor, leader of the majority Labour Group in the Glasgow City Council, who was elected honorary president of the new committee. The conference was addressed by Cecil Williams, the theatrical producer who escaped from South Africa two years ago after being put under house arrest; he gave the facts about South Africa todav. The Rev. Max Magee, chaplain to overseas students at Glasgow's Universities, and a eember of the committee of the Scottish Council on African Questions, addressed the conference on "Apartheid and the Christian Conscience." Frank Stephens of the DATA, Dr. Maurice Miller, MP for Kelvingrove. S. Abdul, honorary secretary of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in Britain and Mrs Hilda Bernstein, a former Johannesburg City Councillor, also addressed the meeting A consititution was adopted and a Committee of 12 elected, including Cecil Williams, D. R. Mobbs, a lecturer at Glasgow University, Andrew MeFarlane, who was nominated by the Glasgow Trades Council, and Frank Stephens, who is a past president of the Scottish Trade Union Council. Justice Schalk Nolte was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and four lashes in the Supreme Court, Windhoek. fie was found guilty of culpable homicide. His wife, who was charged with him, was sentenced to three years imprisonment, suspended for three years. The couple both assaulted their Ovambo servant- he with his fists and a whip, and she with a poker. After the man died they chopped up the body and burned it. She remains free and he has the prospect of a on-third remission frm hie oto¢ Cricket protest timetable Efforts to prevent the South African forward to hearing from all members cricket team touring Britain this year in the towns covered so that they can have failed. However, we can make help. This is particularly important sure that every team scheduled to as the tour will take place during the play the South Africans is made aware university vacation, when student that by so doing it is co-operating committees will be unable to organise with apartheid, and that every spec- demonstrations. tater realises that the South African team is selected on a racialist basis. We are especially interested in hearing from members in the following towns, The itinerary of the team is given where there is no AA Committee: below. Local committees have bees Chesterfield, Jesmond, Canterbury, sent details so that they can arrange Hove, Scarborough. a suitable reception, but we look JUNE Saturday 26th Wednesday 30th JULY Saturday 3rd Wednesday 7th Saturday 10th Wednesday 14th Saturday 17th Thursday 22nd Wednesday 28th Saturday 31st AUGUST Thursday 5th Wednesday 11th Saturday 14th Wednesday 18th Saturday 21ot Thursday 26th SEPTEMBER Wednesday It Saturday 4th V. Drbylire v. Yorkshire v. Essexv. Surreyv. Gloucesterhiree. Mino Co ties C.A. v. Leieter'hire FIRST TEST MATCH e. Kcit V. Glaiorgan SECOND TEST MATCH v. Middlesex v. Hmupshire v Susiex v, Warwikhiret THIRD TEST MATCH v. Laiirshire v. T. N. Pearce's XI Chesterfield Sheffield Colchester The Oval Bristol Jenond Leicester Lord's Canterbury Swansea Trent Bridge Lord's Southampton Hove Edgbaston The Oval Old Trafford Scarborough

W orld Bckaansi Vulindela Bonse Vulthdlea Maliza Vulindlela Minim Xhego campaignfor Galewandeo Patsalo Xhogo the release f MP's protest South African at 'Fisher' trial sentences political JeremyThorpeM.P.,Honorary Sertr of the World Camnpaign for the Release of Sooth African Political Prisoners and Ivor Rtichard prisoners se't a statement svhen twelve men and women were sentenced to 52 years imprisonment in the so-cailed "Fischer" trial. "They are all victims of a fundamentally unjust and undemocratic law. We demand their immediate release, as of all the 2,500 South Africans who are imprisoned for claiming for all their countrymen the rights proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations," the statement said. No verdict was returned against Bram Fischer himself. He will be tried if and when he is apprehended in South Africa where Ile is now M ore victim s livingasanOutlaw"underground." -ll z OT white racism Below are the names of 50 opponents of apartheid who have been executed by the Verwoerd regime since 1963: Mtutu Apleni Washington Bongeo Mxolisi Damane Mkwenkwe Gaqa John Harris Fenzile Felix Jaxa Wilson Khayingo Lennox Madikane Fanele Matikinea Richard Matsape Bawukazi Magqikani Light Magqikani Nothimba Mbezwana Mbizo Nqaba Memani Siqwaya Mhlaba Ntsokolo Mhlabeni Poli Mili Viysile Mini Zynakele Mkaba Siwana Mlaheki Josiah Mocumi Thomas Molathlegi Bennet Mpetu Lust Mthembhekwane Petros Mtshebr Manini Mzanywa Tuse Mzanywa Bonakele Ngcongolo Nglazo Nto Nkani Weduwedu Nokuhia Twepe Nonyukela Johannes Notyawe Katsekile Philapi Jonathan Sigwagwa Tembeni Swelindawo Alexander plea rejected Dr. Neville Alexander a teacher from , and ten others who were convicted by the Cape Court of sabotage and sentenced to terms of imprisonment of up to 10 years, had their appeals dismissed. Dr. Alexander and his colleagues were convicted of conspiring to commit sabotage on the grounds that they read the works of Lenin and Mao Tse-Tung. Appeal Marius Schoon, 27, Michael Ngubeni, 30, both teachers and Raymond Thorns, 28, formerly employed by the South African Broadcasting Corporation are appealing against their sentences of twelve years. They were found guilty of trying to damage or destroy the Hospital Hill police station in Johannesburg. They were instigated by an agent-provocateur and were arrested before they could carry out their planned act of sabotage. The dual morality of Nationalism John Harris was executed on I April, 1965. A woman lost her life when a bomb planted by Harris exploded at the Johannesburg railway station in July, 1964. He vigorously opposed the apartheid policies of the South African Government and was particularly well-known for the stand he took in the promotion of multi-racil sport. The defence plea was insanity. A similar offence took place during the last war when two men. Van Bler and Visser, were sentenced to death for blowing up a post office. A bystander was killed, but the Nationalist Party campaigned for a reprieve and this was granted by the United Party government of the time. In 1948 when the Nationalist Party was returned to power, Van Blerk and Visser were released. The man responsible fr their release as Minister of Justice was the present State President, Mr. C. I. Swar. United States civil rights group act against apartheid An American anti-apartheid Conferference was held in Washington in March. The theme of the Conference was "The South African Crisis and American Action." Among its sponsors were CORE, the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured Peoples, Americans' for Democratic Action and the American Student Movement against Apartheid. The National Student Christian Federation held a four-day conference on South Africa, at the end of February. Students from all over America came to the conference which was held in the Church Centre for the United Nations in New York. The conference was largely organised by the Reverend Kenneth Carstens, a South African Methodist minister. About 200 people attended the conference. Lectures were delivered on South Africa's race policies, the UN and South Africa, American investment in South Africa, Church attitudes in South Africa, and seminar groups discussed what could be done on university campuses and in church organisations to help South African prisoners, their families, and to raise money for the defence of political prisoners. Those who attended the conference were deeply concerned for the problems and went away determined to help where they could. In the two weeks following the conference, any South Africans who were willing to do so, were in great demand all over the country, from the Eastern seaboard, through the Midwest, to the West Coast, to speak to student groups, civil rights groups and church groups on present conditions in South Africa. As a result of these talks, committees are being started to concentrate on South Africa for example, at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. The Chase Manhattan Bank on Wall Street was picketed on Friday, March 19, to commemorate Sharpeville. About 550 members of church, student and Civil Rights organizations picketed the Bank, and a sit-in was staged after a delegation which interviewed Governor Rockefeller's deputy got no results. Those who sat in were arrested, and 47 have been charged with Disorderly Conduct, and were charged with juvenile delinquency. A number of high school students, aged 16 and 17, took part in the demonstration. They had been shown previously by seasoned civil rights workers how to protect themselves from injury during arrest. The nonviolent workshop was sponsored with a lecture on South Africa by Students for a Democratic Society and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. This is apartheid: in Land One of the grotesque ironis of the South African scene is that the foreign-born Verwoerd has become the chief architect of a policy which claims that the indigenous peoples are strangers and aliens in most of the area of Vse land of their birth. South Africa is today the only country in the world where it is a criminal offence far a black man to own property or to occupy it without the permission of a white man. This applies to all but 12A per cent of the land area. This niggardly slice is made up of 16 widely scattered industrial deserts; all graced by the name of "natural homeland" for the 11 million Africans. The 31 million whites have, save for a few minute pockets set aside for Indian and Coloured occupation, unchallenged legal control over 87 per cent of the land area claimed to he the "natural homes land" of the Whites. Land segregation bas its deep in South Africa's past. By the beginning of this century the Bambata Rebellion - the last majnr resistance to settler domination was crashed. The basis was laid for the infamous Land Acts which gave legal sanction to what had already been achieved by armed might. The so-called natural homelands were reduced by successive all-white Parliamcnts dominated by land. greedy farmers. Until recently these homelands were known officially as Reserves. There was little doubt that they were, in reality, reserves of cheap migiant labour. A one-time Chief of Justice of South Africa, Sir James Rose-lanes, said of the reserve policy in 1931: "What they desire is to force into the reserers as ssany natives as possible under conditions which will compel them to conie out and work for the Europeans." The fiest statute which formalised tie Reserve system was the 1913 Land Act. The African National Congress, which had been formed to meet this new threat, appealed to Westminster to exercise its power to prevent the promulgation of this law. As happened often before and as was to happen thereafter, the British Government turned a deaf ear to the appeal. Land reservation had been used as an excuse for treating the Africans as a foreigner in the greater part of the country. Outside the reserves where more than two-thirds of the African population lives, the dictum of the 1922 Stallard Commission accurately described what has been happening The African 'should only be allowed to enter the urban areai which are essentially the white man's creation when he is willing to enter and to miniister to the needs of the white man, and should depart therefrom when he cas.i so to minister." The apologists for apartheid try to hide the gross inequity of the land division (in which the African had not the slightest say) by claims about rainfall, and agricultural statistics: the reserves, they say, represent about 23 per cent of the country's amble land. But at the time of the Tomlinson Commission (1955) the reserves were incapable of giving an economic existence to more than 1 million people, and this Government Commission made this plain. And how is it possible to brush aside the fact that 99 per cent of South Africa's real wealth- mineral, manufacturing and industrial is in the white arms and is forbidden territory to those with black skins. DEFENCE & AID FUND has, since 1956, raised £300,000 for the defence of those charged with political offences in southern Africa . . . for the welfare of their dependants. Needed now! £50,000 for legal fees £100,000 for the welfare of families Tear off this coupon and enclose with your donation Ienclose£ : : fortheworkoftheFund Please receipt to Name Address DEFENCE & AID FUND Christian Action Dept. AN, 2 Amen Court, London, E.C.4

Verwoerd's new Press Bill threatens remaining freedoms The Verword Goveramsont is stepp'n, up its crusade against the freedom of the Press. In March, the Minister of Justice, Mr. Vorster, introduced in Parliament an Official Secrets Act Amendment Bll which will drastically infringe the right of the Press to publish matter it feels is in the public interest. The Bill states: "Any person who has in his posscssion or under his control any sketch, plan, model, article, note, document or information which relates to munitions of war or any tilitary or police matter and who publishes it or directly or indirectly communicates it to any person in any manner or for any purpose prejudicial to the safety or interests of South Africa, shall be ASACTUo1i2ialaddressesaworkers'meeting guiltyofanoffence and liable on conviction to a fine of £750 or to By 1959, SACTU had become such trated into the Unions. imprisonmentforaperiodnot aformidabletradeunionmovement exceedingsevenyears,orbothsuch that it had over 50 unions affiliated to Nineteen-sixty-three and 1964 wit- fine and such imprisonment." it (mostly African) ; it had gained an nessed a total onslaught on SACTU. international reputation as it swept Officials went down like ninepins as A fric a nacross South Africa, organising non- they were banned, placed under house The words italicised are the new white workers not only in the arrest, detained or charged. More provisions which are being inserted in manufacturing industries, but in the than 50 leaders have been forbidden the Official Secrets Act. Previously it gold, diamond and coal mines (those to carry on with trade union work. was an offence to communicate 19th-century anti-union fortresses), Thirty are serving long jail sentences, military information prejudicial to the on the feudally run white-owned The very first person to be detained safety or interests of the State. In fars and in the State-controlled in South Africa under the infamous future it will be an offence to publish ailways. At its Annual Conference 90-day no-trial clause was Mr. Elijah information about the activities of in Durban that year, which was Loza, Chairman of the SACTU Local the police. openedbyChiefLutnii,thousandsof CommitteeinCapeTown.Hissubu n d e r rural as well as urban workers packed sequent history makes interesting The Minister said the Bill had nothing out the conference hall, which was reading, for it demonstrates the to do with routine police matters or ringed by security police, determination of the Governmcnt to the reporting of ordinary crime. But a tta c k punishhimatallcostsforhavinghadnewspaperswould not be allowed to From its inception, SACTU became a the temerity to organise African report details of police moves to Afrclans in South Africa have the party to the and workers. He spent six months in curb undermining elements because paper rignit to form tade nions a signatory to the , solitary confinement and was then this directly affected the safety of paper right only, for if they take believing that the struggle for trade charged with furthering the aims of the State. strik aeighonhey, ar subc ta union was inseparable from the the banned African National Congrcss. strike action they ace snbjet to struggle for democratic rights. This After 22 months spent continuously In other words, should the 90-day criminal sanetios; a fine of o p to was the major reason for the intensive in jail, the courts found him innocent no-trial clause be re-introduced, and £500, imprisonent for thee years Government attacks upon it. Its of all charges. But he is not free. the police once again resort to large. or a fine and imprisonment If they leading officials in all provinces, Immediately after being acquitted he scale torture of "suspects " no do take strike action, the entire might including its National President and was placed under 24-hour house arrcst newspaper would be able to print a of the State is mohilised against them, General Secretary, were among the and he breaks the terms of this house word about it. Police brutality against as for example, at the great Amato 156 persons arrested and charged with arrest every time he goes outside to political opponents will in future be textile strike io 1057 when 4.000 high treason in 1956 (a trial which the lavatory. He is now facing a protected by an official blanket of Afeian woekers et on strike fe ended in the acquittal of all the charge of breaking the terms of his silence. a cnimum wage of £1 a day. The accused 44 years later). Persecution house arrest order and faces a prison faetory (which subsequently went and prosecution of SACTU officials sentence for this. Perhaps the most depressing feature bankupt)wastakenoverbythe wasneverending.Thousandsof ofthepresent scene in South Africa is Banta Affairs Departmnent the police workers were jailed and fined for The situation is fuid. The Govern- that the Press bosses have already moved in, supported by arnoored taking strike action ; hundreds were ment's policies have rebounded upon been cowed by the Government and curs, and the workers were baton- "endorsed out ". Police raids on it. The economy of the country cannot are putting up no opposition to this charged. All 4,000 were dismissed SACTU offices and the homes of remain viable unless African, Coloured new Bill. Vorster told the House that and told that they could apply officials were routine; eviction from and Indian labour is used in jobs he had seen representatives of the for re-employment only through the offices an everyday occurrence. hitherto strictly reserved for whites, proprietors' organisation, the National Bantu Affairs Department at Benoni. (African workers are forbidden to There is a vast dilution of labour in Press Union, and on receipt of his Three hundred, the most militant hire office premises in white, Indian the mines, the engineering industry, assurance that the Bill would only members of the African Textile or Coloured areas.) The weapon of in the Civil Service where non- whites apply to cases where the safety of the Workers' Union, were refused the indiscriminate banning order was perform semi-skilled and skilled jobs State was involved, they had withpermission to remain in the urban used to remove trade unionists from at wages one-fifth and less than those drawn their objections. area of Benoni. They were "endorsed their jobs. paid to whites. The white unions are out"andsolosttheirjobs,their anxious and angry. Theyare now Outside parliament, the Civil Rights homexandtheirrighttoliveina determinedtoorganiseAfrican Leaguesidinits March newnleter Thestrikewasbrokenand Thelast threeday general strike, workers to protect their own interests, that the Bill "is in several ways the trade onIon seriously weakened by known as the Stay-at-Home, called as their own jobs and their high must disquieting piece of legislation thaelessothseiously praotne bytheCongressAlliancein May 1961 living standards are threatened. But ever brought before the South in protest at the establishment of as they move into industry upon African Parliamnent... We are It was in this atmosphere that SACTU South Africa as a Republic outside industry where they believe that the frequently told by supporters of the (the South African Congress of the Commonwealth, without con- SACTU union has been smashed out G t h sulttio ofthenonwhit ciizes, ACT- uion as eensmahedout Government that South Africa is Trade Unions) setoutin1955 sultationofthenon-white citizens, of existence they will find the not (yet) a police slate. We can tohas been recordedasapartialsuccess, contrarytobethecaseTheywill imagineno law hich would make the only multi racial trade union But the most significant fact about it find the African workers determined it wl moe oletelynd ce ct o-rrdating body in South Africa. is generally overlooked, namely, that en fight on the oral issues involved it s mo completely and successfully It had to contend not only with in every factory and workshop where than the one which is nmw proposed." IterwadtoSonten uniottheit andtheseworkerswillnotbecome employer hostility, but with the stated there was a SACTU union, the docile converts to the white brand of determination of the Government to workers, almost without exception, trade unionism. They will find that prevent, with every means at its stayed out for the three days. This the SACTU unions, though skeletal Sepa rate disposal, the organisation of the fact, more than anything else, and weakened, still exist and they African workers. This determination creased Government hostility to will have to join with them or fail was succinctly summed up bybeginning again to organise the African workers. the then Minister of Labour, Mr. of an all-out campaign to wipe Sehoeman, who stated: " We SACTU out of existence. Now, as never before, SACTUneeds Figures released bythe South African shallbleedtheAfricantradeunions thesupportofworkersthroughout Bureauof Census and Statistics give todeath." Officialafterofficialwasbanned theworld,indemandingtheremoval tinder orders so severe that those of all hams and house arrest orders, inditeracy of Africans in the country It had also to contend with the banned are, in fact, sentenced to life the release of jailed trade unionists hostility of the organised white imprisonment outside the jails. They and the genuine recognition of unions, both in the ultra-reactionary ace net only forbidden trade onion African trade unions. SACTU must The number of Africans listed under Confederation of Labour and also in work they are banned from hr enabled to function effectively the " none " heading of the " level the Trade Union Council of South entering any factory, thus making and freely. International pressure of education " statistics, is over seven Africa (TUCSA) which had debarred it virtually impossible for them to from national centres and inter. million out of a total of 10,907,789. African trade unions from affiliation, find employment. The raids on offices national bodies of workers has Later, because of the strength of were stepped up; membership cards prevented the Government from The number of Africans who had SACTU, the TUCSA was forced to seized; rank and file members declaring SAC]U unlawful. This passed Standard Ten, the final year of drop its colour bar, but it has still not threatened and bullied; employers pressure must be stepped up ntil high school, is 14,383 a fraction of succeeded in attracting African blackmaled into dismissing militant all restrictions on SACTU officials the corresponding number of whites, workerstoitsranks. workers;post stopped;spiesinfil- and members have been removed. 475,373. 4

'We are preparing for sanctions' - says British union leader Jack Jones is Assistant General Secretary of Britain's largest trade union, the million and a hall strong Transport and General Workers' Union. The stroggle in Sooth Africa is not black vernu white, however much the South African Government would like to pretend that it is. When a minority trics to resist the legitimate aspieations of the --aority, then the issue beconmes the basic one of freedom versus tyranny. In a situation where in order to defend privilege - and profitsthe vast majority of a people have been denied the right to vote freely, travel reasonably, talk their minds, do the jobs they want, meet whom they want, or in fact to do any of the things that make up living in a free society, then our voices must be raised - and believe me they will be heard by those who suffer for freedom m South Africa. This moral issue projects itself in a very practical way for us as trades unionists, for the trades unions are an instrument, an expression, of the hopes and desires of ordinary people. When these rights are frustrated, when people are denied a proper Ssay " in the way their lives are run, when their living standards are held back, then it is to their trades unions they turn to fight for them. And, of course, in turn the whole force of totalitarian rfgimes is thrown against the unions. This is what happened in Hitler's Germany, in Fascist Spain and Portugal and what is happening today in South Africa. We have some direct experience of this in my Union. One of our members. Edward Davoren -a young Coventry engineer thrust into a position of leadership in the South African Congress of Trades Unions by the persecutions of that organisation was rapidly deported after becoming its Assistant General Secretary. Confinement, torture, bannings, have brought their train of mental breakdowns, suicide and grief. But they have not defeated the freedom fighters in South Africa. WHAT CAN WE DO? There is support of many kinds. Moral support cannot be underestimated, for it is vital when people are fighting an isolated struggle. We must make the South African resistance feel that the world is on their side. There is financial help, to enable the oppressed to do their work, defend themselves legally, to feed their families thorugh the long months of the legalised vindictiveness of the mass trials. But there is practical help too, and we should not flinch from this, though we should be practical, for an isolated boycott is not effective. We most not only fight for effective boycott, through the UN but prepare our own people for it, preparing them to back it up. That is why we as a Union, have instrocted or Regional officials to survey the impact that economic restrictions placed upon South Africa would have. I do not think we should underestimate the British people on this issue, provided there is a firm lead Jack jones from the Government, and it is clear that some practical result is possible. Just over 100 years ago the Lancashire cotton workers suffered the most desperate privations rather than demand that cotton from the South of the United States should be imported, thereby perpetuating . The today is no less real, backed as it is by all the machinery of a desperate totalitarian rdgime. There is a need to prepare for action and to publicise the cause of the South African people. The reasons for doing so are best summed up by Edward Davoren in a report he prepared for our Union on the situation in South Africa. "Britain is the proud father of the world trade union movement Let us not forget that in South Africa at the present time, workers, men and women with the same wants, needs and aspirations as onr own, are struggling as we in Britain struggled not so long ago to erect and hold proudly the banner of the working class. Let us be with them in heart and assist them in any way we can in these, their dark hours." But let us remember one final point, these are dark hours not only for the oppressed in South Africa, but for many of those who support the oppressors, too. They will not admit it, but we in Britain are fighting for them, too to bring them back into the main. stream of civilised thought, release them from their own fears, and protect them from the blood-shed which is inevitable if the path they are following is not changed. Our policy is no, more anti-South Africa, than it is anti-Spain. What we fight for is the chance to release the best that is in these nations, and their people - whatever their race. The pride of Lord Rhodes " We are proud of our trade with South Africa. Make no mistake about that." Lord Rhodes, Jtnior Minister for Trade in British Labour Government. Economic boom is breaking down white job reservation News was recently published in the South Aftican Press that the Chamber of Mines, in co-operation with the white Mineworkers' Union and with the approval of the Government Mining Engineer, was conducting an "experiment " on certain selected mines with a view to promoting Africans to a number of more highly skilled jobs, thus releasing white mineworkers now working on the lowest levels (for whites) to fill the increasing number of vacancies among the ranks of the skilled workers higher up the'scale. The announcement of this experiment has come after months of discussion in the Press, at conferences of employers and trade unions, and statements by Cabinet Ministers all stressing that the shortage of skilled labour was crippling the economic development of the country and introducing a dangerous element of inflation into the economy, Building costs, for example, have risen 20 per cent in the last vear, largely owing to the shortage of skilled labour. A similar state prevails in many other industries. Immigration is too small to help. While the Government still stuck bravely to its official policy of job reservation, behind the scenes the economic pressures were forcing many leading officials to reconsider their attitudes. The Johannesburg Star reported on 18 March: ",South Africa's prosperity and the shortage of white workers are bringing about massive changes in the labour pattern and in the process the industrial colour bar is being ground to pieces. There is no major ]abour field in which there has not been large-scale penetration by non-whites into jobs reserved by law or traditionally for whites in the past." Here are some of the spheres in which non-whites have been promoted through the back door: In the post office- where shortage of staff had resulted in deliveries in some areas of the Witwatersrand being cut down to once or twice a week - hundreds of Coloureds, Indians and Africans have been taken on (600 up to the end of last October) to assist with the delivery of letters and telegrams. Non -whites are steadily taking over the road transport industry - whites are moving out of all jobs which require heavy manualjabour. In the past few years an estimated 10,100 non-whites have taken over white jobs on the railways, and in Durban non-whites are even now being trained and employed as shunters. The number of Africans employed in factories was 344,000 in 1957, and still only 352,000 by 1960-61. But by September 1964 the figure had risen to 443,000. In the metal products industry between 1956 and last September the number of whites rose from 19,000 to 26,800. In the same period the number of non-whites increased from 46,000 to 72,000. In the footwear and clothing industries in the same period the number of whites decreased from 17,300 to 14,700, but the number of non-whites increased from 60,000 to 86,000. Few non-whites in these trades have taken over skilled work. What has happened has been that jobs have been broken down into different categories, and the non-whites have taken over the semi-skilled categories. Nor has the " penetration " by nonwhites been confined to the urban areas. In the past 10 years there has been an 8.4 per cent decrease of whites on the platteland, compared with an increase of 20.9 per cent (1,300,000) of Africans. In the mines, where the threat of diluiion of white tabour led to the 1922 strike, the proportion of non. whites to whites, which stood at seven to one only 15 years ago, now stands at eight to one and is rapidly approaching nine to one. But the announcement of the mining industry's experiment has led to a furious argument in South Africa. Some diehard white trade unionists, together with a group of Nationalist MPs, have denounced the experiment as the beginning of the end of the white man in South Africa and have called upon the Government to put a stop to it at once. On the other hand, here are the views of some other white trade unionists not noted in the past for their progressive outlook: Mr. E. H. McCann, Secretary of the AEU: " There is nothing to stop this moving up of Africans." Mr. Murray, of the Boilermakers' Union: "All that is preventing even greater use of Africans is prejudice." Mr. C. H. Crompton, Secretary of the lronmoulders' Society: " The Government's refusal to recognise African trade union activity is endangering the standards of all workers." Mr. J. H. Grobbelaar, General Secretary of the TUC: " Either we make fuller use of non-whites in industry and make possible a con. tinuance of economic development, or we shut out non-whites and watch the country sink slowly into the economic mire." The Secretary of the Mineworkers' Union, Mr. Grundling, has staked his future on the success of the experi ment. Faced with opposition from a section of his union members, he is holding a referendum. If it goes against him, he says he will resign. But he is convinced he will win because, he says, the white miner stands to gain and knows what is good for him. Meanwhile the Minister of Mines Mr. Haak, has diplomatically avoided committing himself. He says the Government will review the results of the mining industry's experiment at the end of June and " consider the full implications as soon as the results have become known ". Obviously, political considerations will weigh quite as much with the Government as economic, and the future of the "experiment " and the rate of advancement of Africans in industry will depend on the extent to which white public opinion conies out in support or OppOsition to it in the coming months.

The impact : of our paper The success of our paper has exceeded, all expectations. The circulation is still rising steadily, I and more and more supportersi are taking the paper into the streets and selling it to the public. And it's a best seller! Internationally, Anti-Apartheid News has established itself as a i most powerful and capable 1 machine. Hundreds of column inches have appeared in the South African Press in past months warning the white supremacists that AntiApartheid has " suddenly U become menacing," singling out I our paper, and no doubt giving hope to the opponents of apartheid in that blighted land. Tle controversy over our layout goes on. Some are for. Some are against. All agree it is striking. Just two points for critics to i ponder. The first is a letter from 3 the editor of The lournalist, Allen Hutt, who says, " I must i congratulate you on a striking piece of design." Allen Hutt is the leading British authority on i newspaper typography. Secondly, the second issue of the paper has been accepted for display at the I Annual Exhibition of the | Designers' and Art Directors' Association in London this year. We are still pushing up towards that 20,000 circulation, but we i need your help. Listed below are a few of the many ways in which you can speed the victory * of racial equality and justice 3 in South Africa. Think howyoucanhelp.Wewantthiscolumnback. I Fighting fund The Anti-Apartheid Movement subsidises our paper by £80 each month. This totals almost £1,000 a year. We are launching a £1,000 Fighting Fund to make the paper self-supporting and take the weight off the Movement's strained finances. Why not send a pound; or when paying your account give the odds to the Fighting Fund? I enclose f ...... s. for 1] £1,000 Fighting Fund Sell A-A News An annual subscription costs 10/-. Bulk orders of six or more * copies are at the reduced rate of 4d. per cpy, sale or return. I wish to become a subscriber ] 1 (annual subscription 10/-) Please send me ...... copies LI every month I Join Anti-Apartheid We are in the middle of a big i recruiting drive to double AntiApartheid nembership. If every reader becomes a member we I shall succeed. I wish to become a member E]1 (cost 10/- per year) I I am studying and wish to become a student member [ (cost 5/- per year) We wish to join as an organisation []* (cost £1 per year) Name ...... I A ddress ...... i Organisation ...... 3 Cheques and POs crossed and . made payable to Anti-Apartheid Movement I enclose in total £ ...... S ... Harold Pinter on the cultural boycott An interview with our special correspondent Harold Pinter. one of Britain's most exciting young playwrights, and a signatory to the Anti-Apartheid Movemcnt declaration which forbids the production of his plays before racially segregated audiences, is deeply indignant at the South African Government's proposal to get round the ant-partheid ban by amending the South African Copyright Act. The Amendment will allow theatre managements to put on plays without their author's permission. -'You ticon this piracy plan." he rpicd, when I asked him for his reacion. " Piracy is piracy, whatever legal loopholes they may have found. I object very strongly indeed." In a way. though, the move he feels to he pathetic . ... a gesture of panic. " Significant, that they should have gone to these lengths. And interesting, that the Government shoss such an awareness that the theatre is important. The South African theatre clearly needs plays, and the clear refusal on the part of so many writers to allow 'apartheid' productions of their plays, has borne fruit. But at tie same time this proposal remains iniquitous." The proposal makes provision tor reasonable" fees to be paid to playwrights who are not prepared to negotiate permission for their plays to be performed. I asked him what would be his attitude to payment in such circumstances. " I wouldn't accept anything." lie said at once. " If they used a play of mine, my reaction would be to send the payisent straight back. " "What about donating the money to some organisation, such as the Defence and Aid aund?l" I might be Alan Paton stands firm Alan Paton, the well-known South African author, has declined to appeal to overseas theatre leaders to lift their culture ban ot South Africa. In a statement. Mr. Paton, who is also the chairman of the South African Liberal Party, said: "Tire decision of overseas playwrights not to allow their plays to be presented before segregated audiences is a hard blow to the theatre in South Africa. Same say tempted to do something like that." he said after a moment's thought, " to give it to an anti-apartheid organisation. But acceptance is still acceptance. It would be playing their game. No, I'd send it back." Pinter does not feet that any promises by maagements to donate part of the proceeds of productions to African charities could atter his mind about the boycott. " It is us paltry gesture," he said. " in relation to the facts of the apartheid situation, which needs a far more extreme confrontation by South African producers." And he does not feel that the argument that the boycott threatens the present existence of South African theatre, and deprives not the real supporters of apartheid but the cultivated and more en lightened minority, carries any weigh happily go on working in the theatre. My instinct is to say, in those terrible circumstances, let the theatre die. Because the theatre is of trivial moment. To hell with cultivated people, and to hell with the theatre, if the conditions under which so many Africans live are not to change." He recognises that the individual choice is diiticult, that tie has never been to South Africa. " But I must accept certain facts as they are reported. Apartheid is to me as near a black and white issue as anything." Pinter htopes, and expects. that the South African Governieni's arrogant ptoposal will rouse still more playwrights into supporting the antiapartheid boycott. " This is a classic it may mean the death of the theatre here. Proucers, actors and theatregores are anxious about the whole situation. "I have been asked whether I would rise what influence I have to persuade playwrights to reverse their decision. It is argued that it is not the producers, actors and, sometimes, the theatregoers who insist on segregated audiences, but the Government. It is argued that one should make it clear to overseas playwrights that South African producers are merely obeying orders. " I do not want to shock readers, but this is precisely the argument that was used by Nazi officials to excuse their actions during the terrible years of Hitler - but they were not exonerated on these grounds. I myself do not wish any play of step. There has never been anything like it done on so vast a scale as this seems to be. And there is nothing so irritating to a writer. His work is hib own property: he has written i: himself. This should have an extreme effect on mnity writers." I asked whether he thought that the anti-apartheid ban might be extendcd to fbless as well as plays. " If a proposal came up at the Screenwriters' utild.'" he said, " I would support it Three A's midnight matinee success It is reported that a Cabinet Miister was so-n doing the twist in the aisle of the Prince of Wales Theatre and this exemplified the atmosphere which prevailed throughout the Three A's Conert the midnight matinee held on 22 March. The "Artists Against Apartheid" by their lively performances stated their opposition to the South African regime in the most concrete and constructive way. They donated their services, and not only provided the distinguished and responsive audience with an entertaining evening but also contributed some L600 net to the funds oi both the Anti-Apatheid Movement and Defence and Aid. Mention must be made of Eartha Kitt's electrifying assault, and of the flexible partnership of Cleo Lamhe and Johnny Dankworth. Indeed every atlst was received with the enthusiasm which paid tribute to ar excellent performance. Tcd Kotcheff of " Maggie May " tame produced the show and Bernard Braden introduced each act with wit and authority. Mrs. Bessie Braddock, MP, Hytay Mills, Sheila Allen, Joan 1t.ol.y and others sold programmes with persistence and cirarml The audience, amongst which were Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Wedgwood-Benn, Mr. and Mrs. David Ennals, Lord Wilis, the Bishop of Woolwich and Arnold Wesker, had obviously come to enjoy themselves and did so with a lack of inhibition to which the artist, responded. Indeed, the occasi procoked the mst heartening support. Many representatives of foreign embassirs were present. mine to be presented before segregated audiences. I have had to forego the great pleasure of having anr actor like David Homer read my short stories from tire stage. I choose to forgo that pleasure rather than have people excluded on the grounds of race and colour. "I am therefore one of the last persons suitable to persuade overseas playwrights to change their decision. We must face a hard fact. If we want a colour bar, whether it is called apartheid or separate development, we must expect to pay a price for it Cultural isolation is one of tire prices. " It was clearly the Government (by a great section of the electorate) that brought polities into the theatre and we, the producers, tire actors the theatregears, must pay the price for it."

Briefing on South West Africa South West Africa remote and sparsely populated is known to most people only for its production of " Persian " lamb. Yet, for 18 years, the world community, through the United Nations has been wrestling with South Africa, which was given a League of Nations mandate for South West Africa in 1920, over the future of the people there. Today, as Ethiopia's and 's marathon case against South Africa deawt to an end at the International Court of Justice at the Hague, and the judges prepare to hand down their verdict, South West Africa claims the hoadlintes more and more. Why? South Africa's mandate over the territory has been used as an instrument of oppression on the people there, but it may yet become the Achilles heel of apartheid, whether or not the world community is persuaded to take up its responsibilities for the territory in a cancrete way. To understand the significane of the proceedings at the International Court and of future developments in South m _ West Afrima it is useful in know Who ar the people of South West Africa? Hown did they fall prey to South Africa? South West Africa larger in area than France and the United Kingdom together has a population of just over half a million people of whom 13,500 are white one in seven. The whites are English - and Afrikaamspeaking South Africans, and Germans. The Africans include the Hereo, Uvambo, Okavango, Nama, BergDamara and Bushman peoples. The Coloured (mixed ancestry) population includes the Rehoboth "Baster " community and numbers 11,000. Of the 477,000 Africans living in South West Africa, over half are from Ovamboland, in the northern part of the territory. These are the people then a: ound whom the conflicts rage. What are she events which have ordered their lives? 1889 the first German garrison was established in South West Africa long after the grab for Africa had opened up most other pants of the continent. Previously the only white infiltration in South West Attica was that of explorers and minionaries. Strange Fruit Dominic Behan Bobby Campbell Nadia Cattouse Nigel Denver Joe Heaney Enoch Kent Sandra Kerr Ewan MacColl Gordon McCullough Matt McGinn Peggy Seeger in a folksong concert in aid of the Anti-Apartheid laement Si. Pancras Town Hall 0.00 p.m- Saturday, )S May, 1965 Tickets 21/- 15/- I0/- 7/6 5/Tickets from MRS. T. FIRST, 3 PANORAMA COURT, 56 SHEPHERDS HILL, LONDON, N.A FIT 2404 I nclose ...... cheque/P.O. for...... tickets for concert. N A M E: ...... A D D RESS: ...... 1904-1907 ruthless German dui- 1953 the United Nations General mation of tribes rebelling against the Assembly voted for the consititution of take-over of their land took place, a Committee on South West Africa to ending in German control of South compile the annual report refused West Africa All "natives" over the by the Union government, age of seven were required after this South Africa's resentment of the to carry passes. United Nations grew as the committee found cause to condemn the South 1915 South Africa invaded South West Africa and ruled by martial law until: 1920 when South West Africa was placed under South African mandatory control, subject to supervision by the Leagoe of Nations. The territory was to be administered in trust for its inhabitants the basis of this system being that " te well-being and development of primitive peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation." Annual reports on the state of the administration were to be put before the Permanent Mandates Commission, and South Africa did this throughout the life of the League of Nations, often closely and critically questioned by the vigilant commissioners. 1926 the legislative assembly of South West Africa was constituted by the South African Parliament and the territory was to be administered as a fifth province of the Union, subject to the provisions of the Mandate. 1926 -1939 white settlement and domination in South West Africa continued. Segregation policies, initiated in the best year of the Mandate, entrenched the system of white privilege and non-white subjection in every sphere of life. 1946 South Africa's Prime Minister, General Smuts formally requested the new United Nations Organisation to agree to South Africa's annexation of South West Africa his original though veiled aim, This request was overwhelmingly rejected, by 37 votes to none with nine abstentations. The United Nations called on the South Africa. Goverment to enter into a trusteeship ageement with the United Nations in regard to South West Africa, as other powers holding mandates from the League of Nations had done. South Africa declined to do this, but undertook to administer the territory "in the spirit of the Mandate." 1946- 1950 legal disputation between the United Nations and the South African Government over the legal supervision of South West Africa. The Rev. Michael Scott, carrying credentials from a scattered number of South West African chiefs, started the first petitioning of the United Nations on behalf of the people of South West Africa. 1950 - the International Court gave a non-binding legal opinion that South Africa still had international obligalions under the Mandate, although was not bound to enter into a trusteeship agreement in respect of South West Africa, As the successor to the League of Nations, the United Nations was the organisation to which South Africa should send annual reports on the progress of South West Africa, and should allow petitioners the right to be heard. South Africa consistently claimed she was not answerable to tim United Nations, as the disappearance of the League muant te extinction of the Mandate. She relented the International Court opinio, refused to report annually, io allow petitiners no to put the territory under the Trusteeship Agrenoent. African administration in South West Africa. Petitions from South West Africa were received directly by the United Nations and transmitted to the South African Government for comment. The International Court ruled that it was legally permissible for South West African petitioners to be heard in person at the United Nations, and from 1956 onwards increasing numbers came to New York to testify against the South African administration. 1960 tired of the fruitless debating over South West Africa and South Africa's sullen intransigeanc, Ethiopia and Liberia, past members of the League of Nations, challenged South Africa's administration of South West Africa before the International Court of Justice, alleging infringement of the Mandate of 1920. 1961 the International Court rejected South Africa's challenge to the competence of the court to judge the issue. The United Nations Special Committee on South West Africa visited African countries to hear peitioners, and to visit South West Africa "with or without " the co-operation of the South African Government. The co-operation was lacking, but the committee planned to hear petitioners in Bechuanaland and move from there to South West. Suddenly Britain suspended visas for entry into Bechuanaland since the Committee would not undertake not to enter South West illegally. 1t62- the chairman and vice-chairman of the committee appointed to work for South West African independence at the UN visited South Africa briefly, talked with Dr. Verwoerd and made a speedy ten-day visit to South West Africa hearing petitioners all over the country, 1964 the Odendaal Conunission, presented its plan for South West Africa in a report to the South African Governsagent. Its major Objertive, generally acrepted by the Government, is to move Africans ist newly defined and generally enlarged tribal homelands. This would mean smtg sone 25 per runt of the population. Whites would he administered as part of South Africa, and Africans would be split ttu at least ktl snall independent units. The United Nations published a report on the investments and activities of foreign companies in South West Africa, finding them to have enuscenmated deliberately on the highly profitable but economically exhaustive export industries of mining, fishing aid karakul faruing, and to have given nmaximum support to the South African Government's policies of treating Africans as a source of cheap and exploitable labour. 1965 The International Court sits in the final phase of the hearing on South West Africa, The people of South West Africa await its outcome and the steps the international community will take to follow up a favourable decision. flicy vhould ot be left to fight for their future, independent from South Africa, alone. ur. nenurm Verwoerd South Africans can now, if they wish, buy tiny lead statues of their Prime Minister, Dr. Verwoerd. The statues are two-and-a-quarter inches high and are had-painted by African women from the . They are said to be selling well, which is not at all surprising. For in Hendri k Frensch Verwoerd South African whites have thrown up a leader who personifies and in many ways exaggerates their aspirations. As Minister of Native Affairs from 1950 to 1957 it was he who constructed the whole edifice of apartheid. Since he became Premier in 1957 he has filled out the edifice -and readily led South Africa out of the Commonwealth to preserve the purer air of the Union Verwoerd was born in Holland 63 years ago. His missionary parents took him to the Cape when he was two years old. Clearly, he liked it there. For when he was a mere 13 he found himself in Rhodesia, where his parents were temporarily working. Disliking the English atmosphere of the northern territory, he decided to return to the purer Afrikaan's air of the Union and according to legend he was kicked the length of a corridor by a fervent anti-Boer British schoolmaster for the decision. In his bruises were sown the seeds of a dislike for things British which stayed with him for a long time. In 1924 he turned down a valuable Oxford scholarship and chose instead to accept a smaller grant to study in Germany. A brief visit to London and America in 1927 was to be his last trip outside South Africa for 33 years. He spent eight years as Professor of Applied Psychology at Stellenbosch University and there developed the views on race that he was later to put into practice. His first overt foray into racialism came in the thirties when he led a delegation to Cape Town protesting against the South African Government's decision to admit Jewish refugees from Hitler's Germany. This would lead, he complained, to the " defilement of the white stock." Soon afterwards he went to Jolhnnesburg to found Die Transvaler, an extreme Nationalist newspaper. During the war he unsuccessfully sued the Johannesburg Star for lihel after it had accused Itiu of .supporting the Nazis. The judge found: "He did support Nazi propaganda, lie did make his paper a tool of the Nazis in South Africa and he knew itt" But this was no political liability once the Nationalists came to power under Dr. Malan in 1948. Although not elected to the lower house, he was nominated to the Senate in 1949 and the following year he became Minister of Native Affairs. By 1954 he was probably the most powerful man in the country, and defeated Dr. Malan's move to get his own nominee elected to succeed him. Verwoerd backed Mr. Strydom, and took over the Premiership from him when he died in 1957. In Dr. Verwoerd, South Africa Ios the leader it deserves and wants. While he remains in power there is not the slightest prospect of any non-violent solution to the coiuntry's racial prohlet. " Aplartheid," he says, "must be as unyielding as walls of granite." And under his direction it is. icoa- kt-QQ , 4Ie-v A- c'm l tl Wages in wine An estimated 120,000 Coloured (mixed race) mate and females are employed as labourers and domestic servants on white-owned farms. They are grossly exploited and work under feudal conditions. In the early fifties the average monthly wage in the ranged from 15 to 20 shillings. Wages paid by white farmers to Coloured lahourers have however shot up to the princely sum of £1.10.0. per week in the smaller towns that have been invaded by industrial undertakings. The farmers should not be judged too harshly. They do provide inferior rations and for the past three hundred years have operated a "" whereby workers are paid partly in wine! The Canadian Grape Growers and Vintners protested to their government that they were being "undercut by imported grapes from the Cape which were produced by serf labour! " It has been ascertained that approximately 20,000 Coloured farm wot ket s are partly paid in wine to tits day. Thus some 70,000 gallons of surplus wine is utilized annually to keep the wage bill down, as well as to shore up the profits of the wine industry. The direct effect of this pernicious system which dnmoralises and debases workers, reducing them to utter and complete dependence on drink from their early teens, is well known to the white land barons and wine farmers. The Book (Western Grand Temple 1956) reported thus: " At a farmers' meeting it was stated amidst applause that the only way of effectively dealing with the Coloured problem in this country, and forcing labour on the market, was to hinder the prosperity of the Native and Coloured population by facilitating the spread of intoxicating drink." Defending the " tot system" in Parliament, S. E. Warren, MP (1949) said, "I can give my hononurable friend 200 texts out of the Bible where the use of wine in the form of rations or otherwise is praised. There is no getting away from it, even the Master made wine." Man tiveth not by bread alone... Same wine every day keeps the mind at bay. Convicted after eighteen years of sin A 42-year-old white man and a Chinese woman who have lived together for 18 years were convicted in a Johannesburg Regional Court ott March 20 for contravening the Immorality Act. The couple, Jacob Rudman and Francis Mowing save four young children. TIhe magistrati postponed sentence and warned the couple that they tiay be called upon to appear before the court within the next six months. Rudman and Howing have both lost their jobs since appearing in court and their children's future is in Published by the Anti-Apartheid Movement, 89 Charlotte St., Londm, WI and printed by The Warwick Press (TU), 59 Landseer Road, London, N.19 jeopardy. Said Miss Mowing, "If we sepal ate now what wilt happii to our childre1?" Francis Mowing. like all Chinese, is classified under South Africa's ace laws as " Coloured." Japanese do not have this probrtr. Thcy have been classilied "White " since Japan became a major trading pait ner with South Africa. Last stand in the-toilets Forty-nine Cape Town multi-racial toilets, run by the City Council for the benefit of the public, have become the last places in South Africa which are still untouched by apartheid. But City Council officials said this week they expected the Government to clamp down soon and compel the council to segregate public conveniences. Lawyers say there are two Acts of Parliament under which the Government could act against the toilets. There is the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act of 1953 and the Group Areas Act No. 77 of 1957. In the Group Areas Act " occupation" is the operative word as far as the toilets are concerned. So far, the provision which defines occupation has been directed at people of different races sitting down togetier its ciuclnas and restaurants. They only break the law when they are seated, but when they stnd up they are in the clear. Lawyers say that if the same criterion is applied to the multiracial toilets, then slanding in them would be legal, but sitting down in thcm would not, Another lawyer said: "The Governmeut could, of course, issue permits for the people to usc the toilets but this is not likely.'' Can you help? SEWING MA( ItINE IN A GOOD CAIISE: South Afri an enfuaee falmily in great lteed of sewine machine in gomod woeking order for dressmaker wife, recently arrived in England, Please phone or write The Secretary, Christian Action. 2 Amen Court, London, ECA. (City 6869). Newspoints The blind Her Majesty's Ambassador to South Africa attended a dinner on March 22 in honour of Coloured ex- servicemen in Cape Town and read a congratulatory message to them from the Queen. Because of tie Nationalist Government's ban on the social mixing of races Sir Hugh Stevenson had to stand outside the dining-room door and read the message. The Coloured ex-servicemen were all blind. The dead The Minister of Justice. Mr. Vorster, replying to a question in the House of Assembly said that the life expectancy of men and women among whites was 64.57 and 70.08 years respectively, among Asians 55.77 and 54.75 aid among Coloured 44.82 and 47.77. The figure for Africans, said Mr. Vorster. were not available. Reliable estimates, however, put the life expectancy of Africans at 35. The immoral Last year in South Africa, 382 people of all races were convicted of offences under the Immorality Act which forbids sexual relations between people of different racial groups. By far the most- 205 were whites. There were 110 Africans 63 Coloured and four Asiais. In six instances one of the two accused was found guilty and the other not guilty. In these cases six African women were convicted while six white men were discharged. Secret pact Informed sources in Parliament say that had the Conservatives under Sir Alec Douglas Home been returned to power at the recent General Election they would have gone ahead with an agreed secret pact to supply South Africa with £150 million of arms orders in the next three years Denmark The Danish Government (Social Democratic) Party organ Aktudt said this week that publication of the names of importers who " will not put solidarity with the people and with suffering South Africans ahead of profit " might help in tightening efforts to boycott South Africa. The paper admitted that so far boycott actions arranged its Denmark had not been very successful Stickers The South African postal authorities have been sent into a flurry by stickers calling for the release of South African political prisoners, pasted on to letters coming from Britain. The whole matter is being taken very seriously in South Africa, and it is even reported that the Republic postal authorities will seek the co- operation of the British Post Office todiscover the origin of the stickers. Their origin, is no real mystery, as they are published by the Anti-Apartheid Movement in London, and made available to members and supporters for display in any way they choose.