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Evaluation of Potential Hydrocarbon Occurence in the Solomon Islands

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Evaluation of Potential Hydrocarbon Occurence in the Solomon Islands so U T H PAC I F I C ISSN.0110-0408 MARINE GEOLOGICAL NOTES TECHNICAL SECRETARIAT Vol. 1 No.5 cCOP-SOPAC ESCAP SUVA April 1977 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL HYDROCARBON OCCURRENCE IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS ," Charles W. Landmesser CCOP/SOPAC Technical Secretariat c/o Mineral Resources Division ,i Suva, Fiji ABSTRACT ! A preliminary assessment of potential hydrocarbon occurence in the Solomon Islands has been carried out "Jl based on available onshore geological data and offshore 1 seismic reflection profiles. These data suggesta favourable geological setting for the accumulation, migration, and en- trapment of hydrocarbons in northwestern Santa Isabel and Manning Strait. This area is comprised of Oligocene to Early Miocene pillow basalts conformably overlain by at least 300Orn. of Late Miocene to Early Pliocene sediments including shales, mudstones, tuffs and limestones, with occasional calcarenites and conglomerates, indicative of a progressive facies change from deep marine to marginal deposition. Structurally, the area is characterized by var- iable degrees of folding and thrust faulting which most I likelywith upliftoccurred and inemergence the Late ofPliocene the Solomon contemporaneously Islands gean- ticline. 47 INTRODUCTION comm.); test boreholes in eastern Papua New Guinea have encountered gas-bearing horizons (ThompsQn, peTS. The Solomon Islands comprise a complex of uplifted comm.). and fractured Mesozoic to Recent landforms, trending In the Solomon Islands, marine geophysical reconnais- NW-SE adjacent to the present southwestern margin of the sance surveys have been carried out by five major explor- Pacific Ocean Basin (Fig. 1.). Coleman (1965, 1910) has ation companies since 1969, including Magellan Petrol- sub-divided the Solomon Islands into four geological eum Aust. Ltd., Teledyne, Shell International Petroleum, provinces: the Atoll Province, including Ontong Java Gulf Oil Corporation and Mobil Oil Corporation. Much of Atoll, Roncador Reef, Stewart Island, Reef Islands, Rennell the data produced remains on open file at the Solomon Island, and Bellona Island; the Pacific Province, including Islands Geological Survey, and at the request of Dr R.B. Malaita and Ulawa, comprised of uplifted and folded mar- Thompson the author has made a preliminary assessment ine basalts and pelagic sediments; the Central Province based on available data. including Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Florida Group, Guadalcanal, and San Cristobal, characterized by a faulted REGIONAL EVALUATION igneous and metamorphic basement including ultramafics, Considering the hi~y fractured nature of the Solomon overlain by variable thickness of volcanogenic, terrigenous, Islands archipelago, and the wide variety of lithologies and calcareous sediments; and the Volcanic Province, encountered among the various geological provinces, cer- including the Shortland Islands, New Georgia Group, tain areas remain hi~y unfavourable for petroleum occur- .Russell Islands, Savo and westernmost Guadalcanal, charac- rence while others may be considered more encouraging. terized by intense faulting and active andesitic volcanism. The Pacific Province, while exhibiting an overall anticlinal These elements reflect the complex geological history of structural fabric, is comprised primarily of submarine the Solomon Islands, including periods of progressive basalts and pelagic facies indicative of a deep marine uplift, transcurrent faulting, and rotation of discrete depositional environment considered unfavourable for blocks as discussed by Hackman (1973), and can be re- formation of hydrocarbon reserves.The Volcanic Province, .lated to regional aspects of tectonism adjacent to the Solo- characterized by recent andestic volcanism and rapid mon Islands discussed by Kroenke (1974) and Landmesser volcanogenic sedimentation also appears an unlikely candi- et al (1975). Preliminary geological mapping of the Solo- date. The Central Province, while featuring numerous mon Islands has been completed (Coleman et al 1965) localized basins and several marginal facies changes, is and stratigraphic units and structure have been discussed however dominated by abundant transverse fracture sys- (Coleman, 1965). Detailed mapping on a scale of 1 :50,000 tems, related to transcurrent motion along the present is currently in progress. Pacific-India Plate boundary. In particular, the south- The prospects for occurrence of hydrocarbons in the eastern part of the Central Province is intensely fractured, Solomon Islands were first suggested by Grover (1955). possibly providing conduits for migration of hydrocarbons Following an initial assessmentof petroleum potential in without local accumulation. In areas where adequate traps north-central Guadalcanal by Oil Search Ltd. in 1960, may occur, reservoir size would probably be too small for Coleman and Day (1965) concluded that the eastern part commercial consideration. Attention should be drawn to of north-central Guadalcanal in the vicinity of the Mboko- the combined occurrence of Central Province marginal kimbo Basin, offered the most likely site for petroleum clastic facies and anticlinal structures prevailing in the occurrence. However, the potential for economic petroleum Pacific Province. deposits was discouraged by the presence of an uplifted basement block trending NNE-SSW through the area, NORTHWEST SANTA ISABEL AND MANNING STRAIT coincident with the location of Gold Ridge (De Golyer In the northwestern Central Province, particularly the MacNaughton, Inc., 1965). This feature has since been northwestern end of Santa Isabel, the fracture pattern is delineated by detailed gravity surveys (Laudon, 1968), diminished from that to the southeast and a thick sequence and is commonly referred to as the Tetere anomaly extend- of marginal marine sediments occurs in a folded structural ing northeast from Gold Ridge to Nughu Island. Cursory regime. Continuing to the northwest, a shallow submarine examination of seismic reflection profiles off the north platform approximately 35 km. wide with water depths coast of Guadalcanal further confirms the offshore exten- uniformly less than 200 m. occupies Manning Strait. sion of this basement structure, limiting the size of adjacent Structures observed on northwestern Santa Isabel appear basins of otherwise potential commercial interest. continuous across the Manning Strait platform. More recently, there has been renewed interest in poss- Stanton (1961) has described and disc1lSse~the ove~all ible petroleum occurrence in the South Pacific (Katz, geology of Santa Isabel, the northwestern portIon of WhICh 1976). Oil seepages were discovered in Tonga in 1968 is reproduced in Fig. 2. (Katz, 1974; Tongilava and Kroenke, 1975; Kroenke and The primary rock units on northwestern Santa Isabel Tongilava, 1975); continued investigation of petroleum have been described as follows (Stanton, 1961; Coleman, occurrence is being undertaken in Fiji (Richmond, pers. 1965): 48 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 40 1- I 40 JNTO"GJAVA ~ SUBMARINETRENCH ~.:..ATOLL[ '-'J..Lo.DEErER TKAN ~OOO M, , ~ ACTIVEOR QUIESCENT VQLCANO '" (SUB'SUBMARINE) ""..'-IJ .., 0 CENTERPLiO-PLEISTOCENE VOLCANiC ""OJ:( -ULTRABASICROCKS 60 ,.~~ TREIICOF FOLD AXES 60 ---<:--- ---~,.., "- '" -?!& ""i,\c()R"EEr -MAJOR FAULT 8' --'\ " .;' " -CHOISEUl. ., " "" , 0 (~ ~ \ " .. 6" ~' -~ -~, " J) ~.' 0 "c,4 ~o ...SHORTLAND (SUB b I ,,"/ ',vi 0 IS, Q~ ':"'" ~I ""'c .l..<. (Sua"";o ~..- C' "- f' ' 0 ' ,~ t~~ :'ANTA,c,J:( "-,,- "'~~ 1~ v', c~ ',,-~AN~:A8E' 0", "- 80 ~~ 1~ (g)0 O( 1'?- ".:~ I,..,,~ "- 0 ~ "'" ~ o '4 ,-'i> ',-.' ,~ " 8 .~ 0 'vI"", 4( " SIMBA~ " ' "...::~~'~ ~ ~. "- "- (SUB)COOK 0(~~ ~~ .,.. "-'" r'-.'"'~.. '- ': \, " "- NEWBEOR81A Ir'4fQ/c-'o OJ.-/,.., -' , -~ -' MA'_AITA ' 8ROUP. c~ oFLORtOA " JAVACHI(SUB)M8')'W~UAr., SA"o"~..!s.. \ \ \ ~ "i' t;:"\r:-.b\:. ~' , \ RUSSELL ~~~').. \, ' '" ~ , ISLANDS"... ~ .-"."',' ., o'-~'ULAWA ~~ --GUADAl~NA...i~ .~.,,' ~\c « %, ..:~"', ~;;,...~ p ;~~,,~:'" ULA::...DEEP 100 10 -.<:::/, ~ ..' ..~'\ , '~-' "'" '~!"'-' ,< ~ ~ ;: 'TO'"L, ..-'- "- . 0 , .~,.~". "'~'" 0".''-, "'I ,.., \ '-~ ---b I .~ " ..0 ' , ~ ;: 0""" ~ SANCRISTOBAL .U U' c ..~O '" ~ ! ,..If"" ~~~::~;.O"""- AREA ~ J:'-9 " ;.').. ~ CIFIC ~. "", ""c . .4" BELLONA'" "0 {l." "" ~~~~~~~ r-</ ". REIIIIELI:~ ~ ~-9--Ov,;;--- 120 E' 120 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 Fig. 1 Geological provinces of the Solomon lslands, after Coleman (1965, 1970) and Hackman (1973), and location of the Solomon Islands at the southwestern margin of the Pacific Ocean Basin. Sigana Volcanics: Oligocene to Early Miocene (?) massive reef deposits and bedded "off-reef' facies. Total pillow basalts, with minimum measurable thickness approx- minimum thickness of Tanakau Group sediments in north- imately 2000 ft., generally increasing in thickness from western Santa Isabel is 7000 ft. southwest to northeast across the island. Fine-grained members of this unit are dominant in the Tanakau Group: Late Miocene to Early Pliocene sedi- far southeast, grading to more tuffaceous deposits in the ments, including shales, mudstones, tuffs and limestones, northwest. "From Korigole through Palunuhukura and with occasional calcarenites and conglomerates, conform- Al1ardyce Harbours the sediments are interbedded fine ably overlying the Sigana Volcanics. Shales and mudstones calcareous mudstones and tuffs, and this essentially is the include "very fine feldspar, ferromagnesian material, iron state of affairs round Bero, Barora Ite, and all the adjacent oxide, and occasional glass fragments" commonly contain- islands.
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