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Cryptoclidid Plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of the Atacama Desert
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujvp20 Cryptoclidid plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of the Atacama Desert Rodrigo A. Otero , Jhonatan Alarcón-Muñoz , Sergio Soto-Acuña , Jennyfer Rojas , Osvaldo Rojas & Héctor Ortíz To cite this article: Rodrigo A. Otero , Jhonatan Alarcón-Muñoz , Sergio Soto-Acuña , Jennyfer Rojas , Osvaldo Rojas & Héctor Ortíz (2020): Cryptoclidid plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Upper Jurassic of the Atacama Desert, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2020.1764573 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1764573 View supplementary material Published online: 17 Jul 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 153 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujvp20 Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1764573 (14 pages) © by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2020.1764573 ARTICLE CRYPTOCLIDID PLESIOSAURS (SAUROPTERYGIA, PLESIOSAURIA) FROM THE UPPER JURASSIC OF THE ATACAMA DESERT RODRIGO A. OTERO,*,1,2,3 JHONATAN ALARCÓN-MUÑOZ,1 SERGIO SOTO-ACUÑA,1 JENNYFER ROJAS,3 OSVALDO ROJAS,3 and HÉCTOR ORTÍZ4 1Red Paleontológica Universidad de Chile, Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile, [email protected]; 2Consultora Paleosuchus Ltda., Huelén 165, Oficina C, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; 3Museo de Historia Natural y Cultural del Desierto de Atacama. Interior Parque El Loa s/n, Calama, Región de Antofagasta, Chile; 4Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Región del Bío Bío, Chile ABSTRACT—This study presents the first plesiosaurs recovered from the Jurassic of the Atacama Desert that are informative at the genus level. -
On the Cranial Anatomy of the Polycotylid Plesiosaurs, Including New Material of Polycotylus Latipinnis, Cope, from Alabama F
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Biological Sciences Faculty Research Biological Sciences 2004 On the cranial anatomy of the polycotylid plesiosaurs, including new material of Polycotylus latipinnis, Cope, from Alabama F. Robin O’Keefe Marshall University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/bio_sciences_faculty Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation O’Keefe, F. R. 2004. On the cranial anatomy of the polycotylid plesiosaurs, including new material of Polycotylus latipinnis, Cope, from Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(2):326–340. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. ON THE CRANIAL ANATOMY OF THE POLYCOTYLID PLESIOSAURS, INCLUDING NEW MATERIAL OF POLYCOTYLUS LATIPINNIS, COPE, FROM ALABAMA F. ROBIN O’KEEFE Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, U.S.A., [email protected] ABSTRACT—The cranial anatomy of plesiosaurs in the family Polycotylidae (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) has received renewed attention recently because various skull characters are thought to indicate plesiosauroid, rather than plio- sauroid, affinities for this family. New data on the cranial anatomy of polycotylid plesiosaurs is presented, and is shown to compare closely to the structure of cryptocleidoid plesiosaurs. The morphology of known polycotylid taxa is reported and discussed, and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis is used to establish ingroup relationships of the Cryptocleidoidea. -
Tesis Doctoral 2018
TESIS DOCTORAL 2018 HISTORIA EVOLUTIVA DE SIMOSAURIDAE (SAUROPTERYGIA). CONTEXTO SISTEMÁTICO Y BIOGEOGRÁFICO DE LOS REPTILES MARINOS DEL TRIÁSICO DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA CARLOS DE MIGUEL CHAVES PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS FRANCISCO ORTEGA COLOMA ADÁN PÉREZ GARCÍA RESUMEN Los sauropterigios fueron un exitoso grupo de reptiles marinos que vivió durante el Mesozoico, apareciendo en el Triásico Inferior y desapareciendo a finales del Cretácico Superior. Este grupo alcanzó su máxima disparidad conocida durante el Triásico Medio e inicios del Triásico Superior, diversificándose en numerosos grupos con distintos modos de vida y adaptaciones tróficas. El registro fósil de este grupo durante el Triásico es bien conocido a nivel global, habiéndose hallado abundantes restos en Norteamérica, Europa, el norte de África, Oriente Próximo y China. A pesar del relativamente abundante registro de sauropterigios triásicos ibéricos, los restos encontrados son, por lo general, elementos aislados y poco informativos a nivel sistemático en comparación con los de otros países europeos como Alemania, Francia o Italia. En la presente tesis doctoral se realiza una puesta al día sobre el registro ibérico triásico de Sauropterygia, con especial énfasis en el clado Simosauridae, cuyo registro ibérico permanecía hasta ahora inédito. Además de la revisión de ejemplares de sauropterigios previamente conocidos, se estudian numerosos ejemplares inéditos. De esta manera, se evalúan hipótesis previas sobre la diversidad peninsular de este clado y se reconocen tanto formas definidas en otras regiones europeas y de Oriente Próximo, pero hasta ahora no identificadas en la península ibérica, como nuevos taxones. La definición de nuevas formas y el incremento de la información sobre otras previamente conocidas permiten la propuesta de hipótesis filogenéticas y la redefinición de varios taxones. -
Fordyce, RE 2006. New Light on New Zealand Mesozoic Reptiles
Fordyce, R. E. 2006. New light on New Zealand Mesozoic reptiles. Geological Society of New Zealand newsletter 140: 6-15. The text below differs from original print format, but has the same content. P 6 New light on New Zealand Mesozoic reptiles R. Ewan Fordyce, Associate Professor, Otago University ([email protected]) Jeff Stilwell and coauthors recently (early 2006) published the first report of dinosaur bones from Chatham Island. The fossils include convincing material, and the occurrence promises more finds. Questions remain, however, about the stratigraphic setting. This commentary summarises the recent finds, considers earlier reports of New Zealand Mesozoic vertebrates, and reviews some broader issues of Mesozoic reptile paleobiology relevant to New Zealand. The Chatham Island finds A diverse team reports on the Chathams finds. Jeff Stilwell (fig. 1 here) is an invertebrate paleontologist with research interests on Gondwana breakup and Southern Hemisphere Cretaceous-early Cenozoic molluscs (e.g. Stilwell & Zinsmeister 1992), including Chatham Islands (1997). Several authors are vertebrate paleontologists – Chris Consoli, Tom Rich, Pat Vickers-Rich, Steven Salisbury, and Phil Currie – with diverse experience of dinosaurs. Rupert Sutherland and Graeme Wilson (GNS) are well-known for their research on tectonics and biostratigraphy. The Chathams article describes a range of isolated bones attributed to theropod (“beast-footed,” carnivorous) dinosaurs, including a centrum (main part or body of a vertebra), a pedal phalanx (toe bone), the proximal head of a tibia (lower leg bone, at the knee joint), a manual phalanx (finger bone) and a manual ungual (terminal “claw” of a finger). On names of groups, fig. -
A Cladistic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) F
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Biological Sciences Faculty Research Biological Sciences 12-2001 A Cladistic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) F. Robin O’Keefe Marshall University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/bio_sciences_faculty Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Other Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Frank Robin O’Keefe (2001). A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). ). Acta Zoologica Fennica 213: 1-63. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biological Sciences Faculty Research by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Acta Zool. Fennica 213: 1–63 ISBN 951-9481-58-3 ISSN 0001-7299 Helsinki 11 December 2001 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2001 A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) Frank Robin O’Keefe Department of Anatomy, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, U.S.A Received 13 February 2001, accepted 17 September 2001 O’Keefe F. R. 2001: A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesio- sauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). — Acta Zool. Fennica 213: 1–63. The Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) is a group of Mesozoic marine reptiles known from abundant material, with specimens described from all continents. The group originated very near the Triassic–Jurassic boundary and persisted to the end- Cretaceous mass extinction. This study describes the results of a specimen-based cladistic study of the Plesiosauria, based on examination of 34 taxa scored for 166 morphological characters. -
The Macroevolutionary Landscape of Short-Necked Plesiosaurians Collapsed to a Unimodal Distribution
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The macroevolutionary landscape of short‑necked plesiosaurians Valentin Fischer1*, Jamie A. MacLaren1, Laura C. Soul2, Rebecca F. Bennion1,3, Patrick S. Druckenmiller4 & Roger B. J. Benson5 Throughout their evolution, tetrapods have repeatedly colonised a series of ecological niches in marine ecosystems, producing textbook examples of convergent evolution. However, this evolutionary phenomenon has typically been assessed qualitatively and in broad‑brush frameworks that imply simplistic macroevolutionary landscapes. We establish a protocol to visualize the density of trait space occupancy and thoroughly test for the existence of macroevolutionary landscapes. We apply this protocol to a new phenotypic dataset describing the morphology of short‑necked plesiosaurians, a major component of the Mesozoic marine food webs (ca. 201 to 66 Mya). Plesiosaurians evolved this body plan multiple times during their 135-million-year history, making them an ideal test case for the existence of macroevolutionary landscapes. We fnd ample evidence for a bimodal craniodental macroevolutionary landscape separating latirostrines from longirostrine taxa, providing the frst phylogenetically-explicit quantitative assessment of trophic diversity in extinct marine reptiles. This bimodal pattern was established as early as the Middle Jurassic and was maintained in evolutionary patterns of short‑necked plesiosaurians until a Late Cretaceous (Turonian) collapse to a unimodal landscape comprising longirostrine forms with novel morphologies. This study highlights the potential of severe environmental perturbations to profoundly alter the macroevolutionary dynamics of animals occupying the top of food chains. Amniotes are ’land vertebrates’, but have nevertheless undergone at least 69 independent evolutionary transi- tions from land into aquatic environments 1. Sea-going (marine) amniotes are textbook examples of inter- and intraclade convergent evolution, with repeated acquisitions of short, hydrodynamic body plans 2–9. -
Revision of the Genus Styxosaurus and Relationships of the Late Cretaceous Elasmosaurids (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) of the Western Interior Seaway
Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2020 Revision of the Genus Styxosaurus and Relationships of the Late Cretaceous Elasmosaurids (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) of the Western Interior Seaway Elliott Armour Smith Follow this and additional works at: https://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons REVISION OF THE GENUS STYXOSAURUS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS ELASMOSAURIDS (SAUROPTERYGIA: PLESIOSAURIA) OF THE WESTERN INTERIOR SEAWAY A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Biological Sciences by Elliott Armour Smith Approved by Dr. F. Robin O’Keefe, Committee Chairperson Dr. Habiba Chirchir, Committee Member Dr. Herman Mays, Committee Member Marshall University May 2020 ii © 2020 Elliott Armour Smith ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii DEDICATION Dedicated to my loving parents for supporting me on my journey as a scientist. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Robin O’Keefe for serving as my advisor, and for his constant mentorship and invaluable contributions to this manuscript. I would like to thank Dr. Herman Mays and Dr. Habiba Chirchir for serving on my committee and providing immensely valuable feedback on this manuscript and the ideas within. Thanks to the Marshall University Department of Biological Sciences for travel support. I would like to thank curators Ross Secord (University of Nebraska), Chris Beard (University of Kansas), Tylor Lyson (Denver Museum of Nature and Science), and Darrin Paginac (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology) for granting access to fossil specimens. Thanks to Joel Nielsen (University of Nebraska State Museum), Megan Sims (University of Kansas), Kristen MacKenzie (Denver Museum of Nature and Science) for facilitating access to fossil specimens. -
A Giant Elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) from Antarctica: New Information on Elasmosaurid Body Size Diversity and Aristonectine Evolutionary Scenarios
Cretaceous Research 102 (2019) 37e58 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Cretaceous Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/CretRes A giant elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) from Antarctica: New information on elasmosaurid body size diversity and aristonectine evolutionary scenarios * J.P. O'Gorman a, b, , S. Santillana c, R. Otero d, e, M. Reguero a, c a Division Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n., B1900FWA, La Plata, Argentina b CONICET: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas, Argentina, Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, CABA, Argentina c instituto Antartico Argentino, 25 de Mayo 1143, B1650HMK, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina d Red Paleontologica U-Chile, Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras, 3425, Santiago, Chile e Consultora Paleosuchus Ltda. Huelen 165, Oficina C, Providencia, Santiago, Chile article info abstract Article history: Aristonectines show a highly derived morphology among elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, including some Received 21 May 2018 species with large body size. A new postcranial skeleton is described from the uppermost Maastrichtian Received in revised form levels of the Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Seymour Island (¼ Marambio), Antarctica, being referred to 12 April 2019 as cf. Aristonectes sp; the most striking feature of the specimen described is its large body size, among the Accepted in revised form 10 May 2019 largest elasmosaurids worldwide. The occurrence of this specimen, located approximately 2.3 m or less Available online 17 May 2019 below the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary, indicates the persistence of aristonectines at high latitudes and also it verifies their chronostratigraphical distribution until the end Cretaceous, before the Keywords: Elasmosauridae mass extinction. -
Ogorman Tesis TOMO I Final 22-1-2013
O'Gorman-Plesiosaurios del Cretácico Superior de Patagonia y La Península Antártica 0 O'Gorman-Plesiosaurios del Cretácico Superior de Patagonia y La Península Antártica Dedicatoria y agradecimientos Primeramente deseo agradecer a mis padres por haberme apoyado en cada etapa de mi vida y particularmente en la elección de mi carrera. Asimismo agradezco al resto de mi familia por el interés mostrado en el desarrollo de esta Tesis. Además deseo agradecer a mi novia Vanesa Sanz por haberme apoyado y sabido comprender mis ausencias durante los últimos años del desarrollo de este proyecto. También deseo agradecer a mi directora, Dra. Zulma Brandoni de Gasparini y a mi co-director, Dr. Leonardo Salgado, por la lectura crítica de las sucesivas versiones de esta Tesis, por los consejos dados y el apoyo incondicional durante estos cinco años. Del mismo modo agradezco a la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo y especialmente a la Secretaría de Postgrado, a CONICET, al Instituto Antártico Argentino y a la Agencia de Promoción Científica y Técnica, por brindar el marco institucional y financiamiento necesarios para la realización de este trabajo. Deseo también expresar mi agradecimiento a todos mis compañeros de carrera, especialmente a Alejandro Dajil, Sidzel Koefoed, Eliana Coturel y a aquellos que además de ser mis compañeros de carrera colaboraron en la preparación de parte de los materiales estudiados: Egly Pérez Pincheira, Nahuel Muñoz y Nadia Moschen. Asimismo deseo agradecer a todos aquellos que me acompañaron de muchas maneras durante este trabajo de doctorado: Yanina Herrera, Ana Paula Carignano, Néstor Toledo, Javier Echevarria, Daniel Cabrera, Federico Degrange, Luciana Iriart, Mariano Arregui, Paula Arregui, Soledad Gouric, Guillermo Cassini. -
Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) in Upper Levels of the Dorotea Formation, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Puerto Natales, Chilean Patagonia Andean Geology, Vol
Andean Geology ISSN: 0718-7092 [email protected] Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Chile Otero, Rodrigo A.; Suárez, Mario E.; Le Roux, Jacobus P. First record of Elasmosaurid Plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) in upper levels of the Dorotea Formation, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Puerto Natales, Chilean Patagonia Andean Geology, vol. 36, núm. 2, julio, 2009, pp. 342-350 Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=173914378008 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Andean Geology 36 (2): 342-350. July, 2009 Andean Geology formerly Revista Geológica de Chile www.scielo.cl/andgeol.htm PALEONTOLOGICAL NOTE First record of Elasmosaurid Plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) in upper levels of the Dorotea Formation, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Puerto Natales, Chilean Patagonia Rodrigo A. Otero1, Mario E. Suárez2, Jacobus P. Le Roux3 1 Laboratorio de Zoología de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile. Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] 2 Museo Paleontológico de Caldera. Av. Wheelwright 001, Caldera, Chile. [email protected] 3 Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 13518, Correo 21, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] ABSTRACT. New remains of plesiosaurs (Diapsida; Sauropterygia) found in a transported block correlated with upper levels of the Dorotea Formation, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) are described herein. They were collected on the southern slopes of Sierra Dorotea located northeast of Puerto Natales (51°41’20,4”S, 72°26’07,4”W), Magallanes Region, Chile. -
Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier Und Sauropterygier
Zbl. Geol. 2002 Heft 5/6 367-410 Stuttgart, Paläont. Teil II (403) Dez. 2002 Literaturbericht Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier H. HAUBOLD, Halle mit 3 Abb. und 1 Tab. im Text Im Zuge der zunehmenden Spezialisierung der Publikationen über fossile Reptilien und der damit korrelierten Erkenntnisse gab es im Zentralblatt II bereits eine thematische Konzentration der Referate über Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Das waren in den vergangenen Jahrgängen: 1997, Heft 5/6, S. 231-240 der Literaturbericht ‘Muschelkalksaurier und nahestehende Sauropterygier’; 1999, Heft 5/6, S. 349-362 einen Literaturbericht ‘Ichthyosaurier 1997-1999’, zusammengefaßte Referate 1998, Heft 1-2, Ref. Nr. 178-189 und 2000, Heft 1-2, Ref. Nr. 141-145. Weiter zurückliegend ist im Zentralblatt II 1985, Heft 1-2 von RIESS & FREY bereits einmal über Ichthyosaurier eine thematisch gegliederte Bibliographie erschienen. Zu den beiden Gruppen mariner mesozoischer Reptilien sind die Untersuchungen inzwischen weiter voran gebracht worden. Arbeiten zu Ichthyosauriern sind u.a. von MAISCH sowie MAISCH & MATZKE, von MOTANI und SANDER publiziert worden. Beiträge über basale Sauropterygier stammen in erster Linie von RIEPPEL. Zu Plesiosauriern stehen neben Beiträgen verschiedener Autoren jene von O’KEEFE im Mittelpunkt. Generell geht es um Erkenntnisse, die sich seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre abzuzeichnen begannen, und die in den vergangenen Jahren nunmehr in diversen Arbeiten eingehend dokumentiert worden sind. Das betrifft die Interpretation bzw. Stellung sowohl der Ichthyosauria als auch der Sauropterygia im Rahmen der Diapsida aber ebenso die Klassifikation innerhalb der Gruppen. Für Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier ist Monophylie inzwischen gesichert, bei letzteren unter Einschluß der Placodontier. Und wie an der Schädelanatomie von Paraplacodus gezeigt werden kann ist der Verlust des unteren Temporalbogens als eine Synapomorphie der Lepidosauromorpha inclusive Sauropterygia auszuweisen. -
Cranial-Anatomy.Pdf
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology ISSN: 0272-4634 (Print) 1937-2809 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujvp20 Cranial anatomy of Morturneria seymourensis from Antarctica, and the evolution of filter feeding in plesiosaurs of the Austral Late Cretaceous F. Robin O'Keefe, Rodrigo A. Otero, Sergio Soto-Acuña, Jose P. O'gorman, Stephen J. Godfrey & Sankar Chatterjee To cite this article: F. Robin O'Keefe, Rodrigo A. Otero, Sergio Soto-Acuña, Jose P. O'gorman, Stephen J. Godfrey & Sankar Chatterjee (2017) Cranial anatomy of Morturneria seymourensis from Antarctica, and the evolution of filter feeding in plesiosaurs of the Austral Late Cretaceous, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 37:4, e1347570, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1347570 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1347570 Published online: 31 Aug 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 373 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujvp20 Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1347570 (13 pages) Ó by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2017.1347570 ARTICLE CRANIAL ANATOMY OF MORTURNERIA SEYMOURENSIS FROM ANTARCTICA, AND THE EVOLUTION OF FILTER FEEDING IN PLESIOSAURS OF THE AUSTRAL LATE CRETACEOUS F. ROBIN O’KEEFE,*,1 RODRIGO A. OTERO,2 SERGIO SOTO-ACUNA,e 3 JOSE P. O’GORMAN,4 STEPHEN J. GODFREY,5 and SANKAR CHATTERJEE6 1Department of Biological