EMBRYO BIOLOGY Patrick M. Mccue DVM, Phd, Diplomate American College of Theriogenologists
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EMBRYO BIOLOGY Patrick M. McCue DVM, PhD, Diplomate American College of Theriogenologists Fertilization and early embryonic through the zona pellucida. The plasma development are regulated by a complex membranes of the sperm and egg series of events. In addition, embryo subsequently fuse and the sperm is biology of the horse has several unique eventually engulfed into the egg. The egg features not found in other domestic animals. then undergoes a series of changes to The goal of this column is to review the prevent additional sperm from penetrating. normal course of equine embryology. Fusion of the pronuclei of the sperm and egg, which contain chromosomes or DNA from The events of pregnancy begin with the stallion and mare, respectively, results in ovulation. Mares usually ovulate a single formation of the genetic blueprint of the new large follicle near the end of estrus. One embryo. oocyte or egg is released from the follicle at ovulation and is ‘collected’ by the large The embryo next begins a series of cleavage funnel-shaped infundibulum of the oviduct divisions in which the single-celled zygote and transported toward the uterus. divides into 2 cells, then 4 cells, etc. The embryo continues to develop as it travels If the mare has been bred or inseminated, down the oviduct. Horses are unique among sperm work their way up the oviduct toward domestic animals in that only fertilized eggs the newly ovulated egg. Although mares are or embryos are transported into the uterus. usually bred with 500 million to several Equine embryos produce a hormone called billion spermatozoa, only a few thousand prostaglandin E2 which relaxes the circular sperm actually make it into the oviduct. smooth muscle of the oviductal wall and allows an embryo to continue movement Sperm must undergo a series of changes in toward and eventually into the uterus. the mare reproductive tract, a process called Unfertilized eggs do not product capacitation, in order to gain the ability to prostaglandin E2 and are retained in the fertilize an egg. Capacitated sperm bind to oviduct and eventually degenerate. specific proteins in the outer coat (zona Occasionally an unfertilized oocyte will be pellucida) of the egg. Binding to the egg recovered from the uterus during an embryo triggers an event in the sperm termed the flush if it ‘followed’ an embryo through the acrosome reaction, in which enzymes oviduct. present in a specialized compartment located on the head of the sperm are released. These Equine embryos enter the uterus through a enzymes enable the sperm to penetrate narrow passage called the uterotubular 1 junction (UTJ) approximately 6 days after ovulation. At this time most equine Oocyte embryos are in either the morula or early blastocyst stage of development. Contractions of the uterine musculature cause the equine embryo to be transported throughout the entire uterus multiple times Sperm per day. During this mobility phase, the embryo secretes a factor that signals the Oviduct endometrium or uterine lining that a pregnancy is present. The pregnancy recognition factor has been identified in cattle, sheep, pigs and other species, but has yet to be identified in the horse. This embryo-uterus interaction is called maternal recognition of pregnancy and is a key component of pregnancy maintenance in the mare. Failure of the embryo to produce a sufficient signal or failure of the uterus to recognize Success of assisted reproduction techniques the signal will result in the release of such as embryo transfer and oocyte transfer prostaglandins produced by the are based on understanding of these normal endometrium. Prostaglandins will travel physiologic events in the mare. through the blood stream and cause regression of the ovarian corpus luteum (CL) of the mare. The CL produces progesterone, which is critical for support of pregnancy in all animals. Regression of the CL will result in a cessation of progesterone production and loss of any pregnancy that may be present. The window for maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare is 10 to 16 days after ovulation. Embryo migration ceases at approximately 16 to 17 days after ovulation and the embryo is then ‘fixed’ in position at the base of one uterine horn. 2.