İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul

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İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ÇAĞDAŞ KÜRESEL İLİŞKİLERİN KENTLEŞME SÜREÇLERİNE VE KENTSEL MEKÂNA ETKİSİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Duygu OVACIK Anabilim Dalı : Mimarlık Programı : Mimari Tasarım HAZİRAN 2010 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ÇAĞDAŞ KÜRESEL İLİŞKİLERİN KENTLEŞME SÜREÇLERİNE VE KENTSEL MEKÂNA ETKİSİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Duygu OVACIK 502061014 Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 06 Mayıs 2010 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 08 Haziran 2010 Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Arda İNCEOĞLU (İTÜ) Diğer Jüri Üyeleri : Yrd. Doç. Dr. Meltem AKSOY (İTÜ) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hakkı YIRTICI (KÜ) HAZİRAN 2010 ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışma süresince; eleştiri ve önerileri ile yol gösteren danışmanım Doç. Dr. Arda İnceoğlu’na, katkılarından dolayı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hakkı Yırtıcı ve Yrd. Doç Dr. Meltem Aksoy’a, tüm sorularıma bıkmadan yanıt veren Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ceyhan Yücel’e, hayatım boyunca desteklerine esirgemeyen aileme ve daima yanımda olan Levent Çoruh’a destekleri ve katkıları için sonsuz teşekkür ediyorum. Haziran 2010 Duygu Ovacık (Mimar) iii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖNSÖZ..................................................................................................................... iii İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR ..................................................................................................... vii ÇİZELGE LİSTESİ .................................................................................................. ix ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................... xi ÖZET ...................................................................................................................... xix SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ xxi 1. GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Konunun Ele Alınış Nedeni ve Tezin Amacı ..................................................... 1 1.2 Çalışmanın Kapsamı ........................................................................................ 2 1.3 Çalışmanın Yöntemi ......................................................................................... 4 2. KÜRESEL İLİŞKİLER ........................................................................................ 7 2.1 Küreselleşme Kavramı ...................................................................................... 7 2.2 Üretim ve Tüketim Örgütlenmesinin Gelişimi ve Dönüşen Toplumsal Yapı ..... 7 2.3 Küreselleşmenin Dinamikleri .......................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Ekonomik ve politik dinamikler: kapitalizmin yayılması konusu ulusötesi şirketleşme ve ulus devletin çözülmesi .............................................................. 10 2.3.2 Kültürel ve toplumsal dinamikler: modernizm ve postmodernizm ............. 13 2.3.3 Mekân ve zaman kavramlarının dönüşümü .............................................. 16 2.4 Bölüm Sonu Değerlendirmesi ......................................................................... 18 3. KENTLEŞME VE ÇAĞDAŞ KÜRESEL İLİŞKİLER İÇERİSİNDE KENTLER ............................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Kentleşme ....................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Geleneksel kent anlayışı ve dönüşümü .................................................... 21 3.1.2 Sanayi devrimi ve sonrasında kentleşme ................................................. 22 3.2 Küreselleşen Ekonomik İlişkiler Bağlamında Kentin Değişen Anlamı (Küresel Şirketler-Uluslararası İşbölümü-Kentlerin Rolü) .................................................... 24 3.3 Dünya Genelinde Kentli Nüfusun Artması ve Çok Yoğun Kentler .................. 25 3.4 Dünya Üzerinde Rollerin Dağılımı .................................................................. 29 3.5 Küresel Ağ – Küresel Kentler .......................................................................... 31 3.6 Bölüm Değerlendirmesi .................................................................................. 36 4. ÇAĞDAŞ KÜRESEL İLİŞKİLER İÇERİSİNDE OLUŞAN REKABET ORTAMI VE KENTLERİN MEKÂNSAL DÖNÜŞÜMÜ ..................................... 39 4.1 Küresel Rekabet Ortamı – Kentsel Stratejiler ve Mekânsal Dönüşüm ........... 39 4.2 Çağdaş Küresel İlişkiler İçerisinde Kentlerin Mekânsal Dönüşümü ................ 42 4.2.1 Küreselleşmenin aracı olarak uluslararası organizasyonlar ..................... 42 4.2.2 Simgesel (‘ikonik’) yapılar ve ünlü (‘star’) mimarlar .................................. 48 4.2.3 Yüksek yapılar .......................................................................................... 56 4.2.4 Büyük mekânsal dönüşümler ................................................................... 62 4.2.4.1 Avrupa kentleri .................................................................................. 63 4.2.4.2 Orta Doğu ve Uzak Doğu kentleri ..................................................... 68 4.3 Bölüm Değerlendirmesi .................................................................................. 74 v 5. ÇAĞDAŞ KÜRESEL İLİŞKİLERİN KENTLERE ETKİSİNİN NEW YORK- BOMBAY-İSTANBUL-BİLBAO KENTLERİ ÜZERİNDEN İNCELENMESİ .. 77 5.1 Amaç – Yöntem .............................................................................................. 77 5.2 New York ........................................................................................................ 79 5.2.1 Yönetim yapısı .......................................................................................... 79 5.2.2 Ekonomik durum ...................................................................................... 81 5.2.3 Nüfus ........................................................................................................ 83 5.2.4 Toplumsal yaşam ..................................................................................... 85 5.2.5 Turizm ...................................................................................................... 87 5.2.6 Ulaşım ...................................................................................................... 87 5.2.7 Mekânsal özellikler ................................................................................... 88 5.2.8 Uluslararası etkinlikler ............................................................................ 104 5.3 Bombay ........................................................................................................ 105 5.3.1 Yönetim yapısı ........................................................................................ 105 5.3.2 Ekonomik durum .................................................................................... 108 5.3.3 Nüfus ...................................................................................................... 111 5.3.4 Toplumsal yaşam ................................................................................... 112 5.3.5 Turizm .................................................................................................... 113 5.3.6 Ulaşım .................................................................................................... 114 5.3.7 Mekânsal özellikler ................................................................................. 115 5.3.8 Uluslararası etkinlikler ............................................................................ 126 5.4 İstanbul ......................................................................................................... 126 5.4.1 Yönetim yapısı ........................................................................................ 126 5.4.2 Ekonomik durum .................................................................................... 127 5.4.3 Nüfus ...................................................................................................... 130 5.4.4 Toplumsal yaşam ................................................................................... 132 5.4.5 Turizm .................................................................................................... 133 5.4.6 Ulaşım .................................................................................................... 134 5.4.7 Mekânsal özellikler ................................................................................. 135 5.4.8 Uluslararası etkinlikler ............................................................................ 157 5.5 Bilbao ............................................................................................................ 161 5.5.1 Yönetim yapısı ........................................................................................ 161 5.5.2 Ekonomik durum .................................................................................... 162 5.5.3 Nüfus ...................................................................................................... 166 5.5.4 Toplumsal yaşam ................................................................................... 167 5.5.5 Turizm .................................................................................................... 168 5.5.6 Ulaşım .................................................................................................... 168 5.5.7 Mekânsal özellikler ................................................................................
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