Asian Americans Asian Ethno-Linguistic Groups History

• Mongolia, inner & outer ▫ Mongol Mongol Empire empire (see next map) • Tibet independence movement • Uyghur (Uighur) • PRC and Taiwan ▫ Characters ▫ Politics ▫ Language in Taiwan China, Mongolia etc.

1 Chinese Dialects Gan Xiang (Dialect of (dialect of JiangXi C HuNan) provice) Uyghur h Mongolia Mongolia i Central Asian Dialects Mandarin n Korea Shanghainese a Tibetan (shanghai)

Han Shanghainese Tibet (Hangzhou)

Northern Taiwan Fujianese

Southern Fujianese Hakka

Cantonese

Languages of Northern Asia Turkic/Uygher

Mongolian Korean China

Han

Tibetan-Burman

Altaic family, with about 250 million speakers, includes Turkish and Mongolian. There is considerable controversy about this family. First, it is often classified with the Uralic languages (see above), which have a similar grammatic structures. Second, many linguists doubt that Korean, Japanese (125 million speakers), or Ainu should be included, or that these last three are even related to each other! Also represented here are the language isolates Gilyak and Ket.

2 Korean Indochina dialects “official” Korean is the dialect of the educated people in the Seoul area (light green in the map)

Austronesian language family

US Imperialism

• Guam, Wake (1899), Samoa – still US possessions whose “Pacific Islander” residents are US citizens. Small numbers, insignificant in most statistics, but present on mainland. • (Hawaii annexed in the same year 1898)

This family includes some 1000 different languages, spoken by about 250 million speakers. Malay and Indonesian (essentially the same language) account for about 140 million. Other examples include Madagascar in Africa, Tagalog in the Philippines, the aboriginal languages of Formosa (Taiwan) -- now almost displaced by Chinese -- and the many languages of the Pacific Islands, from Hawaiian in the north Pacific to Maori in New Zealand.

3 USJapan and the Pacific Pacific Islanders of US Korea • Chamorro people. Austronesian language group. ▫ 65,000 in Guam; (US since 1898) US citizens Hawaii ▫ 19,000 Northern Marianas (mostly Saipan) (US since WWII) US citizens ▫ 93,000 in rest of US (mostly Hawaii & West Philippines Coast). US citizens. Indonesia • American Samoa is US colony pop 65,000; part Guam & of larger Samoan area (mostly independent Marianas country). US nationals, not US citizens. Wake • Wake Island: uninhabited, near Marshall Islands American • Other uninhabited islands acquired after WWII Samoa

Oceania Philippines major language groups English & Filipino (derived from Tagalog, red) are official languages. Education is in English. Migrants to Hawaii were most often Ilocano (green).

4 Philippine Islands Pilipino Migration & Exclusion • Racially, ethnically linguistically mixed population. Aboriginal people; various waves of migration from China & elsewhere in • 400 years of Spanish colonialism: Filipinos a blend Asia • Spanish colony for ~ 400 years; fighting war of independence of European and Asian, racially & culturally against Spain • After 1898, Philippines a US possession • Spanish-American War 1898: Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, • Much migration to Hawaii, some migration to Wake, become US possessions. • Philippine wars of independence mainland. Smaller numbers than Chinese or ▫ Philippine-American War 1899-1902 (main capitulation of Japanese. Philippine resistance) • On mainland, often lived and intermarried with ▫ Moro Rebellion 1899-1913 (continuing guerilla war for independence by various subgroups) Mexicans. • 1916 US grants “autonomy”, residents of Philippines are US • 1934 Philippine “independence” curtails Philippine nationals immigration; turns Filipinos in US from US • 1934 US grants pathway to independence, Filipinos no longer citizens of US nationals into foreigners • Philippines is “Republika ng Pilipinas” in Filipino • English & Filipino are official languages

Hawaii Hawaii, part 1

• A kingdom of Polynesian people, recognized as a nation by the US. • 1830s-1890: Anglo-American planters take over much of the land, import many Asian workers • Population becomes predominantly Asian ▫ Chinese, Japanese, Pilipino ▫ Ethnic, linguistic differences. ▫ Whites an elite minority. • “Pidgen” spoken. Class conflict predominates.

5 Hawaii, part 2 Hawaii Part 3

• Anglo-Americans overthrow the Kingdom of • Statehood 1959 to resolve legal status Hawaii (Queen Lydia Liliuokalani) in 1893 with ▫ Majority of Hawaiian population voted for US naval support, establish a “republic” in 1894 statehood • Viewed as illegal at the time (then-president ▫ Non-white character of the state an issue for many Cleveland denounced it). congressmen • In 1898, US annexes. • Hawaii to mainland migration: prior to 1965, • Annexation is a violation of international law, many Asian Americans had roots in Hawaii remains unresolved into 20th century

Hawaii Census

2000% 2010% Hawaiian Racial Climate White 24 26 Black 2 2 • Asian majority, varying ethnicities (vary by Asian 42 38 island); the dominant group (Japanese 17%, Filipino 14%, Chinese 5% in • Native Hawaiians (some discrimination) 2000) • Whites (Haoles) a minority, although relatively Pacific Islander 9 10 well off. Native Hawaiian 7 ▫ Portuguese not Haole, legacy of origins Two + Races* 23 23 • Pidgin (see slide) Hispanics of all races 7 10 • Overt racial/ethnic name-calling coupled with more racial equality than in most of the US * Mixed generally includes Asian and/or native Hawaiian, with or without white

6 Native Hawaiians • Those of native Hawaiian/Polynesian descents (pure + mixed) about 20% today Asians in Mainland US • Native Hawaiians claim discrimination. Do not want to be classified as “Asian,” as the “Asians” 1848-1920 are dominant Discrimination and Exclusion • Significant native Hawaiian legal claims on public land • Hawaiian independence movement is active, was invigorated in 1993 by 100th anniversary of the takeover

Chinese Migration in 19th Century Chinese Exclusion • Begins 1848s, with Gold Rush. • Explicit racism, hostile attacks, race riots, forced • Fleeing economic disaster and poverty, political removal turmoil. • Cartoons of era equate Asians and blacks. • Predominantly male, predominantly uneducated “Yellow peril.” peasants • 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: absolute • Small as part of US total, but very high prohibition of immigration from China percentages of several western states. • Chinese here are largely isolated males, forced • Built the western part of the trans-continential into the cities by hostility and violence railroad; not permitted to drive the last spike in • Chinese laundries & tourism as survival 1869 strategies

7 Japanese Migration Japanese Exclusion

• Begins 1868, Meiji Restoration (economic • 1907 Gentlemen's Agreement. No more development & disruption), more after Chinese immigration from Japan. (Japan agrees to excluded in 1882 restrict.) • Younger sons (& their wives) urged to migrate as • Korea a Japanese colony – Koreans often part of development strategy; generally well- classified as Japanese by US, although politically educated & skilled as farmers. resisting Japanese occupation • Often quite successful in US as farmers, business • Face violence, hostility, explicit segregation laws. owners. Vegetable farmers.

Discrimination, Segregation Anti-Asian Laws in California

• Explicit racial segregation laws applied to • 1906 segregates Asians from whites in schools. Chinese, Japanese. Modeled on “Jim Crow” laws. • Asian-descent people born in US are citizens. • 1913 denies right to own land to "persons ineligible • Asian immigrants cannot ever become citizens for citizenship." (Aimed at Japanese farmers) because only “whites” can be naturalized citizens • 1920, 1923 amendments also prevent leasing or farming others' land. • 1924 absolute prohibition of immigration of "persons ineligible for citizenship." • Many forced into cities. Some hold land in children's names.

8 Civil Rights Challenges

• 1920s, 1930s: Japanese American generation, Asian Americans in the Early speak English, identify as Americans, seek full 20th Century civil rights, prove loyalty to US. • Many Asians, especially those from India & Arabs (who are Caucasian) file lawsuits claiming to be “white” so they can become citizens • Supreme Court rules in 1923 that “white” does not mean “Caucasian” but “people from Europe”

O1

World War II/ Internment Internment of Japanese: Experiences

• 1941-1945. World War II • Explicit white statements: reclaim Japanese land, • Dec 7 1941 Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. “this is for whites, not browns,” define as race war. • War effort distinguishes evil Japanese from good • Asked to sign loyalty oaths. Most sign, a few not. Chinese. (Sent to Japan after the war), • Internment of Japanese on West Coast, 2/3 citizens. • A few volunteer for army, most not. Then • Idea originated in Hawaii, but never done there: not reclassified I-A. Draft resistance breaks out; some a minority are imprisoned. Say they would be willing to fight if • “Concentration camps”: similar beginnings (rounded up, train rides to ??, popular hostility). they were treated as citizens. Different endings – not murder. • US also interns Japanese-descent citizens of Latin • Go to slides American nations

9 Slide 35

O1 pick up here next class after 4/24/14 Oliver, 4/22/2014 After WWII: 1940s & 1950s 1960s & early 1970s

• Interned Japanese-Americans return home • Vietnam War & other racial/ethnic movements raise • Chinese & other Asians except Japanese finally racial consciousness of US-born people of Asian descent permitted to become naturalized citizens during • Critique of “Oriental” as colonialist, call for “Asian” WWII. (Japanese so permitted after 1952.) instead. “Asian American” coined. • Alien land laws ruled unconstitutional after war • Some “yellow power” rhetoric, activism on • 1949 Chinese revolution makes Chinese the “bad campuses. Esp. Berkeley, creation of Ethnic Studies Asians,” communists programs. • Students strikes demand “ethnic studies” programs in California 1968-9 • The “model minority” rhetoric starts

Yuri Kochiyama Immigration Law

• Born Mary Nakahara 1921. Japanese-American • Major change 1965 (Hart-Cellar Act) • Father imprisoned the day of the Pearl Harbor • Old law: national origins, immigration permits attack; died shortly after release in 1942 in proportion of origins of US in 1820 • 1942 Relocated to center in Arkansas. • New law: favors highly educated + relatives of current residents. Authors thought would • Moved to New York with her husband, got accomplish old purposes in less overtly racist involved with Malcolm X & Black nationalism, ways Puerto Rican radicals. • (First quota on Latin American immigration) • Lifetime of activism for Japanese reparations • Initially a trickle, but by late 1970s, major Asian but also in alliance with other minorities. immigration.

10 Integrationist & Separatist Forms Assimilationist/ Separatist/ Late 1970s Integrationist Nationalist • Growing Asian immigration Accommoda- Race-blind conservatives Fraternal, cultural, tionist mutual-benefit groups & • Asian Americans, especially 3rd+ generation, churches seek to distinguish themselves from immigrants, Reformist Civil rights groups (e.g. Some community resent assumption they are “foreigners” JACL) development groups • Japanese American Citizen League works for reparations for WWII internment of citizens Radical/ Militant Some campus diversity Yellow Power? (West (finally wins in the late 1980s) groups; Yuri Kochiyama ? Coast) Yellow Power? • Bureaucratic forces increasing favor “racial” organizations create pressures to distinguish Revolutionary ? Filipino independence Asians as a distinct group, not just “other”

1990s – 2010s 1980s • Conflicts in Asian American political & academic circles around Chinese/Japanese-American • Vincent Chin murder 1982. Development of Pan- dominance vs. needs of “new” immigrants Asian identity, movements. • Class issues: needs of lower income immigrants vs. • Race-based funding for community programs leads professionals & affluent business people to formation of “Asian” organizations to compete for • Only 3% of people in the “Asian American” category use it to describe themselves funding • 3rd+ Asian Americans have to decide how to relate • Meetings to create the racial definition of Asians for to the large number of Asian immigrants, affected by the census so Asians can be counted whites’ assumptions they are immigrants • Asian immigration continues, immigrants now • The 2000 Census breaks apart the “Asian and Pacific outnumber US-born people of Asian descent Islander” category in the face of all these pressures • Critiques of the “model minority” • 2010 Latino rather than Asian immigrants seem to • Reparations bill passed 1988, appropriations 1989 be in the spotlight

11 Electoral Politics

2000 Census • Mostly too small a group for electoral impact “Race” • California has growing number of Asian elected Question officials: Alberto Torrico, Ted Lieu, Carol Liu, Fiona Ma • Monterey Park, Asian-majority city (mostly Chinese). ▫ Judy Chu, assembly person from Monterey Park, worked on language issues in 1980s

Population by Race: 2000 <1% 4% 6% 2% 1% • See 2010 population distribution slides • PDF of new maps 13% • New graphics

74%

White Black of African American American Indian and Alaska Native Asian Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific IslanderSome Other Race Two or More Races

12 Population Increase: 1990-2000

80.0% 72.0% 70.0%

60.0% 48.0% 50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0% 13.2% 10.0%

0.0%

U.S. Population Asian Alone Population Asian Alone or in Combination

Asians Alone or Combined with Other Origins of Asian-Descent Americans (% of Asians) Chinese PRC Races Filipino 1960 19902000 A 2000 AC 2010 A 2010 AC Asian Indian Japanese 52 12 8 10 5 8 Vietnamese Chinese 27 23 24 24 23 23 Chinese Korean Filipino 20 19 18 20 17 20 Japanese

Korean 11111101010 PRC Other Asian, not specified5 Indian Pakistani Subcontinent 11219182322 Cambodian Vietnamese 811101110 Filipino Laos (Half Hmong Hmong, Half Thai Laotian) 33 3 3 3 Laotian Cambodian 22 2 2 2 Indian Taiwanese4 All Others 356 7 Bangladeshi

A= of people who named only one group; AC= of people who named an Asian group alone other < 1% or in combination with other Asian or non-Asian groups

13 Asians One Group Alone Chinese PRC Filipino Asian Indian Chinese Vietnamese Korean PRC Japanese Asian NS Pakistani Filipino Cambodian Hmong Thai Laotian Indian Taiwanese Bangladeshi groups < 1%

Median Income of Employed Men, 2000

Updated information

Indian (Asia) • http://www.asian-nation.org/index.shtml Japanese Chinese • This site has a great collection of short reports All Asian Pakistani on demographics and also on each specific group White NonHisp Korean • See graphs in spreadsheet Other Asian Filipino • Left off here 4/24/14. Showed the new graphs. Thai Vietnamese [[Need to get them into the PowerPoint]] PacIsland Black AmerInd Cambodian

Laotian Hispanic Hmong

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

14 % BA+ in 2000 (People over 25) Median Male Income By Proportion Adults > 25 Bachelors Degree or Higher

Indian

Chinese 60000 Other Asian White NH All As ian Thai

Pakistani Korean Pakis tani Japanese 50000 Oth Asian Laotian Filipino Pa c Is l Hmong Cambodian Vietnamese Thai Black Cambodian AmInd Laotian 40000 His panic Japanese Hmong

Korean

Vietnamese 30000 Indian (Asia)

Filipino

Chinese 20000 As ian R2 = .74

Am Ind

PacIsland 10000 Hispanic

Black

White, Not Hisp 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Poverty of Asian Groups

15 Japanese-Americans Chinese-Americans - 1

• Were nearly all US born in late 1980s, but new • In 1960, 2/3 of Chinese were US born, by 1985 2/3 wave of immigration immigrant. Largest Asian group now (24%) • 3rd, 4th, even 5th + generations • Many US-born are 3rd, 4th, 5th generation – like • From 52% of all Asian Americans in 1960 to 12% Japanese-Americans in 1990 and 8-10% in 2000 (depending on • Immigrants come from Taiwan, Hong Kong, whether you count mixed) mainland China. Also Indonesia, Malaysia, • High rates of urbanization, education Singapore, Vietnam. • US born have little tie to Japan, may identify as • Some ethnic/political differences, especially Taiwan Japanese-Americans or as Asian Americans vs. mainland, but also dialect/language differences • Face racial discrimination • Some Taiwanese don’t want to be called Chinese

16 Chinese-Americans - 2 Pilipino (Filipino) Americans -1

• Professionals quite well off; Monterrey Park CA • Pilipinos largely invisible. Racial diversity: is wealthy Chinese-dominant city. “look” Mexican or Chinese. Spanish influences. • Others are low-wage workers in China towns. Few “ethnic enclaves.” Trapped by lack of English. Hard to learn when • Second largest Asian group, about 20% of total have to work long hours to survive. • Predominantly immigrants, high proportion are women • Many health care professionals, educated in English. Especially nurses. Many are well off.

Pilipino (Filipino) Americans -2 Korean Americans - 1

• Many men have to downgrade occupation in US. • Huge increase in recent migration. Large • Some obtained immigration rights by joining US concentrations in NY, LA. military • Initial migrants can sponsor relatives. Two initial streams have different characteristics: • Philippines a very poor country, many migrants ▫ War brides from Korean War (1950-53). More poor. Pilipino women are maids in much of the working class. world ▫ Immigration quota migrants. Wealthier, more • Due to currency differences, some college-educated educated. women work in US as maids, can earn more as • 70% have college degrees, often medical maids in US than as professionals in the Philippines professionals. Come as settlers, bring families. • Growing phenomenon of bi-local families Bring $$. Some are prosperous professionals.

17 Koreans Americans - 2 Korean Americans - 3

• High rates of self-employment in US: $$ + • Korean churches a major site of ethnic community; accent/language issues significant fraction are Christian • Many filling urban retail niche being vacated by • Many North Koreans migrate through South Korea white Jews, Italians, Greeks fleeing to the • April 1992 riot, Korean-black conflicts. suburbs. greengrocers. Family labor, hard ▫ March 4, 1991 Headline: “Korean store-owner Soon Ja work. "The first generation must be sacrificed." Du gets probation after shooting 15-year old Latasha Own lives bleak, educate the children. Harlins for a $1.79 bottle of orange juice” • Others are prosperous professionals. ▫ (March 3, 1991 Rodney King Beaten. ) • Korean-Americans, Korean immigrants, Korean ▫ Arson of Korean businesses, police did not defend. students, Korean adoptees: complex relations

Adoptees • http://www.asian-nation.org/adopted.shtml • 110,000-150,000 Korean adoptees since 1950s (Korean South Asians - 1 War). • Estimated Korean-American population 1.5 million, so up • India, Pakistan to 10% of Korean American population may be adoptees • Fastest growing Asian group 1990-2000, third • Foreign adoptees who entered on orphan visas 1989-2008  ~123,000 Asian largest now  ~75,000 Eastern Europe (mostly Russia) • Religion: Hindus (caste divisions), Muslim, Sikh,  ~34,000 Guatemala Christian, some Buddhist • Asian adoptees entering on orphan visa 1989-2008 (approx) • Language: Many different. ▫ China 66,500 ▫ Upper classes educated in English. (Legacy of British ▫ S. Korea 34,000 colonialism.) ▫ India 7,000 ▫ Lower classes may not be English proficient. ▫ Vietnam 6,000 • Do not identify as “Asian” racially, many identify as ▫ Philippines 5,000 “white” (often called “black” in Britain) ▫ Cambodia 1,000

18 Southeast Asians South Asians - 2 • Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos • Pre 1980, Generally refugees • Highest income ethnic subgroup. • Generally poorer than voluntary immigrants • Many are English-educated professionals with • Immigrant generation generally much worse off advanced degrees, technical skills than Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Indians • Also large numbers of cab drivers, motel owners. • Post-traumatic stress syndrome & depression • Politics in US sometimes around ideal of South common Asian unity, sometimes divided around the axes • US-born children doing much better of religious/ethnic conflict in South Asia

South Burma Vietnamese -east • Refugees. First wave evacuated 1975 when Communists won Vietnam war. Educated US-collaborators, English Asia speakers. • Boat people. 1980s. ▫ Most hoped to return, reclaim homeland. ▫ Youth often arrived unaccompanied, hard time surviving, living in motels and hanging out in cafes. Many join gangs. ▫ Two decades later, people growing up, going to college, settling in • Vietnamese businesses, often people who had businesses in Vietnam and brought capital. • Some are ethnic Chinese; may identify as Chinese or Vietnamese • 1990s+ voluntary immigrants, starting businesses

19 Laotians Hmong Americans -1

• 70,000 ethnic Lao in 1990 • Ethnic minority in Laos (most are in China) • 10,000 Mien in 1990 • Worked for CIA/US military in support of US • 60,000 Hmong in 1990 war effort. Flew planes, ground support. • Conflicts among these groups in Laos and here. • Emergency evacuation at the war’s end. Many • Immigrants are refugees, generally ill-educated, left behind. generally concerned about Laotian politics, • Hmong written language a recent development, traumatic stress syndrome, depression many older people are not literate in their own language. • Hmong dialects, differences within the group

Hmong Americans -2 Hmong Americans: Wisconsin

• Refugees had few urban skills • Many settled in Minnesota, Wisconsin • Although initially scattered, congregated in California central valley & in Minnesota & Wisconsin; establishing • 2004 new wave of immigrants farms in some places • La Crosse Hmong New Year celebration • Cultural clashes with the larger society, e.g. over marriage of young teens, large families, medical & social • Marathon County, Sheboygan customs • Deer hunter shootings 2005, 2007 • Strong clan system is used in the US for collective economic development. • Campus politics • Younger Hmong are learning in school, going to college. ▫ Strong Hmong identity but conflicts with parents over culture ▫ Debates among Hmong young people about marriage age, schooling, etc.

20 Cambodians

• Escaped the Khmer Rouge. • 100,000 from refugee camps. Others (small in US but students • post traumatic stress disorder. at UW) • some educated, many country folk. • escaping horrors. think of home. • Most live in California • Disruptions in Cambodia reduce positive identity, contribute to stress issues in US

Indonesia Malaysia • 4th largest country by population (after China, India, US) • 50% Malay Muslims, 25% Chinese, 9% Indian, 16% • ~17,000 islands, ~6000 inhabited. Many ethnic groups & Indigenous & other. kingdoms thru history. Majority descend from Austronesians, also Melanesians, but many other influences thru history. • Chinese are generally wealthier, more educated, • 41% Javanese, many other ethnic groups economically dominant • Dutch colony before independence. • Malay are politically dominant • Indonesian national language based on a longstanding lingua • Had ethnic violence in the past, has worked to franca (trade language) achieve ethnic peace; compensatory programs for • Predominantly Muslim (86%) ; Christians 9%, some Hindus & ethnic Malays & indigenous Buddhists. • Part of the British community of nations, so • Chinese minority (~4%) is relatively wealthy & controls much of the private economy, has been subject to ethnic violence. historically less tied to the US. • Repressive government for a long time, inequality. • More Malaysians coming to US to study in recent Democratic openings, Muslim movements, etc. years both ethnic Chinese and Malaysian

21 Others Campus Issues

• Singapore, a very small former British colony, • Student support groups for various ethnic predominantly Chinese, sees itself as cosmopolitan. groups • Hong Kong, now part of China, was British colony • Asian American Studies until 1997. Urban, cosmopolitan. • Etc? • Taiwan. Island to which nationalist Chinese fled after Communist revolution. Officially, part of China; both governments claim to be “true” Chinese government. Taiwanese somewhat ethnically different from mainland Chinese who took over. There are independence sentiments.

Muslim Populations

Arab, Middle-Eastern, Muslim Americans

22 Legend to religions map Arabs

• Arabs speak Arabic (which has dialects) • Arabs live in Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. • Some Arabs are Israeli citizens. • Some Arabs are Christian • There were historic Arabic-speaking Middle-Eastern Jewish populations (most now identify more as Jewish than Arab): Mizrahim

Arab Americans Non-Arab Middle East Peoples • About 3 million Arab-Americans • Iranians are Persian or Irani, speak Farsi, are mostly • Seen as various “races” in US – some Muslim, are not Arabs ▫ Longstanding Persian Jewish population white/European, some African, some south ▫ Longstanding Zoroastrian population Asian. • Turkish speak Turkish, are Muslim, but not Arabs • Most Arab-Americans are US born, ancestors • Kurds don’t have a state, are Muslim, speak Kurdish migrated before 1920, mostly Christians from • Minority groups within other nations include Lebanon and Syria Assyrians, Berbers, Chaldeans, Copts ▫ Chaldeans are Catholics from Iraq, significant • The majority of Arab Americans are Catholic or communities in US. Orthodox Christian ▫ Coptics are Egyptian Christians: speak Arabic but see • More recent wave are Muslims themselves as culturally distinct

23 Muslims • About 12 percent of Muslims worldwide are Arabs. • There are more Muslims in Indonesia than in all Arab countries combined. • Large populations of Muslims live in India, Iran, Middle Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, other parts of East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. East • Islam originated among Arabs, and the Quran was originally written in Arabic, so there are Arabic cultural influences in Islam.

Muslim Americans 2000 American Muslim Council Figures Percent Ethnicity of Muslim Americans African American 24 South Asia 25 Middle East Arab 26 Middle East Non-Arab 10 East Asia 6 Other 12

Source: Mosque Study Project, Council on American-Islamic Relations, 2001

24 Muslim Americans (Pew Report) Birthplace of Foreign-Born Muslims

• Foreign-born Muslims • Native-born Muslims 35% • Country of birth 65% • Region of Birth • Born/Convert ▫ Pakistan 12% ▫ Arab region 24 ▫ Arab region* 37% ▫ Converts to Islam 21 ▫ India 7% ▫ Pakistan 8 ▫ South Asia 27% ▫ Born Muslim 14 ▫ Bangladesh 5% ▫ Other South Asia 10 ▫ Iran 12% • Race/Ethnicity ▫ Iran 12% ▫ Iran 8 ▫ Europe 8% ▫ African American 20 ▫ Lebanon 6% ▫ Europe 5 ▫ Other Africa* 6% ▫ Other 15 ▫ Yemen 6% ▫ Other Africa 4 ▫ Other 10% • Generation ▫ Iraq 4% ▫ Other 6 ▫ Second 7 ▫ Bosnia & Herzegovina 4% ▫ Third + 28

Religion, Race, Education

Gallup poll (random sample of whole population, English only)

25 Religion, Race, Income

26