Porovnání Vlastností a Výkonnosti NAS Pro Menší a Střední Firmy

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Porovnání Vlastností a Výkonnosti NAS Pro Menší a Střední Firmy Bankovní institut vysoká škola Praha Katedra informačních technologií a kvantitativních metod Porovnání vlastností a výkonnosti NAS pro menší a střední firmy Diplomová práce Autor: Bc. Javier Acosta Informační technologie a management Vedoucí práce: Ing. Martin Uher Praha Červen, 2014 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci zpracoval samostatně a v seznamu uvedl veškerou použitou literaturu. Svým podpisem stvrzuji, že odevzdaná elektronická podoba práce je identická s její tištěnou verzí, a jsem seznámen se skutečností, že se práce bude archivovat v knihovně BIVŠ a dále bude zpřístupněna třetím osobám prostřednictvím interní databáze elektronických vysokoškolských prací. V Praze, 24. června 2014 Javier Acosta Poděkování Za odborné vedení, cenné rady a připomínky při zpracování diplomové práce děkuji vedoucímu práce Ing. Martinu Uherovi. Anotace Tato diplomová práce má za cíl vysvětlit a otestovat vlastnosti a výkonnost systémů NAS pro menší a střední firmy ve virtuálním prostředí. V práci budou tyto vlastnosti a výkonnost detailně otestovány u pěti různých systemů NAS dle testovacích kritérií, jež jsou v práci popsány. Rovněž je cílem této práce ohodnocení testovaných NASů dle definovaných parametrů, čehož je úspěšně dosaženo. Během testování a po jeho dokončení byla ověřena různá fakta, která jsou uvedena v závěru práce. Klíčová slova: NAS, síťové úložiště, sdílení dat, souborové systémy, protokoly na sdílení dat, NFS, ZFS Annotation This thesis aims to explain and test the main features and performance of NAS systems for small and medium-size businesses in virtual environment. During this thesis, features and performance of five different NAS systems are tested in detail according to testing criteria, which is described later in this thesis. Further, this thesis aims to evaluate the results of the tested NAS according to the defined parameters, which is successfully achieved. During the testing and after its completion, various facts are verified and they are presented in the final part of the thesis. Key words: NAS, Network Attached Storage, sharing data, file systems, sharing protocols, NFS, ZFS OBSAH ÚVOD.........................................................................................................................................7 1.PŘEHLED AKTUÁLNÍHO STAVU SYSTÉMŮ NAS.........................................................8 2.HISTORIE NAS A DISKOVÝCH POLÍ................................................................................9 3.ÚVOD DO SYSTÉMŮ NAS................................................................................................11 3.1.Systémy založené na standardních počítačích..............................................................12 3.2.Vestavěné systémy.........................................................................................................12 3.3.Předchozí systémy.........................................................................................................13 3.4.Hlavní výhody systému NAS........................................................................................14 4.SOUBOROVÉ FORMÁTY..................................................................................................16 5.MOŽNOSTI PŘÍSTUPU......................................................................................................20 6.PŘÍSTUPOVÉ PROTOKOLY..............................................................................................21 7.MOŽNOSTI A TYPY VIRTUALIZACE.............................................................................29 7.1.VirtualBox.....................................................................................................................30 8.KRITÉRIA TESTU, TEST NAS..........................................................................................32 8.1.Přehled vybraných NASů:.............................................................................................32 8.2.Kritéria testu..................................................................................................................35 8.3.Test NAS.......................................................................................................................36 8.3.1.Popis prostředí.......................................................................................................37 8.3.2.Podrobnosti porovnání vlastností a výkonnosti vybraných NAS..........................37 8.3.2.1.FreeNAS verze 9.2.1.5:..................................................................................38 8.3.2.2.OpenMediaVault verze 0.5.48:......................................................................43 8.3.2.3.NexentaStor verze 4.0.2:................................................................................47 8.3.2.4.Openfiler verze 2.99:.....................................................................................51 8.3.2.5.NAS4Free 9.2.0.1:.........................................................................................55 8.3.3.Test rychlosti přenosu dat přes protokol NFS ve vybraných systémech NAS......58 9.NÁVRH KONFIGURACE NAS A JEHO ZHODNOCENÍ................................................61 ZÁVĚR.....................................................................................................................................66 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY.......................................................................................67 5 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZKRATEK.......................................................................................69 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH OBRÁZKŮ......................................................................................71 SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH TABULEK.......................................................................................72 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH...................................................................................................................73 6 ÚVOD Den co den se rapidně zvětšuje množství dat, která jsou v digitální formě. Zejména firmy se každý den častěji setkávají s problémem, jak efektivně ukládat data bezpečným, rychlým a spolehlivým způsobem. Rovněž s tím souvisí problém, jak skladovaná data následně sdílet, a to rychle a bezpečně, a aby byla dostupná pro různé systémy bez ohledu na použitý operační systém. Toto řeší především firmy, kde jsou data používána mnoha uživateli s různými operačními systémy. Toto téma jsem si vybral, protože já sám jsem se někdy setkal s problémem mnoha digitálních dat, jak v zaměstnání, tak i v domácnosti. Často musím řesit otázku, kam data uložit a možná větší problém, jak data sdílet, aby byla dostupná pro uživatele, kteří používají různé operační systémy jako například Windows, Linux apod. Systémy NAS (anglicky Network Attached Storage) mohou být řešením na tento problém, jelikož nabízí jednoduché řešení s poměrně nízkými náklady (někdy dokonce úplně zdarma). Hlavním cílem této práce je seznámit se s problematikou NAS otestováním jejich vlastností a výkonnosti pro menší a střední firmy ve virtuálním prostředí. Dalším cílem práce je definování požadavků na jednotlivé testované NASy a jejich ohodnocení dle definovaných parametrů. V úvodu práce je seznámení se s historií systémů NAS a úvod do problematiky NAS systémů. Následuje teoretická část, kde jsou popsány technické detaily NASů a detailní popis virtuálního prostředí, které je velmi důležité pro následné testování. V další části práce jsou definována testovací kritéria, podle nichž jsou následně podrobně otestovány vlastnosti a výkonnost některých systémů NAS. V závěrečné části práce je provedeno hodnocení testování a navržen možný doporučený návrh konfigurace systému NAS, který by vyhovoval malým a středním firmám. 7 1. PŘEHLED AKTUÁLNÍHO STAVU SYSTÉMŮ NAS V posledních letech překvapil růst vývoje v oblasti systémů NAS mnoho lidí. Zpočátku se zdálo, že systémy NAS nebyly opravdu ničím novým, nebo že by byly něčím, co by mohlo vyřešit nové úkoly, které by běžné operační systémy jako Unix nebo Windows nemohly vyřešit. Jenže výrobcům a vývojářům systémů NAS se během posledních let podařilo tyto systémy optimalizovat jak na úrovni softwaru, tak i v oblasti hardwaru do té míry, že jsou nyní systémy NAS velice oblíbeným produktem a celá oblast s vývoje těchto systémů rapidně roste, a dá se předpokládat, že bude růst i nadále. Jak bude vysvětleno v průběhu této práce, existují různé typy systémů NAS a mnoho způsobů, jak je nastavit a používat. V této práci se zaměříme na způsob, jakým lze předpokládat, že uživatelé menších a středních firem (případně i domácnosti) mohou tyto systémy optimálně používat. 8 2. HISTORIE NAS A DISKOVÝCH POLÍ Na začátku osmdesátých let dvacátého století, popsali D. R. Brownbridge, L. F. Marshall a B. Randell z Univerzity Newcastle v Anglii ve své publikaci „The Newcastle Connection” softwarový subsystém, který mohl být vložen do každé ze soustav fyzicky propojených unixových systémů tak, aby byl vytvořen distribuovaný systém, který byl funkčně k nerozeznání od obecného jednotlivého unixového systému jak na uživatelské úrovni, tak na úrovni programu. Vytvořili tedy vzdálený přístup k datům přes několik počítačů s unixovým systémem. V roce 1983 vytvořila společnost Novell serverový operační systém NetWare a NCP protokol (anglicky NetWare Core Protocol), který byl vyvinut z velmi jednoduchého konceptu: sdílení souborů místo sdílení disku. Když vznikly první verze NetWare, byly všechny ostatní konkurenční produkty založeny na konceptu poskytujícím sdílený přímý přístup k disku. Alternativní přístup společnosti Novell byl v roce 1984
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