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A Rehabilitation Manual for Australian Streams

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A Rehabilitation Manual for Australian Streams VOLUME 1 Ian D. Rutherfurd, Kathryn Jerie and Nicholas Marsh Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation 2000 Published by: Land and Water Resources Research and Cooperative Research Centre Development Corporation for Catchment Hydrology GPO Box 2182 Department of Civil Engineering Canberra ACT 2601 Monash University Telephone: (02) 6257 3379 Clayton VIC 3168 Facsimile: (02) 6257 3420 Telephone: (03) 9905 2704 Email: <[email protected]> Facsimile: (03) 9905 5033 WebSite: <www.lwrrdc.gov.au> © LWRRDC and CRCCH Disclaimer: This manual has been prepared from existing technical material, from research and development studies and from specialist input by researchers,practitioners and stream managers.The material presented cannot fully represent conditions that may be encountered for any particular project.LWRRDC and CRCCH have endeavoured to verify that the methods and recommendations contained are appropriate.No warranty or guarantee,express or implied,except to the extent required by statute,is made as to the accuracy,reliability or suitability of the methods or recommendations,including any financial and legal information. The information, including guidelines and recommendations,contained in this Manual is made available by the authors to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help rehabilitate Australian streams.The Manual is not intended to be a code or industry standard.Whilst it is provided in good faith,LWRRDC and CRCCH accept no liability in respect of any loss or damage caused by reliance on that information.Users should make their own enquiries,including obtaining professional technical,legal and financial advice, before relying on any information and form their own views as to whether the information is applicable to their circumstances.Where technical information has been prepared by or contributed by authors external to LWRRDC and CRCCH,readers should contact the author/s or undertake other appropriate enquiries before making use of that information. The adoption of any guidelines or recommendations in the manual will not necessarily ensure compliance with any statutory obligations,the suitability or stability of any stream structure or treatment, enhanced environmental performance or avoidance of environmental harm or nuisance. Publication data: ‘A Rehabilitation Manual for Australian Streams Volume 1’ Authors: Ian D.Rutherfurd,Kathryn Jerie and Nicholas Marsh Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology Department of Civil Engineering Monash University Clayton VIC 3168 Telephone: (03) 9905 2940 Facsimile: (03)9905 5503 Email: <[email protected]> ISBN 0 642 76028 4 (volume 1/2) ISBN 0 642 76030 6 (set of 2 volumes) Design by: Arawang Communication Group,Canberra June 1999 Web version March 2000 Printed version This manual was first published (in colour) on the World Wide Web,where it can be accessed at <www.rivers.gov.au>.For economy and convenience,that pagination of the Web version has been retained here. Contents Preamble 4 Acknowledgments 5 Part 1 - Stream Rehabilitation Concepts 8 Introduction 9 An introduction to stream ecosystems 27 Recovery of disturbed stream systems in Australia 43 Conclusions and bibliography 59 Part 2 - A Stream Rehabilitation Procedure 63 An introduction to stream rehabilitation planning 64 A 12-step procedure for stream rehabilitation: a summary 67 The 12 steps in stream rehabilitation 70 Step 1 What are your goals for rehabilitating the stream? 71 Step 2 Who shares your goals for the stream? 76 Step 3 How has your stream changed since European settlement? 84 Step 4 What are the stream’s main natural assets and problems? 98 Step 5 Setting priorities: which reaches should you work on first? 107 Step 6 What are your strategies to protect assets and improve your stream? 125 Step 7 What are your specific and measurable objectives? 133 Step 8 Are your objectives feasible? 142 Step 9 How will you design your project to achieve your objectives? 156 Step 10 How will you evaluate your project? 163 Step 11 How will you plan and implement your project? 175 Step 12 Has your project worked? 181 Bibliography 188 A Rehabilitation Manual for Australian Streams 3 A rehabilitation manual for Australian streams Volume 1: Concepts and planning Part 1 - Stream rehabilitation concepts Part 2 - A summary of the stream rehabilitation planning procedure Volume 2: Rehabilitation tools Preamble Over the past two hundred years we have physically and biologically degraded many Australian streams.Catchment managers at the end of the millennium face two daunting We need your tasks: how to minimise further damage to rivers and streams, and how to repair the damage that has already occurred. feedback! We can return natural values to our waterways.This There has been a long tradition of trying to preserve natural values manual is designed to help those professional managers in Australian streams.But it is only in the last two decades that who are accepting the challenge of rehabilitating the people have begun to reverse the degradation of the past,and it is physical and biological condition of Australian streams.It only now that rehabilitation is becoming one of the core goals of has four sections covering the following main topics: stream and catchment managers.As a result,there are few projects aimed specifically at rehabilitation of natural values in Australian 1. rehabilitation concepts; streams.There are even fewer projects that have been adequately 2. a planning procedure for rehabilitating streams; evaluated.Thus,this manual is based more on an evolving set of ideas than on well-established approaches known to be effective in 3. typical stream problems; and Australian conditions.You will also find many gaps in the manual that need to be filled. 4. a range of tools that could be useful for rehabilitation. The concepts provide a firm basis for planning a Our hope is that this manual will grow and mature along with the rehabilitation strategy,while the typical problems and tools infant stream rehabilitation industry.It is only as we evaluate and provide resources that could be useful to the manager. record the successes and failures of our stream rehabilitation efforts that we will gain the confidence needed to roll-back the many It is important to emphasise that this is not a catchment or decades of degradation that our streams have suffered.To this end a stream management manual.There are many reasons to ‘feedback form’ (see final two pages) accompanies the manual,so that intervene in streams and catchments that are not related to you can bring your thoughts and experiences to the next edition. rehabilitation of the natural stream values.Thus,the manual will only touch on issues such as erosion control, water supply,flooding,and the sociology of management, in so far as they affect rehabilitation. This manual was only made possible by the contributions of many managers and researchers across Australia.These contributions are acknowledged in the following pages.We also acknowledge the generous support and vision of the Land and Water Resources Research and Development Corporation,and the Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology that has brought this manual to fruition. A Rehabilitation Manual for Australian Streams 4 Acknowledgments This manual was initiated and supported by Dr Phil Price, We thank the following publishers for permission to Executive Director of LWRRDC.Dr Siwan Lovett,as reproduce copyright material: program leader of the LWRRDC Riparian Zone Program, Allen & Unwin — Figure 39,Part 1; Figure 10 in Barnard has shepherded the manual through to production.We and Melhorn (1981) thank them both for their inspiration and patience,and the people listed below for their valuable contributions.We Elsevier Science — Figure 35,Part 1; Figure 2 in Hupp and also thank Ed Highley and his team at Arawang for their Simon (1991) tireless assistance,and their creativity in assisting with the John Wiley & Sons — Figure 40,Part 1; Figure 6 in Brookes editing,design and layout of the manual. (1987) National Research Council of Canada — Figure 9,Part 1; Abbreviations used are spelt out at the end of the table. Figure 1 in Bradshaw (1996) Person Affiliation Contribution Bruce Abernethy CRCCH,Monash University,Vic. Many useful discussions,plus insightful reviews of sections John Amprimo DNR,Qld Contributed the section on legislation and administrative controls in Queensland Mike Askey-Doran Parks & Wildlife,Tas. Kindly hosted a trip to look at Tasmanian streams Rebecca Bartley CRCCH,Monash Uni,Vic. General assistance with construction.Provided advice about real stream management Karla Billington DEHAA,SA. Contributed to a section on GIS Dominic Blackham University of Birmingham,UK Assistance in preparation of Natural channel design sections Sally Boon Department of Land and Provided information on vertical pin ramps and log sills Water Conservation,Qld. Also organised a tour of streams in north coast NSW Fleur Bound CRCCH,Monash University Contributed section ‘Rehabilitation for frogs’ Jason Bradbury Parks & Wildlife,Tas. Contributed to the section on erosion caused by boat waves Peter Breen CRCFE,Monash Uni,Vic. Provided information on urban streams,and contributed to our thinking on the role of remediation Gary Brierley Macquarie University,NSW Contributed ideas through his writing and many discussions Andrew Brooks Macquarie University,NSW Contributed ideas
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