DOCSLIB.ORG

Eye Movements and Processing of Semantic Information in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Eye Movements and Processing of Semantic Information in The Eye Movements and Processing of Semantic Information in the Parafovea During Reading Sven Hohenstein Doctoral Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Human Sciences at the University of Potsdam (Department of Cognitive Psychology) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Submission: July 1, 2013 Defense: December 4, 2013 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Reinhold Kliegl, Prof. Dr. Jukka Hyönä Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URL http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7036/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70363 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70363 ABSTRACT When we read a text, we obtain information at different levels of representation from abstract symbols. A reader’s ultimate aim is the extraction of the meaning of the words and the text. The reserach of eye movements in reading covers a broad range of psychological systems, ranging from low-level perceptual and motor processes to high- level cognition. Reading of skilled readers proceeds highly automatic, but is a complex phenomenon of interacting subprocesses at the same time. The study of eye movements during reading offers the possibility to investigate cognition via behavioral measures during the excercise of an everyday task. The process of reading is not limited to the directly fixated (or foveal) word but also extends to surrounding (or parafoveal) words, particularly the word to the right of the gaze position. This process may be unconscious, but parafoveal information is necessary for efficient reading. There is an ongoing debate on whether processing of the upcoming word encompasses word meaning (or semantics) or only superficial features. To increase the knowledge about how the meaning of one word helps processing another word, seven experiments were conducted. In these studies, words were exachanged during reading. The degree of relatedness between the word to the right of the currently fixated one and the word subsequently fixated was experimentally manipulated. Furthermore, the time course of the parafoveal extraction of meaning was investigated with two different approaches, an experimental one and a statistical one. As a major finding, fixation times were consistently lower if a semantically related word was presented compared to the presence of an unrelated word. Introducing an experimental technique that allows controlling the duration for which words are available, the time course of processing and integrating meaning was evaluated. Results indicated both facilitation and inhibition due to relatedness between the meanings of words. In a more natural reading situation, the effectiveness of the processing of parafoveal words was sometimes time-dependent and substantially increased with III shorter distances between the gaze position and the word. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of eye-movement control. In summary, the results are more compatible with models of distributed word processing. The discussions moreover extend to language differences and technical issues of reading research. IV ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Wenn wir einen Text lesen, erfassen wir Informationen auf verschiedenen Repräsentationsebenen anhand abstrakter Symbole. Das oberste Ziel des Lesers ist das Erfassen der Bedeutung der Worte und des Textes. Die Erforschung der Blickbewegungen beim Lesen umfasst verschiedene Verarbeitungsebenen, die von Warhnehmung über motorische Prozesse bis hin zu Kognition auf übergeordneter Ebene reichen. Das Lesen geübter Leser verläuft zum großen Teil automatisch, ist aber gleichzeitig ein komplexes Phänomen interagierender Teilprozesse. Die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen beim Lesen eröffnet die Möglichkeit, kognitive Prozesse bei der Ausübung einer alltäglichen Aufgabe anhand von Verhaltensmaßen zu untersuchen. Der Leseprozess ist nicht beschränkt auf das direkt fixierte (oder foveale) Wort, sondern umfasst auch umgebende (oder parafoveale) Wörter, insbesondere das Wort rechts der Blickposition. Obgleich dies nicht notwendigerweise bewusst geschieht, ist die parafoveale Information dennoch wichtig für effizientes Lesen. Es wird darüber diskutiert, ob die Verarbeitung des nächsten Wortes die Wortbedeutung (Semantik) oder nur oberflächliche Eigenschaften umfasst. Um ein besseres Verständnis zu erhalten, ob die Bedeutung eines Wortes bei der Verarbeitung eines anderen Wortes hilft, wurden sieben Experimente durchgeführt. In diesen Studien wurde ein Wort im Satz während des Lesens ausgetauscht. Der inhaltliche Zusammenhang zwischen einer parafoveal präsentierten Vorschau und dem anschließend fixierten Zielwort wurde experimentell manipuliert. Außerdem wurde der zeitliche Verlauf der Bedeutungserfassung aus parafovealen Wörtern mit zwei Ansätzen untersucht, einem experimentellen und einem statistischen. Als primärer Befund zeigte sich, dass die Fixationszeiten durchweg kürzer waren, wenn ein semantisch verwandtes Wort als Vorschau präsentiert wurde, verglichen mit einem Wort ohne Verwandtschaft. Mit der in dieser Arbeit verwendeten experimentellen Vorgehensweise konnte zudem der zeitliche Verlauf des Verarbeitens V und Integrierens von Bedeutung ermittelt wurde. Dabei ergaben sich kürzere Fixationszeiten auf dem Zielwort bei ähnlichen Wortbedeutungen und längere Fixationszeiten bei unterschiedlichen Wortbedeutungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sowohl leichtere als auch schwerere Verarbeitung in Folge der Ähnlichkeit von Wortbedeutungen. In einer natürlicheren Lesesituation war die Wirksamkeit der Verarbeitung nachfolgender Wörter teilweise abhängig von der Dauer der Vorschau, und sie war deutlich größer bei kürzerer räumlicher Distanz zwischen der Blickposition und der Vorschau. Die Befunde werden mit Blick auf Theorien der Blickbewegunskontrolle diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse sind stärker mit Modellen verteilter Wortverarbeitung vereinbar. Die Diskussion erstreckt sich außerdem auf Sprachunterschiede und technische Aspekte der Leseforschung. VI CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Basic characteristics of the eyes and their movements ....................................... 1 1.2 Foveal processing ................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Parafoveal processing ........................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Word skipping ................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Landing position ............................................................................................. 7 1.3.3 Parafoveal-on-foveal effects .......................................................................... 9 1.3.4 Parafoveal preview benefit .......................................................................... 12 1.4 Semantic processing ........................................................................................... 20 1.4.1 Semantic relations ........................................................................................ 21 1.4.2 Semantic preview benefit ............................................................................. 24 1.4.3 Parafoveal semantic processing beyond natural sentence reading ............. 30 1.5 Motivation and overview of the present studies ............................................... 31 2 SEMANTIC PREVIEW BENEFIT DURING EYE MOVEMENTS IN READING: A PARAFOVEAL FAST-PRIMING STUDY .................................................................. 35 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 37 2.1.1 Parafoveal preview benefits ......................................................................... 38 2.1.2 Priming studies ............................................................................................. 40 2.1.3 Time course of parafoveal information extraction ....................................... 42 2.1.4 Time course of semantic information extraction ......................................... 43 2.2 Experiment 1 ...................................................................................................... 44 2.2.1 Method ......................................................................................................... 46 2.2.2 Results .......................................................................................................... 54 2.2.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 58 2.3 Experiment 2 ...................................................................................................... 61 2.3.1 Method ......................................................................................................... 62 2.3.2 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 62 2.3.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 66 2.4 Experiment 3 ...................................................................................................... 66 2.4.1 Method ......................................................................................................... 67 2.4.2 Results and Discussion .................................................................................. 68 2.4.3 Discussion ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fovea in Retinopathy of Prematurity
    Multidisciplinary Ophthalmic Imaging The Fovea in Retinopathy of Prematurity James D. Akula,1,2 Ivana A. Arellano,1 Emily A. Swanson,1 Tara L. Favazza,1 Theodore S. Bowe,2 Robert J. Munro,1 R. Daniel Ferguson,3 Ronald M. Hansen,1,2 Anne Moskowitz,1,2 and Anne B. Fulton1,2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 3Department of Biomedical Optics, Physical Sciences, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States Correspondence: James D. Akula, PURPOSE. Because preterm birth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are associated Department of Ophthalmology, with poor visual acuity (VA) and altered foveal development, we evaluated relationships Boston Children’s Hospital, among the central retinal photoreceptors, postreceptor retinal neurons, overlying fovea, 300 Longwood Aveue, Fegan 4, andVAinROP. Boston, MA 02115, USA; [email protected]. METHODS. We obtained optical coherence tomograms (OCTs) in preterm born subjects with no history of ROP (none; n = 61), ROP that resolved spontaneously without treat- Received: December 18, 2019 ment (mild; n = 51), and ROP that required treatment by laser ablation of the avascu- Accepted: July 2, 2020 = Published: September 16, 2020 lar peripheral retina (severe; n 22), as well as in term born control subjects (term; n = 111). We obtained foveal shape descriptors, measured central retinal layer thick- Citation: Akula JD, Arellano IA, nesses, and demarcated the anatomic parafovea using automated routines. In subsets Swanson EA, et al. The fovea in = retinopathy of prematurity. Invest of these subjects, we obtained OCTs eccentrically through the pupil (n 46) to reveal Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
    [Show full text]
  • CS460/626 : Natural Language Processing/Speech, NLP and the Web
    CS460/626 : Natural Language Processing/Speech, NLP and the Web Lecture 24, 25, 26 Wordnet Pushpak Bhattacharyya CSE Dept., IIT Bombay 17th and 19th (morning and night), 2013 NLP Trinity Problem Semantics NLP Trinity Parsing Part of Speech Tagging Morph Analysis Marathi French HMM Hindi English Language CRF MEMM Algorithm NLP Layer Discourse and Corefernce Increased Semantics Extraction Complexity Of Processing Parsing Chunking POS tagging Morphology Background Classification of Words Word Content Function Word Word Verb Noun Adjective Adverb Prepo Conjun Pronoun Interjection sition ction NLP: Thy Name is Disambiguation A word can have multiple meanings and A meaning can have multiple words Word with multiple meanings Where there is a will, Where there is a will, There are hundreds of relatives Where there is a will There is a way There are hundreds of relatives A meaning can have multiple words Proverb “A cheat never prospers” Proverb: “A cheat never prospers but can get rich faster” WSD should be distinguished from structural ambiguity Correct groupings a must … Iran quake kills 87, 400 injured When it rains cats and dogs run for cover Should be distinguished from structural ambiguity Correct groupings a must … Iran quake kills 87, 400 injured When it rains, cats and dogs runs for cover When it rains cats and dogs, run for cover Groups of words (Multiwords) and names can be ambiguous Broken guitar for sale, no strings attached (Pun) Washington voted Washington to power pujaa ne pujaa ke liye phul todaa (Pujaa plucked
    [Show full text]
  • Machine Reading = Text Understanding! David Israel! What Is It to Understand a Text? !
    Machine Reading = Text Understanding! David Israel! What is it to Understand a Text? ! • To understand a text — starting with a single sentence — is to:! • determine its truth (perhaps along with the evidence for its truth)! ! • determine its truth-conditions (roughly: what must the world be like for it to be true)! • So one doesn’t have to check how the world actually is — that is whether the sentence is true! • calculate its entailments! • take — or at least determine — appropriate action in light of it (and some given preferences/goals/desires)! • translate it accurately into another language! • and what does accuracy come to?! • ground it in a cognitively plausible conceptual space! • …….! • These are not necessarily competing alternatives! ! For Contrast: What is it to Engage Intelligently in a Dialogue? ! • Respond appropriately to what your dialogue partner has just said (and done)! • Typically, taking into account the overall purpose(s) of the interaction and the current state of that interaction (the dialogue state)! • Compare and contrast dialogue between “equals” and between a human and a computer, trying to assist the human ! • Siri is a very simple example of the latter! A Little Ancient History of Dialogue Systems! STUDENT (Bobrow 1964) Question-Answering: Word problems in simple algebra! “If the number of customers Tom gets is twice the square of 20% of the number of advertisements he runs, and the number of advertisements he runs is 45, what is the number of customers Tom gets?” ! Overview of the method ! . 1 Map referential expressions to variables. ! ! . 2 Use regular expression templates to identify and transform mathematical expressions.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Study Photoreceptor Inner and Outer Segment Junction Reflectivity After Vitrectomy for Macula-Off Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Ophthalmology Volume 2015, Article ID 451408, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/451408 Clinical Study Photoreceptor Inner and Outer Segment Junction Reflectivity after Vitrectomy for Macula-Off Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Jakub J. Kaluzny,1,2 Bartosz L. Sikorski,3 Grzegorz Czajkowski,2 Mateusz Burduk,3 Bartlomiej J. Kaluzny,3 Joanna Stafiej,3 and Grazyna Malukiewicz3 1 Department of Public Health, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ulica Sandomierska 16, 85-830 Bydgoszcz, Poland 2Oftalmika Eye Hospital, Ulica Modrzewiowa 15, 85-631 Bydgoszcz, Poland 3Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ulica Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Jakub J. Kaluzny; [email protected] and Bartosz L. Sikorski; [email protected] Received 4 May 2015; Revised 26 June 2015; Accepted 1 July 2015 AcademicEditor:LawrenceS.Morse Copyright © 2015 Jakub J. Kaluzny et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Purpose. To evaluate the spatial distribution of photoreceptor inner and outer segment junction (IS/OS) reflectivity changes after successful vitrectomy for macula-off retinal detachment (PPV-mOFF) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SdOCT). Methods. Twenty eyes after successful PPV-mOFF were included in the study. During a mean follow-up period of 15.3 months, SdOCT was performed four times. To evaluate the IS/OS reflectivity a four-grade scale was used. Results. At the first follow- up visit the IS/OS had very similar reflectivity in entire length of the central scan with total average value of 1,05.
    [Show full text]
  • Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway
    CHAPTER 1 Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Afferent Visual Pathway Joseph F. Rizzo III RETINA Physiology Embryology of the Eye and Retina Blood Supply Basic Anatomy and Physiology POSTGENICULATE VISUAL SENSORY PATHWAYS Overview of Retinal Outflow: Parallel Pathways Embryology OPTIC NERVE Anatomy of the Optic Radiations Embryology Blood Supply General Anatomy CORTICAL VISUAL AREAS Optic Nerve Blood Supply Cortical Area V1 Optic Nerve Sheaths Cortical Area V2 Optic Nerve Axons Cortical Areas V3 and V3A OPTIC CHIASM Dorsal and Ventral Visual Streams Embryology Cortical Area V5 Gross Anatomy of the Chiasm and Perichiasmal Region Cortical Area V4 Organization of Nerve Fibers within the Optic Chiasm Area TE Blood Supply Cortical Area V6 OPTIC TRACT OTHER CEREBRAL AREASCONTRIBUTING TO VISUAL LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUSPERCEPTION Anatomic and Functional Organization The brain devotes more cells and connections to vision lular, magnocellular, and koniocellular pathways—each of than any other sense or motor function. This chapter presents which contributes to visual processing at the primary visual an overview of the development, anatomy, and physiology cortex. Beyond the primary visual cortex, two streams of of this extremely complex but fascinating system. Of neces- information flow develop: the dorsal stream, primarily for sity, the subject matter is greatly abridged, although special detection of where objects are and for motion perception, attention is given to principles that relate to clinical neuro- and the ventral stream, primarily for detection of what ophthalmology. objects are (including their color, depth, and form). At Light initiates a cascade of cellular responses in the retina every level of the visual system, however, information that begins as a slow, graded response of the photoreceptors among these ‘‘parallel’’ pathways is shared by intercellular, and transforms into a volley of coordinated action potentials thalamic-cortical, and intercortical connections.
    [Show full text]
  • Automatic Labeling of Troponymy for Chinese Verbs
    Automatic labeling of troponymy for Chinese verbs 羅巧Ê Chiao-Shan Lo*+ s!蓉 Yi-Rung Chen+ [email protected] [email protected] 林芝Q Chih-Yu Lin+ 謝舒ñ Shu-Kai Hsieh*+ [email protected] [email protected] *Lab of Linguistic Ontology, Language Processing and e-Humanities, +Graduate School of English/Linguistics, National Taiwan Normal University Abstract 以同©^Æ與^Y語意關¶Ë而成的^Y知X«，如ñ語^² (Wordnet)、P語^ ² (EuroWordnet)I，已有E分的研v，^²的úË_已øv完善。ú¼ø同的目的，- 研b語言@¦已úË'規!K-文^Y²路 (Chinese Wordnet,CWN)，è(Ð供完t的 -文­YK^©@分。6而，(目MK-文^Y²路ûq-，1¼目M;要/¡(ºº$ 定來標記同©^ÆK間的語意關Â，因d這些標記KxÏ尚*T成可L應(K一定規!。 因d，,Ç文章y%針對動^K間的上下M^Y語意關 (Troponymy)，Ðú一.ê動標 記的¹法。我們希望藉1句法上y定的句型 (lexical syntactic pattern)，úË一個能 ê 動½取ú動^上下M的ûq。透N^©意$定原G的U0，P果o:，dûqê動½取ú 的動^上M^，cº率將近~分K七A。,研v盼能將,¹法應(¼c(|U-的-文^ ²ê動語意關Â標記，以Ê知X,體Kê動úË，2而能有H率的úË完善的-文^Y知 XÇ源。 關關關uuu^^^：-文^Y²路、語©關Âê動標記、動^^Y語© Abstract Synset and semantic relation based lexical knowledge base such as wordnet, have been well-studied and constructed in English and other European languages (EuroWordnet). The Chinese wordnet (CWN) has been launched by Academia Sinica basing on the similar paradigm. The synset that each word sense locates in CWN are manually labeled, how- ever, the lexical semantic relations among synsets are not fully constructed yet. In this present paper, we try to propose a lexical pattern-based algorithm which can automatically discover the semantic relations among verbs, especially the troponymy relation. There are many ways that the structure of a language can indicate the meaning of lexical items. For Chinese verbs, we identify two sets of lexical syntactic patterns denoting the concept of hypernymy-troponymy relation.
    [Show full text]
  • Vision Research 138 (2017) 59–65
    Vision Research 138 (2017) 59–65 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Vision Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/visres Role of parafovea in blur perception ⇑ Abinaya Priya Venkataraman a, ,1, Aiswaryah Radhakrishnan b,1, Carlos Dorronsoro b, Linda Lundström a, Susana Marcos b a Department of Applied Physics, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden b Visual Optics and Biophotonics Lab, Instituto de Óptica ‘‘Daza de Valdés”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain article info abstract Article history: The blur experienced by our visual system is not uniform across the visual field. Additionally, lens designs Received 22 April 2017 with variable power profile such as contact lenses used in presbyopia correction and to control myopia Received in revised form 10 July 2017 progression create variable blur from the fovea to the periphery. The perceptual changes associated with Accepted 15 July 2017 varying blur profile across the visual field are unclear. We therefore measured the perceived neutral focus with images of different angular subtense (from 4° to 20°) and found that the amount of blur, for which Number of reviewers = 2 focus is perceived as neutral, increases when the stimulus was extended to cover the parafovea. We also studied the changes in central perceived neutral focus after adaptation to images with similar magnitude Keywords: of optical blur across the image or varying blur from center to the periphery. Altering the blur in the Blur adaptation Peripheral blur periphery had little or no effect on the shift of perceived neutral focus following adaptation to normal/ Central vision blurred central images.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Increased Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Retinal Structure Changes on Optical Coherence Tomography in Pediatric Alport Syndrome Patients
    Hindawi Journal of Ophthalmology Volume 2019, Article ID 6741930, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6741930 Research Article Increased Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness and Retinal Structure Changes on Optical Coherence Tomography in Pediatric Alport Syndrome Patients Seda Karaca Adıyeke ,1 Gamze Ture,1 Fatma Mutlubas¸,2 Hasan Aytog˘an,1 Onur Vural,1 Neslisah Kutlu Uzakgider,1 Gulsah Talay Dayangaç,1 and Ekrem Talay1 1Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Ophthalmology Department, Izmir, Turkey 2Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, Pediatric Nephrology Department, Izmir, Turkey Correspondence should be addressed to Seda Karaca Adıyeke; [email protected] Received 8 September 2018; Revised 19 November 2018; Accepted 17 December 2018; Published 21 January 2019 Academic Editor: Sentaro Kusuhara Copyright © 2019 Seda Karaca Adıyeke et al. )is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Objective. To evaluate optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of pediatric Alport syndrome (AS) patients with no retinal pathology on fundus examination. Materials and Methods. Twenty-one patients being followed up with the diagnosis of AS (Group 1) and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (Group 2) were prospectively evaluated. All participants underwent standard ophthalmologic examination, retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) analysis, and horizontal and vertical scan macula en- hanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT). Statistical analysis of the data obtained in this study was performed with SPSS 15.0. Results. Macula thickness was significantly decreased in the temporal quadrant in Group 1 compared to those of the control group (p � 0:013).
    [Show full text]
  • (AMD) and a New Metric for Objective Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ocular Nutrition
    Nutrients 2012, 4, 1812-1827; doi:10.3390/nu4121812 OPEN ACCESS nutrients ISSN 2072-6643 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Article Retinal Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Early Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and a New Metric for Objective Evaluation of the Efficacy of Ocular Nutrition Stuart Richer 1,2,*, Jane Cho 1,2, William Stiles 1, Marc Levin 1, James S. Wrobel 3, Michael Sinai 4 and Carla Thomas 1 1 Eye Clinic, James A Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (W.S.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (C.T.) 2 Family & Preventive Medicine, RFUMS Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA 3 Internal Medicine, Podiatry Services, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA 94538, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-224-610-7145. Received: 11 October 2012; in revised form: 12 November 2012 / Accepted: 14 November 2012 / Published: 27 November 2012 Abstract: Purpose: A challenge in ocular preventive medicine is identification of patients with early pathological retinal damage that might benefit from nutritional intervention. The purpose of this study is to evaluate retinal thinning (RT) in early atrophic age-related macular degeneration (AMD) against visual function data from the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function (ZVF) randomized double masked placebo controlled clinical trial (FDA IND #78973). Methods: Retrospective, observational case series of medical center veterans with minimal visible AMD retinopathy (AREDS Report #18 simplified grading 1.4/4.0 bilateral retinopathy).
    [Show full text]
  • Ultrastructural Findings in Solar Retinopathy
    ULTRASTRUCTURAL FINDINGS IN SOLAR RETINOPATHY M. W. HOPE-ROSS, G. J. MAHON, T. A. GARDINER and D. B. ARCHER Belfast, Northern Ireland SUMMARY The prognosis for recovery in solar retinopathy is good This study documents the ultrastructural findings in a and the majority of patients regain pre-exposure visual case of solar retinopathy, 6 day s after sungazing. A malig­ acuity.3 However, central scotomas frequently persist. nant melanoma of the choroid was diagnosed in a 65- The purpose of this paper is to document the ultrastruc­ year-old man. On fundoscopy, the macula was normal. tural findings in a case of solar retinopathy. The patient agreed to stare at the sun prior to enuclea­ CASE REPORT AND METHODS tion. A typical solar retinopathy developed, characterised by a small, reddish, sharply circumscribed depression in A 65-year-old man presented to the Ophthalmic Depart­ the foveal area. Structural examination of the fovea and ment of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, complaining parafovea revealed a spectrum of cone and rod outer seg­ of a IO-week history of floaters affecting the right eye. ment changes including vesiculation and fragmentation Examination revealed best corrected visual acuity was right of the photoreceptor lamellae and the presence of discrete eye 6/9 and left eye 6/4. Fundoscopy of the right eye 100-120 nm whorls within the disc membranes. Many revealed an inferonasal peripapillary choroidal malignant photoreceptor cells, particularly the parafoveal rods, also melanoma, measuring 9 mm in diameter. A fluorescein demonstrated mitochondrial swelling and nuclear pyk­ angiogram confirmed the presence of a choroidal malig­ nosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Decrease in Inner Retinal Thickness at Para- and Perifoveal Areas Before Vascular Retinopathy in Patients with Metabolic Risk Factors
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology 3 (2013) 108e115 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology journal homepage: www.e-tjo.com Original article Decrease in inner retinal thickness at para- and perifoveal areas before vascular retinopathy in patients with metabolic risk factors Ko-Jo Lin a, Mei-Xue Loi a, Shao-Yu Lei a, Chao-Chun Shiau a, Chien-Liang Wu a,b,*, Jennifer Hui-Chun Ho a,b,c,* a Department of Ophthalmology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan b Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan c Center for Stem Cell Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan article info abstract Article history: Background: Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia are major risk factors for vascular reti- Received 1 April 2013 nopathy. The relationship between retinal thickness at the macular area and metabolic risk factors, as Received in revised form well as visual impairment, in elderly patients before developing vascular occlusion needs to be 13 May 2013 investigated. Accepted 22 May 2013 Methods: In this prospective, case-control study, patients >60 years old, without objective visual Available online 12 July 2013 threatened ocular diseases or systemic abnormalities, except for hypertension, dyslipidemia or/and hy- perglycemia, were included for measurement of retinal thickness at the macular area by optical coher- Keywords: inner retina ence tomography (OCT). macular thickness Results: Fifty-four patients were analyzed; 11 patients had no metabolic risk factors, 16 had one, 17 had metabolic risk factors two, and 10 had three.
    [Show full text]
  • Retinotoxicity of Hydroxychloroquine: Is It Possible to Demonstrate by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Before Devel
    Arch Rheumatol 2014;29(3):178-185 doi: 10.5606/ArchRheumatol.2014.3989 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Retinotoxicity of Hydroxychloroquine: Is It Possible to Demonstrate by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Before Development? A Cross Sectional Investigation Hasan Fatih ÇAY,1 Muhammet Kazım EROL,2 Deniz TURGUT ÇOBAN,2 Mehmet BULUT, 2 İlhan SEZER,1 Tuncay ÇAKIR,3 Naciye Füsun TORAMAN3 2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of Ophthalmology, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the alterations of retinal layers in rheumatic patients treated with hydroxychloroquine but without the signs or symptoms of retinopathy by using spectral domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Patients and methods: The retinal layers of a total of 402 eyes including 114 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine (for rheumatoid arthritis (n=40), Sjögren’s syndrome (n=47) and connective tissue diseases (n=27) and age-matched 87 healthy controls were evaluated with SD-OCT. The macular cube protocol, optic disc cube protocol and horizontal and vertical HD 5-line raster scan protocol were applied. The measured parameters were compared between hydroxychloroquine users and healthy control group. The results of these parameters were also compared with other disease groups using hydroxychloroquine. The correlation of these parameters with the duration of drug consumption and dose was assessed. Results: All layers of outer fovea, superior and inferior quadrants of retinal nerve fiber layers of hydroxychloroquine users were thinner than non- users.
    [Show full text]