An English Brief on Resolutions Adopted by the Sarbat Khalsa]
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Sikhism Reinterpreted: the Creation of Sikh Identity
Lake Forest College Lake Forest College Publications Senior Theses Student Publications 4-16-2014 Sikhism Reinterpreted: The rC eation of Sikh Identity Brittany Fay Puller Lake Forest College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://publications.lakeforest.edu/seniortheses Part of the Asian History Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Puller, Brittany Fay, "Sikhism Reinterpreted: The rC eation of Sikh Identity" (2014). Senior Theses. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Publications at Lake Forest College Publications. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Lake Forest College Publications. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sikhism Reinterpreted: The rC eation of Sikh Identity Abstract The iS kh identity has been misinterpreted and redefined amidst the contemporary political inclinations of elitist Sikh organizations and the British census, which caused the revival and alteration of Sikh history. This thesis serves as a historical timeline of Punjab’s religious transitions, first identifying Sikhism’s emergence and pluralism among Bhakti Hinduism and Chishti Sufism, then analyzing the effects of Sikhism’s conduct codes in favor of militancy following the human Guruship’s termination, and finally recognizing the identity-driven politics of colonialism that led to the partition of Punjabi land and identity in 1947. Contemporary practices of ritualism within Hinduism, Chishti Sufism, and Sikhism were also explored through research at the Golden Temple, Gurudwara Tapiana Sahib Bhagat Namdevji, and Haider Shaikh dargah, which were found to share identical features of Punjabi religious worship tradition that dated back to their origins. -
The Sikh Prayer)
Acknowledgements My sincere thanks to: Professor Emeritus Dr. Darshan Singh and Prof Parkash Kaur (Chandigarh), S. Gurvinder Singh Shampura (member S.G.P.C.), Mrs Panninder Kaur Sandhu (nee Pammy Sidhu), Dr Gurnam Singh (p.U. Patiala), S. Bhag Singh Ankhi (Chief Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar), Dr. Gurbachan Singh Bachan, Jathedar Principal Dalbir Singh Sattowal (Ghuman), S. Dilbir Singh and S. Awtar Singh (Sikh Forum, Kolkata), S. Ravinder Singh Khalsa Mohali, Jathedar Jasbinder Singh Dubai (Bhai Lalo Foundation), S. Hardarshan Singh Mejie (H.S.Mejie), S. Jaswant Singh Mann (Former President AISSF), S. Gurinderpal Singh Dhanaula (Miri-Piri Da! & Amritsar Akali Dal), S. Satnam Singh Paonta Sahib and Sarbjit Singh Ghuman (Dal Khalsa), S. Amllljit Singh Dhawan, Dr Kulwinder Singh Bajwa (p.U. Patiala), Khoji Kafir (Canada), Jathedar Amllljit Singh Chandi (Uttrancbal), Jathedar Kamaljit Singh Kundal (Sikh missionary), Jathedar Pritam Singh Matwani (Sikh missionary), Dr Amllljit Kaur Ibben Kalan, Ms Jagmohan Kaur Bassi Pathanan, Ms Gurdeep Kaur Deepi, Ms. Sarbjit Kaur. S. Surjeet Singh Chhadauri (Belgium), S Kulwinder Singh (Spain), S, Nachhatar Singh Bains (Norway), S Bhupinder Singh (Holland), S. Jageer Singh Hamdard (Birmingham), Mrs Balwinder Kaur Chahal (Sourball), S. Gurinder Singh Sacha, S.Arvinder Singh Khalsa and S. Inder Singh Jammu Mayor (ali from south-east London), S.Tejinder Singh Hounslow, S Ravinder Singh Kundra (BBC), S Jameet Singh, S Jawinder Singh, Satchit Singh, Jasbir Singh Ikkolaha and Mohinder Singh (all from Bristol), Pritam Singh 'Lala' Hounslow (all from England). Dr Awatar Singh Sekhon, S. Joginder Singh (Winnipeg, Canada), S. Balkaran Singh, S. Raghbir Singh Samagh, S. Manjit Singh Mangat, S. -
The Institution of the Akal Takht: the Transformation of Authority in Sikh History
religions Article The Institution of the Akal Takht: The Transformation of Authority in Sikh History Gurbeer Singh Department of Religious Studies, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; [email protected] Abstract: The Akal Takht is considered to be the central seat of authority in the Sikh tradition. This article uses theories of legitimacy and authority to explore the validity of the authority and legitimacy of the Akal Takht and its leaders throughout time. Starting from the initial institution of the Akal Takht and ending at the Akal Takht today, the article applies Weber’s three types of legitimate authority to the various leaderships and custodianships throughout Sikh history. The article also uses Berger and Luckmann’s theory of the symbolic universe to establish the constant presence of traditional authority in the leadership of the Akal Takht. Merton’s concept of group norms is used to explain the loss of legitimacy at certain points of history, even if one or more types of Weber’s legitimate authority match the situation. This article shows that the Akal Takht’s authority, as with other political religious institutions, is in the reciprocal relationship between the Sikh population and those in charge. This fluidity in authority is used to explain and offer a solution on the issue of authenticity and authority in the Sikh tradition. Keywords: Akal Takht; jathedar; Sikh institutions; Sikh Rehat Maryada; Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC); authority; legitimacy Citation: Singh, Gurbeer. 2021. The Institution of the Akal Takht: The 1. Introduction Transformation of Authority in Sikh History. Religions 12: 390. https:// The Akal Takht, originally known as the Akal Bunga, is the seat of temporal and doi.org/10.3390/rel12060390 spiritual authority of the Sikh tradition. -
Taajudin's Diary
Taajudin’s Diary Account of a Muslim author who accompanied Guru Nanak from Makkah to Baghdad By Sant Syed Prithipal Singh ne’ Mushtaq Hussain Shah (1902-1969) Edited & Translated By: Inderjit Singh Table of Contents Foreword................................................................................................. 7 When Guru Nanak Appeared on the World Scene ............................. 7 Guru Nanak’s Travel ............................................................................ 8 Guru Nanak’s Mission Was Outright Universal .................................. 9 The Book Story .................................................................................. 12 Acquaintance with Syed Prithipal Singh ....................................... 12 Discovery by Sardar Mangal Singh ................................................ 12 Professor Kulwant Singh’s Treatise ............................................... 13 Generosity of Mohinder Singh Bedi .............................................. 14 A Significant Book ............................................................................. 15 Recommendation ............................................................................. 16 Foreword - Sant Prithipal Singh ji Syed, My Father .............................. 18 ‘The Lion of the Lord took to the trade of the Fox’ – Translator’s Note .............................................................................................................. 20 About Me – Preface by Sant Syed Prithipal Singh ............................... -
1 UNIT 4 SIKHISM Contents 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2
UNIT 4 SIKHISM Contents 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Origin of Sikh Religion and Gurus 4.3 Sikh Scripture: Guru Granth Sahib 4.4 Teachings of Sikh Religion 4.5 Ethics of Sikhism 4.6 Sikh Institutions 4.7 Sikh Literature 4.8 Let Us Sum Up 4.9 Key Words 4.10 Further Readings and References 4.11 Answers to Check Your Progress 4.0 OBJECTIVES The main objective of this unit is to give an introduction to Sikhism. By the end of this Unit you are expected to understand: • the origin and development of Sikhism through the successive ten Gurus • the structural as well as conceptual framework of the Sikh Scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, and its cosmopolitan vision • the ethical aspects of Sikhism, ethical code of conduct, status of women and contributions of Sikh women to spirituality • the practical implications of Sikh teachings • the role of Sikh institutions • the Sikh ceremonies, rituals and festivals • the Sikh literature and Sikh socio-religious movements 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the history of Punjab, Guru Nanak appeared at a time when there was complete disintegration not only social and political but also moral and spiritual. Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion, has presented a microscopic portrayal of society in his compositions. He was totally aware of his surrounding atmosphere, religious as well as non-religious. He condemns the external paraphernalia of religion with all its religious rites, ceremonies, sacrifices, pilgrimages, idol-worship and ascetic practices which enhance human’s ego and deprive one of highest spiritual truths. He denounces the empty religious rituals and reacted strongly against the formal ways of worship of orthodox priestly class of Islam and Hinduism. -
Sikh Ethnonationalism and Its Contested Articulation During Militancy in Punjab
25 Kuldip Singh: Sikh Ethnonationalism Sikh Ethnonationalism and Its Contested Articulation During Militancy in Punjab Kuldip Singh Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar _______________________________________________________________ This paper examines the evolution and construction of Sikh ethnonationalism from the beginnings of the faith to the period of militancy in Punjab in the 1980s/90s. While the militants enjoyed great community support immediately after Operation Bluestar and through the late 1980s, their version of Sikh ethnonationalism failed to resonate sustainably with the Sikh masses. In this paper, I highlight how militant violence pivoted from being politically oriented to being more indiscriminant in its targets. The Sikh masses, who eventually became victims of this violence, saw it as being at odds with Sikh values. I argue that this was the crucial reason for the militant version of Sikh ethnonationalism waning, and ultimately failing. This argument is demonstrated by examining the writings and editorials of various Sikh leaders, including some militant leaders who criticized the eventual degradation of militant violence and raised questions about its congruence with historical Sikh values and ethnonationalism. ________________________________________________________________ Introduction This paper examines the evolution and construction of Sikh ethnonationalism from the beginnings of the faith to the period of militancy in Punjab in the 1980s/90s. Specifically, it tries to answer why the particular construction of Sikh ethnonationalism espoused by the militants during the separatist movement of the 1980s/90s eventually failed to resonate with the Sikh masses of Punjab. This is an important question, considering the fact that the militants appeared to have significant community support immediately after Operation Bluestar and through the late-1980s. -
Panj Singh Sahib’ Issue Order for Sikh Council UK to Work to Resolve UK Sikh Issues
…PRESS RELEASE…PRESS RELEASE…PRESS RELEASE…PRESS RELEASE… 11 February 2014 ‘Panj Singh Sahib’ Issue Order for Sikh Council UK to Work to Resolve UK Sikh Issues A meeting of the Panj Singh Sahib held at the Secretariat of Sri Akal Takhat Sahib, Amritsar on 27 January 2014 agreed for the Sikh Council UK to work to resolve matters concerning UK Sikhs. The decision, issued in the form of an Adesh (order) requires Sikh Council UK, in carrying out this work, to consult with UK religious Jathebandian (organisations) and Gurdwara Committees and to inform and take permission of Sri Akal Takhat Sahib. The Panj Singh Sahib (five respected Singh’s) led by the Jathedar (leader) of Sri Akal Takhat Sahib are the most senior temporal authority of the Sikhs. They meet regularly to discuss and issue declarations on issues relating to Sikhs. Sikhs across the world will abide by the decisions of the Panj Singh Sahib. The Panj Singh Sahib will typically include the Jathedars of the Five Takhats (seats or thrones of authority) of the Sikh faith or their representatives. The Panj Singh Sahib met on 27 January 2014 at Sri Akal Takhat Sahib, Amritsar under the headship of Jathedar Giani Gurbachan Singh, Jathedar of Sri Akal Takhat Sahib. Also present were Jathedar Balwant Singh, Jathedar of Sri Damdama Sahib; Jathedar Mal Singh, Jathedar of Sri Keshgar Sahib; Giani Jagtar Singh, Head Granthi Sri Harmander Sahib and Giani Sukhjinder Singh, Granthi Sri Harmander Sahib. Secretary General of the Sikh Council UK, Gurmel Singh said, “The decision of the Panj Singh Sahib for Sikh Council UK to lead on matters concerning UK Sikhs came as a surprise and is very humbling. -
Khalsai Jaho Jalaal' by : INVC Team Published on : 6 May, 2015 12:58 PM IST
Fortnight long unique “dharmik darshan yatra” commence with 'Khalsai Jaho Jalaal' By : INVC Team Published On : 6 May, 2015 12:58 PM IST INVC NEWS Patiala, Punjab today witnessed another historic occasion with the beginning of fortnight long unique “Dharmik Darshan Yatra” for displaying the holy relics of great Sikh gurus, Guru Hargobind Sahib ji , Guru Teg Bahadur ji and Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, amidst traditional “Khalsai Jaho Jalal” from historic Gurdwara Dukh Niwaran Sahib. This special religious procession is being jointly organised by the Punjab Government and SGPC. "Fakhar-e-Qaum” and Punjab Chief Minister Mr. Parkash Singh Badal, Deputy Chief Minister Mr. Sukhbir Singh Badal, Jathedar of Sri Akal Takht Sahib Giani Gurbachan Singh and SGPC President Jathedar Avtar Singh flagged off the yatra with the Ardas by the Jathedar of Takht Sri Kesgarh Sahib Giani Mall Singh in the presence of thousands of devotees converged there from every nook and corner of the state. In his message to the Sikh Community Jathedar Sri Akal Takht Sahib Giani Gurbachan Singh called on the people to work for the elimination of social evils especially the drugs. He also hailed the efforts of Punjab Government, SGPC and Shiromani Akali Dal for organising this sacred Yatra which would give a rare opportunity to Sangat to have a glimpse of the holy relics of Sikh Gurus for the first time. The Jathedar also called upon the Sikh Sangat to be the part of upcoming 350th foundation year of Sri Anandpur Sahib, which would be celebrated from June 17 to 19. In his address, the Chief Minister Mr. -
13769 Hon. James T. Walsh Hon
May 23, 2007 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS, Vol. 153, Pt. 10 13769 INDIAN POLICEMAN CAUGHT AT AKAL TAKHT achieve our objective of sovereignty for The Williamson-Sodus Airport was an SAHIB WITH REVOLVER Khalistan. Any major event in Punjab since 1,800-foot runway that was seeded in July Just a few days ago, the Tribune of 1984 has been documented in the Congres- 1957. Over the years the runway was up- Chandigarh reported that an Indian police- sional Record in statements by various Mem- bers of Congress. We thank them for their graded and is now a 3,800 ft. hard-surface as- man was caught with a revolver at the Akal phalt runway with modern lighting and Takht Sahib. His revolver fell on the ground. support for the independence of Khalistan. He was manhandled by the Sikhs there. Congressional hearings were held in the U.S. taxiways and is always under improvement. No one is allowed to take firearms inside Congress by Rep. Ben Blaz, Rep. Dan Burton, Operated by the Williamson Flying Club, Inc., the Golden Temple. By doing so, this police- and others on human-rights violations and the Williamson-Sodus Airport has tremen- man violated the Maryada of the Golden the independence of Khalistan. Special or- dously grown to serve the various needs of Temple. The shameful Akali government has ders of the U.S. Congress on human-rights the community. allowed undercover policemen to desecrate violations and the independence of Khalistan One of the airport’s functions is to serve as have been conducted. The Indian government the Golden Temple. -
Inspirational Stories of Saints by Sikh Unit
Inspirational Stories of Saints By Sikh Unit Sain Ji's Job was saved by The Great Lord Sain was a poor man who would serve the king in his palace. “Hearing about the glory of Kabeer, Sain also turned to be a disciple of the lord. In the night he would immerse in loving devotion to God and in the morning he would serve at the door of the king. One night some saints came to him and the whole night was spent in singing the praises of God. Sain could not leave company of the saints and consequently did not perform the king’s service the following morning. God himself took the form of Sain (while sain was with the saints) and served the king in such a way that the king was overjoyed. Bidding farewell to the saints, Sain embarrassedly arrived at the palace of the king. From a distance the king called him nearby. He took off his own robes and offered it to Sain. ‘You have overpowered me today’, said the king and his words were heard by all people standing there. God himself manifests the dignity of His devotee” (Gurdas Ji’s Vaar 10:16) With incense, lamps and ghee, I offer this lamp-lit worship service. I am a sacrifice to the Lord of Lakshmi. ||1|| Hail to You, Lord, hail to You! Again and again, hail to You, Lord King, Ruler of all! ||1||Pause|| Sublime is the lamp, and pure is the wick. You are immaculate and pure, O Brilliant Lord of Wealth! ||2|| Raamaanand knows the devotional worship of the Lord. -
D:\New Books\Ernest Trumpp & Mc
AUTHOR’S INTRODUCTION O thou that buttest the high mountain, seeking to dislodge it with thy horns, take pity, not on the mountain but on thy head Sheikh Ahmed Al-Aawi: Al-Balagh There is a Buddhist legend narrated by Rumi in one of his famous stories which aptly describes the attitude of some arrogant intellectuals towards Sikhism. Sikhism is for them is an elephant, which a group of blind men touch, and each describes it according to the part of the body his hands had touched; to one the elephant “appeared like a throne, to another like a fan or like a pillar. But none was able to imagine what the whole animal was like. From Dr Ernest Trumpp, a fanatic Christian missionary of nineteenth-century to Dr William Hewat McLeod, a leading light of Batala-Berkley Christian Missionary group of the twentieth-century critics of Sikhism, and from Swami Dayanand leader of Anti-Sikh Arya-Samaj Hindu-cult to a host of turbanned and bearded communists, atheists, agnostics, opportunists, bearing the name “Singh”, there have been a number of spiritually blind, intellectually corrupt, highly conceited writers and scholars who have described Sikhs and Sikh ism in a manner, no ordinary person with even a rudimentary intellectual honesty and historical insight can ever comprehend or describe. Sikhism offers many points of attraction, many subline doctrines of universal interest, many moral and spiritual values for which Sikhs and their faith are admired all over the world. The aesthetic beauty, the poetry and music 2 which forms the backbone of Sikh Scriptures, and the mystical dimensions of the profound spiritual experiences of Sikh Prophets, recorded in their own authentic and canonized sacred works, is a vast field of study for all seekers of Truth and honest exponents of Sikh religion. -
13769 Hon. James T. Walsh Hon. Michael K. Simpson Hon
May 23, 2007 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS, Vol. 153, Pt. 10 13769 INDIAN POLICEMAN CAUGHT AT AKAL TAKHT achieve our objective of sovereignty for The Williamson-Sodus Airport was an SAHIB WITH REVOLVER Khalistan. Any major event in Punjab since 1,800-foot runway that was seeded in July Just a few days ago, the Tribune of 1984 has been documented in the Congres- 1957. Over the years the runway was up- Chandigarh reported that an Indian police- sional Record in statements by various Mem- bers of Congress. We thank them for their graded and is now a 3,800 ft. hard-surface as- man was caught with a revolver at the Akal phalt runway with modern lighting and Takht Sahib. His revolver fell on the ground. support for the independence of Khalistan. He was manhandled by the Sikhs there. Congressional hearings were held in the U.S. taxiways and is always under improvement. No one is allowed to take firearms inside Congress by Rep. Ben Blaz, Rep. Dan Burton, Operated by the Williamson Flying Club, Inc., the Golden Temple. By doing so, this police- and others on human-rights violations and the Williamson-Sodus Airport has tremen- man violated the Maryada of the Golden the independence of Khalistan. Special or- dously grown to serve the various needs of Temple. The shameful Akali government has ders of the U.S. Congress on human-rights the community. allowed undercover policemen to desecrate violations and the independence of Khalistan One of the airport’s functions is to serve as have been conducted. The Indian government the Golden Temple.