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Economic Regulation of Utility Infrastructure
4 Economic Regulation of Utility Infrastructure Janice A. Beecher ublic infrastructure has characteristics of both public and private goods and earns a separate classification as a toll good. Utilities demonstrate a Pvariety of distinct and interrelated technical, economic, and institutional characteristics that relate to market structure and oversight. Except for the water sector, much of the infrastructure providing essential utility services in the United States is privately owned and operated. Private ownership of utility infrastructure necessitates economic regulation to address market failures and prevent abuse of monopoly power, particularly at the distribution level. The United States can uniquely boast more than 100 years of experience in regulation in the public in- terest through a social compact that balances and protects the interests of inves- tors and ratepayers both. Jurisdiction is shared between independent federal and state commissions that apply established principles through a quasi-judicial pro- cess. The commissions continue to rely primarily on the method known as rate base/rate-of-return regulation, by which regulators review the prudence of in- frastructure investment, along with prices, profits, and performance. Regulatory theory and practice have adapted to emerging technologies and evolving market conditions. States—and nation-states—have become the experimental laborato- ries for structuring, restructuring, and regulating infrastructure industries, and alternative methods have been tried, including price-cap and performance regu- lation in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Aging infrastructure and sizable capital requirements, in the absence of effective competition, argue for a regula- tory role. All forms of regulation, and their implementation, can and should be Review comments from Tim Brennan, Carl Peterson, Ken Costello, David Wagman, and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy are greatly appreciated. -
NORTH WEST Freight Transport Strategy
NORTH WEST Freight Transport Strategy Department of Infrastructure NORTH WEST FREIGHT TRANSPORT STRATEGY Final Report May 2002 This report has been prepared by the Department of Infrastructure, VicRoads, Mildura Rural City Council, Swan Hill Rural City Council and the North West Municipalities Association to guide planning and development of the freight transport network in the north-west of Victoria. The State Government acknowledges the participation and support of the Councils of the north-west in preparing the strategy and the many stakeholders and individuals who contributed comments and ideas. Department of Infrastructure Strategic Planning Division Level 23, 80 Collins St Melbourne VIC 3000 www.doi.vic.gov.au Final Report North West Freight Transport Strategy Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... i 1. Strategy Outline. ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Strategy Outcomes.................................................................................................................1 1.3 Planning Horizon.....................................................................................................................1 1.4 Other Investigations ................................................................................................................1 -
Improving Road Infrastructure and Traffic Flows IRU Resolution Adopted by the Council of Direction at Its Meeting in Brussels on 18 May 2000
Improving road infrastructure and traffic flows IRU Resolution adopted by the Council of Direction at its meeting in Brussels on 18 May 2000 The mobility of people and goods is dependent on the efficient use of existing traffic infrastructure, and the modernisation and expansion of traffic infrastructure to meet the future demand for transport services efficiently and cost-effectively. This applies in particular to roads, since road transport accounts for more than 90% of all passenger transport and more than 80% of all goods transport in most countries in terms of passengers and tonnes carried. Impediments to mobility such as traffic restrictions, road blockades, closures of certain road infrastructure sections, or congestion due to bottlenecks in road infrastructure ignore the fact that • road infrastructure investments are a vital prerequisite for improving road safety, (see annex 1) • revenues from the transport of goods by road (fuel taxes, vehicle ownership taxes, road user charges) more than cover expenditure on road building and maintenance, as do revenues from the transport by bus and coach (see annex 2) • congested traffic leads to a significant increase of fuel consumption by a factor of up to 3, (see annex 3) • on average, only 0.5% of total land surface in most countries is used for road infrastructure, (see annex 4) • the economic benefits of road infrastructure investments are 29 times its investment costs, and thus the highest of all infrastructure sectors, including other transport modes, (see annex 5) • the economic cost of impediments to road transport (congestion, border delays, traffic bans, blockades etc.) amounts to 0.5% of GDP, i.e. -
Environmental Product Declaration in Accordance with ISO 14025 and EN 15804:2012+A1:2013 For
Environmental Product Declaration In accordance with ISO 14025 and EN 15804:2012+A1:2013 for: Under Ballast Mat, type UBM-H35-C from Programme: The International EPD® System, www.environdec.com Programme operator: EPD International AB EPD registration number: S-P-02061 Publication date: 2021-02-08 Valid until: 2026-02-08 An EPD should provide current information and may be updated if conditions change. The stated validity is therefore subject to the continued registration and publication at www.environdec.com PAGE 1/13 General information Programme information Programme: The International EPD® System EPD International AB Box 210 60 Address: SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden Website: www.environdec.com E-mail: [email protected] CEN standard EN 15804 serves as the Core Product Category Rules (PCR) Product category rules (PCR): Product Category Rules for construction products and construction services of 2012:01, version 2.33 valid: 2021-12-31 PCR review was conducted by: Technical Committee of the International EPD® System, A full list of members available on www.environdec.com. The review panel may be contacted via [email protected]. Independent third-party verification of the declaration and data, according to ISO 14025:2006: ☐ EPD process certification ☒ EPD verification Third party verifier: Damien Prunel from Bureau Veritas LCIE Approved by: The International EPD® System Procedure for follow-up of data during EPD validity involves third party verifier: ☐ Yes ☒ No The EPD owner has the sole ownership, liability, and responsibility for the EPD. EPDs within the same product category but from different programmes may not be comparable. EPDs of construction products may not be comparable if they do not comply with EN 15804. -
Road Transport Infrastructure
© IEA ETSAP - Technology Brief T14 – August 2011 - www.etsap.org Road Transport Infrastructure HIGHLIGHTS TECHNOLOGY STATUS - Road transport infrastructure enables movements of people and goods within and between countries. It is also a sector within the construction industry that has demonstrated significant developments over time and ongoing growth, particularly in the emerging economies. This brief highlights the different impacts of the road transport infrastructure, including those from construction, maintenance and operation (use). The operation (use) phase of a road transport infrastructure has the most significance in terms of environmental and economic impact. While the focus in this phase is usually on the dominant role of tail-pipe GHG emissions from vehicles, the operation of the physical infrastructure should also accounted for. In total, the road transport infrastructure is thought to account for between 8% and 18% of the full life cycle energy requirements and GHG emissions from road transport. PERFORMANCE AND COSTS - Energy consumption, GHG emissions and costs of road transport infrastructure fall broadly into the three phases: (i) construction, (ii) maintenance, and (iii) operation (decommissioning is not included in this brief). The construction and maintenance costs of a road transport infrastructure vary according to location and availability of raw materials (in general, signage and lighting systems are not included in the construction costs). GHG emissions resulting from road construction have been estimated to be between 0.37 and 1.07 ktCO2/km for a 13m wide road – depending on construction methods. Maintenance over the road lifetime (typically 40 years) can also be significant in terms of costs, energy consumption and GHG emissions. -
Infrastructure Failure I. Introduction Two Broad Areas of Concern
Infrastructure Failure I. Introduction Two broad areas of concern regarding infrastructure failure include: • Episodic failure: temporary loss of power, technology associated with maintenance of the babies may fail, or some other temporary issue may occur. • Catastrophic failure: significant damage to hospital infrastructure or anticipated prolonged outage of critical systems may trigger a decision to perform a hospital evacuation. Preplanning requires recognition of potential threats or hazards and then development of management strategies to locate the resources and support patient needs. • In disasters, departmental leaders need to develop an operational chart to plan for a minimum of 96 hours for staff needs, as well as patient care needs and supplies that may be depleted as supplies are moved with the patients. In the event that supplies or equipment cannot be replenished, staff may need to improvise. It is important that staff become familiar with non-traditional methodologies to assist equipment-dependent emergencies for neonatal patients. • The first task in dealing with infrastructure emergencies is to complete a pre-disaster assessment of critical infrastructure (see Appendix A). A key consideration in deciding whether to issue a pre-event evacuation order is to assess vulnerabilities and determine anticipated impact of the emergency on the hospital and its surrounding community. II. Critical Infrastructure Self-Assessment Worksheet A Pre-Disaster Assessment of Critical Infrastructure Worksheet (Appendix A) is divided into eight sections: municipal water, steam, electricity, natural gas, boilers/chillers, powered life support equipment, information technology, telecommunications, and security. The Worksheet can be used in conjunction with the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), which is a management guide for protecting critical infrastructure and key resources. -
Advanced Prestressed Concrete
ADVANCED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. Author: A.Pon Arul Yesu Raja, V.Manikandan. 3rd year Civil Engineering. College Name Here [email protected] Abstract: Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are the main components of railway track systems. To carry and transfer the dynamic wheel loads from the rails to the ground, their current design and construction are limited by allowable flexural stress constraints under service conditions. In current design practice for such a component, the dynamic load effects due to wheel/rail interactions are treated as a quasi-static load using a dynamic impact factor. Then, the allowable stresses eliminate a crack initiation. In reality, the impact events are frequently recorded because of the uncertainties of wheel or rail irregularities such as flat wheels and dipped rails. These effects cause cracking in the concrete sleepers, resulting in excessive maintenance. Limit states design philosophy for the pre-stressed concrete sleepers, containing ultimate and fatigue limit states, has been recently proposed based on structural reliability concept to rationalise the design method and minimise the maintenance.On the basis of probabilistic approach, the high-magnitude low-cycle fatigue limit states, which are more significant in terms of damage evolution, have been addressed in this article. Series of repeated impact tests for the in-situ pre-stressed concrete sleepers were carried out using the Australian largest high-capacity drop weight impact testing machine at the University of Wollongong. The impact forces have been simulated in relation to the probabilistic track force distribution obtained from a heavy haul rail network. This article focuses on the impact responses of the cumulatively damaged sleepers. -
Data for the Public Good
Data for the public good NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE COMMISSION National Infrastructure Commission report | Data for the public good Foreword Advances in technology have always transformed our lives and indeed whole industries such as banking and retail. In the same way, sensors, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and machine learning can transform the way we use and manage our national infrastructure. Government could spend less, whilst delivering benefits to the consumer: lower bills, improved travel times, and reduced disruption from congestion or maintenance work. The more information we have about the nation’s infrastructure, the better we can understand it. Therefore, data is crucial. Data can improve how our infrastructure is built, managed, and eventually decommissioned, and real-time data can inform how our infrastructure is operated on a second-to-second basis. However, collecting data alone will not improve the nation’s infrastructure. The key is to collect high quality data and use it effectively. One path is to set standards for the format of data, enabling high quality data to be easily shared and understood; much that we take for granted today is only possible because of agreed standards, such as bar codes on merchandise which have enabled the automation of checkout systems. Sharing data can catalyse innovation and improve services. Transport for London (TfL) has made information on London’s transport network available to the public, paving the way for the development of apps like Citymapper, which helps people get about the city safely and expediently. But it is important that when information on national infrastructure is shared, this happens with the appropriate security and privacy arrangements. -
Notes on Curves for Railways
NOTES ON CURVES FOR RAILWAYS BY V B SOOD PROFESSOR BRIDGES INDIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PUNE- 411001 Notes on —Curves“ Dated 040809 1 COMMONLY USED TERMS IN THE BOOK BG Broad Gauge track, 1676 mm gauge MG Meter Gauge track, 1000 mm gauge NG Narrow Gauge track, 762 mm or 610 mm gauge G Dynamic Gauge or center to center of the running rails, 1750 mm for BG and 1080 mm for MG g Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/sec2 KMPH Speed in Kilometers Per Hour m/sec Speed in metres per second m/sec2 Acceleration in metre per second square m Length or distance in metres cm Length or distance in centimetres mm Length or distance in millimetres D Degree of curve R Radius of curve Ca Actual Cant or superelevation provided Cd Cant Deficiency Cex Cant Excess Camax Maximum actual Cant or superelevation permissible Cdmax Maximum Cant Deficiency permissible Cexmax Maximum Cant Excess permissible Veq Equilibrium Speed Vg Booked speed of goods trains Vmax Maximum speed permissible on the curve BG SOD Indian Railways Schedule of Dimensions 1676 mm Gauge, Revised 2004 IR Indian Railways IRPWM Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual second reprint 2004 IRTMM Indian railways Track Machines Manual , March 2000 LWR Manual Manual of Instructions on Long Welded Rails, 1996 Notes on —Curves“ Dated 040809 2 PWI Permanent Way Inspector, Refers to Senior Section Engineer, Section Engineer or Junior Engineer looking after the Permanent Way or Track on Indian railways. The term may also include the Permanent Way Supervisor/ Gang Mate etc who might look after the maintenance work in the track. -
Derailment of Freight Train 9204V, Sims Street Junction, West Melbourne
DerailmentInsert document of freight title train 9204V LocationSims Street | Date Junction, West Melbourne, Victoria | 4 December 2013 ATSB Transport Safety Report Investigation [InsertRail Occurrence Mode] Occurrence Investigation Investigation XX-YYYY-####RO-2013-027 Final – 13 January 2015 Cover photo source: Chief Investigator, Transport Safety (Vic) This investigation was conducted under the Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003 (Cth) by the Chief Investigator Transport Safety (Victoria) on behalf of the Australian Transport Safety Bureau in accordance with the Collaboration Agreement entered into on 18 January 2013. Released in accordance with section 25 of the Transport Safety Investigation Act 2003 Publishing information Published by: Australian Transport Safety Bureau Postal address: PO Box 967, Civic Square ACT 2608 Office: 62 Northbourne Avenue Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Telephone: 1800 020 616, from overseas +61 2 6257 4150 (24 hours) Accident and incident notification: 1800 011 034 (24 hours) Facsimile: 02 6247 3117, from overseas +61 2 6247 3117 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.atsb.gov.au © Commonwealth of Australia 2015 Ownership of intellectual property rights in this publication Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia. Creative Commons licence With the exception of the Coat of Arms, ATSB logo, and photos and graphics in which a third party holds copyright, this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form license agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided that you attribute the work. -
Typical Questions 1
TYPICAL QUESTIONS 1. Describe various functions of rail. Compare Bull headed rail vis-à-vis flat footed rail. 2. Give the details of various standard rail section being used on Indian Railways for B.G., M.G. & N.G. 3. What are various type of rail joints which are provided on Indian Railway ? Give details of supported rail joints and suspended rail joints. 4. Describe briefly the composition of rail steel. Give briefly the purpose of various elements of rail steels. 5. What do you understand by creep of rails ? Discuss various causes of creep of rails and how does if affect the track ? 6. Discuss various methods of prevention of creep. 7. Write short notes on (i) Bull headed rails; (ii) Flat footed rails; (iii)Staggered rail joints; (iv) Square rail joints. 8. What are the main function of sleepers ? Describe briefly the requirements of an ideal sleeper. 9. What is the standard size of wooden sleeper being used on Indian Railways. Describe briefly the purpose of adzing and augering of wooden sleepers. 10. What do you understand by CST-9 sleepers ? Describe briefly the limitation of CST-9 sleepers. 11. Describe the design of steel trough sleeper with the help of sketch. What are the advantages and disadvantages of concrete sleeper. 12. What are the prohibited locations for laying of concrete sleepers ? Describe briefly salient fea tures of maintenance of concrete sleeper. 13. What is the function of fish plates ? Draw sketch of fish plate giving various elements of the same. 14. What is the difference between ordinary fish plate and combination fish plate. -
PM N IDEA D1.5 Image Analysis
EC Contract No. FP7 - 234299 PM n IDEA D1.5 Image analysis - Component catalogue Due date of deliverable: 31/5/2012 Actual submission date: 31/5/2012 Leader of this Deliverable: R Carroll, Stagecoach Reviewed: Y Document status Revision Date Description 0 31/5/2012 First issue Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Seven Framework Programme (2007-2013) Dissemination Level PU Public Y PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Start date of project: 01/06/2009 Duration: 36 months Instrument: Small or medium-scale focused research project Thematic priority: Sustainable Surface Transport EC Contract No. FP7 - 234299 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The partners in PM n IDEA include many measurement and sensor specialists with little knowledge of the railway environment. This document has been written to give an overview of the different components that can be found on tramways to allow the non-specialist to understand their use. For each component a description, use and typical degradation mechanisms or maintenance requirements are given along with images. The catalogue is not exhaustive but includes most of the common features found on a typical tramway, other components and different designs are in use on different tramways. PMI–D-STA–009.1 Page 2 of 49 31/05/2012 EC Contract No. FP7 - 234299 1. INTRODUCTION One of the aims of PM n IDEA was to carry out image capture and analysis of the track system of metro and tram networks to reduce the need for manual inspection and increase the subjectivity of the data reported.