As Origens Socialistas Do Fascismo: Do Internacionalismo Proletário Ao Nacionalismo Das Massas

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As Origens Socialistas Do Fascismo: Do Internacionalismo Proletário Ao Nacionalismo Das Massas LUIZ GONÇALVES CAVALCANTE AGUIAR DA SILVA AS ORIGENS SOCIALISTAS DO FASCISMO: DO INTERNACIONALISMO PROLETÁRIO AO NACIONALISMO DAS MASSAS 2019 As origens socialistas do fascismo: do Internacionalismo proletário ao nacionalismo das massas Luiz Gonçalves Cavalcante Aguiar da Silva CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Carlo Maurizio Romani. Rio de Janeiro 2019 BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Carlo Maurizio Romani (Orientador) Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Pedro Spinola Pereira Caldas Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Mario Ângelo Brandão de Oliveira Miranda Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Ricardo Henrique Salles (suplente) Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Giovanni Stiffoni (suplente) Universidade Federal Fluminense Agradecimentos Agradeço primeiramente ao Programa de Pós Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, que me acolheu muito bem na minha mudança de casa, após me formar no Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais/UFRJ. Agradeço à minha família, especialmente minha mãe, Maria Laly, por ser um verdadeiro exemplo de vida e honestidade, e por todo o amor, apoio e força que sempre dedicou a mim. Aos meus avós Edson e Dinorah e ao meu pai Délio, os três já falecidos, que não puderam acompanhar a minha trajetória nas duas graduações e a entrada para a pós-graduação, mas que contribuíram bastante para a minha formação. Aos meus tios Luiz (in memoriam) e Elizabeth, cuja casa foi onde passei grande parte dos bons momentos de minha infância. Agradeço ao meu orientador, o professor Carlo Romani, por toda a sua atenção para com o meu trabalho, desde o início da orientação, sempre com indicações de leitura, perspectivas e abordagens interessantes acerca do assunto da presente pesquisa. Sua orientação foi fundamental para o trabalho. Agradeço aos professores Pedro Caldas e Ricardo Salles, sobretudo por terem sido as aulas mais proveitosas que tive durante o curso. As ideias, sugestões e indicações de ambos no exame de qualificação também foram muito importantes para o progresso da pesquisa. Agradeço aos meus amigos e colegas de trabalho na Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sobretudo por todo o apoio que tive para que pudesse cursar o mestrado, sempre que tinha que me ausentar do serviço para cumprir com alguma obrigação acadêmica. Muito obrigado a todos vocês: Bruna, Luiz Alberto, Maxwell, Sérgio, Cris, Raphael, Leandro, Joseane, Stephanie, Carla, Ana Paula, Fabiana e Luciana. Agradeço também a todos os amigos que me ajudaram, cada um a seu modo, ao longo de todo o período em que elaborei o projeto até o momento da defesa: Pedro, Leonardo, Gabriel, Lucas, Yuri, Gustavo, André, Guilherme, Fernando, Roberta, Mariana, Barbara e Nathalia. Por último, mas não menos importante, agradeço à Ester, minha namorada, por todo o amor, carinho e suporte que tem me dado. Resumo A presente pesquisa é uma investigação acerca das origens socialistas do fascismo, centrada principalmente na influência soreliana sobre o sindicalismo revolucionário italiano e também no então militante socialista Benito Mussolini, que chegaria aos quadros de direção do partido, sendo editor chefe do jornal Avanti!. Para entender o fascismo e seu surgimento, é necessário um conhecimento considerável do socialismo de Saint Simon, do complexo sistema de ideias elaborado por Karl Marx e da revisão deste empreendida por Georges Sorel. O ponto de partida da pesquisa está na hipótese de que isso não somente não ocorre por acaso, como também entendemos que o fascismo é um fenômeno mais complexo do que as interpretações que o colocam em definições não muito rigorosas como a de uma mera reação contra a ascensão de movimentos socialistas ou de apenas um movimento contrarrevolucionário cujas ideias surgem imediatamente após a primeira guerra. Verificaremos, a partir da pesquisa, que o amálgama que ajudou a formar o fascismo começou a se formar mesmo antes do fim do conflito mundial. Entre os principais conceitos que estarão sendo trabalhados ao longo dos três capítulos, estão socialismo, revolução e violência, bem como as mudanças e diferentes apropriações de tais conceitos pelos atores políticos. Palavras-chave: socialismo; violência, revolução; fascismo Abstract The current research is an investigation into the socialist origins of fascism, centered mainly on Sorelian influence on Italian revolutionary syndicalism and also on the then socialist militant Benito Mussolini, who would reach the party leadership, being editor-in- chief of the newspaper Avanti!. To understand fascism and its emergence requires a considerable knowledge of Saint Simon's socialism, of the complex system of ideas developed by Karl Marx, and of the revision of this one undertaken by Georges Sorel. The starting point of the research is the hypothesis that this not only does not happen by chance, but we also understand that fascism is a more complex phenomenon than the interpretations that put it in not very rigorous definitions like that of a mere reaction against the rise of socialist movements or only a counterrevolutionary movement whose ideas come immediately after the first war. We will verify, from the research, that the amalgam that helped form fascism began to form even before the end of the world conflict. Among the main concepts that will be working through the three chapters are socialism, revolution and violence, as well as changes and different appropriations of such concepts by political actors. Key-words: socialism; violence; revolution; fascism Sumário Sumário .......................................................................................................................... 6 Introdução ...................................................................................................................... 8 Capítulo 1 – A evolução do conceito de socialismo e a influência de Sorel na revisão do marxismo: um panorama historiográfico ............................................... 16 1.1 Antecedentes e influências dos novos movimentos revolucionários: Revolução Francesa e unificações nacionais tardias .......................................... 16 1.2 O surgimento do conceito de socialismo ........................................................ 24 1.3 Georges Sorel e a revisão do marxismo .......................................................... 30 Capítulo 2 - O primeiro Mussolini: do revolucionário socialista ao editor chefe do jornal Avanti! ............................................................................................................... 47 2.1 O início de tudo .................................................................................................. 47 2.2 Retorno à Itália e serviço militar: um quieto interlúdio .................................. 54 2.3 O encontro de Mussolini com o Sindicalismo Revolucionário ...................... 57 2.4 A crítica a Sorel e o surgimento do novo nacionalismo na Itália .................. 69 2.5 A guerra Ítalo-Turca ........................................................................................... 74 2.6 O Partido Socialista e a Guerra ........................................................................ 75 2.7 O congresso de Reggio Emilia e a chegada ao comando do Avanti! ........... 78 Capítulo 3 – Mussolini entre o internacionalismo pacifista e o interventismo belicoso: a evolução da síntese nacional-sindicalista como precursora do fascismo ....................................................................................................................... 81 3.1 A síntese nacional-sindicalista soreliana ........................................................ 81 3.2 Mussolini em movimento: do proletariado à nação ........................................ 83 3.3 A Settimana rossa e Mussolini ......................................................................... 91 3.4 A eclosão da Primeira Guerra Mundial: neutralismo x intervencionismo .... 98 3.5 Mussolini e o conflito europeu: do neutralismo absoluto ao intervencionismo ................................................................................................... 102 6 3.6 A expulsão de Mussolini do Partido Socialista Italiano ............................... 109 3.7 O Il Popolo d’Italia e a entrada nos fasci ....................................................... 111 Comentários Finais ................................................................................................ 116 Referências Bibliográficas ....................................................................................... 120 7 Introdução Antes e durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, o Partido Socialista Italiano, bem como outros partidos socialistas espalhados pela Europa, estavam diante de um impasse entre a realidade, tal como esta se apresentava, e os preceitos ideológicos do internacionalismo que, ao menos até aquele momento, diziam defender. Afinal, era necessário apoiar o governo nacional em caso de guerra ou não? A partir desta querela entre intervencionistas e não-intervencionistas, bem como a partir de outros elementos já presentes no PSI, e outros com origens na França, como o sindicalismo revolucionário,
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