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GARI International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

ISSN 2659-2193

Volume: 06 | Issue: 07

On 31st December 2020

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Author: 1Charith Mudalige, 2Yasanjali Devika Jayatilleke, 3P. Perera 1,2University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 3Cultural Triangle, Sri Lanka GARI Publisher | | Volume: 06 | Issue: 07 Article ID: IN/GARI/ICHC/2020/102 | Pages: 05-18 (14) ISSN 2659-2193 | Edit: GARI Editorial Team Received: 07.10.2020 | Publish: 31.12.2020

THE IMPACT OF EASTER SUNDAY ATTACK ON CULTURAL TOURISM IN AREA

1Charith Mudalige, 2Yasanjali Devika Jayatilleke, 3P. Perera 1,2University of Sri Jayewardenepura, 3Cultural Triangle, Sri Lanka ABSTRACT

Tourism flourished in Sigiriya area, foreign tourists, reducing the ticket price, after declaring a world heritage site in facilitating the villagers to obtain interest 1982. Unfortunately, Easter Sunday free loans could be restore the present Attacks that took place in Sri Lanka on 21 recession. Sunday 2019, Sri Lanka faced a massive Key Words: Easter attack, Income, fall in the tourism industry. The main Security, Sigiriya, Tourism objective of the present study is to examine how the Easter Attacks affected INTRODUCTION the tourism industry in Sigiriya, including the economies of the villages. Other Sri Lanka is considered as an important objectives are identifying strategies and point in the East-West seaway and steps to re-establish and reforms the relatively located close to . In tourism industry in the area. According to too, Sri Lanka gained a considerable the Divisional Secretariat attention of the foreigners because of Reports, the Inamaluwa Korala Division being one of the main points in Silk Route has 15 villages around the Sigiriya rock. was. Senarathne (2015) says that literary Among them three villages where the and archaeological evidence to support the main occupation is tourism were selected fact that foreigners have frequently come for the study namely; Sigiriya, to Sri Lanka for purposes of trade, Kayimwala, and Kalapuraya. A semi- religious, immigration and invasion. Dr. structured questionnaire (130) was E.M.Rathnapala states that tourism, being employed for the data collection based on established as an industry, consists of a convenient sampling method. several characteristics; the main Furthermore, 5 key informants and 25 characteristics include tourism being a tourists were interviewed respectively team effort rather than an individual based on purposive and random sampling business. Tourism involves the tourist methods. The data analysis was carried out traveling outside his place of residence using Microsoft Excel. Prior to the Easter and staying in various places for a short Attacks, many of the villagers who period of time but swiftly involved in tourism had earned a monthly (Wickramarachchi, 2010). SLTDA income of Rs.30,000/- or more. In Reports (2017) define tourism as the comparison, after the Easter Attacks, the activities of a person traveling to and villagers have experienced a massive drop staying in a place outside his usual in their monthly income. Establishing environment for not more than one national security is important to re- consecutive year for leisure, business, or establish tourism. Additionally, by other purposes. Tourism flourished in strengthening and developing Sigiriya area, after declaring a world infrastructure facilities, promoting culture heritage site in 1982. Since post LTTE war elements, renovating Sigiriya tank, Sri Lankan tourism has been boomed. increasing the insurance cover for the

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Unfortunately, Easter Sunday Attacks that areas, which then expanded into the took place in Sri Lanka on 21 Sunday country. Both West and East Indian 2019, Sri Lanka faced a massive declined migrants have reached Sri Lanka and in the tourism industry. The main further inside the country through these objective of the present study is to rivers. According to Mahavansha, seven examine how the Easter Attacks affected hundred followers of King Vijaya landed the tourism industry in Sigiriya, including in Thambapanni in Sri Lanka. The queen the economies of the villages. Other of King Panduwasudewa, Queen objectives are identifying strategies and Bhaddakachchaana sailed from East India steps to re-establish and reforms the and arrived at Gokanna (today, tourism industry in the area. ) harbor. Buddhist literature refers to three instances the Lord Buddha LITERATURE SURVEY visited Sri Lanka in the 6th century BC. Moreover, the two merchants named Historical Background of Tourism in Thapassu and Bhalluka, who met Lord Sri Lanka Buddha during the seven weeks of Lord Buddha who gave them eight handfuls of In ancient times, Ambalama was his hair, built a stupa called Girihadu Saya popular among the travelers as a place of in Thiriyaya Sri Lanka. These are just two resting and spending the night, while of many incidents that reveal the Pintaliya, which was a water-filled pot, international relationships with Sri Lanka quenched the thirst of travelers. The term and India. Mahathiththa Port located close Nade Guru or the “leader of the group” in to Mannar was considered a center of the the Sinhalese vocabulary also provides land route of the Silk Road that transported evidence as to how popular traveling has silk from to Europe. Historical been. In addition to local travelers, Sri records on Persian settlements near Lanka has been a popular foreign relations Mannar are one of many proofs that destination, because of migrations, confirm that Sri Lanka remained open to conquests, marriages, trade, navigation the world in the ancient times (Pathirana, and international relations. Travel records 2016). of foreign scholars and books written by foreigners reveal the international Sri Lanka’s relationships with the relations different nations maintained with western world include the relations with Sri Lanka. India has been identified as the Rome; roman rulers had had a specific country that had the most ancient and the interest in Sri Lanka elephants, gems, greatest number of instances of foreign pearls, silk, clay pottery and, particularly, relations with Sri Lanka, which has been spices. As a result, Sri Lankan products so up to today. Although India and Sri have been popular export products in Lanka are separated by a strip of the sea exchange for roman currency; Roman just 35km wide, in the ancient times, coins found in forts such as Mahathiththa, historical evidence suggests that Sri Lanka , Mihinthale, Sigiriya, and India were connected by land, near Walachchena and Kandarodai are Palk Straight. Further, the Adam’s Bridge indispensable evidence of the Roman that was supposed to be the land link that relations. Ivory, turtle shells and much connected India and Sri Lanka is visible. more valuable raw materials have been When it comes to Aryan expansion in the imported to South India by Sri Lanka; the country, it has happened mainly around Roman Pliny’s records reveal that a group Malwathu Oya, Maha Oya, Mahaweli, of Sri Lanka merchants, settled in Kelani, Kirindi and Walawe River mouth “Aseethapaththi” in South India, carried out shipping in the Indian Ocean. Pliny’s

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records further report of an incident where reign of King Parakramabahu I (1153 - Annius Polcamus, the tax collector of the 1186), a department called Red Sea region during the reign of “Antharangadura” had been established Emperor Claudius, driven by the time for organizing foreign trade; to administer monsoon winds and currents to Sri Lanka, areas that produce goods with high being welcomed and treated by the king of demand in the international trade. King Sri Lanka at with utmost respect and Buwanekabahu I of Yapahuwa (1272 – hospitality. Followed by this incident, four 1284 A.D) has continued direct ambassadors haven been sent to Rome. correspondence with the Sultan of Egypt Mahawansha Tika refers to a mission to regarding the trade activities. Sri Lanka Rome by the emissaries of King was particularly popular for its cinnamon Bhathikabhaya to obtain ornaments to from the middle ages, and Ibn Battuta, the decorate Ruwan Weli Seya Stupa travel explorer, mentions that people of (Siriweera, 2001). Studies of Sri Lanka’s Malabar, India gifted the Sri Lankan king international relations with Persian, Indian clothing materials in exchange for and Southeast Asian Countries find cinnamon. Barros, a writer, describes the Tophographia Christiana by the Egyptian coconut importation of Sri Lanka, and the hermit and author Cosmas particularly literary texts Rajatharangani and important as a result of its records of Manasollasa describe incidents of cotton Persian, Indian and Ethiopian ships being exported from Sri Lanka to India. frequently arriving at the ports in Sri Exports to Sri Lanka, as per literary Lanka. Cosmas further states that Sri resources, particularly consisted of luxury Lanka was a center in terms of shipping in clothes such as silk from China and linen the South Asian region. from East India. From ancient times, According to Procopius, Romans have horses have been imported to Sri Lanka; bought Chinese silk from Persian Mahawansha states that Sena and merchants in Sri Lankan ports, and Guththika who invaded and captured according to Cosmas, a Persian Christian in the 2nd missionary appointed by the Persian state century BC are horse merchants. Records had lived in Sri Lanka. In the 7th century of Cha O Gu Qua reveals of clay pots A.D, Vajrabodhi, an Indian esoteric being exported to Sri Lanka from China. Buddhist monk who visited Sri Lanka, Wine has been exported from Persia and reports of thirty-five Persian Ships he Camphor and Sandalwood have been observed in Sri Lankan ports, on one of exported from India as well as Southeast which he sailed to Sumatra from Sri Asian countries. In 1344 A.D. Cha o Gu Lanka. and Gunawarman have also Qua further mentions of a city called sailed to South East Asia and China on “Kalanbu” in Sri Lanka as an important ships sailed from ports in Sri Lanka. Pali city, which was administered by a person and Sinhala literature sources reveal about named “Jalasthi”, also known as the merchants who traveled to South East “Prince of Seas”, employing 500 Asia. Chinese sources state that the length Abyssinians. In the 11th century A.D, the of the Sri Lankan ships was over 200 feet Arab Muslim geographer, Al Idrisi has and could accommodate 700-800 sailors. reported that Sri Lanka popular for Thai Ping Lulan, a Chinese source reports building ships, and further states that Sri Lanka as an important center in shippers from Oman and Yemen visited international trade. Emissaries from Sri Sri Lanka for masts, ropes, coconut logs Lanka had represented the Chinese Royal and wood. Both literary and historical Council in 435 A.D, presumably to resources reveal that Sri Lanka has been establish cultural and trade relations. In the actively involved in international and

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diplomatic relations with other states (Wickramasinghe et al, 2008). Once again (Siriweera, 2001). in 2006 and 2009, the LTTE activities Tourism in Sri Lanka paralyzed the tourism industry The ethnic conflict that broke out in the considerately, reducing the 559,603 tourist country in 1983 made a huge negative arrivals in 2006 to 249,408 in 2007, impact on tourism which held Sri Lanka of 438,475 in 2008 and 447 890 in 2009 gaining the benefits of Open Economy (SLTDA Report, 1971-2009). initiated in 1977 and obliterated the dream In 2019 the suicide bomb attacks that of becoming the next Singapore. From took place on 21st of April targeting 1983 to 1987, the annual rate of tourist catholic churches and luxury hotels in Sri arrivals in the country indicated a 15% Lanka, taking the lives of more than 250 drop (Fernando,2017). According to the people, including 42 foreigners, marked a Annual Statistical Reports of 2013, the rapid decline in the number of tourist tourist arrivals, which was 407,230 in arrivals, which was at a 7.5 % drop in 1982 was 337,530 in 1983 and further April 2019, compared to April 2018. This reduced to 257,456 in 1985 and 182,620 in turned into a massive 17.8% drop in May 1987 (Handaragama, 2010). In 1990, with 2019. World Travel and Tourism Council the beginning of the second Elam War, a states that once a terrorist activity puts negative growth in tourism was observed tourism in a country at stake, it takes about until 1996. In 1994 although the peace 13 months to recover and bring tourism to talks with the LTTE did take place, the its normal stage. Dominic Vanneste, number of tourist arrivals in the country studying the terrorist attack on Brussels in increased at a very small rate (Fernando, 2016, concluded that the present tourism 2017). SLTDA records indicate that in industry is one of the dynamic forces that 1993 tourist arrivals in the country were control the economy of any country in the 392,250 which was 407,511 in 1994: a world today. In light of terrorist activities, very small increase. Nevertheless, the tourists hesitate to visit such countries 403,101 tourist arrivals in 1995 reduced to resulting in the economy options countries 302,265 in 1996, indicating a decline being pushed into a higher risk of collapse, (SLTDA Report - 1971 to 2009). In 2001 which is exactly the intention of the when the LTTE attacked Bandaranaike terrorists, in addition to creating a platform International Airport, the first minus for their propaganda as a global terrorist economic growth in Sri Lanka's economy organization (Vanneste et al ,2017). was observed for the first time after three SLTDA Report states that the 3.3% decades, in addition to a notable decline in economic growth Sri Lanka reached the number of tourist arrivals (Fernando, because of the tourism industry has 2017). SLTDA Reports indicate 400,414 dropped to 2.3% in 2019. The country and tourist arrival in 2000 which dropped to the economy being on the threshold of 336,794 in 2001(SLTDA Report, 1971- crisis, the global pandemic COVID-19 2009). recognized in Sri Lanka in March 2020 The study of Wasantha worsened the state of tourism in the Wickramasinghe and Shin Ei Takano on country. Tourist arrivals to the country the impact of Tsunami disaster that took were temporarily suspended on 18th place on 26 December 2004 on the tourism March 2020 and SLTDA reports indicate industry in Sri Lanka reveals that Sri that the 6.5 % reduction of the tourist Lanka had lost 250 million US dollars’ arrivals in January 2019, compared to worth tourist receipts due to the tsunami January 2018, made a sudden dropped to disaster, in addition to 27000 tourism- 70.8% by March 2020, and no tourist related livelihoods that were crippled arrivals were recorded in April, putting

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tourism and all affiliated livelihoods, Tourism and economy businesses, and employees at dire risk Both developing and developed (SLTDA, 2020). countries have allocated a foremost place Modern trends of Sri Lankan tourism for tourism in their economies; developing In the Sri Lanka, tourism indicates countries have considered the prospects of several modern trends one of which is the tourism because of the very economic changes in the initial stage of the spirit of benefits they can gain through it. Tourism travel demand. It is observed that the for underdeveloped countries as R. Ebus modern tourist is more concerned about (1973) states is an angel from heaven or a the environment and prefers natural beauty remedy for all diseases. If a tourist stays and cultural values which has made him more days in a particular tourist turn towards environment-friendly destination the foreign exchange tourism. Cultural tourism can be identified circulation in those areas, as a result, turns as major components among other tourism out to be lucrative for tourist services trends. cultural tourism is tourism with the providers regardless of whether they are purpose of acquiring and experience of a small medium or large-scale particular culture most of the tourists who entrepreneurs. Moreover, developments in travel around the world have knowingly or tourism revitalize the construction field unknowingly experienced cultural tourism industry and Other industries in the which helps tourists witness and enjoy the areas such as indigenous crops handcrafts cultural heritage communities and local and many other small-scale businesses and Independence cultures of the (Pathirana, 2016). W.K.Athula Gnanapala particular tourist destination. As cultural and J.A.R.C. Sandaruwani, in their study tourism involves the exhibition of local on the socio-economic impact of tourism cultures customs and traditions and in cultural triangle areas, emphasize that Indigenous heritage, the people of these although the government-private areas inevitably comprehend the businesses and other external importance of preserving cultural heritage organizations receive economic benefits as well as knowing and experiencing them of tourism they hardly flow towards the better (Pathirana,2013). rural community of those areas Cultural heritages are common to every (Gnanapala et al , 2016). society in the world. There are 811 world heritage sites introduced by UNESCO in Tourism and development 2007 and currently, Anuradhapura, Crisis in the export industries which Sigiriya Dambulla , , was the main economic activity of the , and Sinharaja are the world heritage third world made them looked up to is sites in Sri Lanka (Gunawardene et al, tourism as the only alternative and today it 2019). Popular cultural tourism products has shared a significant portion in the include visiting historical sites, cultural economic process of all those countries. landmarks, cultural festivals, watching The reason why Sri Lanka has entered to street performances and visiting tourism with the strategic plan is the very (Cross et al, 2015). Studying how cultural economic advantages. Economic tourism functions as a tool of urban advantages of tourism fall into five regeneration in the city of Istanbul, U.E. categories: foreign exchange earnings, Uyasal and P.Ozden state that European rural development job opportunities an capital of cultural events has been economic stimulus (Pathirana, 2013). The organized as a strategy of boosting cultural findings of the study conducted by Anita tourism (Uyasal et al , 2011). Lacey and Suzan Ilcan tourism for development in Namibia reviews that the

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public with liberal views joining to shape people in particular areas (Gunawardene, the physical environment wildlife and 2019). Although community participation livelihoods promotes tourism intern help in the tourism development process them in poverty reduction (Lacey et al, (CPTDP) is employed in developed 2015). Local communities have been countries, developing countries use this in considered the central component of the a very limited manner. Therefore, it is modern tourism industry sales they important that this process is implemented provide accommodation catering transport in developing countries (Tosun, 2000). information facilities and services that are Sigiriya: an introduction essential to conduct and promote tourism. Sigiriya area, which comes under the At this point, community development jurisdiction of the Sigiriya Gramaniladhari should be read community to improve Division of Inamaluwa Koralaya is Tourism Development (Aref et.al. 2010) located in between the northern latitudes of 7.55-58 and western longitudes 8.40- Tourism in developing countries 8.50, about 200 meters above sea level. Within the past fifty years, developing Sigiriya rock, an isolated monadnock countries have considered tourism as a located between Pidurangala and way of solving all economic problems in Unalugala at north and Mapagala at south. the countries. The reason why they Sigiriya rock stands with other rocks and consider international tourism to be a mountains in the vicinity including convenient economic strategy is that Thammannagala, Pothana, Duwanagala, tourism brings a considerable foreign Andaragala, Balumgala, Dambulla Rock, income into the country that, in return, Kandalama Rock and Ritigala Mountain. increases the state income and Sigiriya rock is formed because of a supplements the rural development. magma solidification inside the earth Economies of most of the developing (Amarasinghe, 2009). countries still depend on the export of The history of Sigiriya simple and primary commodities and Historically, the reign of King small-scale industries, and thus, tourism, Kashyapa or Sigiri Kashyapa is important as a more attractive and dynamic in the study of Sigiriya. Nevertheless, the economic process functions on a tertiary origin and the history of Sigiriya runs way scale. Developing countries being visited beyond the period of King Kashyapa. by the tourists of the developed countries Considering different time periods, the brings foreign income in Sterling Pounds, history of Sigiriya, according to Professor Euros and American Dollars and therefore Senaka Bandaranayake, can be divided the foreign exchange gap in developing into seven important eras, which are countries is somewhat filled with the mentioned below. receiving foreign income. As tourism is Prehistoric age (before 05th century labour oriented, it created direct and B.C) indirect employment opportunities and Human activities in Sigiriya tread back thereby functions as a strategy of to the prehistoric age. Several prehistoric addressing the unemployment problem as human remains have been found in the a result of the income and employment vicinity of the dry zone area in which factors and creating opportunities for Sigiriya is located; locations such as investment capital, tourism supports rural Piduranga, Pothana, Milagala, Mapagala development. Development of as well as Aligala, which is located in infrastructure because of increasing tourist close proximity of Sigiriya, have been attractions, provide employment and identified as important prehistoric sites. income-earning opportunities to the

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Prehistoric remains and evidence found in The modern era (19th century B.C. to these locations strongly affirm the fact that the modern day) Sigiriya area has been a human habitat six During the British rule, in 1831 and or seven thousand years ago. 1833, Major H. Forbes rediscovered Pre- Kashyapa period (03rd century B.C Sigiriya (Amarasinghe, 2009). – 05th century B.C) Historical background of Tourism in Most of the historical evidence Sigiriya discovered in the Sigiriya area belong to Sigiriya was one of the popular tourist this period. It is identified that a series of destinations of both local and foreign caves located in the vicinity of Sigiriya tourists from the mid-7th century A.D. It had been occupied by Buddhist monks as is best to consider, Sigiriya as the first their quarters; mainly Dambulla, recorded tourist destination in history Andaragala, Sigiriya and Pidurangala. (Perera, 2008). Even the author of Kashyapa era (475 A.D – 479 A.D) Mahavamsa (The Great Chronicle) is This period is considered the golden era comparing Sigiriya to “Alakamandawa” of Sigiriya. King Kashyapa ruled for 18 of Kuwera (Mahanama) for emphasizing years, during which Sigiriya flourished as the magnificent nature of it. The rock is an architectural and irrigational wonder as 1193 meters height from the sea level and well as an artistic paradise. 183 meters height from the ground level Post-Kashyapa era (06 century A.D – (Silva, 2004). Archaeological evidence 13 A.D) found in Sigiriya treads back to pre- Inscriptions and evidence found in historic age of more than 5000 years. historical temple complexes revel that in Ancestors living in this area, who lived on this period Sigiriya has been a centre of hunting and collecting food, shifted to religious and political activity. By the 7th agriculture by 900 A.D. with the use of century A.D, the evidence suggests that iron; paddy and millet, have been the main Sigiriya possessed more of a religious crops. Historical evidence of irrigation and temperament and was a tourist destination. megalithic age burial grounds located in This period is particularly important as it Sigiriya is found in Ibbankatuwa and is in this era, the wall graffiti of Sigiriya Dambulla (Bandaranayake, 2005). has commenced. Moreover, animal husbandry, use of Obscure era (13 -17th century A.D) language symbols, and pottery has been popular in this era (Amarasinghe, 2009); The artistic version of Sigiriya has come all the evidence leads to the conclusion to an end by the end of the 14th century, that the ancestors had lived in this area and until the 17th century, Sigiriya is from the ancient past and they had well- found in the sidelines of the history. Nevertheless, according to what the Wall organized economy. of Graffiti suggests, the tourists who Buddhist monks have lived in Sigiriya visited Sigiriya have not stopped visiting it before the 5th century A.D even in the period between the 13-17TH (Wickramagamage, 2005). According to century A.D. historical evidence, King Kashyapa has converted Sigiriya into his kingdom and Kandyan era (17 – 19th century A.D) ruled the country from 477 A.D. to 495 Mandaram Puwatha written in this era A.D. for 18 years (Bandaranayake, 2005). refers that the Sigiriya was one of the main King Kashyapa converted Sigiriya into a cities and security spot during the wonderful palace, and that was the period (Amarasinghe, 2009). considered the golden era of Sigiriya. By improving the natural beauty of the area, water fountains, water ponds, pools and

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frescos were created to make the place a purpose behind making Sigiriya a world palace of glory and elegance. heritage is to develop its vicinity and uplift Meticulously designed city of Sigiriya is the lives of rural communities. To reach rectangular shaped, with a length of 2750 these goals, tourism in the area is expected meters from West to East and 950 meters to be developed; establishing a craft- from North to South. The city consists of village called “Kalapuraya” is one such 2 trenches and 3 massive walls step taken to support the course. In (Bandaranayke, 2005). Different sources addition, some people selected from the substantiate the fact that foreign tourists rural communities have been trained as from various countries visited Sigiriya. tour-guides, so that they can earn an extra About 1175 Roman coins found in income. Empowering the rural villagers by Sigiriya prove the foreign trade and properly administering of the heritage of marketing carried out in the area Sigiriya is the main strategy of this project. (Rathnapala, 2010). After the reign of Although tourism was taken place in King Kashyapa, Sigiriya area returned to Sigiriya, nobody had not been earning any its usual Buddhist religious stage. income in the ancient past. When the (Bandaranayake, 2005). tourism came to present shape, Sigiriya According to Wickramagamage (2005) was transformed into an income both local and foreign tourists visited generating place (Gunawardhana, 2008). Sigiriya from the 8th century A.D. and as When consider about the concept of a result of it, tourists attracted over 19th tourism, it is “the activities of persons centuries to the Sigiri Frescos and they had travelling to and staying in a place outside composed Sigiri Graffiti. This is proved their usual environment for not more than that the natural location and artistries of it one consecutive year for leisure, business caused an urged to visit local and foreign or other purposes” (Survey of Departing tourists to Sigiriya. Sri Lankans travelled Foreign Tourists from Sri Lanka 2017). for the religious purposes in the ancient Tourist Board Act No. 10 of 1966 was a past. Not only ancient but even in the turning point in tourism development in present, they travel to Sigiriya due to its Sri Lanka, as it provided major strategies aesthetic appreciation (Perera, 2008). for the benefit and growth of tourism Until King Rajasinghe I reign, Sigiriya (Handaragama, 2010). was not much promoted. Then, Sigiriya As a result of establishment of tourism has been considered as a center during the trade zones in Sigiriya, a new village was Kandyan period. After declined of the built in 2003. Due to the victory of civil Kandyan Kingdom, Sigiriya re-emerged war in 2009 of the country, tourism by the archaeological explorations of industry was gradually developed and H.C.P. Bell and Senerath Paranavithana. grown in magnificently (Sri Lanka Then, due to continuous efforts of the Tourism Strategic Plan -2017-2020). The Cultural Triangle, Sigiriya was nominated main livelihood of people living in as a world heritage in 1982 Sigiriya area is agriculture (Gunawardene, (Bandaranayake, 2005). 2008). Nevertheless, at present, the Archaeological experiments in and livelihoods of these villagers have around Sigiriya and Dambulla have revolutionized with the rise of tourism. An discovered over 80 ancient villages anthropological analysis on influence of located in the area; all are found to be tourism in traditional villages around villages with well-organized societies. Sigiriya enables the study of gradual Kiri Oya, Dambulu Oya, Mirisgoniya Oya changes in the traditional economy, socio- and Sigiri Oya are the main natural water cultural values over a period in the light of resources of these villages. The main tourism. The study also focuses on a

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comparative analysis of the socio-cultural Finally, Sigiriya, Kayimwala, and and economic system of the area that Kalapuraya were selected as geographical existed before and after the growth of area of this study. tourism in 2009, as well as how tourism itself made an influence on this matter. Map Study area of the research METHODOLOGY Area of the research As Sigiriya is located at the center of the Cultural Triangle and at the approximate triangle center of the three tourist hotspots Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Kandy, it gains a high level of tourist attraction. Similarly, according to then literary and archaeological evidence in Sri Lanka, the oldest place of tourism reported is Sigiriya (Gnanapala et al, 2016). Sri Lanka Tourism Strategic Plan 2017 – 2020, initiated by the Ministry of Tourism Development and Christian Religions Affairs identifies tourism as the third Research Sample highest foreign income earner, and that as a result it has become a fast-growing The three villages studied in this industry. research belong to two different Gramaniladhari Divisions: respectively Survey of Departing Foreign Tourists Sigiriya and Kayimwala, under E455 from Sri Lanka 2017 Report introduces Sigiriya Gramaniladhari Division, and Sigiriya as the fourth main tourist Kalapuraya under E455D Mayilaththawa attraction (SLTDA 2017). Thus, Sigiriya Gramaniladhari Division. as a tourist attraction got a huge boost due to its recognition as a world heritage. Since this is an Anthropological study, Hence, it was considered important that researcher has given more priority for the this study is conducted on Sigiriya. qualitative method. It was selected more than 10% of the whole population by the The researcher has carried out a random sampling method and used a semi- feasibility test for identifying the villages structured questionnaire for collecting where people were mostly occupied in data. Fifty (50) respondents from tourism industry in Sigiriya. Although Kalapuraya, fourty five (45) from fifteen villages located around the Sigiriya Kayimwala and thirty-five (35) from rock people of three villages namely: Sigiriya were included to the sample. Sigiriya, Kayimwala, and Kalapuraya in Based on purposive sampling method, five the District within the jurisdiction of the field experts in the area, who of Dambulla Divisional Secretariat, considered them as main data providers Inamaluwa Korale have the highest were interviewed, and subjected them to involvements in tourism. In 1982 the an in-depth analysis. To evaluate the village Kalapuraya was specially current state of security in the country and established for the purpose of tourism. tourism in Sigiriya area, 25 tourists who visited Sigiriya were selected and data gathered through the random sampling

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method. Further, to collect valid for giving false information. Having qualitative data 10 case studies have groups consisting of 4-12 members each is conducted by using purposive sampling advisable and practical. Data gathered via method. focus group discussions fall into respectively unwritten primary data and Data Collection Methods qualitative data categories (Ananda, One of the fundamental aspects of a 2019). research is the gathering of necessary data In addition to the above method, the and information, which are grouped into present study employed interviews as a four main categories: written primary data, method to collect unwritten primary data, unwritten primary data, written secondary under which structuralized questionnaires data and unwritten secondary data. Data and semi-structured questionnaires are also fall into qualitative and quantitative used. The research topic has been set categories. The present study has been depending on the feasibility report done using written primary data via Sri prepared by the researcher after a careful Lanka Tourism Development Authority study of the traditional agriculture-based Reports, Ministry of Tourism communities in Sigiriya area. A pilot study Development and Christian Religious has been carried out to gather necessary Affairs Reports and Central Cultural Fund data and prepare the appropriate Reports. Unwritten primary data also play questionnaires. Both qualitative and a key role in a research and the first-hand quantitative data gathered using this information comes under this category. method. The findings of the researcher through Case study is another method this study field studies; facts that are unwritten and employs in collecting unwritten primary unreported facts, not found in books, have data. This is a frequently used method in been found to be reliable, as these details anthropological research (Jayatilleke, were discovered and gathered by the 2009). The life stories of the main researcher himself. contributors of the study will be subjected The participant observation method, to an in-depth study. In addition, research which is a popular study method in papers, books, newspapers articles and ethnology, is used to be utilized. This internet used to gather data. Unwritten method entails in-depth examination of a secondary resources of the present particular phenomenon, not evaluating research used visual techniques; popular any hypothesis, using structuralized visual methods such as drawing, painting, methods to collect data and not using pre- video, photography, and hypermedia will concluded categorizations to collect data, be within this category. using open categories to collect data, studying a single person, case or a small Data Analytical Methods part of a case comprehensively and 1. Tourism Policy Analysis defining the meaning and act of human The present situation and the evolution behavior. Data collected in this method of the legislation’s, laws and regulations comes into unwritten primary data and related to tourism in Sri Lanka will be qualitative data categories, respectively studied. (Jayatilleke, 2009). 2. Stakeholder Analysis and Life As a research method, focus group Story Analysis discussion is intended to be used in the An in-depth analysis of the experiences study, through which a large quantity of of the contributors of this research will be data is expected to be collected at once. carried out. This method also impedes any possibility

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3. PEST Analysis Method Changes in the political, economic, There seems to be attained high social, cultural, and technological aspects percentage of respondents mainly based in the traditional Sigiriya rural community on tourism as their occupation. will be studied. Respectively 80%, 87% and 86% are in 4. Similarly, charts, graphs, and Kalapuraya, Kayimvala and Sigiriya Microsoft Excel will be used for data areas. Rest of other occupations are analysis. indicated in low percentage in this research areas. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Directly or indirectly tourism has influenced for developing their economy. Education Level Therefore, tourism is given significant place in the research area. Through providing more attention for newly trends of tourism, they could be able to enhance their economy than early. Accordingly, they must promote cultural tourism mainly based on cultural elements while focus on achieving the objectives of . Impact of Easter Sunday attack

Considered about their educational Level, majority of the respondents passed both Ordinary Level (O/L) and Advanced Level (A/L). Then in 60% of Kalapuraya, 38% of Kayimvala and 43% of Sigiriya had been passed Ordinary Level. Here, it can be identified the impact of Furthermore, those who passed Advanced Easter Sunday attack to above mentioned Level is 24% of Kalapuraya, 36% of areas. Respectively 92%, 96% and 97% Kayimvala and 31% of Sigiriya. It can be are affected percentage in Kalapuraya, seen there is a considerable percentage of Kayimvala and Sigiriya areas. There is a graduates in research areas. Respectively less amount of respondents who were not 2%, 6% and 7% are available in affected by Easter Sunday attack. Kalapuraya, Kayimvala and Sigiriya areas. Deviation of occupations in the area

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This bar chart Illustrate how income were affected by after Easter Sunday attack in Sigiriya area. Before this out break majority of respondents who involved with tourism were earned a monthly income 32% above Rs 30,000, This bar chart explained how income 8% between Rs.20,000 to Rs 30,000 and was affected by after Easter Sunday attack 10% between Rs.10,000 to Rs 20,000. in Sigiriya area. Before easter attack There can be identified their monthly Majority of villages who involved with income has gradually declined by after this tourism were earned a monthly income attack. Accordingly, in current situation 24% above Rs 30,000, 4% between their monthly income has decreased Rs.20,000 to Rs 30,000 and 7% between respectively 2% above Rs 30,000, 38% Rs.10,000 to Rs 20,000. There can be seen between Rs.20, 000 to Rs 30,000 and 10% their monthly income has gradually between Rs.10, 000 to Rs 20,000. decreased by after this attack thus at present their monthly income respectively 4% between Rs.20,000 to Rs 30,000 and 13% between Rs.10,000 to Rs 20,000 and 2% above Rs 30,000. Researcher observed that villagers had been involved multiple of tourism-based occupations such as home stay, restaurant, hotels, spa, village safari, elephant safari and being tourist guides etc. Accordingly, they carried out their occupations while promoting their cultural elements they would be able to earn good income and This bar chart elaborates how income uplift their life. was affected by after Easter Sunday attack in Kayimvala area. Before this out break Majority of respondents who involved with tourism were earned a monthly income 19% above Rs 30,000, 13% between Rs.20,000 to Rs 30,000 and 12% between Rs.10,000 to Rs 20,000. There can be seen their monthly income has gradually decreased by after this attack then at present their monthly income respectively 13% between Rs.20, 000 to Rs. 30,000 and 34% between Rs.10, 000 to Rs 20,000 and not any respondent above Rs 30,000.

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Considering about Suggestions of study reveals by introducing cultural zone Promoting Tourism in this research areas which would be able to display typical 70% of majority respondents have been culture identity of the area takes mentioned that establishing the security in productively advantage of encouraging the country as main phenomena. Rest of and improving tourism via performing other suggestions were respectively 19% arts, rituals, pageant, food culture, of reforming national unity, 36% of traditional crafts, so on. Finally, developing infrastructure, 25% of renovating Sigiriya tank, developing enhancing international relationship and infrastructure, strengthening international 26% of promoting cultural tourism. relationships, establishing national unity, enhance the quality of tourist guides while CONCLUSION training them, increasing the insurance cover of the foreign tourists, reducing the The study revealed that most of the ticket price of Sigiriya for the foreigners villagers in these areas are engaged in and facilitating the villagers to obtain tourism; in Kalapuraya, 80%, in Sigiriya, interest free loans from state and private 86% and in Kayimwala, 86% of the institutions also to be needed for the re- villagers are involved in tourism related establishment and reform the tourist occupations. Prior to the Easter Attacks, industry in Sigiriya. majority of the villagers involved in tourism had earned a monthly income of REFERENCES Rs.30,000 or more, which is proof how the village economy had had prospered Amarasingha" M. ^2009&. Sigiriya Loka through tourism centred around Sigiriya. Urumayaka Vagathuga ' Colombo In comparison, after the Easter Attacks, 10, Sri Lanka (Dayavansha Jayakodi and Company' the villagers have experienced a massive Ananda" S.^2019&. Samajiya vidya drop in their monthly income; majority of Paryeshana Ha Vidyathmaka the villagers who experienced this Rachanaya' Colombo 10" Sri Lanka scenario are the villagers who previously ( Surasa Books Publishers. earned a monthly income between Aref, F., Gill, S. S., Aref, F. (2010). Tourism Rs.20,000 to Rs 30,000, and then those Development in Local Communities: who earned an income of Rs.10,000 or As a Community Development less. In the light of the economic crisis that approach. Journal of American ensued, the villagers have failed to pay the Science, 6(2), 155 - 161. Bandaranayke, S. (2005). Sigiriya city place instalments of loans they obtained from gardens monasteries paintings. state and private institutions; 80% of the Colombo 07, Sri Lanka: Central villagers in Kalapuraya, 77% in Cultural Fund. Kayimwala and 80% in Sigiriya have Fernando, S. (2017). An Assessment of the faced this misfortune. In the examination impacts of Tourism in Sri Lanka. as to whether Sri Lanka Tourist Board had Retrieved from academia.edu. taken any steps to improve tourism in this Gunapala, W. K., Sandaruwani, J. A. R. C. area, 96% of the villagers in Kalapuraya, (2016). Socio - Economic Impacts of 96% in Kayimwala and 94% in Sigiriya Tourism Developments and their implications on local Communities. held the view that no such step has been International Journal of Economics taken. In the given circumstances, most of and Business administration, 5, 56 - the villagers were of the view that 67. establishing national security is the first Gunawardana" P. (2008). Sigiri doratu. Ja step to be taken to re-establish and restore Ela" Sri Lanka:Samanthi Books tourism in the area. Further, the Present Publishers.

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ISSN 2659-2193 | Volume: 06 | Issue: 07 | 31-12-2020