The Vegetation Communities Moorland, Sedgeland, Rushland and Peatland

Restionaceae rushland (MRR) 18

Sparse buttongrass moorland on slopes (MBR) 20 Sphagnum peatland (MSP) 22 Subalpine Diplarrena latifolia rushland (MDS) 24 Western buttongrass moorland (MBW) 26 Western lowland sedgeland (MSW) 28

General description vegetation, although it may be a minor component within some facies of the vegetation. This group contains moorland, rushland, sedgeland and peatland predominantly on low-fertility Buttongrass moorland is highly variable in structure, substrates in high rainfall areas. Many of the ranging from low closed sedgeland, through vegetation communities in this group contain heathland and low open scrub to open woodland. Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus; some are Most communities are treeless, matching most dominated by it. Grassy sedgelands, and the variant closely to graminoid heathland as defined by Specht of Restionaceae sedgeland/rushland found on steep (1979). Buttongrass moorland is at the interface of slopes near Queenstown, seldom contain terrestrial and wetland systems, with much of it seasonally waterlogged. Some patches meet the G. sphaerocephalus but may be closely associated with it in mosaics. G. sphaerocephalus is generally definition of mire; others can be defined as swamp, absent from lowland/intermediate sedgelands and bog and fen (Clymo 1983). grassy sedgelands. Buttongrass moorlands are divided into two types, Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands cover more than both of which can occur on low-nutrient peat soils. a million hectares, chiefly in the cool wet western “Blanket moorland” is so named because it extends region of Tasmania below the alpine zone. A State- onto slopes, ridges and plateaus and is not restricted wide survey of buttongrass moorlands by Jarman et to poorly–drained flats or gullies. In situations al. in 1988 classified this vegetation into a number of topographically protected by fire, it is often replaced structural and floristic communities. Buttongrass by scrub and forests. Blanket moorlands are moorland is a unique vegetation type in a global characteristic of low fertility environments and occur context: it is the only extensive vegetation type widely across western Tasmania. In contrast “Eastern dominated by hummock-forming tussock sedge moorland” is usually less extensive and is replaced by other vegetation types where soils are better (G. sphaerocephalus). The presence of this rosette species, or of the cord rushes (Restionaceae species) drained. It is often underlain by more fertile with which it typically associates, defines this substrates such as dolerite. It has its largest extent in

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 1 the Central Highlands, but occurs in localised Brown & Podger 1982). The vegetation is highly patches widely across eastern Tasmania. pyrogenic, largely because the dead leaves hang within and below the canopy and quickly dry after The buttongrass moorlands of south-west Tasmania rain (Marsden-Smedley & Catchpole 1995a, b, are divided into four separate mapping units: MBW, Balmer 1991). Fires can burn in this vegetation after MSW, MBR and MBP. Of these, MBW is clearly as little as one or two rain-free days, even in winter. defined on floristics. MBR and MSW are not clearly At some sites, the peat soils on which these differentiated on species composition either from communities occur can dry out and burn, leaving each other or from MBW. The differences are in bare rock; after such an event, regeneration is very relative species abundance and texture on aerial slow (Balmer 1991). Sphagnum peatlands can take photographs. These communities are important many hundreds to thousands of years to develop, indicators of soil condition. MSW occupies poorly– and after fire may take equally long to recover. drained, shallow peats on the large south-west plains (Melaleuca, Louisa, Rowitta) and Tertiary gravel terraces south of Macquarie Harbour. Vegetation General management issues diversity is strongly dependent on fire history. MBR is A major threat to these communities is the plant sparse vegetation on steep slopes on quartzite pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi, which is mountains and the gravel fans at the base of those particularly damaging to several plant families that slopes. It is a fire-induced community on skeletal are key components of many of these communities. peats. It is widespread in these communities throughout the State, making areas that are free from the Sedgelands (e.g. MGH and MSW) and rushlands (e.g. pathogen significant (Schahinger et al. 2003). The MRR and MDS) typically grow on oligotrophic soils most susceptible families Dilleniaceae, Epacridaceae, and are adapted to extreme environmental Fabaceae, Proteaceae and Rutaceae are common conditions such as drought, waterlogging, fire and and extensive in sedgeland, rushland and moorland low nutrients. Many species of the Cyperaceae and communities. Phytophthora cinnamomi reduces Restionaceae are resistant to Phytophthora, which plant species diversity in infected areas. In extreme has led to an increase in cover of these families in cases, it kills most of the woody species, leaving disease- prone areas; however, the long-term vegetation dominated be sedges and rushes impacts of Phytophthora on community structure (Kirkpatrick & Harris 1999). require further investigation (Meney & Pate 1999). Some areas of this ecological vegetation community Sphagnum peatland (MSP) is characterised by a have been degraded by burning followed by stock ground layer of moss in the genus Sphagnum, which grazing, often resulting in the establishment of may form a dense, blanketing layer or a sparse layer unpalatable shrubs and, in some cases, conversion to growing around trees, small shrubs, sedges or ferns. species-poor heathland (Kirkpatrick 1991, Balmer Any area with greater than 30% ground cover of 1991). Sphagnum is considered a Sphagnum peatland community. These communities are found in Some buttongrass communities have been identified poorly–drained acid areas (pH 4.0–5.5), generally as critical habitat for the endangered orange-bellied above 600 m in altitude, although there are parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). This species has examples at lower altitudes. The patch sizes are feeding preferences at specific ages for vegetation generally small because of Sphagnum’s specific after fire and therefore has quite specific environmental conditions required for growth, its management needs (Bryant & Jackson 1999). For slow growth rate and long recovery time after more information refer to Tasmania’s Threatened disturbance. Fauna Handbook and Orange-Bellied Parrot Recovery Plan (Orange- Bellied Parrot Recovery Fire is a defining factor for the ecological vegetation Team 1998). communities in this section: both its intensity and frequency largely dictates the form of the vegetation. Overall, Sphagnum peatlands are in good condition, Most of these ecological vegetation communities are and most are within reserves, with the exception of early successional stages that will develop into other the aquatic Sphagnum bogs. The main management vegetation types in the absence of fire (Jackson issue for these communities is fire protection 1968, (Whinam et al. 1989).

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References and further reading Jarman, S.J., Kantvilas, G., & Brown, M.J. (1988) Buttongrass moorland in Tasmania. Research Report No. 2, Tasmanian Balmer, J. (1991) Buttongrass moorland vegetation. In: Forest Research Council, Inc., Hobart. Tasmanian Native Bush; A Management Handbook (Ed. Kirkpatrick, J.B.). Tasmanian Environment Centre Inc., Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1977) The Disappearing Heath–A study of Hobart. the conservation of coastal heath in north and east Tasmania and the Furneaux group. Tasmanian Bowman, D.M.J.S., Maclean, A.R. & Crowden, R.K. (1986) Conservation Trust, Hobart. Vegetation–soil relations in the lowlands of south–west Tasmania. Australian Journal of Ecology. 11, 141–153. Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1997) Alpine Tasmania–An illustrated guide to the flora and vegetation. Oxford University Press, Brown, M.J. & Podger, F.D. (1982) Floristics and fire Melbourne. regimes of a vegetation sequence from sedgeland–heath to rainforest at Bathurst Harbour, Tasmania. Australian Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Duncan, F. (1987) Distribution, Journal of Botany. 30, 659–676. community composition and conservation of Tasmanian high altitude grassy ecosystems. Australian Journal of Brown, M.J. Crowden R.K. & Jarman S.J. (1982) Vegetation Ecology. 12, 73–86. of an alkaline pan–acidic peat mosaic in the Hardwood River Valley, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Ecology. 7, 3– Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Harris, S. (1995) The Conservation of 12. Tasmanian Dry Coastal Vascular Plant Communities. Wildlife Scientific Report 95/1. Parks and Wildlife Service, Bryant, S.L. & Jackson, J. (1999) Tasmania’s Threatened Hobart. Fauna Handbook: what, where and how to protect Tasmania’s threatened animals. Threatened Species Unit, Kirkpatrick, J.B. & Harris, S. (1999) The Disappearing Heath Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart. Revisited. Tasmanian Environment Centre Inc., Hobart.

Clymo, R.S. (1983) Peat. In: Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Macphail, M.K., Pemberton, M. & Jacobson, G. (1999) Peat Moor. Ecosystems of the World, 4a. (Ed. Gore, A.J.P) mounds of southwest Tasmania: possible origins. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.159–224. Australian Journal of Earth Science. 46, 667–677.

Corbett, S. (1995) Vegetation of the Central Plateau– Marsden–Smedley, J.B. & Catchpole, W.R. (1995a) Fire Western Tasmanian World Heritage Area. Wildlife Report Modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands I. Fuel 95/3. Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of characteristics. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 5, Environment and Land Management, Hobart. 203–214.

Corbett, S. (1998) Vegetation. In: Wilderness Ecosystems Marsden–Smedley, J.B. & Catchpole, W.R. (1995b) Fire Baseline Studies (WEBS): Pelion Plains–Mt. Ossa. Wildlife Modelling in Tasmanian buttongrass moorlands III. Dead Report 98/2. (Eds. Driessen, M., et al.) Parks and Wildlife fuel moisture. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 10, Service, Department of Environment and Land 241–253. Management, Hobart. Meney, K.A. & Pate, J.S. (1999) Australian Rushes: Biology, Ellis, R. C. (1985) The relationships among eucalypt forest, Identification and Conservation of Restionaceae and Allied grassland and rainforest in a highland area in northeastern Families. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands. Tasmania. Australian Journal of Ecology. 10, 297–314. Orange–Bellied Parrot Recovery Team (1998) Orange– Forest Practices Authority (2005). Forest Botany Manual. Bellied Parrot Recovery Plan 1998–2002. Parks and Forest Practices Authority, Hobart, Tasmania. Wildlife Service, Hobart.

Gilfedder, L. (1995) Montane grasslands of north–western Pannell, J.R. (1992) Swamp Forests of Tasmania. Forestry Tasmania. Unpublished report to North Forests, Burnie Commission, Tasmania. and Forestry Tasmania. Pemberton, M. & Cullen, P.J. (1995) Impacts of fire on soils Jackson, W.D. (1968) Fire, air, water and earth–An in Tasmania. In: Proceedings, Australian Bushfire elemental ecology of Tasmania. Proceedings of the Conference, Hobart, Tasmania. Tasmanian Fire Service Ecological Society of Australia. 3, 9–16. and Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service.

Jarman, S.J. & Crowden R.K. (1979) An examination of Schahinger, R., Rudman, R. & Wardlaw, T.J. (2003) vegetation from the lower Gordon River and associated Conservation of Tasmanian Plant Species and catchments against a background of regional botany. In: Communities Threatened by Phytophthora cinnamomi: Lower Gordon Region–Landuse, Resources and Special Strategic Regional Plan for Tasmania. Technical report Features. (Ed. Hale, G.E.A.) Unpublished report. Hydro 03/03. Nature Conservation Branch, Department of Electric Commission, Hobart. Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Hobart.

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Specht, R.L. (1970) Vegetation. In: The Australian Environment (4th edn). (Ed. Leeper, G.W.) CSIRO/

Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

Whinam, J., Barmuta, L.A. & Chilcott, N. (2001) Floristic description and environmental relationships of Tasmanian Sphagnum communities and their conservation management. Australian Journal of Botany. 49(6), 673– 685.

Whinam, J., Hope, G.S., Clarkson, B.R., Buxton, R., Alspatch, P.A. & Adam, P. (2003) Sphagnum in peatlands of Australasia: Their distribution, utilisation and management. Wetlands Ecology and Management. 11, 37– 49.

Whinam, J., Eberhard, S., Kirkpatrick, J. & Moscal, T. (1989) Ecology and Conservation of Tasmanian Sphagnum Peatlands. Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Tasmania.

Wilson, K.L. & Jacobs, S.W.L. (1998) Gramineae, Casuarinaceae, Cyperaceae, Juncaceae and waterplants. In: Wilderness Ecosystems Baseline Studies (WEBS): Pelion Plains–Mt. Ossa. Wildlife Report 98/2. (Eds. Driessen, M. et al.) Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment and Land Management, Hobart.

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Key to Moorland, sedgeland, rushland and peatland

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1 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus cover greater than 75% Pure buttongrass moorland (MBP) 16

1 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus cover generally between 10% and 75% 2 Shrubs conspicuous in a layer above graminoids sometimes forming abundant shrubby patches or copses 3 Eucalyptus nitida present as small emergent trees, or shrubs including a diverse flora of prickly species such as Aotus ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Pultenaea spp. and Allocasuarina spp. See Key to Scrub, heathland and coastal complexes

3 Leptospermum and/or Melaleuca species dominant in a distinctly taller stratum over Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus; Eucalyptus nitida uncommon Buttongrass moorland with emergent shrubs (MBS) 10

2 Shrubs not conspicuously dominant; if present, a similar height to the graminoids; taller shrubs sparse or absent 3 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus cover less than 25% 4 Gravel and/or bare skeletal peat exposed through sparse vegetation cover on quartzite slopes Sparse buttongrass moorland on slopes (MBR) 20

4 Moorland with western species such as Leptospermum nitidum and Epacris corymbiflora; Melaleuca squamea often important (vegetation not confined to flats) Western buttongrass moorland (MBW) 26

4 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus co-dominant with several cordrushes including Chordifex hookeri, Sporadanthus tasmanicus, Eurychorda complanata; 400 m altitude or lower Western lowland sedgeland (MSW) 28

3 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus occurring in association with eastern species such as Leptospermum scoparium, Boronia citriodora, Epacris lanuginosa and Baeckea gunniana; vegetation confined to poorly–drained flats and drainage lines Eastern buttongrass moorland (MBE) 12

1 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus cover of 10% or less, sometimes absent or more abundant in adjacent vegetation or in mosaics 2 Sedgeland rich in cord rushes (Chordifex, Leptocarpus, Baloskion, Eurychorda) and poor in shrubs; diversity low 3 Vegetation cover not sparse; Gymnoschoenus not dominant Restionaceae rushland (MRR) 18

See next page of key

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3 Gravel and/or bare skeletal peat exposed through sparse vegetation cover on quartzite slopes Sparse buttongrass moorland on slopes (MBR) 20

3 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus co-dominant with several cordrushes in lowland vegetation (below 400 m altitude) Western lowland sedgeland (MSW) 28

2 Treeless vegetation with greater than 30% cover of Sphagnum moss species Sphagnum peatland (MSP) 22

2 Treeless vegetation with less than 30% cover of Sphagnum moss species and not dominated by cord rushes. 3 Lowland vegetation (below 600 m) in which cord rushes are sparse or absent 4 Sparsely vegetated wetland areas of gravel and sandy pans in far south-west Tasmania surrounded by buttongrass moorlands Alkaline pans (MAP) 7

4 Dominated by grasses, Gahnia and/or Lomandra and/or Lepidosperma species (not L. filiforme) 5 Grassy vegetation, which may be co-dominated by Lomandra longifolia and/ or Lepidosperma species but little or no Lepidosperma filiforme See Key to Native grassland (Lowland grassy sedgeland (GSL))

5 Vegetation with Gahnia microstachya and/or Lepidosperma species but where Lepidosperma filiforme is sparse or absent See Key to Scrub, heathland and coastal complexes

5 Highland vegetation dominated by sedges and/or cord rushes, Lepidosperma filiforme usually common Highland grassy sedgeland (MGH) 14

4 Grasses not conspicuous in the vegetation 5 Shrubland dominated by Melaleuca squamea with an understorey including Dracophyllum milliganii, Carpha alpina, or Isophysis tasmanica See Key to Scrub, heathland and coastal complexes (Melaleuca squamea heathland (SMM))

5 Rushland dominated by Diplarrena latifolia Subalpine Diplarrena latifolia rushland (MDS) 24

5 Alpine graminoids such as Carpha alpina or Isophysis tasmanica; Oreobolus species common; with or without cushion species See Key to Highland treeless vegetation

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Alkaline pans (MAP)

General description gunnii, Hydatella filamentosa, Centrolepis monogyna and Triglochin striata. Restionaceae rushland (MRR) This distinctive community occurs where limestone can also occur on wet flats within MBW, but is or dolomite crops out within buttongrass moorlands dominated by Restionaceae species and has few of or scrub in south-west Tasmania. The large the typical species found in MAP. proportion of bare sand or gravel and exposed bedrock easily distinguishes the pans. A sparse but distinctive flora dominates the highly alkaline, central RFA mapping unit zone of the pan: typically the sedge Baumea juncea Not covered by RFA mapping. and/or the forb Drosera arcturi. Distribution The community is confined to south-west Tasmania, with its most easterly expression at the western boundary of the Tasmanian Southern Ranges Bioregion.

Maxwell River Valley, south-west Tasmania. Stephen Harris.

Example locality The only alkaline pans accessible by road are some small examples of a Drosera arcturi pan near Sandfly Creek adjacent to the Scotts Peak Road.

Distinguishing features and similar communities This mapping community is distinctive, although there is a superficial similarity with some areas of sparsely vegetated quartzite sands, or gravels or Bioregional occurrence clays, but these sites have low pH. Although the pans are highly visible, with distinct boundaries, they TSR, TWE. are typically small and irregular in shape often following streams which makes accurate mapping Site characteristics, habitat and ecology difficult. At 1:25 000 scale, single MAP polygons are The community occurs on highly alkaline sand or generally a mosaic of alkaline pans and Western gravel pans underlain by limestone or dolomite buttongrass moorland (MBW) or Buttongrass within scrub and acidic moorlands of the south- moorland with emergent shrubs (MBS). west river valleys. The pH of the surface sands and silts are between 5.0 and 8.5, whereas the pH of The community is restricted to exposed dolomite or adjacent peat soils is typically between 4.0 and 4.5. limestone on valley floors, distinguishing this The pans are typically flat or gently sloping and may vegetation from surrounding buttongrass moorland. rise towards the centre. Sheet flow of water across The dominants in MAP are Baumea juncea or the pans is common, as are shallow pools and/or Drosera arcturi and also Isoetes species nova “Maxwell River”, Milligania johnstonii, Liparophyllum

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The vegetation is typically a very sparse sedgeland or herbfield dominated by Baumea juncea and Drosera arcturi. The distribution of species within each pan is associated with the pH and hydrology and marked zonation in the vegetation is obvious. The pans may have relatively short life spans (in the order of hundreds of years). The accumulation of organic material encroaches on the margins of the pan, gradually changing drainage and pH. Hot fires in the surrounding peat, with subsequent water erosion, may initiate and extend the life of the pans.

Vegetation composition and structure The flora of alkaline pans is distinctive. The small, scattered shrubs largely confined to the margins include Baeckea leptocaulis, Bauera rubioides, Sprengelia incarnata and Melaleuca squamea. The prostrate shrub Sprengelia distichophylla is also present in some pans. Species dominating the very sparse herbfield include Baumea acuta, B. juncea, Calorophus elongatus, C. erostris, Carpha alpina, Centrolepis monogyna, Empodisma minus, Hydatella filamentosa, Milliganii johnstonii, Oreobolus tholicarpus, Schoenus biglumis, Schoenus fluitans, Tetraria capillaris and Triglochin striata. Forbs include Drosera arcturi, D. binata and Liparophyllum gunnii. Ferns, including Gleichenia dicarpa and fern allies Isoetes species nova “Maxwell Valley” and Lycopodiella diffusa, are sometimes present.

Floristic communities known to occur in this mapping unit Buttongrass moorland: B9a Baumea juncea open-sedgeland

B9b Drosera arcturi open-herbland

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Buttongrass moorland (undifferentiated) (MBU)

General description Buttongrass moorland (undifferentiated) (MBU) comprises any buttongrass moorland vegetation where identification to a specific ecological vegetation community has not been attempted; predominantly in the state’s north-west. It is intended that vegetation mapped as MBU will be attributed to specific units (i.e. Buttongrass moorland with emergent shrubs (MBS), Western buttongrass moorland (MBW), Eastern buttongrass moorland (MBE), Western lowland sedgeland (MSW), Sparse buttongrass moorland on slopes (MBR), Restionaceae rushland (MRR) and Pure buttongrass moorland (MBP) as mapping is revised. Continued use of MBU is discouraged and limited to use where field access is not possible and remote allocation to a more specific unit is not advised.

Bioregional occurrence Example locality The bioregions in which undifferentiated buttongrass Not applicable. moorland is sill mapped are as follows: KIN, TCH, TNS, TSR, TWE. Distinguishing features and similar communities Site characteristics, habitat and ecology As for MBS, MBW, MBE, MSW, MBR or MBP As for MBS, MBW, MBE, MSW, MBR or MBP

RFA mapping unit Vegetation composition and structure Not covered by RFA mapping. As for MBS, MBW, MBE, MSW, MBR or MBP

Distribution Floristic communities known to occur in As for MBS, MBW, MBE, MSW, MBR or MBP this mapping unit This is the undifferentiated mapping unit for buttongrass–dominated vegetation; depending on where it is used it may include all equivalent floristic communities noted in the MBS, MBW, MBE, MSW, MBR and MBP descriptions.

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Buttongrass moorland with emergent shrubs (MBS)

General description MBS is also characterised by Isophysis tasmanica, Dracophyllum milliganii, Carpha alpina, Eurychorda This mapping community describes blanket complanata and Epacris serpyllifolia in the ground moorland vegetation overgrown by Leptospermum layer. Where MBS occurs in eastern Tasmania it is and Melaleuca species. MBS also incorporates distinguished from Wet heathland (SHW), by having sequences of vegetation across siliceous ridgelines: Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus as a significant typically a narrow belt of Gymnoschoenus component of the ground layer (i.e. > 10% in MBS). sphaerocephalus moorland with Melaleuca squamea on the crests of ridges, and shrubbier, usually Leptospermum-dominated, vegetation downslope. RFA mapping unit Not covered by RFA mapping.

Distribution This is a widespread and common community with a stronghold within the western World Heritage Area and around the West Coast Range, but also occurring in eastern parts of the state such as in the north-east.

Arthur Plains, south-west Tasmania. Sib Corbett.

Example localities Examples of this vegetation occur along the Strathgordon Road around McPartlans Pass and beyond Strathgordon near White Spur lookout.

Distinguishing features and similar communities There is a blurred distinction between MBS and Western wet scrub (SWW) with Eucalyptus nitida appearing at the boundary and increasing in height within SWW. SWW is usually applied to more or less uniform Leptospermum/Eucalyptus species scrub where buttongrass is absent or confined to small openings. The distinction between MBS and Western buttongrass moorland (MBW) is that the Bioregional occurrence canopy is taller and denser in MBS, and in many places on the west coast, long-unburnt MBW will BEL, FUR, KIN, TCH, TNS, TSE, TSR, TWE. become MBS as myrtaceous species overgrow the sedges. MBS may grade into the lowland Melaleuca Site characteristics, habitat and ecology squarrosa scrub (SMR) where Melaleuca squarrosa This vegetation represents a late successional stage replaces M. squamea, Leptospermum nitidum and within buttongrass moorland. It occurs in L. glaucescens disappear and cord rushes replace infrequently burnt areas on wet, acid, peat soils over Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus. The distinction siliceous substrates. MBS is most common on between MBS and the subalpine Melaleuca squamea moderate to steep slopes. scrub (SMM) is the prominence of Leptospermum species in SMM and of Melaleuca squamea in SMM.

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Vegetation composition and structure Floristic communities known to occur in The vegetation is typically treeless, but occasionally this mapping unit has a few trees of Eucalyptus nitida in the centre of Buttongrass moorland: copses or sparsely distributed as an emergent B12 Dry copses; also occurs in SWW, DNI & SHW canopy. The dominant shrubs in this moorland, which are usually emergent over a sedge layer, B13 Wet copses; also occurs in SWW, WNL, DOV, SMR include Leptospermum nitidum, L. glaucescens & NLM and/or L. scoparium. Melaleuca squamea, Banksia B14a Common mountain moor; also occurs in MBW & marginata, Acacia mucronata, Cenarrhenes nitida, SMM Nematolepis squamea and Philotheca virgata are less B14b Highland standard peat; also occurs in MBR & SMM abundant than the shrubs, forming a patchy canopy. The sedge layer is diverse but includes B15 Mountain copses; also occurs in RSH & SSW Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus and often also B1a Standard peat; also occurs in MBR & MBW Chordifex hookeri, Eurychorda complanata, Empodisma minus, Calorophus erostris, Patersonia B1b Standard pebbles; also occurs in MBR species, Lepidosperma filiforme, Xyris marginata and B4 Layered blanket moor; also occurs in MBW & SMM Gahnia grandis. Sprengelia incarnata and Bauera E8 Layered eastern moor; also occurs in MBE & SMM rubioides are also common shrubs in the understorey. Heath: Where MBS occurs in the east of the state scattered 5 Sprengelia incarnata–Gymnoschoenus emergent eucalypts may include Eucalyptus sphaerocephalus–Xyris spp. heath; also occurs in amygdalina, E. rodwayi, E. ovata or E. viminalis. MSW & SHW Emergent shrubs of the genus Allocasuarina may be common, as well as Leptospermum lanigerum, L. scoparium, Melaleuca squamea, M. virens, Banksia marginata, Acacia spp. (including A. mucronata) and Oxylobium ellipticum. Smaller shrubs and heath can include Epacris lanuginosa, Sprengelia incarnata, Leucopogon collinus, L. ericoides, Bauera rubioides and Lomatia tinctoria. Small herbs may include Boronia parviflora, Hibbertia procumbens, Rubus gunnianus, Stylidium graminifolium, Nertera granadensis and Mitrasacme serpyllifolia with the ferns Gleichenia dicarpa, G. alpina and Pteridium esculentum. A sedgey layer often contains large robust Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus as well as species of Diplarrena, Lepidosperma filiforme, Gahnia grandis, Eurychorda complanata and Astelia alpina.

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Eastern buttongrass moorland (MBE)

General description Distribution Buttongrass moorland is typical of the Central MBE occurs patchily in the Central Highlands and Highlands and eastern Tasmania. Gymnoschoenus eastern Tasmania. In the Central Highlands, it grows sphaerocephalus is the dominant feature of the particularly in quartzite derived soils in the Cradle vegetation, but a variety of species and scattered Mountain area, whereas in south-east and eastern shrubs are usually present. This vegetation is Tasmania, MBE grows on various substrates. MBE characteristic of acid peat soils on poorly–drained does not occur above about 950 m. flats and gentle slopes.

Cradle Valley. Keith Corbett.

Example locality Cradle Valley.

Distinguishing features and similar communities Bioregional occurrence A cover of between 25% and 75% Gymnoschoenus BEL, FUR, TCH, TNS, TSE, TSR, TWE. sphaerocephalus distinguishes this buttongrass community from others. The cord rushes are generally a minor component of the vegetation, with Site characteristics, habitat and ecology the exception of Eurychorda complanata above MBE is characteristically restricted to acid peat soils about 650 m. The coral fern Gleichenia alpina may on poorly–drained flats and gentle slopes, over a be important and form large mosaic patches in high- variety of rock types. Poor–drainage, infertile soils altitude MBE. This community has some prominent and frequent fire inhibit this moorland vegetation species in common with other buttongrass from developing into scrub or other tree-dominated moorland communities, particularly MSW, MBW, vegetation, although potential tree species such as MBR and MBP. Distinguishing shrub species (not Leptospermum lanigerum and L. scoparium are always present) include Leptospermum scoparium, usually present. Almaleea subumbellata, Baeckea gunniana, Boronia On the quartzites of the Black Bluff Range, west of rhomboidea, Boronia citriodora, Melaleuca virens, Cradle Mountain, there is a floristic gradation from Epacris gunnii, Epacris lanuginosa, Olearia algida and Eastern buttongrass moorland MBE to Western Pultenaea dentata. buttongrass moorland MBW. MBE occurs on substrates that are more fertile (and at lower RFA mapping unit altitudes) nearby in the Vale of Belvoir and west of Not covered by RFA mapping. the range at Romney Marsh.

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Vegetation composition and structure The vegetation in MBE is less than 2 m tall, although there may be sparse emergents. In addition to G. sphaerocephalus, typical species in MBE include Leptospermum scoparium, L. lanigerum, Melaleuca squarrosa, M. squamea, Sprengelia incarnata, Baeckea gunniana, Epacris lanuginosa and Boronia citriodora. Gleichenia alpina, and Eurychorda complanata typically occur in inter-tussock spaces in the high-altitude forms of MBE.

Floristic communities known to occur in this mapping unit Buttongrass moorland: E1a Common wet eastern heathy; also occurs in SMM

E1b Eastern woolly tea-tree; also occurs in SMR

E2 Lowland eastern sedgy; also occurs in MRR

E3 Sedgy Melaleuca gibbosa; also occurs in SHW

E4 Eastern sword sedgeland

E7 Pure buttongrass; also occurs in MBP

E8 Layered eastern moor; also occurs in MBS & SMM

Peatlands with Sphagnum: 3 Buttongrass–Sphagnum bogs; also occurs in MSP

Grassland: 37 Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus– Comesperma retusum grassy sedgeland; also occurs in GPH

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 13

Highland grassy sedgeland (MGH)

General description species, MDS is dominated by Diplarrena latifolia. The wet grassy sedgeland facies of MGH dominated A mixture of sedges and native tussock grasses by Carex gaudichaudiana is distinguished from dominates this community. Lepidosperma filiforme, wetlands by the absence of aquatic species. Poa labillardierei and/or P. gunnii and Empodisma minus are usually present. Periodically inundated subalpine and alpine flats, often marginal to shallow RFA mapping unit lakes, have grassy sedgeland dominated by Carex Not covered by RFA mapping. gaudichaudiana and/or Carpha alpina and a few herbs in the wettest areas, with a sparse or dense Distribution overstorey of grasses. MGH occurs as small patches in the highlands of the north-east and the plains of the Surrey Hills Block in the north-west. In central Tasmania and the eastern Central Plateau, MGH occupies often-extensive plains and valley floors.

Lake Olive Track. Sib Corbett.

Example locality Vale of Belvoir.

Distinguishing features and similar communities MGH is distinguished from Highland Poa grassland (GPH) by the prevalence of Lepidosperma filiforme; Poa species are important but not dominant in MGH. Lowland sedgy grassland (GSL) occurs at a lower altitude (below about 600 m). Restionaceae Bioregional occurrence rushland (MRR) occurs in similar areas on the BEL, TCH, TNM, TNS, TSE, TSR, TWE. eastern Central Plateau. However, MGH has many grass species, Lepidosperma filiforme and small heathy shrubs. It has fewer Restionaceae species, Site characteristics, habitat and ecology emergent Sprengelia incarnata and Gymnoschoenus These communities occur on moderately to poorly– sphaerocephalus than MRR. Eastern buttongrass drained sites, including frost hollows, usually moorland (MBE) may occur in mosaics with MGH, is between about 600 m and 850 m but, in the case of distinguished by the dominance of (often large) wet grassy sedgeland, as high as 1300 m. The substrate is usually fertile and developed on basalt, G. sphaerocephalus tussocks separated by Gleichenia alpina, Eurychorda complanata, dolerite, mudstone, limestone or alluvial sediments, Empodisma minus and a few herbs and grasses. but organic soils may have developed on poorly– MGH forms mosaics with subalpine Diplarrena drained plains, sometimes as a thin veneer over latifolia rushland (MDS) at the southern end of the alluvial soils. In some areas, the presence of deep Vale of Belvoir. Although the two share many alluvial soils is more important to the development

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 14 of grassy vegetation than the nature of the Floristic communities known to occur in underlying rocks. The open structure may have been this mapping unit created by fire and maintained over time by periodic firing or grazing; this appears to be the case at Wetlands: Paradise Plains. Wet highland grassy sedgeland on 24 Carex gaudichaudiana; also occurs in ASF Pelion Plains and the Central Plateau were subject to Buttongrass moorland: summer grazing and firing from the early 1900s until the 1930s and 1980s respectively. Poor drainage and E10 Highland dry sedgy frost have discouraged forest invasion.

Vegetation composition and structure The sedgy component is variable between sites (and depends on drainage), although Lepidosperma filiforme is usually the dominant species in association with Empodisma minus and Baloskion australe, with some Carex species and Carpha alpina. Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus may be present. Poa labillardierei typically forms the dominant grass cover, sometimes with Australopyrum pectinatum, and species of Austrodanthonia and Deyeuxia common at some sites. At higher altitudes Poa gunnii may be common. The ground layer is a mosaic of grasses and sedges, usually quite rich in herbs (e.g. Helichrysum scorpioides, Wahlenbergia species, Acaena species, Senecio gunnii, Ajuga australis, Gunnera cordifolia, Gonocarpus micranthus, Hydrocotyle hirta) and often with patches of herbfield, cushions (at high altitudes) or Sphagnum cristatum interspersed. Species richness decreases, as the sward of grass or sedge tussocks becomes denser. Periodically burnt sites are more species-rich. Short shrubs may also occur at low densities or in localised patches and near margins, particularly Richea acerosa, R. scoparia, Hakea microcarpa, Epacris gunnii and Leucopogon hookeri and Baeckea gunniana. There may be scattered Eucalyptus species (< 5% cover), most commonly Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. dalrympleana, E. rodwayi or E. pauciflora, with E. gunnii and E. coccifera at higher altitudes. Where small sedgy grassland patches occur within eucalypt forest or mixed forest, small tree species, such as Tasmannia lanceolata and Leptospermum lanigerum, may invade over time. Wet grassy sedgeland in its simplest form consists of the short sedge Carex gaudichaudiana and a few herbs.

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Pure buttongrass moorland (MBP)

General description Distribution MBP is distinguished by the dominance of often very The eastern facies of MBP is most extensive in the large tussocks of the sedge Gymnoschoenus central and north-eastern highlands and less sphaerocephalus (more than 75% cover) and very common in north-west and eastern Tasmania where low species diversity. It generally occurs on alluvial it is generally restricted to small patches along creeks flats along creek margins and near lake shores. and swamp margins. The western buttongrass moorland facies is common and widespread in the lowlands of south-west and western Tasmania, although patches of pure buttongrass in this region are typically small.

Near Dip Falls, north-west Tasmania. Micah Visoiu.

Example locality Creek fringes near Scotts Peak Road.

Distinguishing features and similar community This community is part of a continuum of buttongrass moorland plant communities described by Jarman et al. (1988). MBP is distinguished from Bioregional occurrence other mapping units by a tall (generally ~1 m) and TCH, TNS, TSR, TWE. dense cover of Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus tussocks. This distinguishes it from the western buttongrass communities, which are all low in Site characteristics, habitat and ecology G. sphaerocephalus. A western facies of MBP has The community occurs on alluvial plains, creek emergent Sprengelia incarnata and sometimes margins, swamps, and forest ecotones where soils Leptospermum nitidum. Some high-altitude Eastern are likely to be deeper than in other moorland buttongrass moorland (MBE) looks similar to MBP in communities. G. sphaerocephalus forms an almost texture, with large, widely separated tussocks, a few complete cover with small inter- tussock spaces emergent Olearia pinifolius and a prominent ground occupied by standing water, bare peat or dead plant layer of Empodisma minus, Eurychorda complanata material. Buttongrass plants form distinct pedestals, and Ozothamnus rodwayi. MBP with eastern which may elevate the roots above the water table. affinities is nearly closed canopy with sparse Other species may be associated with MBP but are a emergent Comesperma retusum, Baeckea gunniana, minor component. Melaleuca virens and Leptospermum lanigerum. Vegetation composition and structure RFA mapping unit Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus forms more than Not covered by RFA mapping. a 75% cover in MBP communities and sometimes

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 16 provides close to 100% cover. Two facies of the community have been described by Jarman et al. (1988): “blanket” and “eastern” community associations. The eastern facies of MBP generally occurs at medium to high altitudes and may have sparse but emergent shrubs of Comesperma retusum, Baeckea gunniana, Melaleuca virens and Leptospermum lanigerum. Sparse herbs including Poa species, Hydrocotyle species, Oxalis magellanica and Erigeron species also distinguish the eastern facies of this community. The western buttongrass moorland facies of MBP is characterised by occasional and sparse emergents such as Leptospermum nitidum, L. scoparium, Leptocarpus tenax, and herbs such as Actinotus bellidioides and Drosera binata. Other species typical of the community include Empodisma minus, Ehrharta tasmanica, E. acuminata, Bauera rubioides, Baumea tetragona, Centrolepis monogyna, Diplarrena latifolia, Epacris lanuginosa, Gahnia grandis, Gleichenia dicarpa, Sporadanthus tasmanicus, Lycopodiella lateralis, Melaleuca squamea, M. squarrosa, Sprengelia incarnata, Xyris marginata, X. muelleri and Schoenus lepidosperma.

Floristic communities known to occur in this mapping unit Buttongrass moorland: B3 Pure buttongrass

E7 Pure buttongrass; also occurs in MBE

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Restionaceae rushland (MRR)

General description emergent Sprengelia incarnata. Eastern buttongrass moorland (MBE) has greater cover of This community consists of treeless, generally sparse G. sphaerocephalus than highland MRR. MRR differs rushland (< 1 m tall) dominated by Restionaceae from Eastern alpine sedgeland (HSE) in only subtle species. It is found on poorly–drained flats, but also respects (MRR has Sprengelia incarnata and usually on the steep slopes of Mount Owen and Mount some G. sphaerocephalus but may lack Gleichenia Lyell. The dominant species are any of Chordifex alpina). hookeri, Baloskion australe, Leptocarpus tenax and/or Sporadanthus tasmanicus. Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus is generally absent, but occurs RFA mapping unit above 600 m on the eastern Central Plateau as a Not covered by RFA mapping. minor species and in mosaics with MRR on the gentler slopes around Lake Burbury. The community Distribution includes Sporadanthus tasmanicus and Leptocarpus MRR is mapped anywhere in Tasmania where cord tenax wet moorlands in south-west Tasmania and rushes dominate and Gymnoschoenus wet sedgeland. sphaerocephalus is uncommon.

Middlethwaite Marsh, NW Tasmania. Louise Gilfedder.

Example localities The Central Plateau near the Lyell Highway (600– 800 m); around Lake Burbury (250 m); the slopes of Mount Owen and Mount Lyell (up to 550 m).

Distinguishing features and similar Bioregional occurrence communities BEL, FUR, KIN, TCH, TNS, TSE, TSR, TWE. MRR is distinguished from the Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus tussock sedgeland communities Site characteristics, habitat and ecology (MBP, MBE, MBW, MBU) by its minimal amounts of G. sphaerocephalus and sparse shrubs (both less MRR occurs from high-rainfall lowland to subalpine than 5%). The west coast facies of MRR has regions across a range of infertile, sometimes similarities to Sparse buttongrass moorland on poorly–drained acid substrates including dolerite, slopes (MBR) but is distinguished from it by the basalt, alluvium and quartzite gravels. It is likely that dominance of Restionaceae species and the MRR has had a history of frequent firing in some dominance of Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus in areas, particularly on the slopes of the West Coast MBR. Highland MRR (above 700 m, usually on Range. dolerite) contains generally scattered patches of

G. sphaerocephalus, and is usually characterised by

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 18

Vegetation composition and structure Floristic communities known to occur in This community is usually treeless, with a layer of this mapping unit graminoids up to 1 m tall. Buttongrass moorland: Sparse scattered trees of Eucalyptus rodwayi or B5 South-western sedgy; also occurs in MSW E. gunnii may overtop MRR on more fertile B7 Daisy pans; also occurs in MBW substrates (dolerite, basalt, alluvium), and Acacia mucronata and E. nitida occasionally form thickets B8 Clay pans within MRR near the west coast. B10 South-western sword sedgeland; also occurs in MSW & ASF The species composition of the sedges in MRR is highly variable and is dependent on the substrate, E2 Lowland eastern sedgy; also occurs in MBE altitude and drainage. On dolerite in the central E6 Sedgy twine-rush; also occurs in MSW & MBW highlands, this vegetation is dominated by Baloskion australe. On deep peat soils at low and mid- E9a Common highland eastern sedgy elevations Leptocarpus tenax is typically dominant or E9b Sedgy austral cord-rush co-dominant in a mosaic with Sporadanthus tasmanicus, Eurychorda complanata and Chordifex hookeri. This vegetation has a pink or red hue in spring when the L. tenax is in flower. S. tasmanicus can be locally dominant on the lowland flats of south- west Tasmania. On slopes where soils are skeletal or thin, A. hookeri is often dominant to varying degrees. Dense tangles of any of the branching cord rush species, Calorophus elongatus, C. erostris, Empodisma minus and S. tasmanicus, may occur along creeks and drainage lines. These species also occur widely in lower abundance throughout the vegetation. The sedge Lepidosperma filiforme or other Lepidosperma species may occur but never dominate. Associated species may include Sprengelia incarnata and species of Xyris and Utricularia. Other shrub species include Bauera rubioides and members of the Epacridaceae family. In some dolerite basins there are a few emergent Hakea epiglottis or Leptospermum lanigerum. Herbs may include Actinotus species and other Apiaceae species, Lycopodiella laterale and Stylidium graminifolium. Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus may occur on the margins where drainage is better, and occurs within the mapping unit in some parts of the eastern Central Plateau. In very wet areas there may be a transition into wetland dominated by Carex species. Marginal belts of either Leptospermum species (L. lanigerum, L. scoparium or L. nitidum) or Melaleuca species, or in some areas Melaleuca virens or Ozothamnus species may occur. Gleichenia microphylla and minor patches of Sphagnum cristatum may be present.

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Sparse buttongrass moorland on slopes (MBR)

General description RFA mapping unit Sparse buttongrass moorland on slopes (MBR) Not covered by RFA mapping. consists of steeply and gently sloping moorland with floristics similar to Western buttongrass moorland Distribution (MBW) but with a higher proportion of sedges, Widespread in south-western and western particularly Chordifex hookeri. The vegetation is low Tasmania, extending to the border of the Tasmanian and open or sparse, and gravel and bare peat is Central Highlands Bioregion. visible through it.

Melaleuca, south-west Tasmania. Luke Temby.

Example locality Pandora Hill, visible from the Melaleuca airstrip.

Distinguishing features and similar Bioregional occurrence communities TCH, TSR, TWE. This vegetation has floristic similarities with other buttongrass moorlands mapped in western Tasmania Site characteristics, habitat and ecology but is distinguished by the sparsity of vegetation and This mapping unit includes Gymnoschoenus the presence of Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus. sphaerocephalus moorland vegetation burnt in the MBR is distinguished from Western buttongrass past 50 to 60 years and/or frequently burnt regions. moorland (MBW) by its sparse texture and the Soil erosion and exposure of gravel may be prominence of other sedges and cord rushes. A pronounced on steep slopes. The substrate is distinct shrub layer is usually absent from MBR. typically siliceous, predominantly quartzite. The acid Floristically MBR is close to Western lowland peat soils are typically thin or skeletal. sedgeland (MSW) and often occurs on steep slopes and gravel fans in close association with MSW. MBR Vegetation composition and structure appears to be formed by excessive burning of MSW, or more often MBW, but is a metastable community Despite its sparse nature, this vegetation generally due to the slow redevelopment of burnt peat soils. shows a moderate level of diversity. The fires, which MSW and MBR are similar. MBR can extend well have induced MBR, are sometimes patchy and there above the 400 m limit for MSW and is rarely are some small, dense remnants with the floristic present at low altitudes. G. sphaerocephalus may be character of MBW, or sometimes MSW. Melaleuca low in abundance but is always present in MBR, squamea, Leptospermum nitidum and Baeckea whereas it is often absent or rare in MRR. leptocaulis may be poorly represented in MBR, but there may be some emergent Banksia marginata.

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 20

Restionaceae species, particularly Chordifex hookeri, are prominent co-dominants with G. sphaerocephalus. Shrubs such as Sprengelia incarnata, Bauera rubioides, Epacris corymbiflora and E. glabrata, if present, are of poor form. The ground may be coated in algal slime with struggling Stylidium graminifolium, Boronia parviflora and Lycopodiaceae.

Floristic communities known to occur in this mapping unit Buttongrass moorland: B1a Standard peat; also occurs in MBS & MBW

B1b Standard pebbles; also occurs in MBS

B1c Simple standard; also occurs in MSW

B14b Highland standard peat; also occurs in MBS & SMM

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Sphagnum peatland (MSP)

General description Treeless Sphagnum communities cover a range of Sphagnum peatland types, including tussock grassland mires, buttongrass Sphagnum bogs and floating aquatic Sphagnum mires. The most common are the shrub-dominated Richea- Sphagnum bogs which range in size from small patches to > 5 ha. The moss-derived peats range from quite shallow to 2 m deep.

Bioregional occurrence BEL, TCH, TNS, TSE, TSR, TWE.

Central Plateau Conservation Area. Jennie Whinam. Site characteristics, habitat and ecology This community commonly occurs on shelves, along Example localities drainage lines and in areas of impeded drainage, Cradle Mountain-Lake Saint Clair National Park: generally above 600 m. It is most common on aquatic Sphagnum bogs are found on the limestone dolerite, sandstone or alluvial outwash, although it of Mole Creek and on the Gog Range: Richea may also occur on more unusual sites such as pandanifolia-Sphagnum mire is only known from Bird limestone dolines. The peats are generally acid (pH Plains, south of the Hartz Range. 3.5–4.5), with the exception of the less acid sites over limestone (pH 6). Distinguishing features and similar communities Vegetation composition and structure Sphagnum moss is the distinguishing feature of this The peatlands include species of Sphagnum moss, community (S. cristatum, S. falcatulum); the moss commonly S. cristatum, S. australe and less beds can be large, rolling hummocks, occasional commonly S. falcatulum, with at least 30% ground moss hummocks or floating aquatic moss beds. cover. Sphagnum peatlands are generally greater than 0.1 ha where edaphic and hydrologic factors RFA mapping unit sustain the peatland, thus distinguishing them from Not covered by RFA mapping. moss patches. Sphagnum peatlands can be almost pure moss beds, Distribution dominant or co-dominant with the sedges MSP occurs in the montane to alpine zones Empodisma minus, Baloskion australe, Gahnia grandis throughout central, north-east and north-west and Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus, with Tasmania, and less frequently in the south-east and Gleichenia alpina and/or the shrubs Richea scoparia, south-west of Tasmania. Richea gunnii, Baeckea gunniana, Epacris serpyllifolia and/or E. gunnii.

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 22

Occasional Eucalyptus rodwayi, E. gunnii, E. coccifera, E. subcrenulata, E. urnigera and/or Leptospermum lanigerum may be present.

Floristic communities known to occur in this mapping unit Peatlands with Sphagnum: 1 Snowpatch Sphagnum community; also occurs in HCH

3 Buttongrass–Sphagnum bogs; also occurs in MBE

4 Richea–Sphagnum bogs; also occurs in HSE

5 Richea pandanifolia–Sphagnum mires; also occurs in HSE

6 Tussock grassland–Sphagnum mires; also occurs in GPH

8 Aquatic Sphagnum bogs

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Subalpine Diplarrena latifolia rushland (MDS)

General description MDS is a graminoid rushland dominated by Diplarrena latifolia with a sparse cover of shrubs. A sparse cover of Eucalyptus delegatensis and/or E. pauciflora or, on less fertile sites, E. coccifera /E. gunnii may be present. Grasses and sedges may be dominant over Epacridaceae shrubs in less well– drained sites.

Navarre Plains, west of Derwent Bridge. Sib Corbett.

Example locality Bioregional occurrence Navarre Plains. TCH, TNS, TSR, TWE.

Distinguishing features and similar Site characteristics, habitat and ecology communities Subalpine Diplarrena latifolia rushland occurs in MDS is characterised by the abundance or western Tasmania between 700 m and 900 m on dominance of Diplarrena latifolia. Subalpine well–drained, moderately fertile rocky sites, on dolerite, basalt, on glacial debris composed of D. latifolia rushland generally grades into buttongrass moorland or highland sedgeland as drainage dolerite or limestone. well–drained sites usually have becomes impeded. Shrubby variants of MDS may an open canopy of highland Eucalyptus species. Sites occur, commonly on glacial boulder fields where are primarily gentle rises, just above the level of drainage is very good. As slope and rockiness surrounding or fringing plains. increases, MDS is usually replaced by Subalpine heathland (SHS), in which D. latifolia is generally Vegetation composition and structure absent. Highland grassy sedgeland (MGH) occurs at Diplarrena latifolia is either abundant or completely similar altitudes to MDS but is dominated by dominant in this rushland. On slight rises in the plains Lepidosperma filiforme, although it usually contains west of Derwent Bridge MDS usually has a sparse some D. latifolia. cover of Eucalyptus delegatensis mixed with E. pauciflora, which is most abundant at the edges of RFA mapping unit the boulder mounds. Here Diplarrena is commonly Not covered by RFA mapping. associated with Leptecophylla juniperina and scattered shrubs including Lomatia polymorpha, Distribution Olearia persoonioides or O. erubescens, Hakea species, Bossiaea riparia, B. cordigera, Oxylobium This community is found on the southern Central ellipticum, Hovea montana and Epacris gunnii. On Plateau near Derwent Bridge, on the western side of less fertile sites the rushland may have a sparse Romney Marsh and nearby areas, on Pelion Plains cover of E. coccifera/E. gunnii where sedges, grasses, south of Lake Ayr and in the Vale of Belvoir. ferns and fern allies tend to be dominant in the understorey. Treeless MDS rushland occurs in

Edition 2 From Forest to Fjaeldmark 24 subalpine valleys in deeper dolerite or basalt soils: for example Romney Marsh (basalt) and parts of the Central Plateau east of Derwent Bridge (dolerite). In all these places MDS grades into Eastern buttongrass moorland (MBE), apparently on dolerite. South of Lake Ayr, moraine ridges carry a graminoid/shrubby heathland in which Diplarrena latifolia and Poa species are co- dominant with Leptecophylla juniperina subsp. parvifolia and Monotoca linifolia var. algida. Lissanthe montana, Oxylobium ellipticum and Coprosma nitida are also present and Stylidium graminifolium is prominent among the herbs. There is an open canopy of Eucalyptus coccifera, with some E. delegatensis and also E. gunnii, which dominates in the surrounding wetter areas. Buttongrass, Restionaceae species and Lepidosperma filiforme form incursions from the lower, poorly–drained areas. Treeless MDS at Romney Marsh consists of tussocks of Diplarrena with Poa gunnii, Lissanthe montana and herb patches (Stylidium graminifolium, Cardamine species, Acaena montana, Pelargonium species, Dichondra repens) between. There is some emergent Coprosma nitida. In the Vale of Belvoir Diplarrena latifolia makes up about half the cover, with Poa gunnii, Lepidosperma filiforme, Empodisma minus and abundant herbs making up the rest.

Floristic communities known to occur in this mapping unit There are no published floristic communities in this ecological vegetation community.

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Western buttongrass moorland (MBW)

General description or E. gunnii, Baeckea leptocaulis instead of B. gunniana and Boronia pilosa, not B. citriodora. The Western buttongrass moorland (MBW) is distinction between MBW and other south-western characterised by Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus moorland units (MRR, MBR and MSW) is not so co-dominant with Melaleuca squamea and/or clearly species- based. MRR, MBR and MSW are Leptospermum nitidum. The shrubs may form a characterised by an often sparse texture, less sparse, low canopy or be part of the blanket of G. sphaerocephalus and greater abundance of other sedges, depending on fire history. Sedges and cord sedges and cord rushes. Melaleuca squamea scrub rushes are variable in abundance but Empodisma (SMM) is distinguished from MBW by occurring over minus and the shrubs Bauera rubioides, Baeckea 650 m and includes the following inter-tussock leptocaulis, Sprengelia incarnata and Boronia pilosa plants: Isophysis tasmanica, Dracophyllum milliganii, are ubiquitous. This community is common in Anemone crassifolia and Epacris serpyllifolia. Where western Tasmania on undulating flats and slopes up fire has been long absent (or nutrient levels are to 1 050 m. relatively high) and there is a dominant shrub layer of Leptospermum species with Melaleuca squamea overtopping G. sphaerocephalus tussocks, this vegetation is mapped as Buttongrass moorland with emergent shrubs (MBS).

RFA mapping unit Not covered by RFA mapping.

Distribution MBW is widespread in western Tasmania, extending to the western margins of the Tasmanian Central

Highlands and Tasmanian Southern Ranges Melaleuca. Luke Temby. Bioregions.

Example localities Strathgordon Road (opposite The Sentinels); Scotts Peak Road (Edgar Dam, Condominium Creek, Mount Eliza walking track).

Distinguishing features and similar communities MBW is a widespread and typical vegetation community in western Tasmania. It is distinguished from some other moorland communities in western Tasmania by a cover of up to 25% (rarely more than 30%) Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus combined with shrubs, particularly Leptospermum nitidum and/or Melaleuca squamea. However, most moorland has a number of species in common. MBW is distinguished from Eastern buttongrass moorland (MBE) in having less G. sphaerocephalus (MBE may have up to 70% cover). MBW has Leptospermum nitidum instead of L. scoparium (in Bioregional occurrence MBE), Epacris corymbiflora instead of E. lanuginosa TCH, TSR, TWE.

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Site characteristics, habitat and ecology Floristic communities known to occur in This vegetation is characteristically restricted to acid this mapping unit peat soils on siliceous substrates where the Buttongrass moorland: topography is gently undulating to steeply sloping. B1a Standard peat; also occurs in MBS & MBR Poor fertility and high fire frequency inhibit the vegetation from achieving the structure of scrub or B2 Wet standard; also occurs in MSW forest. B4 Layered blanket moor; also occurs in MBS & SMM

B6 Mossy sand Vegetation composition and structure B7 Daisy pans; also occurs in MRR MBW has a variable cover of shrubs (0.6–2 m tall) overtopping the tussocks of G. sphaerocephalus, B11 North-western dense which typically occupies 25% or less cover. The B14a Common mountain moor; also occurs in MBS & most common shrub species are Leptospermum SMM nitidum, Melaleuca squamea, Sprengelia incarnata and Baeckea leptocaulis. Banksia marginata and E6 Sedgy twine-rush; also occurs in MSW & MRR Agastachys odorata are sometimes present. Inter- tussock shrub species include Bauera rubioides, Boronia pilosa and Epacris corymbiflora. The most common graminoid is Empodisma minus and there may be any of Chordifex hookeri, Ehrharta tasmanica, Eurychorda complanata, Lepidosperma filiforme, Sporadanthus tasmanicus and Leptocarpus tenax. A range of herbs and ferns is also present in the ground layer, most typically Actinotus bellidioides, Gleichenia dicarpa, Lycopodium laterale, Selaginella uliginosa, Stylidium graminifolium, Boronia parviflora and Schoenus lepidosperma. Scattered emergent shrubs can include Banksia marginata, Cenarrhenes nitida and Agastachys odorata. Eucalyptus nitida thickets on well–drained ground within lowland moorlands may include typically eastern species such as Boronia citriodora, Leptospermum scoparium, L. lanigerum, Dillwynia glaberrima and Aotus ericoides. At mid-altitudes thickets usually include L. glaucescens, L. scoparium, Banksia marginata, Acacia mucronata, Agastachys odorata and Cenarrhenes nitida, while at high altitudes Oxylobium ellipticum and Eucalyptus vernicosa may appear in thickets.

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Western lowland sedgeland (MSW)

General description often occurs on slopes and usually has more G. sphaerocephalus (up to 25%), Melaleuca squamea Western lowland sedgeland (MSW) is rich in and heath species than MSW, but cord rushes rarely graminoids and herbs. Gymnoschoenus dominate. sphaerocephalus forms about 5–10% of the cover. The community is of varying density and up to 1 m in height. Emergent shrubs more than 1 m tall are RFA mapping unit rare. Species composition depends on local drainage Not covered by RFA mapping. conditions; Melaleuca squamea is fairly abundant in wetter areas. Where the sedgeland is sparse, the Distribution cover is dominated by Chordifex hookeri. MSW is common in the lowlands of south-west Leptospermum nitidum is scattered throughout, but Tasmania. Robust forms are found on plains around is best developed on sheltered slopes. Towterer Creek, Whitehorse Plain and south of Birchs Inlet. Sparse examples are common at Louisa, Rowitta and Melaleuca Plains, the gravel terraces south of Birchs Inlet and on gentle slopes on top of South Cape Range and Rugby Range. MSW occurs with other moorlands in mosaics near Lake Gordon and on the Arthur Plains.

Below Red Point Hills, south-west Tasmania. Luke Temby.

Example locality Rowitta Plains.

Distinguishing features and similar communities MSW is distinguished from other major buttongrass moorlands by the low cover of Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus (5–10%), and is typically co- dominated by a range of cord rushes and sedges. Winifredia sola is usually present in MSW but absent from other moorland classes. MSW is distinguished Bioregional occurrence from Restionaceae rushland (MRR) by the greater TCH, TSR, TWE. diversity of shrubs and other species present, and by being generally restricted to lowland plains. It is Site characteristics, habitat and ecology distinguished from Sparse buttongrass moorland on MSW is found on lowland plains and terraces, and slopes (MBR) by the greater prominence of shrubs on gentle slopes underlain by siliceous gravel in and, in most cases, greater cover. The differences south-west Tasmania. Soils are acid, often poorly– are more structural than floristic, and strongly drained and infertile. MSW generally occupies plains dependent on fire history. MSW grades into MBR below about 300 m, but it occurs as high as 400 m on the lower slopes of many mountains in the on the south coast, Rugby and D’Aguilar Ranges. south- west. Western buttongrass moorland (MBW)

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Vegetation composition and structure The texture of these sedgelands varies from short and sparse to dense. G. sphaerocephalus cover is generally 5–10% but MSW is diverse in other sedges and graminoids, particularly Chordifex hookeri. Other species include Empodisma minus, Sporadanthus tasmanicus, Leptocarpus tenax, Eurychorda complanata, Lepidosperma filiforme, Gleichenia dicarpa, Winifredia sola, Helichrysum pumilum, Stylidium graminifolium and Xyris species. Shrubs are seldom abundant. Melaleuca squamea is typically more abundant in wetter areas. Epacris obtusifolia and E. heteronema occur with L. scoparium in a few drier locations.

Floristic communities known to occur in this mapping unit Buttongrass moorland: B1c Simple standard; also occurs in MBR

B2 Wet standard; also occurs in MBW

B5 South-western sedgy; also occurs in MRR

E6 Sedgy twine-rush; also occurs in MRR & MBW

Heath: 5 Sprengelia incarnata-Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus-Xyris spp. heath; also occurs in MBS & SHW

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