Notes

Preface and Acknowledgements

1. National Archives of (hereafter NAA), A9108, 5/2, Japanese Fifth Column, Mr Jeffery to Commonwealth Security Services, 5 January 1942. 2. NAA, A1608, U39/2/3, War Records, Subversive Activities – Use of Exterior Lighting for Signalling Purposes, Wangaratta Council to the Prime Minister, 24 July 1942.

Introduction

1. BrooklynDaily Eagle, 16 June 1940, p. 39. 2. Smith’sWeekly, 14 February 1942, p.1. 3. Dwight Bolinger, ‘Fifth Column Marches On’, American Speech, 19, 1 (Febru- ary 1944), p.47. 4. Louis deJong, The German Fifth Column in the Second World War (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956), p. 186. 5. Pam Oliver, Raids on Australia: 1942 and Japan’sPlans for Australia (: ScholarlyPublishing, 2010), p. 237. 6. de Jong, The German Fifth Column in the Second World Warr, p. 296. 7. Margaret Bevege, Behind Barbed Wire: Internment in Australia during World War Two (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993), p. 6. 8. William Goddard, TheFifth Column in Australia (Brisbane: Round TableClub, 1942), p.6. 9. The Courier-Mail,25 January 1941,p.10. 10. Michael Cathcart, Defending the National Tuckshop: the Secret Army of Intrigue of 1931 (Melbourne: McPhee Gribble, 1988). 11. David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler’s Germany (Melbourne: Anthem Press 2012), p. xiii. 12. Andrew Moore, ‘Writing about the Extreme Right in Australia’, Labour History,89(November 2005), p.7. 13. David Littlejohn, The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German- Occupied Europe, 1940–45 (London: Heinemann, 1972). 14. Brett Holman, ‘Dreaming War: Airmindedness and the Australian Mys- tery Aeroplane Scare of 1918’, History Australia, 10, 2 (August 2013), pp. 180–201. 15. C. R. Badger et al., Australian Home Front, 1939–41: A Wartime Record (Melbourne, 1941), p. 43. 16. Peter Stanley, Invading Australia: Japan and the Battle for Australia, 1942 (Camberwell: Viking Penguin, 2008), p. 79. 17. Lawrence Soley, Radio Warfare: OSS and CIA Subversive (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 16. 18. Soley, Radio Warfare,p. 19.

171 172 Notes

19. James Robbins, TokyoCalling and Japanese Overseas Radio Broadcasting, 1937– 1945 (Florence: European Press Academic Publishing, 2001), p.84. 20. Stanley, Invading Australia, p. 113. 21. More recently, an ‘internal enemy’ on the Australian home front has been identified as Australian dockyard workers. See , Australia’s Secret War: How Unionists Sabotaged Our Troops in World War II (London: Quadrant Books, 2013). 22. Michael McKernan, All In! Australia during the Second World War (Melbourne: Nelson, 1983),p.33. 23. Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People (: , 1952), pp. 593–4. 24. Richard Thurlow, ‘The Evolution of the Mythical British Fifth Column, 1939–46’, Twentieth Century British History, 10, 4 (1999), p. 484. 25. Thurlow, ‘The Evolution of the Mythical British Fifth Column’, p. 484. 26. Francis MacDonnell, Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.7. 27. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes,pp. 190–1. 28. Bevege, Behind Barbed Wire,p.70. 29. Bevege, Behind Barbed Wire, p.70. 30. Kay Saunders, ‘The Dark Shadow of White Australia: Racial Anxieties in Australia in World War II’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17, 2 (April 1992), p. 338. 31. GlynPrysor, ‘The ‘Fifth Column’ and the British Experience of Retreat, 1940’, War inHistory, 12, 4 (2005), p. 427. His italics. 32. Prysor, The ‘Fifth Column’, p. 432. 33. Mark Johnston, Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and Their Adversaries in World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 143. 34. Prysor, The ‘Fifth Column’, pp. 437–8. 35. There are suggestions that the real creator was Queipo deLlano, as he featured more in Nationalists’ radio propaganda. See Bolinger, ‘Fifth Column Marches On’, p. 47. 36. New York Times, 16 October 1936, p. 2. See also Western Morning News (Devon, England), 16 October 1936, p. 7, and The Times, 20 October 1936, p. 16. 37. Morning Herald, 21 October 1936, p. 15; TheArgus, 21 October 1936, p. 7; Courier-Mail, 21 October 1936, p. 15; The Mercury, 21 October 1936, p.11. 38. Paul Preston, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth- Century Spain (London: HarperPress, 2012), especiallyChapter 10. 39. The Times,30March 1939, p. 13. 40. The Mail, 8 July 1939 p. 4. 41. TheArgus,12July 1939, p. 1. 42. The National Archives, UK (hereafter NAUK), CAB 80/10, and Cabinet: Chiefsof Staff Committee: Memoranda, Nos. 301–350. Chiefsof Staff Committee Report, 2 May 1940. 43. NAUK, CAB 67/6/31, Home Secretary Memoranda, 17 May 1940. 44. NAUK, CAB 65/7/23, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Minutes, 18 May 1940. 45. NAUK, CAB 65/7/28, War Cabinet, Minutes, 22 May 1940. 46. NAUK, CAB 65/7/39, War Cabinet, Minutes, 28 May 1940. 47. NAUK, CAB 80/12, War Cabinet, Chiefsof Staff Committee: Memoranda, Nos. 401–450, memorandum, 9 June 1940, Imperial Chief of Staff. Notes 173

48. NAUK, CAB 80/12, memorandum, 9 June 1940, Imperial Chief of Staff. 49. NAUK, CAB 79/4, War Cabinet, Chiefsof Staff Committee meeting, 9 June 1940. 50. Paul McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels: British Intelligence and Ireland, 1916–1945 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press), p. 306. 51. Francis Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War (London: The Stationery Office, 1979), vol. 4, p. 32. See also McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels, p. 306. 52. McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels,p.312. 53. NAUK, HW 15/43 Ministry of State Security, London: Fifth Column Activity, 4Sept 1940. 54. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World Warr, vol. 4, p. 59. 55. McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels,p. 356. 56. The Question was: ‘Without mentioning any names do you think there are Fifth Columnists in this community?’ Yes 48%, No 26%, and No opinion 26%. Survey 204-K, 27 August 1940. TheGallup Poll:Public Opinion 1935– 1971,3vols (New York:Gallup, 1972),vol.1(1935–48), p. 241. 57. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 82. 58. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes,p.85. 59. Reader’s Digestt, April 1942, p. 11. 60. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 88. 61. Larry Hannant, ‘Fear Sweeps the Nation: Fifth Column Crisis’, TheBeaver (Dec 1993–Jan 1994), pp. 25–6. 62. Hannant, ‘Fear Sweepsthe Nation’, p. 28. 63. The Advertiserr, January 1940, p. 8. 64. Courier-Mail,8June 1940,p.3. 65. News, 12 January 1942, p.2,and Morning Bulletin, 14 January 1942, p.5.

1 The Shape of Fear: Background to the Fifth Column Scare

1. Antje Kirsten Gnida, Beastly Huns, Fifth Columnists, and Evil Nazis: Australian Media Portrayalsof the German Enemy During WW1 and WW2 (PhDThesis Macquarie University, 2009),p.65. 2. Sydney Morning Herald, 20 September 1899, p.5. 3. Sydney Morning Herald, 1 January 1900, p.5. 4. Goulburn Evening Penny Postt, 27 February 1900, p. 4. 5. Evening News, 27 December 1899, p.7. 6. Ernest Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1941), p. 105. Australia interned almost 7000 people during World War I, of whom about 4500 were enemy aliens and British nationals of German ancestry already resident in Australia. The number of German nationals interned amongst these during the Great War totalled 3272. Ernest Scott, Australia during the War (Sydney:Angus and Robertson, 1936), p. 115. Unfortunately, the 1911 Census did not record the number of German nationals resident at that time, but the 1921 Cen- sus reveals a German national population of 3555. Thus, we may assume that the rate of internment during the Great War was approximately 92 per cent for non-naturalised enemy subjects. 174 Notes

7. Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI, p. 142. 8. Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI, p. 142. 9. Port Pirie Recorder and North Western Mail, 12 August 1914, p. 2. 10. Sydney Morning Herald, 24 October 1914, p. 12. 11. Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 5 January 1915, p. 15. 12. Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 5 January 1915, p.15. 13. Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 5 January 1915, p. 15. 14. Bill Gammage, TheBroken Years: AustralianSoldiers and theGreatWar (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), p. 61n. 15. Sydney Moriing Herald, 2July 1915, p. 9. 16. Sydney Moriing Herald, 2July 1915, p.9. 17. Sydney Moriing Herald, 2July 1915, p. 9. 18. Geoffery Serle, : A Biography (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1982), p. 225. 19. Oskar Teichman, The Diary of a Yeomanry MO: Egypt, Gallipoli, Palestine and Italy (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1921), pp. 83, 165. 20. Sydney Moriing Herald, 3 June 1916, p. 18. 21. Sydney Moriing Herald,3June 1916,p.18. 22. NAA, CP46/2, 24, Commonwealth Counter-Espionage Bureau, Prime Min- ister’s Department to Comptroller of Trade and Customs, 17 January 1916. 23. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 April 1917, p. 6. 24. Sunday Times, 8April 1917, p.8. 25. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1916, p. 11. 26. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1916, p. 11. 27. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1916, p. 11. 28. Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI, p. 142. 29. Sydney Morning Herald, 20 July 1917, p.7. 30. Sunday Times, 15 July 1917, p.3. 31. The same headline as the Sunday Times’ was in the Berringa Herald as late as 18 August 1917, p.4. 32. NAA, Infernal Machines, A11803, 1917/89/1029, British report, 26 Octo- ber 1916. 33. NAA, A11803, 1918/89/936, Shipping –SSHellenic, British report, 12 November 1918. 34. Catherine Simpson, Renata Murawskaand Anthony Lambert, Diasporas of Australian Cinema (Bristol: Intellect, 2009),p.96. 35. Brett Holman, ‘Dreaming War: Airmindedness and the Australian Mys- tery Aeroplane Scare of 1918’, History Australia, 10, 2 (August 2013), p. 189. 36. Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI, p. 141. 37. Cairns Post, 21 October 1936, p. 7, Examiner, 21 October 1936, p. 7, and Western Argus, 27 October 1936, p. 31. 38. The Daily News,26August 1937, p. 6, The Argus,27 August 1937, p. 12. 39. Courier-Mail, 27 August 1937, p. 16. 40. Advocate, 23 October 1937, p.1. 41. Canberra Times,18January 1938,p.1. 42. The Queenslanderr, 9 November 1938, p. 5. 43. Paul Preston, TheSpanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain (London: HarperPress, 2012), pp. 221–302. Notes 175

44. Larry Hannant, ‘Fear Sweeps the Nation: Fifth Column Crisis,’ TheBeaver (Dec 1993–Jan 1994), p.24. 45. Sydney Morning Herald,28July 1939, p.2,also Goulburn Evening Penny Postt, 14 August 1939, p.7. 46. This film reached Australia in March 1941, The West Australian, 29 March 1941, p.6. 47. Anthony Aldgate and Jeffery Richards, Britain Can Take It: The British Cinema in the Second World War (London: I. B. Tauris, 2007), p.98. 48. The News, 5 August 1939, p. 6. See also the West Australian, 29 July 1939, p. 6 and 28 December 1939, p. 4. 49. F. Elwyn Jones, The Attackfrom Within (London: Penguin, 1939), p. 107. 50. Sydney Morning Herald, 7 October 1939, p. 10. 51. Sydney Morning Herald, 7 October 1939, p.10. 52. Jones, The Attackfrom Within,p. 107. 53. William Rodneagh, An Exposure of theFifth Column: Nazis in Britain (Sydney, 1939?), p.1. 54. Rodneagh, An Exposure of theFifth Column,p.1. 55. George Britt, TheFifth Column Is Here (New York: W. Funk, 1940),p.2. 56. Britt, TheFifth Column Is Here,p. 120. 57. Britt, TheFifth Column Is Here,p. 121. 58. John Langdon-Davies, Fifth Column,(London: John Murray, 1940),p.5. 59. Langdon-Davies, Fifth Column,p. 23. 60. Langdon-Davies, Fifth Column, pp. 47, 49. 61. Edmond Taylor, The Strategy of Terror: Europe’s Inner Front (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1940), p. 204. 62. Taylor, The Strategy of Terrorr, pp. 88, 204. 63. E.7, Hitler’sSpy Ring (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1940). 64. NAA, D1919, SS1031, Espionage: German Intelligence Service methods, German Jews as Spies, Jones to CIB Adelaide, 21 June 1940. 65. TheTablet: The International Catholic News Weekly, 9 March 1940, p. 19. 66. Francis MacDonnell, Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.49. 67. Sydney Morning Herald, 23 June 1938, p.10. 68. Mirrorr, 14 January 1939, p. 3. 69. Chronicle, 9February 1939, p.41. 70. Chronicle,25May1939,p.44. 71. Northern Standard, 31 March 1939, p. 13. 72. This was notedbythe American Ambassador to Russia between 1936 and 1938, and author of Mission to Moscow, Joseph Davis, in Smith’s Weekly; ‘American Ambassador Justifies Russian Purges’,7March 1942, p.8.Also , War Aims of aPlain Australian (Sydney: Angus And Robertson, 1943), p. 67. 73. NAA, MP 729/6, 29/401/232, report, September 1939. 74. NAA, D1918, S35, Nazi activities in South Australia during World War II, Director of Naval Intelligence to Director of CIB, 11 June 1940. 75. NAA, C414, 4, reports concerning Nazi and activities in Australia, NSW Police report, Nazi organisation in NSW, 19 February 1940. 76. NAA, D1918, S35, MI memorandum, 6 February 1940. 77. NAA, D1918, S35, MI memorandum, 6 February 1940. 176 Notes

78. NAA, D1919, SS1031, security note, 9 February 1940. 79. NAA, D1918, S35, Military Police Intelligence report, 24 August 1940. 80. NAA, D1915, SA19070, British Union of Fascists and Australian Fascist Movement, Report 95, 2 July 1943, p.31. 81. See Michael Cathcart, Defending the National Tuckshop: the Secret Army of Intrigue of 1931 (Melbourne: McPhee Gribble, 1988). 82. Queensland Times, 6 March 1931, p. 8. 83. Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 1939, p. 11. Also Northern Starr, 7 July 1939, p. 9; TheMail, 21 May 1938, p. 2. It was the Australian Intelligence observa- tions of the individuals around von Luckner that largely formed the basis of the initial suspects list when the war began. 84. Valdemar Robert Wake, NoRibbons or Medals: The Story of Hereward– An Australian Counter Espionage Officer (Mitcham: Jacobyte Books, 2004), p.85. 85. NAA, A367, C68646, von Oertzen, Baron & Wife. Wake to Director CIB, 26 July 1938. 86. NAA, A367, C68646, Wake to Director CIB, 26 July 1938. 87. NAA, A367, C68646, Inspector in charge, CIB Melbourne, 20 Decem- ber 1940. 88. NAA, A367, C68646, report CIB, 20 June 1941. 89. NAA, A367, C68646, Inspector in charge, CIB Melbourne report, ND. 90. NAA, A367, C68646, report CIB, 20 June 1941. 91. Sydney Morning Herald, 12 October 1938, p. 17. 92. NAA, A6126, 1158, von Berk, Hans Schwarz, CIB report August 1939, also memo to Director General of Security, 30 June 1944. 93. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/138, Queensland Report, January 1940, p. 23. 94. Pam Oliver, Raids on Australia: 1942 and Japan’sPlans for Australia (Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2010), p. 199. 95. NAA, A373, 1652, Hugh VMillington, British Oriental Association – General reports on Japanese views, CIB Report 8 August 1940. 96.NAA, A373, 1652, summary report, 4 June 1943. 97. NAA, A373, 1652, Censor Brisbane, report to Deputy Director Security, 11 January 1943. 98. NAA, A373, 1652, Army HQ Victoria Barracks to Security Services, 20 December 1941. 99. Barbara Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia: The Australia-First Movement (Carindale: Interactive Publications, 2005), p. 70. 100. Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia,p. 75. 101. Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia, p. 76. 102. Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia, p. 77.

2Before the Storm: The Beginning of World War II

1. Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People 1939–41 (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1952), p. 593. 2. Kay Saunders, ‘Enemies of the Empire? The Internment of Germans in Queensland During World War II’, in Manfred Jurgensen and Alan Corkill (eds), The German Presence in Queensland over the last 150 Years (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1988), p. 56. Notes 177

3. Saunders, ‘Enemies of the Empire?’, p. 56. 4. Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates (hereafter CPD), p. 1170. 5. CPD, 161, pp. 1096, 1106 6. Daily News, 14 September 1939, p.8,also The Mercury, 15 September 1939, p. 2. 7. Riverine Herald, 3 November 1939, p. 1, also The Advertiserr, 7 November 1939,p.14. 8. News,6September 1945, p.1. 9. News, 17 September 1945, p. 4. 10. TheMail,9September 1939, p.2. 11. Courier-Mail, 12 September 1939, p.3. 12. NAA, C320, SAB4, NSW Security Service file–sabotage at Broken Hill aerodrome, telephone message to CIB Sydney,7September 1939. 13. NAA, MP 729/6, 468, Australian Intelligence Diary (hereafter AID), 23 Octo- ber 1939, p. 89. 14. NAA, C123, 1153, August Frederick Menz, Security Service NSW, dossier, report by ConstableLiddy, 22 January 1940. Liddy went on to say, ‘There is no doubt in my mind that Menz planned the destruction of the Aerodrome and that he then went outback to establish the perfect Alibi’. 15. NAA, MP 729/6, 468, AID, 23 October 1939, p. 89. He was never charged and was eventuallyreleased in November 1944. 16. NAA, MP 729/6, 468, AID, 23 October 1939, p.89. 17. NAA, MP 729/6, 468, AID, 23 October 1939, p. 89. 18. NAA, MP 729/6, 468, AID, 23 October 1939, p. 89. 19. NAA, A989, 1943/235/4/14, Defence Subversive activities – Louis Burkard [Burkhardt]. 20. NAA, D1918, S35, Police HQ Adelaide memorandum 20 December 1939. 21. Examinerr, 18 January 1940, p. 7. 22. Canberra Times, 13 January 1940, p. 5. 23. Smith’sWeekly, 24 February 1940, p.2. 24. NAA, MP151/1, 564/201/243, Rumours concerning sinking of merchant ships in Australian waters, Naval Board to Minister of Navy, 8 Decem- ber 1939. 25. NAA, B6121, 303Y, Enemy Broadcast Rumours, reports, 17–19, 22, 23 Jan- uary and 9February 1940. 26. The West Australian,25 January 1940,p.8. 27. NAA, B6121, 303Y, report by Director of Naval Intelligence, 23 Jan- uary 1940. 28. NAA, B6121, 303Y, Secretary of the Army to Secretary of the Navy, 13 February 1940. 29. NAA, B6121, 303Y, Director of Naval Intelligence to subordinates, 14 Febru- ary 1940. 30. NAA, B6121, 303Y, Victorian State Censor to Naval Intelligence, 19 March 1940. 31. Smith’s Weekly, 3 February 1940, p. 18. 32. The Daily News, 20 December 1939, p. 18. 33. The Advertiserr, 9 January 1940, p. 12. 34. Cairns Post, 18 March 1940, p. 8, also TheArgus, 11 November 1940, p. 2. 35. TheArgus, 8 January 1940, p.5.Seealso Examiner, 20 February 1940, p. 10. 178 Notes

36. CPD, 163, p. 545. 37. CPD, 163, p. 545. 38. NAA, SP112/1, 265/15/6, Questions relating to Fifth Column activities, letter, 12 January 1940, see also SP112/1, 265/15/6, letter, 2 February 1940. 39. David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler’s Germany (Melbourne: Australian ScholarlyPublishing, 2012), p. 254; also Barbara Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia: The Australia First Movement, 1936–1942 (Carindale: Interactive Publications, 2005), p. 123. 40. Bird, Nazi Dreamtime,p. 275. 41. News, 18 January 1940,p.11. 42. NAA, A6126, 170, Nancy Glen & Hector Alan MacDonald, Inspector CIB Adelaidereport, 22 December 1939. She was seen readinglabour newspapers and had asked the Chief Steward if he was a communist. 43. NAA, C123, 14904, Celli, Bianca, Eastern Command report, 30 Decem- ber 1940. 44. NAA, C123, 14904, police report, 8 February 1940. 45. NAA, D1918, S35, MI memo, 8 March 1940. 46. NAA, BP242/1, Q3128 Part 1, Count von Luckner, Felix – Nationality: German, Anonymous letter to Governor of NSW, 8 April 1940. 47. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, Espionage and Sabotage – Monitoring of short wave broadcasts, Axis propaganda – German espionage under cover of com- merce – stocks of Carbon Bisulphite and other dangerous materials held by Cane Farmers in North Queensland, Department of the Army Memo, 29 April 1940. 48. TheMail, 13 April 1940, p. 1. 49. TheMail,13April 1940, p.1. 50. Sunday Mail, 21 April 1940, p. 2. 51. TheArgus, 22 April 1940, p.4. 52. Sydney Morning Herald, 29 April 1940, p. 10. 53. The Times, 15 April 1940, p. 5. 54. The Times, 15 April 1940, p.5. 55. The Daily News, 10 April 1940, p. 1, also Courier-Mail,10May 1940,p.5. 56. CPD, 163, p. 8. 57. Hasluck, The Government and the People 1939–41,p. 589. 58. CPD, 163,p.221. 59. CPD, 163, p. 227. 60. CPD, 163, p. 267. 61. CPD, 163,p.542. 62. CPD, 163, p. 553. 63. NSW Parliamentary Debates, 161, p. 8345. 64. Canberra Times,9May 1940,p.5. 65. The Argus, 19 April 1940, p.3. 66. The Argus, 20 April 1940, p.4. 67. Canberra Times, 25 April 1940, p. 1. 68. Courier-Mail, 20 April 1940, p.5, also Advertiserr, 20 April, p.21. 69. Courier-Mail, 20 April 1940, p. 5. 70. Sunday Mail, 21 April 1940, p. 2. Notes 179

71. Sydney Morning Herald, 24 April 1940, p. 14. 72. The West Australian, 4May1940, p. 17. 73. TheArgus, 26 April 1940, p. 1. 74. The Advertiserr, 22 April 1940, p. 18. 75. Barrier Miner, 22 April 1940, p. 2. 76. Kiama Reporter and Illawarra Journal, 1May 1940, p.3. 77. Sydney Morning Herald, 29 April 1940, p. 11. 78. Sydney Morning Herald,29April 1940, p. 10. ‘The effectiveness of the Fifth Column is more difficult to measure and guard against. The real causes of ’s downfall [were] ...guilelessness, surprise, shock unpreparedness, disorganisation and ...anti-military tradition. It is now officially estab- lished that orders for the cessation of resistance in Oslo Fjord and the surrender of key fortifications did not come from traitors, but from Admi- ral Riesen, Commander of the Norwegian Navy, who was a member of the Norwegian Labour Government.’ 79. Sydney Morning Herald, 15 May 1940, p. 14. 80. Richard Thurlow, ‘The Evolution of the Mythical British Fifth Column, 1939–46’, Twentieth Century British History, 10, 4 (1999), p. 485. 81. NAA, MP729/6, 15/402/34, Sabotage and Fifth Column precautions, Dis- trict Warden to State Emergency Council,20May 1940. 82. NAA, B6121, 303Y, telegram, 14 May 1940. 83. NAA, B6121, 303Y, Director of Naval Intelligence to Chief of Naval Staff, 15 May 1940. 84. TheArgus, 20 May 1940, p. 3. 85. Sydney Morning Herald, 3 June 1940, p.10. 86. Sydney Morning Herald,3June 1940,p.9. 87. Sydney Morning Herald, 19 June 1940, p.12. 88. CPD, 163, p. 546. 89. CPD, 163, p. 1011. 90. CPD, 163, p. 1230. 91. Kalgoorie Minerr, 4 May 1940, p. 6. 92. Sydney Morninng Herald, 14 May 1940, p. 10. 93. Sydney Morninng Herald, 14 May 1940, p. 10. 94. Sydney Morninng Herald,14May1940,p.10. 95. Sunday Times, 19 May 1940, p.4. 96. West Australian,18May 1940,p.17. 97. TheArgus,25May1940,p.5. 98. CPD, 163, p. 1212. 99. CPD, 163,p.1212. 100. Canberra Times, 24 May 1940, p. 1. 101. Chronicle, 30 May 1940, p. 46. 102. CPD, 163,p.1220. 103. CPD, 163, p. 1404. 104. CPD, 163, p. 1411. 105. CPD, 163,p.1581. 106. NAA, D1915, SA20419/10, Nazi party in South Australia & Australia, intelligence report, 21 May 1940. 107. TheArgus,22May 1940,p.2. 108. NAA, D1915, SA20419/10, intelligence report, 27 June 1940. 180 Notes

109. Sydney Morning Herald,27May1940, p. 6 110. Sydney Morning Herald,28May1940, p. 11. 111. Sydney Morning Herald,28May1940, p. 11. 112. Western Daily Press, Bristol,England, 2 May 1939, p. 12. 113. The Times, 28 November 1939, p. 3. 114. Aberdeen Journal, 6May 1940, p.1. 115. Sydney Morning Herald,18May 1940,p.12. 116. Sydney Morning Herald, 24 May 1940, p.11. 117. Daily Advertiserr,27May1940,p.1. 118. Daily Advertiserr, 27 May 1940, p. 1. 119. Daily Advertiserr, 27 May 1940, p.1. 120. TheArgus, 28 May 1940,p.5. 121. TheMail,25May 1940, p.2,also TheArgus,28May 1940, p.5. 122. CPD, 163, p. 1353. 123. Morning Bulletin, 27 May 1940, p. 7. 124. Daily Advertiserr, 28 May 1940, p.1. 125. CPD, 163, p. 1297. 126. TheArgus,28May 1940,p.5. 127. Canberra Times, 29 May 1940, p.5. 128. TheArgus, 30 May 1940, p.5. 129. The Mercury, 31 May 1940, p. 3. 130. The Mercury, 31 May 1940, p.3. 131. Daily Advertiserr,29May 1940,p.1. 132. Daily Advertiserr, 29 May 1940, p.1. 133. Daily Advertiserr, 29 May 1940, p.1.This was strictly true, as the legendary British ‘Dad’s Army’ or Home Guard had been formed on 14 May 1940 but was more focused on preparing to repulse an invasion rather than searching for subversives. 134. NAA, A1608, F39/2/3 Part 1, War 1939: Subversive Activities General Reps: Part 1, Moree RSL to Prime Minister, 30 May 1940. 135. Courier-Mail,1June 1940,p.1. 136. Courier-Mail, 1 June 1940, p.1. 137. TheArgus, 3 June 1940, p.7. 138. TheArgus,3June 1940,p.7. 139. NAA, MP508/1, 82/712/393, Department of Army [Defences and Fixed Defences], Memo to Secretary, Department of Defence Co-ordination titled ‘Vigilance Committees to Combat Fifth Column Activities’, 1 August 1940. 140. Sydney Morning Herald, 12 December 1940, p. 8. 141. NAA SP112/1, 266/1/4, Suggestion for establishment of a special bureau to receive reports on subversive activities, letter, 11 June 1940. 142. NAA SP112/1, 266/1/4, reply, 27 July 1940. 143. Examinerr, 29 June 1940, p. 6, The Mercury, 29 June 1940, p.15, Chronicle, 4July 1940, p.12. 144. CPD, 163,p.1595. 145. CPD, 163, p. 1595. 146. CPD, 163, p. 1595, also Sydney Morning Herald, 31 May 1940, p. 11. 147. The Mercury, 14 June 1940, p. 2. 148. The Mercury, 26 September 1940, p.4. Notes 181

3 June 1940: The Fifth Column Triumphant

1. Bulletin, 5 June 1940, p. 26. 2. Australian War Memorial (hereafter AWM) 54, 423/11/133, AHQ Intelli- gence Summary, 72,p.4. 3. Advocate, 4 June 1940, p.5. 4. Courier-Mail, 1 June 1940, p.1. 5. TheArgus, 20 June 1940, p. 5. 6. NAA, D1918, S35, Commissioner of Police, South Australia to CIB, 28 May 1940. This picture hadbeen taken in 1935. 7. Sydney Morning Herald, 3 June 1940, p. 10. It took until 28 August 1940 for news that heandhis contact hadbeen charged.See Sydney Morning Herald, 28 August 1940,p.11. 8. President Rooseveltaddress, Universal Newsreel,27May 1940. 9. NAA, A1608, F39/2/3 Part 1, War 1939: Subversive Activities General Reps: Part 1, multiple documents. 10. NAA, A1608, F39/2/3 Part 1, Mrs Rigby to the Prime Minister, 3 June 1940. 11. Smith’sWeekly,1June 1940,p.1. 12. Smith’sWeekly, 1 June 1940, p. 1. 13. Smith’sWeekly, 8 June 1940, p.1. 14. NAA, ST1233/1, N38885, Burkhardt CF Drude, letters to CIB, 12 June & 3July 1940. 15. Smith’sWeekly, 15 June 1940, p.1. 16. The Australian Woman’sWeekly,15 June 1940,p.20. 17. Valdemar Robert Wake, NoRibbons or Medals: The Story of Hereward– An Australian Counter Espionage Officer (Mitcham: Jacobyte Books, 2004), pp. 70–1. 18. Examinerr, 14 June 1940, p. 7. 19. Sydney Morning Herald,14 June 1940,p.11. 20. NAA, A9108, 5/2, also SP195/3, Fifth Column Activities. 21. NAA, A9108, 5/2, British report, ND. 22. NAA, A9108, 5/2, British report, ND. 23. NAA, A9108, 5/2, British report, ND. 24. NAA, A9108, 5/2, British report, ND. 25. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, Director of Military Operations and Intelligence to all Commands, 8 August 1940. 26. Sydney Morning Herald,6June 1940,p.11. 27. The West Australian,8June 1940,p.16. 28. The West Australian, 8 June 1940, p. 16. 29. The West Australian,8June 1940,p.16. 30. The Argus, 10 June 1940, p. 5. 31. Recorderr, 20 June 1940, p. 1. Also, Barrier Miner, 19 June 1940, p. 3, and Workerr, 2 July 1940, p. 4. 32. The Argus, 20 June 1940, p.1. 33. The Muswellbrook Chronicle,21June 1940,p.1. 34. The Argus, 20 June 1940, p. 5. 35. The Mail, 22 June 1940, p.2. 36. NAA, D1918, S35, Director CIB to CIB Adelaide, 11 December 1939. 37. Central Queensland Herald, 27 June 1940, p.44. 182 Notes

38. David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler’s Germany (Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2012), p. 250. Also, CPD, 163, pp.1192–3, 23 May 1940. 39. David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime,p. 231. 40. The Publicistt, 48, June 1940, p. 2. 41. The Publicistt, 48, June 1940, p. 2. 42. David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime, p. 240. Also, Stephensen to Mudie, 13 July 1940. 43. Barbara Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia: The Australia First Movement, 1936–1942 (Carindale: Interactive Publications, 2005), p.97. NAA, C421, 30, Valentine Crowley and A. F. M., Stephensen to Cahill, 30 October 1940. 44. NAA, D1915, SA19070, British Union of Fascists and Australian Fascist Movement, report 95, 2 July 1943, also David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime,p.31. 45. NAA, A367, C69191, Statutory Declaration by Arthur Pentreath, 22 June 1942. 46. NAA, A367, C69191, Greenwoodletter to CIB Adelaide, 28 June 1940. 47. NAA, A367, C69191, Greenwoodletter to CIB Adelaide, 28 June 1940. Despite his pro-Nazi admissions, theauthorities chose not to act against Herbart until 21 September 1942 when he was arrested.Whilst interned Hebart was in good , giving German lessons to ‘Inky’ Stephenson, leader of the AFM. Hebart was held until 2 December 1944. 48. British Pathé, Film ID: 1047.13, ‘Fifth Column Drive in Paris’, released 10 June 1940. 49. British Pathé, Film ID: 1059.25, ‘You Can’t Be Too Careful’, released 27 September 1940. 50. British Pathé, Film ID: 1063.39, ‘Nazi Spies’ Radio Set’, released 16 Decem- ber 1940. 51. NAA, SP112/1, 265/15/6, Questions relating to Fifth Column activities, sheet 12. 52. NAA, SP109/3, Censorship Fifth Column, Fox Movietone to Chief Censor, 3 June 1940. 53. NAA, SP109/3, State Publicity Censor Rorke to Chief Censor Jenkins, 5 June 1940. 54. National Filmand Sound Archive, title 1348, Australia’s5th Column (Enter- prise Films 1940). 55. Australia’s5th Column. 56. Australia’s5th Column. 57. Australia’s 5th Column. 58. NAA, SP109/3, Jenkins to Rorke, 29 June 1940. 59. NAA, SP109/3, Jenkins note, ND. 60. NAA, SP109/3, Jenkins to Rorke, 9 July 1940. 61. The Argus, 6 July 1940, p. 2. 62. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 May 1940, p.2 63. Kiama Reporter and Illawarra Journal,26June 1940,p.1. 64. The Mercury, 17 September 1940, p.2. 65. Courier-Mail, 1 June 1940, p. 10. 66. Kapunda Herald, 18 April 1940, p. 1. 67. Eltham and Whittlesea Shires Advertiserr, 3 May 1940, p. 2. Notes 183

68. Sydney Morning Herald, 14 September 1940, p. 2, and 16 September 1940, p. 3. 69. AWM 54, 423/11/133, Army Headquarters Intelligence Summary. 70. NAA, D1919, SS1031, Espionage, German intelligence service methods, German Jews as spies, security note, 3 May 1940. 71. Smith’s Weekly, 8 June 1940, p.3. 72. Smith’sWeekly, 6July 1940, p. 2 73. Smith’sWeekly, 22 June 1940, p.1. 74. Smith’sWeekly, 13 July 1940, p. 2. 75. Queensland State Archives (QSA), 279M 50 (1–4), ID318216, Police corre- spondence Fifth-Columnists, police report 10 June 1940. 76. QSA, 279M 50 (1–4), ID318216, report 10 June 1940. 77. Camperdown Chronicle, 8 June and repeated on 11 June 1940, p.5. 78. The Advertiserr, 21 June 1940, p. 24. 79. Singleton Argus, 26 June 1940, p. 3. 80. Singleton Argus, 26 June 1940, p.3. 81. TheArgus, 1July 1940, p.3. 82. Sydney Morning Herald,21June 1940,p.12. 83. Courier-Mail, 3August 1940, p.2. 84. Chronicle, 30 May 1940, p. 46. 85. Courier-Mail, 1 June 1940, p. 1. 86. Gilgandra Weekly and Castlereagh, 20 June 1940, p.5. 87. CPD, 164, p. 43. 88. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 July 1940, p. 4. 89. NAA, A5954, 328/3, Spreading of dangerous rumours, War Cabinet Minute. 90. NAA, A472, W1212, Suppression of rumours – High Commissioner for the . 91. NAA, SP112/1, 265/15/6, Questions relating to Fifth Column activities. 92. QSA, 279M 50 (1–4), ID318216, CIB Brisbane report, 24 August 1940. 93. Riverine Herald, 14 September 1940, p.3. 94. NAA, AWM 54, 423/11 /133 Army Headquarters intelligence Summary. 95. Australian Government, Statutory Rules 1940, 109, 15 Jun 1940, and The Argus, 20 June 1940, p.5. 96. QSA, 279M 50 (1–4), ID318216, MoorookaPolice list, 7 June 1940. 97. QSA, 279M 50 (1–4), ID318216, MoorookaPolice list, 7 June 1940. 98. The Workerr, 13 August 1940, p. 3. 99. The Workerr, 13 August 1940, p. 16. 100. West Australian, 27 September 1940, p.10. 101. NAA, A6126, 170, informant report, 25 October 1940. 102. A fascinating story in its own right. After being released from Gestapo prison, Hester Burden had fallen in love with an Austrian, Wilhelm Sommer. On 10 May 1940 Sommer and Burden decided to leave Germany together, crossing the border into Yugoslavia. The authorities there were willing to allow Burden to travel on to Greece and then home but demanded that Sommer be returned to Germany. In an act of selfless devo- tion, Burden collected Sommer before he was deported and the two made their way back to Germany, arriving into the hands of the Gestapoin mid-July 1940. Claiming that they had originally got lost during a hike, Burden tried to impress the Gestapowithher ‘Nazi’ credentials, claiming 184 Notes

that she was a member of the Fascist Union of Australia, had joined the British Union of Fascists while in England, and (obviously veryquickly!) had also managed to join the Greek Fascist Party. In desperation to save her lover, she offered to do any work for Germany, such as propaganda, train- ing of army interpreters, and assisting with press and radio. Bundesarchiv Politisches Archiv, RAV Zagreb/271 & R/41401. The ruse worked and Burden was released, having to report to the Gestapo on a weekly basis. On 6 Jan- uary 1941 it was reported that Burden had married Sommer. The Australian authorities were aware of her movements and we very keen to talk to her. In March 1941 Hester Burden was added to the British Military Intelligence ‘Blacklist’, for those citizens who were to be reckoned with at war’s end. She would have attracted a lot of attention if she had of arrived back in Australia at this time. NAA, A367, C70641, Burden Hester Maydwell. 103. NAA, A6126, 170, Jones to Harker, 12 November 1940 104. NAA, A6126, 170, informant report 6 December 1940. 105. NAA, C320, CIB721, NSW Security Service file, Francis Rowan. 106. Roger Douglas, ‘Law, War and Liberty:TheWorld War II Subversion Prosecutions’, 27 Melbourne Law Review, 65 (2003), p. 88. 107. NAA, A6126, 170, informant report, 6 December 1940. 108. NAA, A6126, 170, CIB report on letters, 8 January 1941. 109. NAA, D1918, S35, RB Stuckey letter, 1 July 1940. 110. NAA, D1918, S35, intelligence note, 17 July 1940. 111. Sydney Morning Herald, 3July 1940, p.13. 112. TheArgus, 18 July 1940, p. 2. 113. NAA, B6121, 303Y, report to Naval Intelligence, 24 September 1940. 114. NAA, B6121, 303Y, Director of Naval Intelligence report, 25 October 1940. 115. CPD, 163, p. 1602. 116. CPD, 164, p. 209. 117. NAA, A1308, 712/1/46, Internment of persons engaged in subversive activ- ities (War Cabinet Agendum 194/1940), memorandum, 5 October 1940. 118. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/273, Refugees. Internment Fifth Columnists, report October 1940. 119. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/273, report, October 1940. 120. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/273, report, October 1940. 121. NAA, A1308, 712/1/46, Memorandum for Alien Advisory Committee, 5 October 1940. 122. The day before his appointment Menzies was quoted as saying: ‘In the past fortnight there had been many suggestions for dealing with Fifth Column activities. The matter had been receiving consideration, and [we] antici- pate being able to announce one aspect of it by tomorrow’; West Australian, 8 June 1940, p.16. 123. Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1952), p. 240. 124. NAA, A2671, 194/1940 Part 1, War Cabinet Agendum – 194/1940 – Internment of persons engaged in subversive activities, Military Board to Department of Defence Coordination, 13 August 1940. 125. NAA, A2671, 194/1940 Part 1, Department of Defence Coordination, 23 August 1940. 126. NAA, A2671, 194/1940 Part 1, War Cabinet Minute, 3 September 1940. Notes 185

127. Sydney Morning Herald,30May 1940,p.1. 128. Sydney Morning Herald, 15 June 1940, p. 16, and Courier-Mail, 15 July 1940, p. 5. 129. Sydney Morning Herald, 24 July 1940, p. 12. 130. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 November 1940, p. 14. 131. Sydney Morning Herald, 9August 1940, p.8. 132. Northern Starr, 22 November 1940, p. 4. 133. Sydney Morning Herald, 7August 1940, p.12. 134. The Mercury, 17 September 1940, p. 2. 135. Sydney Morning Herald, 20 September 1940, p. 5. 136. The Advertiserr, 19 September 1940, p. 11. 137. Sydney Morning Herald, 14 November 1940, p. 6. 138. Canberra Times, 8 November 1940, p.2. 139. Canberra Times, 8 November 1940, p.2. 140. Port Lincoln Times, 5 December 1940, p. 2. 141. Port Lincoln Times, 5 December 1940, p.2. 142. John Gatt-Rutter, ‘You’re on the List: Writing the Australian Italian Expe- rience of Wartime Internment’, Flinders University Languages Group Online Review,3,3(November 2008), p.48. 143. NAA, SP112/1, 144/1/13, Exhibition in Sydney to illustrate Fifth Column activities, Deputy Director of Information report, 23 November 1940. 144. CPD, 165, p. 485. 145. CPD, 165, p. 485. 146. CPD, 165, p. 579. 147. Morning Bulletin, 11 January 1941, p.4. 148. Sydney Morning Herald,1January 1940,p.7. 149. NAA, SP112/1, 144/1/13, Deputy Director, 9 January 1941. 150. Sydney Morning Herald, 8April 1941, p. 15. 151. Courier-Mail, 10 September 1941, p. 5. 152. NAA, SP109/3, 321/02, Censorship, The Enemy Within, State Publicity Censor, 20 January 1941. 153. NAA, SP109/3, 321/02, Legionnaire to Department of Information, 30 Jan- uary 1941. 154. NAA, SP109/3, 321/02, Warner Brothers to US Distributor, 13 December 1940 and WKBN to US Distributor, 14 December 1940. 155. NAA, SP109/3, 321/02, State Censor to Chief Censor, 31 January 1941. 156. NAA, A816, 25/301/60, Subversive activities, Department of the Army, 22 February 1941. 157. CPD, 165, p. 389.

4The War and the Fifth Column Arrive in Australia

1. Canberra Times, 2 January 1941, p.3. 2. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, Director of Military Operations and Intelligence to all Commands, 8 January 1941. 3. Canberra Times, 17 February 1941, p. 3. 4. News, 6 February 1941, p.4. 5. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, correspondence to the Minister of Health and Home Affairs, 10 March 1941. 186 Notes

6. AWM80, 11/169, Department of Information – Broadcasting Division: Press Releases – Fifth Column [transcripts], April 1941. 7. NAA, A2676, 842, War Cabinet Minute No 842 – RAAF station Amberley, 27February 1941. 8. NAA, A2676, 842, War Cabinet Minute, 27 February 1941. 9. Frank Cain, The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History (Sydney: Routledge, 1994), pp. 17–18. 10. NAA, MP729/6, 10/401/404, Detection of secret writing,report to British MI, 25 February 1941. 11. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, report Pte Harrison, 3 April 1941. 12. NAA, BP242/1, 64/39, Security, Information and Leakages – Queensland Investigation case file, Navy Board circular, 22 October 1939. 13. NAA, MP151/1, 564/201/243, Rumours concerning sinking of merchant ships in Australian waters, Naval Board to Minister of Navy, 8 Decem- ber 1939. 14. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, Department of the Navy Memo, 14 August 1940. 15. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510,handwritten note ND, Northern Command, also reports, MI Rockhampton, 14 October 1940, Mackay, 11 October 1940 and Brisbane, 13 September 1940. 16. The News, 18 September 1940, p.8. 17. Advocate, 19 September 1940, p. 5. 18. Canberra Times,19September 1940, p.4. 19. Northern Starr, 12 November 1940, p. 5. 20. Courier-Mail, 1 January 1941, p.1. 21. NAA, SP109/3, 309/19, Censorship. Release of story and pictures of sur- vivors picked up from Emirau Island. The rescue ship had arrived in Townsville after dark and was held up by customs until the next morn- ing. Realising that the southern papers had copy deadlines to meet and with an urgent call from the Minister of Information, at 10:30pm the Queensland state censor hired a launch and along with some southern jour- nalists motored out to the quarantined ship to see if any of the survivors would answer questions shouted at them from the launch. One obliged for ashort time andgave the journalists enough to use in their articles. See report to Chief Censor from Queensland State Censor, 8 January 1941. See also letter to Department of Information from TW Bearup, ABC Chairman, 22 January 1941, and the angry letter from ACP’s Frank Packer to Minis- ter of Information, 13 January 1941. This was also despite some survivors being directly flown south for the benefit of the large dailies. 22. Morning Bulletin, 4 January 1941, pp. 5–6. 23. Morning Bulletin, 6 January 1941, p. 4. 24. The Argus, 3 January 1941, p.5. 25. NAA, SP109/3, 309/19, PM to Australian PM, 7 January 1941. 26. NAA, A373, 11801, Overseas – Shelling of Nauru – [Allegations of subversive activity],telegram, 29 January 1941. 27. The Argus,3January 1941,p.5. 28. TheArgus, 3 January 1941, p.5. 29. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 January 1941, p.1. 30. Cairns Postt, 11 January 1941, p. 6. 31. Sydney Morning Herald, 6 January 1941, p. 12, 16 January 1941, p.2. Notes 187

32. NAA, SP109/3, 309/19, Queensland State Censor to radio 4BH Brisbane, 6 January1941. 33. NAA, SP109/3, 309/19, New Zealand PM to Australian PM, 7 January 1941. 34. NAA, BP242/1, Q3128 Part 3, Count von Luckner, Felix – visit to Queensland, CIB Report, 27 February 1941. 35. Sydney Morning Herald, 6 January 1941, p. 11. 36. Sunday Mail, 5 January 1941,p.5. 37. Sunday Mail, 5 January 1941, p.5. 38. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 1, Queensland Investigation case file [cases dur- ing World War II in Brisbane and Queensland spreading of rumours and scaremongering, false casualty reports, mail intercepted, and loose talk], report from TR41, Ayr, 7 January 1941. 39. NAA, BP242/1, report 15 January 1941. 40. CPD, 165, p. 486. 41. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 January 1941, p. 14. 42. Recorderr, 6 January 1941, p. 2. 43. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 January 1941, p. 14. 44. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 January 1941,p.14. 45. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 January 1941, p. 14. 46. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 January 1941, p. 14. 47. Recorderr, 6 January 1941, p. 2. 48. Recorderr, 6 January 1941, p. 2. 49. Sydney Morning Herald,6January 1941,p.11. 50. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 January 1941, p.10. 51. NAA, D1915, SA20419 10, Nazi party in South Australia & Australia – Army file AS14 – Special Branch report 5 May 1940. 52. Advocate, 1 October 1940, p. 10, also TheArgus, 1 October 1940, p.5. 53. Smith’sWeekly, 8 October 1940, p.1. 54. Smith’sWeekly, 8 October 1940, p. 1. 55. Kalgoorlie Minerr, 8 November 1940, p. 4. 56. Smith’sWeekly, 7 December 1940, p. 3. 57. Examiner, 21 November 1940, p. 4. 58. Peter Strawhan, ‘The Closure of Radio 5KA, January 1941’, Historical Studies, 21, 85 (1985), p. 556. 59. Strawhan, ‘The closure of radio 5KA’, p. 559. 60. The SS Triona, a 4400-ton phosphate trader, was en route from Newcastle to Nauru late in November when two raiders, the Orion and the Komet, sighted her smoke on the horizon. After a chase lasting eight hours the hapless Triona was caught and sunk, hardly the display of precision described by Hughes. 61. The Age, 13 January 1941, p.1. 62. Recorderr, 18 January 1941, p. 4. 63. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, Leakages of information – shipping, report to intelligence section, Eastern Command, 24 January 1941. 64. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, leakages and ship movements, 18 Jan- uary 1941. 65. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, leakages and ship movements, 18 Jan- uary 1941. 66. Sydney Morning Herald, 24 June 1941, p.11. 188 Notes

67. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, leakages of information, from 1 July 1941. 68. Northern Starr, 25 January 1941, p. 4. 69. TheArgus, 4 April 1941, p. 4. 70. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, Northern Command report, 4 April 1941. 71. NAA, A816, 48/301/22, Possible use of Wireless Equipment for Subversive Activities, report to NSW Commissioner of Police, 14 January 1941. 72. NAA, A816, 48/301/22, Director-General Department of Defence Coordina- tion, 31 January 1941. 73. AWM 55, File2/1, Spot Report No. 36. 74. TheArgus, 12 Feb 1941, p.4. 75. NAA BP242/1, Q26008, report, 10 April 1941. 76. John Gemmell,, interview, 21 April 2002, in Maria Hill, Diggers and Greeks: Australian Campaigns in Greece and Crete (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 2010), p. 144. 77. Townsville Daily Bulletin, 31 October 1940, p. 5. 78. The CentralQueensland Herald, 7 November 1940, p.15. 79. Arthur Bentley, The Second Eighth: A History of the2/8th Australian Infantry Battalion (Melbourne: 2/8th Battalion Association, 1984), p. 68. 80. TheMail, 14 June 1940, p.18. 81. Hill, Diggers and Greeks,p. 103. 82. Bentley, The Second Eighth, p. 68. 83. John Gemmell,6th Division, interview, 21 April 2002, in Hill, Diggers and Greeks,p.144. 84. The Advertiserr, 30 May 1941, p. 16. 85. The Mercury, 5 June 1941, p.3. 86. Kenneth Drew, 2/7th Battalion, Department of Veterans’ Affairs (hereafter DVA) interviews, 2 May 2003, ref: 0065. 87. Report of activities of 2/7 Battalion, 1 April–4 June 1941, p. 57. Quoted in Mark Johnston, Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and Their Adversaries in World WarII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). 88. A. F. McRobbie, 2/11 Battalion, letter to mother, 29 April 1941, in Hill, Diggers and Greeks, p. 74. 89. Interview with SheppardbyKenneth Slessor, Cairo, TheMail, 10 May 1941,p.8. 90. TheMail,10May 1941, p.8. 91. Major , 2/2nd Battalion, DVA interview, 22 August 2003, ref 0260. 92. The Advertiserr, 6 June 1941, p. 21. 93. The Advertiserr, 6 June 1941, p. 21. 94. The Advertiserr, 6 June 1941, p. 21. 95. The Advertiserr, 6 June 1941, p. 21. 96. Camperdown Chronicle, 28 June 1941,p.1. 97. The London Times, for example, had over 150 stories on the campaign in Greece but not a single article that mentioned the Fifth Column, while there were fewer than a dozen references to it in other English dailies. 98. NAA, A5954, 528/8, Reports of operations of AIF in Middle East – Greece, Crete & Syria campaigns – 1941, Blamey report, 21 July 1941, tabled by Prime Minister, 2 December 1941. 99. NAA, A5954, 528/8, Appendix B report by Major-General ND. Notes 189

100. Advocate, 27 June 1940, p.5. 101. Healesvilleand Yarra Glen Guardian,28June 1941, p.4. 102. Examinerr, 26 August 1941, p. 4. 103. Murray Pioneer and Australian River Record, 4September 1941, p.2. 104. Cairns Postt, 28 June 1940, p. 6. 105. NAA BP242/1, Q26008, report Cpl Levy,30April 1941. 106. NAA BP242/1, Q26008, report Cpl Levy, 30 April 1941. 107. TheArgus, 20 May 1941, p.4. 108. TheArgus, 20 May 1941, p.4. 109. NAA BP242/1, Q26008, Mrs Spillane to MI, 26 February 1942. 110. NAA, SF42/153, A467, []:Amy A. E. Lucas – whether commu- nists are fifth columnists, correspondence A. E. Lucas, 24 June 1941. 111. NAA, SP195/10, 1/2, Australian Censorship Report (Internal) – reports 1 to 11, report 1 July to 16 July 1941. 112. AWM80, 11/169, Press Releases – Fifth Column, August 1941. 113. Max Everest-Phillips, ‘The Pre-War Fear of Japanese Espionage: Its Impact and Legacy’, Journal of Contemporary History, 42, 2 (April 2007), p. 247. 114. TNA, WO 208/903, The German fifth column in Japan: organisation, activ- ities and influence in foreign policy,report, 26 April 1941, Far Eastern Combined Bureau. 115. TNA, WO 208/903, overseas press summary, 6 July 1941. 116. Sydney Morning Herald, 7 October 1941, p.8. 117. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Japanese Fifth Column, Operational Information Bulletin (hereafter OIB), No 14/1941, issued by Air Intelligence, 9 June 1941. 118. NAA, A9108, 5/2, OIB, 9 June 1941. 119. NAA, A9108, 5/2, OIB, 9 June 1941. 120. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Staff College, Camberley, 26 June 1941, Intelligence Training Centre. 121. NAA A6335, 39, Japanese Fifth Column, survey of the Japanese Fifth Column (ND). 122. NAA A6335, 39, survey of the Japanese Fifth Column (ND). 123. NAA A6335, 39, survey of the Japanese Fifth Column (ND). 124. NAA, C320, J145, NSW Security Service file – Prospects of sabotage by enemy agents, Eastern Command memo, 24 October 1941. 125. NAA, C320, J145, Eastern Command memo, 24 October 1941. 126. NAA, C320, J145, Eastern Command memo, 24 October 1941. 127. NAA, A9108, 5/2, McKeown to security services, 29 November 1941. 128. Smith’s Weekly, 21 June 1941, p. 1. This article also claimed that an Australian Nazi Party had been formed. See also Smith’s Weekly,25 Octo- ber 1941, p.1,and a later example, TheCarcoarChronicle, 6February 1942, p.1. 129. NAA, C320, SAB29, NSW Security Service file – Alleged sabotage on the vessel SS Berwickshire, censor’s report, 26 September 1941. 130. NAA, D1915, SA21664, Hunt, Alan Ian Ward and Glowatzky, Erich Josef, Security Services report, 12 January 1942. 131. NAA, C320, SAB28, NSW Security Service file – Sabotage – Ordnance Workshops, Victoria Barracks, Sydney, Army Intelligence report, 6 October 1941. 190 Notes

132. NAA, C320, SAB20, NSW Security Service file – Suspected sabotageatMarbit Pty Ltd, Southern Command Report, 8 July 1941. 133. The Mercury,12August 1941,p.2. 134. TheMail, 9 October 1941, p. 3. 135. Western Mail, 7 August 1941,p.23. 136. Catherine Simpson, Renata Murawska and Anthony Lambert, Diasporas of Australian Cinema (Bristol: Intellect, 2009), p. 96. 137. The Advertiserr, 27 September 1941, p. 10. 138. Courier-Mail, 11 September 1941, p. 6. 139. The Southern Mail, 28 November 1941, p.3. 140. Morwell Advertiserr, 25 June 1942, p. 1. 141. TheArgus, 3 December 1942, p. 11. 142. Sydney Morning Herald, 1 November 1941, p.2. 143. Anthony Aldgate and Jeffery Richards, Britain CanTake It: The British Cinema in the Second World War (London: I. B. Tauris, 2007), p. 98. 144. Nambour Chronicle and North Coast Advertiserr, 31 October 1941, p. 8; also Morning Bulletin, 19 November 1941, p.6. 145. TheRichmond River Express, 19 November 1941, p. 2. 146. Sydney Morning Herald, 23 September 1941, p.4. 147. Walter Tinker-Giles, former member of the AFM, evidence before the Clyne Enquiry, transcript p. 1441. Winter believes Tinker-Giles to have been a MI agent. 148. NAA, A1608, S39/2/3, Australia First Movement Part 1, Police report, 21 November 1941.

5 Australia under Attack: The Fifth Column and the PacificWar

1. Michael McKernan, The Strength of a Nation: Six Years of Australians Fighting for the Nation and Defending the Home Front in World War II (Sydney:Allen and Unwin, 2008), p. 187. 2. NAA, A471, 24659, McLeod, Norman William: 4th Anti-Tank Regiment, Court Martialdocuments, 10 February 1942. 3. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, intelligence report, 5 February 1942. 4. NAA, C320, SAB40, NSW Security Service file – Suspected sabotageon9.2 gun at Cape Banks, Military Police report, 14 February 1942. 5. NAA, C320, SAB40, HQ to Eastern Command, 5 March 1942. 6. NAA, C320, SAB42, NSW Security Service file – Sabotage of military telephone cables, MI Eastern Command report, 18 February 1942. 7. NAA, C320, SAB41, NSW Security Service file – Sabotage of Military telephone cables, NewcastleMIreport, 12 January 1942. 8. NAA, C320, SAB42, MI Eastern Command report, 21 March and North Sydney Police report, 25 March 1942. 9. Salvatore Macinante, 9th Australian Field Company Engineers, DVA inter- view, 27 May 2003, ref 0234. 10. Lucy Meo, Japan’s Radio War on Australia, 1941–1945 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1968), pp. 95–6. 11. Smith’sWeekly, 3 January 1942, p. 1. Notes 191

12. NAA, MP508/1, 115/703/553, Internment of enemy Aliens, numerous correspondences, February–March 1942. 13. NAA, MP508/1, 115/703/537, Enemy Aliens, Shire of Mulgrave circular, 3February 1942. 14. This equated to 98 per cent of Japanese nationals, 32 per cent of Germans and Italians. John Doyle, The ‘Fifth Column’!: Real or Imagined Espionage and Fifth Column Activity in Australia during the Second World War and Australia’s Response (Honours thesis: University of Melbourne, 1989), p. 52. 15. Sally Warhaft (ed.), Well May We Say:The Speeches That Made Australia (Melbourne: Black Inc., 2004), p. 104. 16. NAA, A1608/1, AK 29/1/2, Elkin to Curtin, 17 December 1941, 17. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, Intelligence report Applethorpe, 5 Decem- ber 1941. 18. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, War Rumours, Northern Command, 19 December 1941. 19. NAA, SP112/1, 31/1/17, Two-minute broadcast to counter-rumours, corre- spondence, 15 December 1941. 20. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, Intelligence report, 3 February 1942. 21. NAA BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, Intelligence report, 3 February 1942. 22. NAA, A981, DEF287, Defence: Australian Censorship Summaries, 17 to 30 March 1942, p. 14. 23. Sydney Morning Herald, 29 January 1942, p.2. 24. Smith’sWeekly, 14 February 1942, p.1. 25. NAA, BP242/1, Q34510, Northern Command report, 23 March 1942. 26. Smith’sWeekly, 21 February 1942, p.1. 27. S/Sgt J. Mitchell,2/30 Bn, L9 Nov 1941. Quoted in Mark Johnston, Fight- ing the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and Their Adversaries in World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). 28. S/Sgt J. Mitchell,2/30 Bn, L25 Dec 1941. Quoted in Johnston, Fighting the Enemy. 29. Lionel Wigmore, TheJapanese Thrust (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1957), p. 168. 30. AWM 52, 8/3/26/7 – 2/26 Infantry Battalion Unit Diary, November 1941 – February 1942. 31. Alan Warren, Britain’s Greatest Defeat: 1942 (London: Continuum, 2006), p.83. 32. Warren, Britain’s Greatest Defeatt, pp. 113–14. 33. Warren, Britain’s Greatest Defeatt, p. 113. 34. Wall, Singapore and Beyond,p.29. 35. Patricia Shaw, Brother Digger: The Sullivans 2nd AIF (Elwood: Greenhouse, 1989), p.50. 36. AWM 54, 923/2/17, tactics – enemy: HQ 17 Australian Infantry Brigade Group, report, ND. 37. AWM 54, 923/2/17, tactics – enemy,report, ND. 38. AWM 93, 50/2/23/480, J. H. Thyer, 7 October 1950. Warren, Britain’s Greatest Defeatt, p. 172. 39. Gnr G. W. Fletcher, 2/15 Field Regiment, D14 February 1942. Quoted in Johnston, Fighting the Enemy. 40. Morning Bulletin, 1April 1942, p.4. 192 Notes

41. NAA A5954, 429/22: Suppression of Rumours, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. 42. Donald Wall, 2/20th Battalion, DVA interview, 3 June 2003, ref 0429. 43. NAUK, FO 371/31813, Japanese fifth column activities in India, Burma and the NEI. 44. See Peter Elphick and Michael Smith, Odd Man Out, the Story of the Singapore Traitor (London: Trafalgar Square, 1994). 45. A/Cpl JA Roxburgh,2/2 Con Depot, D16 February 1942. Quoted in Johnston, Fighting the Enemy. 46. TheArgus, 6 March 1942, p.2. 47. Cairns Post, 1 April 1942, p. 4. 48. Canberra Times, 18 February 1942, p. 1. 49. Courier-Mail, 20 February 1942, p.2. 50. The Times had fewer than ten articles about the Japanese offensive in South- East Asia that mentioned the Fifth Column at all. 51. The Times, 9 January 1942, p.4. 52. The Times, 19 February 1942, p.5. 53. NAUK, FO 371/31813, Japanese fifth column activities in India, Burma and the NEI. 54. NAUK, CO 273/671/9, Malayan campaign: attitude of local population and allegations of fifth column activity, article on Japanese treachery, 16 October 1942, also report by Sir George Maxwell, 1943. 55. Shenton Thomas, Part 2, para 159. 56. Shenton Thomas, Part 2, para 159. 57. Gilbert Mant, Grim Glory:The AIF in Malaya, July 1942, booklet p. 25. NAA, A5954 527/5 Operations in Malaya, reports from AIF HQ, Malaya. 58. Courier-Mail, 4 March 1942, p.3. 59. The Advertiserr, 14 October 1944, p. 4. 60. News,26March 1941, p. 4, and Canberra Times, 13 June 1941, p. 1. 61. NAA, MP729/6, 22/401/381, Japanese Fifth Column Activities in NEI. 62. NAA, MP729/6, 22/401/381, Japanese Fifth Column Activities in NEI. 63. NAA, A9695, 426, North Western Area Brief – Dutch and native attitudes, Ambon – including Fifth Column. 64. NAA, A9695, 426, sheet 1, ND. 65. NAA, A9695, 426, sheet 1, ND. 66. Frank Smith, RAN, DVA interview, 24 March 2004, ref 1650. 67. NAA, A9695, 426, sheet 1, ND. 68. NAA, A9695, 426, sheet 1, ND. 69. NAA, A9695, 410, Timor – Dutch native attitudes and Fifth Column, sheet 1, ND. 70. NAA, A9695, 410, sheet 1, ND. 71. NAA, A9695, 410, sheet 1, ND. 72. Singleton Argus, 4 March 1942, p. 2. 73. Lt W. R. Dexter, 2/6Bn, D25 March 1942. Quoted in Johnston, Fighting the Enemy. 74. Pte A. E. Wallin, AASC, D15 April 1942. Quoted in Johnston, Fighting the Enemy. 75. Diane Langmore, Australian Dictionary of Biography, 1981–1990,A–K, 17, Bergmann, Heinrich, p. 90. Notes 193

76. NAA, D1918, S35, Intelligence note, 5 April 1940. 77. AWM 61, S56/1/873, Port Moresby Subversive Activities, Northern Com- mand to Army Headquarters, 16 January 1941. 78. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, intelligence report 19 April 1941. 79. ArmyNews, 5February 1942, p. 7. 80. NAA, A11083, 110/1/SEC, North Eastern Area Headquarters – Security Section – Subversive activities, Report on Lutheran missions in , 5February 1942. 81. The Mercury, 20 March 1942, p.1. 82. Courier-Mail, 20 March 1942, p. 1. 83. Courier-Mail, 20 March 1942, p.1. 84. Courier-Mail, 20 March 1942, p. 1. 85. Smith’sWeekly, 11 April 1942, p. 2. 86. Peter Monteath(ed.), Germans: Travellers, Settlers and Their Descendants in South Australia (Kent Town: Wakefield Press, 2011), p. 351. Immediately after its publication the Lutheran Church of Australia took legal action and was successful, causing the second edition to be published without the section about the Lutheran traitors. 87. RAAF narrative, ‘’,Vol. 1, pp. 62–71. Quoted in Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People, 1942–1945 (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1952), Appendix II, p. 672. 88. NAA, A518, DD16/2/1, Defence – Miscellaneous reports by various Officers re Japanese attack on New Guinea. Report of AA Roberts, Assistance District Officer, Kokopo, February 1942. 89. NAA, A518, DD16/2/1, report by I. A. Gaskin, Department of External Affairs based on interviews with New Guinea Police Officers, 1 April 1942. 90. AWM52 1/2/2/1 – August – November 1942, part 1. Advanced HQ Allied Land Forces Weekly Intelligence Summary,7August to 14 August 1942. 91. Cairns Post, 25 March 1942, p. 4. 92. NAA, A11083, E/9/SEC, North Eastern Area Headquarters – Subversive activities – Suspected, report intelligence officer, 4th Fighter Section, 20 April 1942. 93. William Abbott, 2/4th Field Company RAE, DVA interview, 1 October, 2003, ref 1023. 94. NAA, A11083, E/9/SEC, suspected, Report ND. 95. NAA, A11083, E/9/SEC, report Lt Linden, ND. 96. NAA, A11083, E/9/SEC, request HQ North Eastern Command,ND. 97. AWM 54, 1/2/2/1, Weekly Intelligence Summary,31July to7August 1942. 98. NAA, A518, B826/1/6, Provisional Administration – Legal – Roca, Joseph– Collaboration with the Japanese, affidavit by Roca, 18 December 1945. The authorities were interested in prosecuting Roca when it was reportedhe died in November 1948. 99. NAA, MP508/1, 85/751/96, Escapees ex-Rabaul, testimony, Pte Hennessy LW, 14 August 1942. 100. Northern Starr, 23 February 1942, p. 5. 101. Northern Starr, 23 February 1942, p. 5. See also TheArgus, 23 February 1942, p.3,Cairns Post, 23 February 1942, p. 1. 102. Barrier Miner, 25 February 1942, p. 4. 103. NAA BP242/1, Q26008, report, 18 March 1942. 194 Notes

104. NAA BP242/1, Q26008, report, 13 March 1942. 105. NAA BP242/1, Q26008, report, 18 March 1942. 106. West Australian, 6 October 1945, p. 7. 107. NAA, A431, 1949/687, – report by Mr Justice Lowe, p. 15. 108. NAA, A816, 37/301/293, Reference copy of AWM confidential No.137. Findings and further and final report – Commission of Inquiry on the Air-Raid on Darwin 19 Feb 1942. Original Mr Justice Lowe, testimony, Major-General Blake testimony,5March 1942, M28. 109. NAA, A816, 37/301/293, testimony, Air Commodore Douglas Wilson, 5March 1942, M100. 110. NAA, A816, 37/301/293, testimony, Wing-Commander Gerald Packer, 20 March 1942, M93. 111. NAA, A431, 1949/687, Bombing of Darwin – report by Mr Justice Lowe, p. 15. 112. NAA, A431, 1949/687, Bombing of Darwin – report by Mr Justice Lowe, p.15. 113. Wilfred Bowie, Airfield Defence Guard, RAAF, DVA interview, 7 July 2004, ref: 2149. 114. Richard and Helen Walker, Curtin’s Cowboys: Australia’s Secret Bush Comman- dos (Sydney: HarperCollins, 1989).JohnFleeting, interview, p. 62. 115. Tip Carty, interview, quoted in Walker, Curtin’s Cowboys,p. 62. 116. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/618, secret correspondence files, multiple numbers series (class 401), 1936–1945. 117. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Brown interview. 118. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Brown interview. 119. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Brown interview. 120. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Brown interview. 121. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Brown interview. 122. NAA, A9108, 5/2, Brown interview. 123. NAA, A6335/39, Japanese Fifth Column, Hermann Alley interview with MI, 1March 1942. 124. NAA, A6335/39, Alley interview. 125. NAA, A6335/39, Alley interview. 126. TheArgus, 16 March 1942, p. 3. 127. Warhaft, Well May We Say,p. 104. 128. TheArgus, 19 March 1942, p. 6. 129. Smith’sWeekly, 4April 1942, p.1. 130. Molong Express and Western District Advertiserr, 11 April 1942, p. 2. 131. Molong Express and Western District Advertiserr, 11 April 1942, p. 2. 132. Barbara Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia: The Australia First Movement, 1936–1942 (Carindale: Interactive Publications, 2005), p. 145. 133. Sydney Morning Herald, 27 March 1942, p.5. 134. West Australian, 27 March 1942, p.5. 135. See Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia. 136. NAA, A989, 1943/235/4/8, Defence Subversive activities – the breakaway from Britain League concerning Allan W. Raymond. Director of Security to Department of External Affairs, 29 March 1943. Notes 195

137. NAA, A989, 1943/235/4/8, J. D. Lorenzen testimony, British Embassy to Australian Legislation, 5 November 1943. 138. The Advertiserr, 18 March 1942, p. 1. Also reported in News, 17 March 1942, Sun News Pictorial, 18 March 1942, and The Bulletin, 1April 1942. 139. NAA, A989, 1943/235/4/8, Department of External Affairs to the Australian Legation, China 30 April 1943. 140. Winter, TheMostDangerous Man in Australia?,p. 144. 141. Andrew Moore suggests, without evidence, a number of other candidates for collaborating with the Japanese. These included members of the Japan- Australia Society, Sir JohnLatham, Sir Arthur Rickard, Sir Henry Braddon and Harold Darling of BHP. Andrew Moore, TheRight Road? A History of Right-wing Politics in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.49. 142. NAA, BP242/1, Q23733, Wireless Equipment [TAIT, Robin; USHER, John; LOCOS, Peter; and RUDOLP, Paul].Police report, 23 March 1942. 143. Smith’sWeekly, 7 March 1942, p.3. 144. NAA, BP242/1, Q23733, telegram MI Brisbane, 31 March 1942. 145. NAA, BP242/1, Q23733, report Charleville MI, 4 April 1942. 146. NAA, BP242/1, Q23344, Cpl Schultz, US Army Air CorpstoAdvisory Committee, 22 May 1942 and report, Charleville MI, 11 June 1942. 147. NAA, BP242/1, Q23733, report, 10 December 1942. 148. Oliver, Raids on Australia,p.207. 149. The Mercury, 24 May 1940, p. 5. David Bird attributed this to a worker at theHolden bodyworks in Victoria, Gus Schwaller, although he gives no reference. In May 1940 the member for the Northern Territory, Adair Blain, linked this graffiti to his parliamentary attack on Dr Strehlow; David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler’s Germany (Melbourne: Australian ScholarlyPublishing, 2012), p. 265; also CPD, 163, p. 1220. 150. Kathner, Australia’sFifth Column. 151. Barrier Minerr, 6 January 1942, p. 2. 152. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 March 1942, p.6. 153. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 March 1942, p. 6. 154. Sydney Morning Herald,11March 1942, p.6. 155. NAA, MP508/1, 82/712/1773, Mr S. S. McClintock: suggested relocation of Northern Aborigines, McClintock to Curtin, 1 April 1942. 156. Sydney Morning Herald, 17 March 1942, p. 3. A letter in reply to ‘Safety First’ by F. W. Doyle, Muswellbrook. 157. NAA, A431, 1949/687, Bombing of Darwin – report by Mr Justice Lowe, p.24. 158. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 April 1942, p. 7. 159. Sydney Morning Herald, 4 April 1942, p. 7. 160. Sydney Morning Herald, 4April 1942, p.7. 161. NAA, A659, 1942/3043, Co-operation between Aborigines and whites in the event of enemy invasion, Elkin to Curtin, 3 April 1942. 162. NAA, A659, 1942/3043, Elkin to Curtin, 8 April 1942. 163. NAA, A659, 1942/3043, Advisor on Native Matters to Department of the Interior, 29 April 1942. 196 Notes

164. Valdemar Robert Wake, NoRibbons or Medals: The Story of Hereward – An Australian Counter Espionage Officer (Mitcham: Jacobyte Books, 2004), p. 149. 165. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/18, meeting minutes, 7 March 1942. 166. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/18, meeting minutes, 7 March 1942. 167. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/18, meeting minutes, 7 March 1942. 168. Wake, No Ribbons or Medals, p.149. 169. See Walker, Curtin’s Cowboys, for the history of this unit. 170. NAA, C320, J230, [NSW Security Service file – Japanese & Australian Aborigines], report from undercover agent in Forster, April 1942. 171. NAA, C320, J230, Mrs Phelps to Minister of Defence, 9 March 1942. 172. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/626, Japanese Activities among theAborigines, Report to Inspector-General Security,16July 1942. 173. Morning Bulletin, 4July 1942, p. 8. 174. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/626, Curtin to Ford,24July 1942. 175. NAA, MP729/6, 29/401/626, Curtin to Ford,24July 1942. 176. Sydney Morning Herald, 25 July 1942, p. 7. 177. NAA, MP 508/1, 8/701/358, Advice to thePublic in the Event of Invasion, Pamphlet February 1942. 178. Leslie Carless, Volunteer Observer Corps, DVA interview, 19 July 2004, ref 2137. 179. Advocate, 2 March 1942, p. 2. 180. Advocate, 2 March 1942, p. 2. 181. NAA, A981, DEF287, Defence – Australian Censorship Summaries, 14/4–27/4/1942, p. 20. 182. NAA, P617, 534/1/23, reported invasion – Mouth of Forth River, VDC report, 8 May 1942. 183. NAA, P617, 534/1/23, Australian Soviet Friendship League to Prime Minis- ter, ND. 184. NAA, C320, SAB43, NSW Security Service file – [Leakage of infor- mation/attempted sabotage at Singleton],Military Intelligence Report, 1 April 1942. 185. NAA, A11083, E/13/SEC, [North Eastern Area HQ] – Suspected sabotage – Internal Security, statement Sgt McEwan, 12 May 1942. 186. NAA, D1975, Z1942/477, Use of Incendiary capsules by saboteurs in Australia, NSW Customs to Customs and Excise Office, 18 August 1942. 187. The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiserr,20March 1942, p. 1. 188. NAA A5954, 429/22, Suppression of Rumours, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. 189. QSA, 279M 50 (1–4), ID318216, CIB Brisbane report, 20 May 1942. 190. , On Guard:With theVolunteer Defence Corps (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1944), p. 35. 191. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, censors’ report, 19 March 1942. 192. NAA A5954, 429/22, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. 193. NAA A5954, 429/22, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. 194. NAA, BP242/1, Q26008 Part 4, censors’ report, 26 March 1942. Notes 197

195. The Mercury, 26 May 1942, p. 1. Another article reported from the US that the Japanese were landing agents via submarine. It claimed as ‘proof’ that ‘members of Japanese submarine crews, earlier captured, had picture theatre admission ticket butts in their pockets’. The Mirrorr, 23 May 1942, p. 3. 196. NAA A5954, 429/22, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. 197. NAA A5954, 429/22, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. 198. NAA, A981, DEF287, Defence: Australian Censorship Summaries, 7 July - 20 July 1942, p.12. 199. NAA A5954, 429/22, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. 200. NAA, A1608, U39/2/3, War Records. Subversive Activities – Use of Exterior Lighting for signallingpurposes, Wangaratta Council to the Prime Minister, 24 July 1942. 201. NAA, A1608, U39/2/3, Department of Home Security to PM, 14 August 1942 and Director General of Security to PM, 21 September 1942. 202. NAA, A1608, U39/2/3, Department of Home Security to PM, 5 May 1943. 203. NAA, A11083, 110/1/SEC, North Eastern Area Headquarters – Security Section – Subversive activities, report from Reid Airbase of flares being fired upon every aircraft movement, 28 July 1942. 204. NAA, A11083, 110/1/SEC, report from Reid Airbase of flares being fired upon every aircraft movement, 28 July 1942. 205. NAA, A11083, 110/1/SEC, report by Mrs Bryant to RAAF Bowen, 22 August 1942. 206. AWM52 1/2/2/1, Weekly Intelligence Summary, 21 August to 28 August 1942. 207. AWM52 1/2/2/1, Weekly Intelligence Summary, 21 August to 28 August 1942. 208. NAA, A11083, 110/1/SEC, report, Pennington letter, 19 August 1942. 209. NAA, A11083, 110/1/SEC, report Intelligence Officer, 32 Sqn, Horn Island, 24 August 1942. 210. NAA, A11083, 110/1/SEC, report, Greenslopes letter, 11 August 1942. 211. NAA,w A11083, 110/1/SEC, report, Greenslopes letter, 11 August 1942.

6The Myth Continues: Lingering Fears and Prejudices

1. Sydney Morning Herald, 16 January 1943, p. 11; also Queensland Times,11 January 1943, p.2, TheMail, 9 January 1943, p. 2. Articles also appeared which described excessive drinking as Fifth Column, The Advertiserr,22March 1943, p.3. 2. Daily News, 13 January 1943, p. 10. 3. News, 14 September 1943, p. 2. 4. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 30 January 1943, pp. 12–13. 5. NAA, A2671/1, 464/1942, War Cabinet Agendum, 2 December 1942. 6. Sydney Morning Herald, 22 February 1943, p. 3. 7. The Mercury, 1 October 1943, p.5, Queensland Times, 30 October 1943, p.4, and The Advertiserr, 13 November 1943, p. 6. 8. NAA, SP109/3, 311/01, Censorship, Spies, General, note and press clipping, Canberra Times, 10 July 1943. 9.US War Department Intelligence Bulletin, 1, 1, September 1942. 10. US War Department Intelligence Bulletin, 1, 3, November 1942. 11. Courier-Mail,2September 1942, p.4. 198 Notes

12. AWM 52, 25/1/22/1 NAOU, AIF and Militia Unit War Diaries, 1939– 1945 War. 13. NAA, MT885/1, D/3/455, Dimitrevich, M. Pte – District Court-Martial, 1943, Allied Translator and Interpreter Service report, 23 April 1943. 14. NAA, D1919, SS1031, Espionage, German intelligence service methods, German Jews as spies, Sgt Beria report on the German vice-Consul Dr Walter Hellenthal, April 1943. 15. Sydney Morning Herald, 17 May 1943, p.6. 16. NAA, D1919, SS1059, Fifth Column activities, intelligence Summary, 19 October to 2 November 1942. 17. AWM 54, 779/3/74, Prisoners of War and Internees – Examinations and Interrogations, report 7 September 1942. 18. AWM 54, 779/3/74, Prisoners of War and Internees, report 7 September 1942. 19. TheArgus,6July 1943, p.12. 20. A8911, 11, Espionage (Japanese) [includes Report of Japanese Associations and Activities], CSS report 17 November 1942. 21. National Archives of New Zealand (hereafter NANZ), EA1, 88/1/20, Japanese use of Indians POWs as Fifth Column, 10 February 1944. 22. NANZ, ACIE, 8798, EA1, 462/84/1/5, Security – General – The Fifth Column. 23. Smith’sWeekly, 28 November 1942, p.9. 24. NAA, SP109/3, 311/04, Censorship, Spies, Publication of Spy Stories, Myers toColonel Tormey, 31 December 1942. 25. NAA, A373, 1759, Japanese activities – Gulf country, north Queensland, Wake to Director-General Security Service, 26 September 1942. 26. NAA, MP1185/8, 1945/2/9, Japanese Plan for the invasion of Australia, correspondence between Department of External Affairs to Department of Defence, 23 January 1943. 27. Meo, Japan’sRadio War on Australia, pp. 108–10. 28. NAA, BP361/1, 14/2/43 Part 1, Security Service Reports: Battle of Brisbane, report of meeting between censor, police and army authorities, 27 Novem- ber 1942. 29. Sunday Mail, 3 January 1943, p. 1. 30. NAA, A373, 3197, Fifth Column activities – Article in Brisbane Sunday Mail, Deputy-Director to Director of Security, 4 January 1943. 31. Sydney Morning Herald, 26 January 1943, p.7. 32. News, 26 January 1943,p.6. 33. Barrier DailyTruth, 28 January 1943, p. 1. 34. News, 26 January 1943, p.6,also Barrier Daily Truth, 28 January 1943, p.1. 35. News, 26 January 1943,p.6. 36. Bunyip,12February 1943, p. 1. 37. Bunyip, 12 February 1943, p.1. 38. NAA, C320, MISC144, NSW Security Service file – Dutch Nazi suspects, Director-General of Security to all states, 20 August 1943. 39. NAA, D1919, SS1070, Japanese Fifth Column, emblem on cap of Japanese internees, Security Services memorandum, 9 February 1943. 40. NAA, A9108, 22/59, Potential Quislings in the event of an invasion, Deputy Director Security in WA to Director General Canberra, 24 May 1943. 41. NAA, A9108, 22/59, Director General of Security, 20 May 1943. Notes 199

42. NAA, A9108, 22/59, Deputy Director Security in WA to Director General Canberra, 24 June 1943. 43. NAA, A367, C69658, Nazi activities – Departure overseas of Local Stutzpunktleiter – Woelke, Otto A. Deputy Director of Security – Queensland to Director of Security – ACT, 8 April 1943. 44. NAA, A367, C69658, Deputy Director of Security – Queensland to Director of Security – ACT, 8 April 1943. 45. NAA, A367, C81402, Semmler Anton Siegfried, interrogation report 8March 1944. 46. NAA, A367, C81402, interrogation report 8 March 1944. 47. NAA, D1918, S35, Nazi activities in South Australia during World War II, The Advertiserr, 21 July 1943, p. 10. Also Police Gazette, 30, 28 July 1943. 48. NAA, A6126, 1158, memo to Director General of Security, 30 June 1944. 49. NAA, MP508/1, 115/703/52, WA Miles to Curtin, 1March 1943. Quoted inIlma Martinuzzi O’Brien, ‘Citizenship, Rights and Emergency Powers’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 53 (2), p. 212. 50. NAA, D1919, SS1031, security note, Jewish refugees, 24 July 1943. 51. NAA, D1919, SS1031, Deputy Director of Security Services, SA to Director General of Security,8September 1943. 52. NAA, C320, SAB7, NSW Security Service file – Possiblesabotageonthe water- front, Director-General to Director-General of Security, 25 November 1943. 53. NAA, C320, SAB7, Deputy Director of Security NSW to Director-General of Security, 8 December 1943. 54. NAA, C320, SAB21, NSW Security Service file – Attempted sabotageatthe Australian Woollen Mills, Censors report, 19 August 1943. 55. A8911, 266, SIC Plans [Detection of Japanese Espionage, Northern Australia and contact with Aboriginals], CSS report 3 November 1943. 56. Sydney Morning Herald, 1 January 1944, p.8. 57. Sunday Times, 9 January 1944, p. 5. 58. Examinerr, 1 January 1944, p.5. 59. Sydney Morning Herald,1January 1944, p. 8. 60. Sydney Morning Herald, 1 January 1944, p.8. 61. NAA, MP76/1, 15627, Inventor/Submitter – B.L.S Mann – Fifth column detection by using a lie detector, letter, 28 March 1944. 62. News,17March 1944, p.2. 63. The Argus, 24 June 1944, p. 10. 64. TheWorld’s News, 10 June 1944, p. 3. 65. TheWorld’s News, 10 June 1944, p.3. 66. News, 25 September 1944, p. 3. 67. Grazier’s Association, Communism: Australia’sFifth Column (Grazier’s Assoc. of NSW, 1945). 68. Queensland Institute of Public Affairs, The War Has Ceased ...but Australia Still Has a Fifth Column (Queensland Institute of Public Affairs, 1947). 69. Michael Carr, Stooges, Spies and Fifth Columnists: Functions of the Australian Communist Party (Sydney: Websdale, 194?). 70. TheCanberra Times, 28 September 1948, p. 1. 71. The Advertiserr, 21 January 1949, p. 1. 72. Warhaft, Well May We Say, p. 253. 200 Notes

73. Sydney Morning Herald, 5September 1951, p.2. 74. Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 1954, p.2. 75. Australia. Royal Commission on Espionage, Report of theRoyal Commission on Espionage 22nd August 1955 (Sydney: NSW Government Printer, 1955), p. 252. 76. The Argus,11August 1945, p. 12.

Conclusion

1. NAA, D1918, S35, memo to Director of Naval Intelligence, 11 June 1940. 2. NAA, D1918, S35, Williams to Director General CIB, 22 November 1945. 3. There are a few hard to verify examples of summary executions of individuals claimed to bespies or agents in Australian territory.InAugust 1945 a number of Australian papers ran a story that in 1943 three Dutch airmen stationed in Canberra had been arrested and executed for being in communication with the enemy. This story was publicly retracted the following day. It was also claimed that a group of Japanese spies were discovered on an island on the Great Barrier Reef (News, 21 August 1945, p. 1). Another unsubstantiated story claims that Garden Island, off the West Australian coast, served as an execution site for captured spies. A member of British MI6, Denis Emerson- Elliott, disclosed that he executed a Dutch-Eurasian individual accused of being aJapanese doubleagent on an unnamed island to Australia’s north; Good Weekend, 18 October 2014, p. 34. Bibliography

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Paul McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels: British Intelligence and Ireland, 1916– 1945 (London: Boydell Press, 2008). Gilbert Mant, Grim Glory:The AIF in Malaya (Sydney: Currawong Press, 1942). Lucy Meo, Japan’s Radio War on Australia, 1941–1945 (London and Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1968). Peter Monteath, Germans: Travellers, Settlers and Their Descendants in South Australia (Kent Town: Wakefield Press, 2011). Andrew Moore, TheRight Road? A History of Right-wing Politics in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995). —— ‘Writing about the Extreme Right in Australia’, Labour History, 89 (November 2005), pp. 1–15. Bruce Muirden, The Puzzled Patriots: The Story of the Australia First Movement (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1968). Ilma Martinuzzi O’Brien, ‘Citizenship,Rights and Emergency Powers’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 53, 2, pp. 207–22. Pam Oliver, Raids on Australia: 1942 and Japan’sPlans for Australia (Melbourne: Australian ScholarlyPublishing, 2010). John Perkins,‘The Swastika Down Under: Nazi Activities in Australia, 1933–39,’ Journal of Contemporary History, 26, 1 (January 1991), pp. 111–29. Paul Preston, TheSpanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth- Century Spain (London: HarperPress, 2012). Glyn Prysor, ‘The ‘Fifth Column’ and the British Experience of Retreat, 1940’, War in History, 12, 4 (2005), pp. 418–47. Queensland Institute of Public Affairs, The War Has Ceased ...but Australia Still Has a Fifth Column (Brisbane: Queensland Institute of Public Affairs, 1947). Jane Robbins, Tokyo Calling: Japanese Overseas Radio Broadcasting 1937–1945 (Fuccecchio: European Press Academic Publishing, 2001). William Rodneagh, An Exposure of theFifth Column: Nazis in Britain (Sydney, 1939?). Kay Saunders and Helene Taylor, ‘The Enemy Within? The Process of Internment of Enemy Aliens in Queensland 1939–45’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 34, 1, pp. 16–27. Kay Saunders, ‘Enemies of the Empire? The Internment of Germans in Queensland during World War II’, in Manfred Jurgensen and Alan Corkill (eds), The German Presence in Queensland Over the Last 150 Years (Brisbane: Department of German, University of Queensland, 1988), pp. 53–70. ——‘Nazis Abroad? Internment in Brisbane in the Second World War’,inRod Fisher and Barry Shaw (eds), Brisbane: The Ethnic Presence since the 1850s, Brisbane History Group (1993), pp. 1–13. ——- ‘The Dark Shadow of White Australia: Racial Anxieties in Australia in World War II’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17, 2 (April 1992), pp. 325–41. Ernest Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918 (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1936). —— Australia during the War (Sydney:Angus and Robertson, 1936). Geoffery Serle, John Monash: A Biography (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1982). Patricia Shaw, Brother Digger: The Sullivans 2nd AIF (Elwood: Greenwood, 1989). 204 Bibliography

Catherine Simpson, Renata Murawskaand Anthony Lambert, Diasporas of Australian Cinema (Bristol: Intellect, 2009). Lawrence Soley, Radio Warfare: OSS and CIA Subversive Propaganda (New York: Praeger, 1989). Peter Stanley, Invading Australia: Japan and the Battle for Australia, 1942 (Camberwell:Viking, 2008). Peter Strawhan, ‘The Closure of Radio 5KA, January 1941’, Historical Studies, 21, 85 (1985), pp. 550–64. Edmond Taylor, The Strategy of Terror: Europe’s Inner Front (Boston: Pocket Books, 1940). Oskar Teichman, The Diary of a Yeomanry MO: Egypt, Gallipoli, Palestine and Italy (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1921). Richard Thurlow, ‘The Evolution of the Mythical British Fifth Column, 1939–46’, Twentieth Century British History, 10, 4 (1999), pp. 477–98. USWarDepartment, Intelligence Bulletin, 1, 1 (September 1942 & 1, 3, November 1942). Valdemar Robert Wake, NoRibbons or Medals: The Story of Hereward – An Australian Counter Espionage Officer (Mitcham: Jacobyte Books, 2004). Richard and Helen Walker, Curtin’s Cowboys: Australia’s Secret Bush Commandos (Sydney: HarperCollins, 1989). Don Wall, Singapore & Beyond:The Story of the Men of the2/20 Battalion Told by the Survivors (East Hills: 2/20 Battalion Association, 1985). Sally Warhaft (ed.), Well May We Say: The Speeches That Made Australia (Melbourne: Black Inc., 2004). Alan Warren, Britain’s Greatest Defeat: Singapore 1942 (London: Continuum, 2006). Lionel Wigmore, TheJapanese Thrust (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1957). Barbara Winter, Dreaming of a National Socialist Australia: The Australia First Movement, 1936–1942 (Carindale: Interactive Publications, 2005). —— TheMostDangerousManinAustralia? (Carindale: Interactive Publications, 2010).

Unpublished works

John Doyle, The ‘Fifth Column’!:Real or Imagined Espionage and Fifth Column Activ- ity in Australia during the Second World War and Australia’s Response (Honours thesis: University of Melbourne, 1989). Antje Kirsten Gnida, Beastly Huns, Fifth Columnists, and Evil Nazis: Australian Media Portrayalsof the German Enemyduring WW1 and WW2 (PhDthesis, Macquarie University, 2009). Shenton Thomas, notes on Malaya Campaign, ND.

Newspapers/periodicals

Aberdeen Journal (UK) Advocate The Advertiser TheAge Bibliography 205

TheArgus ArmyNews The Australian Women’sWeekly Barrier Miner Berringa Herald Brooklyn Daily Eagle TheBulletin Bunyip Cairns Post Camperdown Chronicle Canberra Times The Carcoar Chronicle The CentralQueensland Herald Chronicle The Courier-Mail Daily Advertiser (Wagga) The Daily News Evening News Examiner Gilgandra Weeklyand Castlereagh Goulburn Evening Penny Post Good Weekend Healesvilleand Yarra Glen Guardian Kalgoorie Miner Kalgoorlie Western Argus The Kiama Reporter and Illawarra Journal TheMail Mirror The Mercury The Mirror Molong Express and Western District Advertiser Morning Bulletin Murray Pioneer and Australian River Record The Muswellbrook Chronicle Newcastle Morning Herald & Miners’ Advocate New York Times The News Northern Standard Northern Star Port Lincoln Times Port Pirie Recorder & North Western Mail ThePublicist Queensland Times Recorder Riverine Herald Singleton Argus Smith’s Weekly Sydney Morning Herald Sunday Mail 206 Bibliography

Sunday Times Sun News Pictorial TheTablet: The International Catholic News Weekly (UK) Time The Times (UK) Townsville DailyBulletin Western Morning News (UK) The West Australian Western Argus Western Mail Western Daily Press (UK) Worker TheWorld’s News

National Archives of New Zealand (NANZ)

ACIE, 8798, EA1, 462/84/1/5, Security – General – The Fifth Column EA1, 88/1/20, ‘Japanese use of Indians POWs as Fifth Column’, 10 February 1944.

Australian War Memorial(AWM)

AWM 52, 1/2/2, Advance Headquarters Australian Military Forces G Intelligence Section (ADV HQ AMF G Int. Sect). AWM 52 8/3/26/7 – 2/26 Infantry Battalion Unit Diary, November 1941– February 1942. AWM 52, 25/1/22/1 NAOU, AIF and Militia Unit War Diaries, 1939–1945 War. AWM 54, 423/11/133, Army Headquarters Intelligence Summary. AWM 54, 779/3/74, Prisoners of War and Internees – Examinations and Interrogations, report on Japanese 5th Column Activities 7/9/1942. AWM 54, 883/2/4, Security – Allied: Military security; Refugees, internment, fifth columnists by Lt Col JA Chapman. AWM 54, 923/2/17, tactics – enemy: Headquarters 17 Australian Infantry Brigade Group. Notes on Japanese Deceptive Measures and 5th Column Activities in the Far East – Report on [Japanese] tactics at Hong Kong – 1942. AWM 55, File2/1, Spot Report No. 36. AWM 61, S56/1/873, Port MoresbySubversive Activities. AWM 80, 11/169, Department of Information – Broadcasting Division: Press Releases – Fifth Column [transcripts]. AWM 93, 50/2/23/480, Colonel J. H. Thyer, 7 October 1950.

Bundesarchiv Politisches Archiv, Potsdam (BA-P)

RAV Zagreb/271 and R/41401.

National Archives of Australia (NAA)

A367, C68646, Oertzen, Baron von & wife. A367, C69191 Werner Friedrich Hebart. Bibliography 207

A367, C69658, Nazi activities – Departure overseas of Local Stutzpunktleiter – Woelke, Otto A. A367, C70641, Burden Hester Maydwell. A367, C81402, Semmler Anton Siegfried, interrogation report 8 March 1944. A373, 1652, Hugh Millington, British Oriental Association – General reports on Japanese views. A373, 1759, Japanese activities – Gulf country, north Queensland. A373, 3197, Fifth Column activities – Article in Brisbane ‘Sunday Mail’. A373, 11801, Overseas – Shelling of Nauru – [Allegations of subversive activity]. A431, 1949/687, Bombing of Darwin – report by Mr Justice Lowe. A471, 24659, McLeod, Norman William, Court Martial –10February 1942. A472, W1212, Suppression of rumours – High Commissioner for the United Kingdom. A518, B826/1/6, Provisional Administration – Legal – Roca, Joseph –Collabora- tion with the Japanese. A518, DD16/2/1, Defence – Miscellaneous reports by various Officers re Japanese attack on New Guinea. A659, 1942/3043, Co-operation between Aborigines and whites in the event of enemyinvasion. A816, 25/301/60, Subversive activities. A816, 37/301/293, findings and further and final report – Commission of Inquiry on the Air-Raid on Darwin 19 Feb 1942. A816, 48/301/22, Possible use of Wireless Equipment for Subversive Activities. A981, DEF287, Defence – Australian Censorship Summaries. A989, 1943/235/4/8, Defence Subversive activities – ‘The Break away from Britain League’ concerning Allan Raymond. A989, 1943/235/4/14, Defence Subversive activities – Louis Burkard [Burkhardt]. A1308, 712/1/46, Internment of persons engaged in subversive activities (War Cabinet Agendum 194/1940 supplement 1). A1608/1, item AK 29/1/2. A1608, F39/2/3, War 1939: Subversive Activities General Reps: Part 1. A1608, S39/2/3, Australia First Movement Part 1. A1608, U39/2/3, War Records. Subversive Activities – Use of Exterior Lighting for signalling purposes. A2671, 194/1940, PART 1, War Cabinet Agendum – No. 194/1940 – Internment of persons engaged in subversive activities. A2671/1, 464/1942, Suppression of Rumours, War Cabinet Agendum, 464/1942, 2December 1942. A2676, 842, War Cabinet Minute 842 – RAAF Amberley. A5954, 328/3, Spreading of dangerous rumours. A5954, 429/22, Suppression of Rumours, War Cabinet Agendum 464/1942. A5954, 527/5, Operations in Malaya, reports from AIF HQ Headquarters, Malaya. A5954, 528/8, Reports of operations of AIF in Middle East – Greece, Crete & Syria campaigns – 1941. A6126, 170, Nancy Glen & Hector Alan MacDonald. A6126, 1158, von Berk, Hans Schwarz. A6335, 39 Japanese Fifth Column. A8911, 11, Espionage(Japanese) [includes Report of Japanese Associations and Activities]. 208 Bibliography

A8911, 266, SIC Plans [Detection of Japanese Espionage, Northern Australia and contact with Aboriginals]. A9108, 5/2, Japanese Fifth Column. A9108, 22/59, Potential ‘Quislings’ in the event of an invasion. A9695, 410, Timor – Dutch native attitudes and Fifth Column. A9695, 426, North Western Area Brief – Dutch and native attitudes, Ambon – including Fifth Column. A11083, 110/1/SEC, North Eastern Area Headquarters – Security Section – Sub- versive activities. A11803, 1917/89/1029 Infernal Machines. A11803, 1918/89/936 Shipping – SS Hellenic. A11083, E/9/SEC, [North Eastern Area Headquarters] –Subversive activities – Suspected. B883, SX31281, Semmler, Edmund Herman: Service Number – SX31281. B6121, 303Y, Enemy Broadcast Rumours. BP242/1, 64/39, Security, Information and Leakages – Queensland Investigation case file. BP242/1, Q3128 Part 1–3, Count Von Luckner, Felix – Nationality: German. BP242/1, Q23733, Wireless Equipment: Tait, Robin Neville; Usher, John Joseph; Locos, Peter; and Rudolph,Paul. BP242/1, Q26008 Part 1–4, Queensland Investigation case file [cases during World War II in Brisbane and Queensland spreading of rumours and scaremongering, false casualty reports, mail intercepted, and loose talk. BP242/1, Q34510, Espionage and Sabotage – Monitoring of short wave broad- casts, Axis propaganda – German espionage under cover of commerce – stocks of Carbon Bisulphite and other dangerous materials held by Cane Farmers in NorthQueensland. BP361/1, 14/2/43 Part 1, Security Service Reports: Battle of Brisbane. C123, 1153, August Frederick Menz. C123, 14904 Celli, Bianca. C320, CIB721, NSW Security Service file – Francis Rowan. C320, J145, NSW Security Service file – Prospects of sabotageby enemy agents. C320, J230, NSW Security Service file – Japanese & Australian Aborigines. C320, MISC144, NSW Security Service file – Dutch Nazi suspects. C320, SAB4, NSW Security Service file–Sabotage at Broken Hill Aerodrome. C320 SAB7, NSW Security Service file – Possible sabotage on the waterfront. C320, SAB20, NSW Security Service file – Suspected sabotageatMarbit Pty Ltd, Southern Command Report, 8 July 1941. C320, SAB21, NSW Security Service file – Attempted sabotage at the Australian Woollen Mills. C320, SAB28, NSW Security Service file – Sabotage – Ordnance Workshops, Victoria Barracks, Sydney, Army Intelligence report, 6 October 1941. C320, SAB29, NSW Security Service file–Alleged sabotageonthe vessel SS Berwickshire. C320, SAB40, NSW Security Service file – Suspected sabotage on 9.2 guns at Cape Banks. C320, SAB41, NSW Security Service file – Sabotage of military telephone cables. C320, SAB42, NSW Security Service file – Sabotage of military telephone cables. C320, SAB43, NSW Security Service file – Attempted sabotageatSingleton. Bibliography 209

C414, 4, NSW Police report, Nazi organisation in NSW. C421, 30, Valentine Crowley and AFM. CP46/2, 24, Commonwealth Counter-Espionage Bureau. D1915, SA19070, British Union of Fascists and Australian Fascist Movement. D1915, SA20419 10, Nazi party in South Australia & Australia] file-Army file AS14 – Intelligence report. D1915, SA21664, Hunt, Alan Ian Ward and Glowatzky, Erich Josef. D1918, S35, Nazi activities in South Australia during World War II. D1919, SS1031, Espionage: German Intelligence Service methods, German Jews as Spies. D1919, SS1059, Fifth Column activities. Intelligence Summary, 19 October to 2 November 1942. D1919, SS1070, Japanese Fifth Column, emblem on cap of Japanese internees. D1975, Z1942/477, Use of Incendiary capsules by saboteurs in Australia. MP76/1, 15627, Inventor/Submitter – BLS Mann - Fifth column detection using a lie detector. MP151/1, 564/201/243, Rumours concerning sinking of merchant shipsin Australian waters. MP 508/1, 8/701/358 Advice to the Public in the Event of Invasion. MP508/1, 82/712/393, Department of Army [Defences and Fixed Defences]. MP508/1, 82/712/1773, Mr S. S. McClintock: suggested relocation of Northern Aborigines. MP508/1, 85/751/96, Escapees ex-Rabaul. MP508/1, 115/703/537, Enemy Aliens. MP508/1, 115/703/553, Internment of enemy Aliens. MP508/1, 115/703/52, WA Miles to Curtin, 1 March 1943. MP729/6, 10/401/404, Detection of Secret Writing. MP729/6, 15/402/34, Sabotage and Fifth Column precautions. MP729/6, 22/401/381, Japanese Fifth Column Activities in NEI. MP729/6, 29/401/18. MP729/6, 29/401/138, Pre-war Nazi activities in Queensland[South Australia and Victoria]. MP 729/6, 29/401/232. MP729/6, 29/401/618, secret correspondence files. MP729/6, 29/401/626, Japanese Activities among theAborigines. MP 729/6, 468, Australian Intelligence Diary. MP729/6, 29/401/273, Refugees. Internment Fifth Columnists. MP729/6, 29/401/618, North Australia Observation Unit. MP1185/8, 1945/2/9, Japanese Plan for the invasion of Australia. MT885/1, D/3/455, Dimitrevich, M. Pte – District Court-Martial, 1943. P617, 534/1/23, Reported Invasion – Mouth of Forth River, VDC. SF42/153, A467, Communism: Amy A. E. Lucas – whether communists are fifth columnists. SP109/3, Censorship Fifth Column. SP109/3, 309/19, Censorship, release of story and pictures of survivors Emirau Island. SP109/3, 311/01, Censorship,Spies, General, note and press clipping. SP109/3, 311/04, Censorship. Spies. Publication of Spy Stories. SP109/3, 321/02, Censorship, The Enemy Within. 210 Bibliography

SP112/1, 31/1/17, Two-minute broadcast to counter-rumours. SP112/1, 144/1/13, Exhibition in Sydney to illustrate Fifth Column activities. SP112/1, 265/15/6, Questions relating to Fifth Column activities. SP112/1, 266/1/4, Suggestion for establishment of a special bureau to receive reports on subversive activities. SP195/10, 1/2, Australian Censorship Report (Internal) – reports 1 to 11, report 1Julyto16July 1941. ST1233/1, N38885, Burkhardt, Drude.

The National Archives, United Kingdom (NAUK)

CAB 65/7/18, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Minutes, 15 May 1940. CAB 65/7/23, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Minutes, 18 May 1940. CAB 65/7/28, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Minutes, 22 May 1940. CAB 65/7/39, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Minutes, 28 May 1940. CAB 66/10/1, Home Defence (Security) Executive. Special Operations Executive. CAB 67/6/31, War Cabinet: Memoranda, 17 May 1940. CAB 79/4, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Chiefs of Staff Committee meetings. CAB 80/10, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Chiefsof Staff Committee: Memoranda, 301–350. CAB 80/12, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Chiefs of Staff Committee: Memoranda, 401–450. CO 273/671/9, Malayan campaign: attitude of local population and allegations of fifth column activity. FO 371/25189, Fifth Column activities. Code 49, file 7941. FO 371/31813, Japanese fifth column activities in India, Burma and the East Indies. HW 15/43 Ministry of State Security. WO 208/903, The German fifth column in Japan: organisation, activities and influence in foreign policy.

Queensland State Archives (QSA)

Police correspondence Fifth Columnists, 279M 50 (1–4), Item ID318216.

Audio-visual materials

Australia’s5th Column, Dir. Rupert Kathner, Enterprise Films 1940. National Film and Sound Archive, title: 1348. British Pathe, Fifth Column Drive in Paris,released 10 June 1940. Film ID: 1047.13. ——, You Can’t Be Too Careful,released 27 September 1940. Film ID: 1059.25. ——, Nazi Spies’ Radio Sett, released 16 December 1940. Film ID: 1063.39. Universal Newsreel, President Rooseveltaddress, 12, 879, Pt2, released 27 May 1940.

Department of Veterans’ Affairs Oral History interview (DVA)

William Abbott, 2/4th Field Company RAE, 1 October, 2003, ref 1023. Wilfred Bowie, Airfield Defence Guard, RAAF, 7 July 2004, ref 2149. Bibliography 211

Leslie Carless, Volunteer Observer Corps, 19 July 2004, ref 2137. Paul Cullen, 2/2nd Battalion, 22 August 2003, ref 0260. Kenneth Drew, 2/7th Battalion, 2 May 2003, ref 0065. Salvatore Macinante, 9th Australian Field Company Engineers, 27 May 2003, ref 0234. Frank Smith, RAN, 24 March 2004, ref 1650. Donald Wall, 2/20th Battalion, 3 June 2003, ref 0429.

Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates (CPD): 161 to 165.

NSW Parliamentary Debates: 161. Index

Abbott, Charles 141 Australian Army Units Aborigines 104th Anti–Tank Regiment 104 accused of being enemy agents 8, 2/1st North Australia Observation 50, 139–144 unit (NAOU) 143, 154 public suspicions of 143 2/7th Battalion 101, 102 Advising thePublic in the Event of 2/8th Battalion 101 Invasion (pamphlet) 145 2/10th Battalion 154 Australian Imperial Force (AIF) viii, 2/20th Battalion 119 17, 37, 54, 99–101, 103, 104–105, 2/26th Battalion 118 113, 114, 119, 123, 146–148, 168, 2/43rd Battalion 100 170 9th and 15th Battalions 100 Air Raid Precautions (ARP) 63, 110 1st Armoured Division 154 Alien Advisory Committee 79, 80, 6th Division 103, 124 84, 139 Australian Labor Party(ALP) 42, 44, criticisms of 109 49, 82, 83, 84, 94 Alice Springs (NT) 50 Australian Military Intelligence (MI) vii, 28, 29, 32, 37, 40, 66, 68, 80, Alley, Hermann 131, 133–134 81, 87, 97, 99, 108, 114, 118, Ambon (NEI) 122, 123 131–132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139, American troops, see 154, 155, 164 Army 131 Australian Nazi Party 28, 60, 164 and rumours of violence 147 Australian Naval Intelligence 48 AnExposure of theFifth Column: Nazis Australian (non-Communist) Labor inBritain (book) 25 Party 82 Anti-German League (WWI) 18 Australian Soviet Friendship League Anti-Fifth Column Drive in Paris 145 (newsreel) 66–67 Australian Women’sWeekly 152 Anzac Day (1940) 46 Australia’s5th Column (newsreel) Applethorpe (QLD) 117 67–68, 140 Army News 124 Atkinson, Enoch(akaCarl von Muller) Balikpapan (NEI) 131 66 Batavia (Jakata) 123 Attack from Within, The (book) battles 24–25 Ambon 122–123 Attlee, Clement 67 Brisbane 147, 157 Australian Broadcasting Commission Malaya 118–119, 120–121, 124 (ABC) 49, 52 Midway 13 Australian Censorship Summaries New Guinea 124–128 117, 148 Singapore 119–120, 121 Australia First Movement (AFM) 30, Rabaul 126, 127 65, 76, 89, 111, 112, 151, 152, Blain, Adair 50 156, 169 Beasley,Jack 82 arrest and trial 135–136 Becker, Johannes 27, 29

212 Index 213

Beckmann, Paul 40 Burdoch, Heath 146 Belgium 1, 4, 25, 46, 49, 73, 75 Burkhardt, Louis 36 Fifth Column activities in 46, 62 Burton, Glenn 39, 40, 75–77, 136 Bennett, Major-General H. Gordon 56, 118, 119, 120–122, 140 Cairns 30, 31 von Berk,Schwarz 31, 161 Campbell,Colonel Eric 5, 30, 54, Blake, Major-General David 129 160 Blamey, Lieutenant-General Thomas Canadavii, 1, 2, 10, 13, 14, 16, 53, 103 87 Blitzkrieg vii, 1, 2, 67, 168 Canberra 29, 82, 109, 156 BoerWar 15 Cape Banks (NSW) 114 Bowie, Wilfred 130 Cape York(QLD) 143, 144 Bowden, Oswald 56 censorship 43, 95 Brand, Senator Major-General Charles Charleville (QLD) 137, 138–139, 151 59, 73 Chauvel, Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Brisbane 37, 41, 70, 72, 74, 84, 90, 56 92, 100, 105, 117, 121, 128, 138, Celli, Bianca 40 139, 146, 147, 150, 157 Ceylon 124 Britishgovernment Chinese 119, 121, 122, 124, 138, response to Fifth Column threat 140, 144, 157 10–12, 50–51 as suspected Fifth Columnists 89, understanding of the Fifth Column 108, 137 6,7,8, 24, 37, 47, 61–62, 66, Churchill, Winston 11, 12 106, 107 Cilento, Sir Raphael 160 British Army Units Clyne, Justice T. S. 136 Indian III Corps 118 Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation understanding of the Fifth Column (CAC) 38, 146 8, 118–119 Commonwealth Investigations Bureau British Expeditionary Force (BEF) (CIB) 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 39, 8–9, 103 40, 56, 57, 66, 74, 76, 77, 78, 88, British Union of Fascists (BUF) 11, 89, 93, 109, 142, 153, 157, 168 29, 39, 51, 75 Commonwealth Security Service (CSS) broadcasts, see also radios 38, 49, 115 88–89, 156, 163 claims of enemy broadcasts in Communist Party of Australia (CPA) Australia 37, 48, 60, 67, 78–79, 27, 42, 43, 44, 49, 57, 59, 63, 74, 97, 98, 118, 120, 125, 136, 137, 75, 97, 100, 165, 168, 170 138, 148, 154, 156, 157, 158 Confessions of a Nazi Spy (film) 68–69 neon signs as transmitters Coogee (NSW) 28 vii, 148 Country Party (CP) 44, 49, 50, 83 propaganda 6, 115, 137, 148 Cullen, Major Paul 102 Broken Hill (NSW) 16, 35, 38, 46 Curtin, John 82, 117, 161 Broome (WA) 134, 140, 141, 142, and suspicions of Aborigines 144 159 and suspicious radio broadcasts 37 Brown, Cecil 131–133 and Fifth Column 116, 134, 151 Brown, Senator Gordon 44 Bullock, Laurence 39, 135, 136 Dalseno Peter 83–84 Burma 142 Darwin (NT) 67, 115, 117, 134, 138, Die Brücke (Nazi newspaper) 35 140, 141, 142, 145, 151 Burden, Hester 39, 86 bombing 128–130 214 Index

Darwin (NT) – continued 137,140, 145,151, 152, 155,157, enquiry into bombing 129–130, 160, 161, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170 141 of subversion historically 5, 15–17, Deadly Game,((Double Crossed) (film) 18, 30 111 Fifth Column flag 164 Dedman, John73 Fifth Column (book) 24 Denmark 3, 25, 49, 62, 87 Fifth Column Is Here, The (book) 25 Department of Information films (see also individual titles) 23, 30, (Australian) 37, 38, 56, 84, 87, 78–79, 110–111, 116, 153, 163 106 Finschhafen (PNG) 124, 125, 126, Dies Committee 12, 46 128 Dill, Sir John11 Forde, Francis 128, 136, 164 Dimitrevich, Pte Metodoji 154–155 Foreign Correspondent (film) 111 Domvile, Sir Barry and Lady 51, 73 Forced Landing (film) 111 Drude, Burkard 60–61 Forster (NSW) 143 Forth River (TAS) 145 Dubbo (NSW) 73 Fox Movietone 67 Dutch Nazi Party 159 Free French Forces 106 Dymock’s Bookstore (Sydney) 83–84 France 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 16, 25, 61, 62, 65, 66, 72, 73, 75, 86 Eastern Command(Australia) 70, 83, Fifth Column activity in 48 95, 98, 115, 133, 146 Francis, Josiah 54 Edwards, George146 Fraser, Peter 92 elections 165 Four Just Men (film) 23 Federal, September 1940 82–83 Elizabeth Bay(NSW) 66, 98 Gallipoli5,17 Elkin, Professor A. P. 116–117, Garland, Tom 76, 83 141–142 German missionaries Emirau Island 91, 97 in New Guinea 124, 125–126, enemy aliens 127–128, 154 Britishpolicy 11 in Northern Territory 8 suspicions 64, 70, 72–73, 78, 79, German raiders viii, 88, 90–91, 93, 126, 135, 160 98, 112, 170 discovery of suspect items on 83 and Fifth Column assistance 92, internment 116 95, 97 Enemy Within (film) 20 HKS Orion 64, 91 Enemy Within (radio show) 38, 85 HKS Komet 90 SMS Wolf (WWI) 19, 52 storyline 38 Gestapo 4, 28, 39, 86, 111 banning of 85 alleged activities in Australia 61, explosives 63, 82, 89 106 Evatt, Dr Herbert 158–159 pressuring refugees to work as Fifth Columnists 61, 62, 80, 134, Fadden, Arthur 87 169 false casualty reports 105–106, 115 Gilhooley, Thomas 39 fears vii, 1, 3, 4, 6, 15, 26, 31, 35, 46, gossip 6, 14, 52, 64, 67, 71, 73, 134, 52, 58, 59–60, 63, 64, 70, 77, 81, 137, 141, 146, 147, 148 82, 86, 89, 90, 92, 93, 95, 100, Gowrie, –General Alexander 101, 106, 116, 124, 125, 131, 136, Hore–Ruthven 43, 92 Index 215

Greece viii, 9, 12, 14, 88, 100 Italian-Australians 3, 4, 116, 139, campaign and Fifth Column in 140, 151 100–106 accused of Fifth Column 11, 59, Greene, Carleton 42 78, 101, 129 Guy, James Allen 85–86 Japanese vii, viii, 2,4,6, 13, 14, 48, 73, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, Harker, Brigadier Oswald (MI5) 76 117, 118, 120, 127, 128, 129, 135, Harrison, Eric 44, 47, 49 136, 140–142, 144, 145, 146, 151, Hashida, Major Sei (Japanese Naval 152, 153, 155–156, 157, 159, 160, Intelligence) 31, 32, 129 166, 168, 169–170 Heenan, Captain Patrick 120 Army in Australia 6, 8, 24, 31–33, Hellenthal,DrWalter 124, 155 118, 135, 140, 147, 148, 158 Herbart, Werner 39–40 Fifth Column activities in Hemingway, Ernest 24 South-East Asia 27, 67, 89, Himmler, Heinrich 26, 78 106–107, 108, 118–119, Hitchcock, Alfred 23, 111 120–123, 124–125, 126, 130, Hitler, Adolf 1, 10, 43, 51, 59, 66, 75, 131–132, 136–139, 142–143, 96, 108, 164 153–154, 159, 161 Hitler’s Spy Ring (book) 26 Jews vii, 3,7,31, 75, 88, 112, 113, 133–134, 144, 169 HMAS 104 refugees, suspicions against 3, 28, HMT Dunera 79 70,77 Holland 1, 10, 45, 49, 73, 75, 78, 87, accused of Fifth Column activities 133 with shipping 94–96 Fifth Column activity in 47–48, suspicions of threats to their 62–63, 133 families 28, 62, 133, 162 Holland, George 78 Jehovah’s Witnesses viii, 3, 7, 8, 88, Holloway Edward 49 94, 112, 138, 144, 169 Holt, Harold 43–44 suspected as Fifth Column 96–98, Hong Kong 121 115 Horn Island 150 shipping 96–98 Hughes, William ‘Billy’ 55, 90, 92, radio stations closure 96 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, 109, 158 Jennings, John57 Johnston, George 126 Jonah, Dr Jacob 95 Intelligence Bulletin 153–154 Jones, Colonel Harold (CIB) 26, 57, International Workers of the World 76, 88 (IWW) 19 internees 34, 116, 152 Kathner, Rupert 67, 68, 69 German 79, 162 Keeley, Jas 85 Italian 79, 84 Kent, Tyler 60 Japanese 159 King’s Cross (NSW) 67 incendiary devices, see also explosives Klinger, Neville 137–138, 139 106, 146 Knox, Frank 13 India 16, 39, 154, 155–156 Kokopo (PNG) 126 invasion, fears in Australia 8, 25, 32, 135, 140, 142, 144, 145, 150, 151, Lae (PNG) 125, 126, 152 152, 157, 159–160, 168, 170 Lang, Jack 29, 30, 59, 82 216 Index

Latham, C. G. 49 Mola, General Emilio 9 Laval, Pierre 5, 94 Monash, Lieutenant–General John Lazzarini, Hubert (ALP) 49 17 literature, see individual titles Moncrieff, Gladys146 Locos, Joseph 137 Moorooka (Brisbane) 70, 74–75 London 17, 28, 39, 47, 63, Morant, Lieutenant Harry ‘Breaker’ 64, 106 15–16 Longfield–Lloyd,E.E. 89 Moree 55 Lord Haw Haw (akaWilliam Joyce) Morse codevii, 146, 148–149 6, 90, 115, 148 Mosley, Sir Oswald 11, 39, 51 Lowe, Charles Justice 129–130 MS Rangitane 90 von Luckner, Count Felix, MS City of Rayville 90 in Australia 30, 31, 49, 67, 100 Mumeng(Malaya) 125 and suspected of Fifth Column Murdoch, Sir Keith 81 activity 93 Murdoch, Sir Walter 4 Mussert, Anton 5, 65 MacArthur, General Douglas 131, MI5 (United Kingdom) 11, 12, 76 134 MacDonald, Hector Alan 75, 77 Narvik(Norway) 42 Mackay,Major–General Iven National Defence League of Australia 103–104 52 McRobbie, Lieutenant A. F. 102 McVilly,Redvers Cyril Domeny 96 National Security Regulations 34, 63, Madrid 9–10, 22, 24 64, 67, 81, 97, 152 Mail Train (film) 111 National Security Exhibition (1940) Mair, Alexander (MLA) 45, 64 83–84 Malahang (PNG) 125 Nazi–Soviet Pact 27, 40, 45 Malaya viii, 12, 100, 134, 135, 140, Nazi Spies’ Radio Set (newsreel) 67 142, 163, 170 Nauru 97 campaign 9, 118, 119–120, 121, suspicions of Fifth Columnists on 154 92 Fifth Column activity 119–120, Netherlands East Indies (NEI) viii, 121–122, 124 121, 143, 159, 170 Martens, George 84, 94 Fifth Column ‘White Paper’ 122 Meier, Erich 35–36 Fifth Column activities in MelvilleIsland 141 122–124 Menzies, Robert 8, 73, 82–83, New Caledonia 36 106 5, 30, 160 and initial Fifth Column scare 55, suspected of being Fifth Columnists 81, 92 51 and Sixth Column 55 fears in Sixth Column 54–55 post-war use of Fifth Column New Guinea viii, 5, 9, 16, 31, 66, 165–166 134, 137, 151, 154, 170 Metro-Goldwyn Mayer 131, 133 Japanese offensive in 124–128 Miles, Lieutenant–General Charles claims of Fifth Column activities 83, 87 125–128, 154–155 Miles, Jack, CPA General Secretary New Zealand 1, 32, 64, 90–91 27 suspected Fifth Column activity Millington, Hugh 32, 160 92, 120 Index 217

Newcastle (NSW) 84, 97, 115, 148, Prisoners of war, as Fifth Columnists 160 155–156 New South Wales 19, 25, 28, 29, 30, Publicist (newspaper) 30, 65 38,41, 45, 49,53, 55, 59, 60, 64, 68, 70, 82, 83, 97, 99, 118, 143, Queensland 3, 31, 34, 35, 38, 53–54, 146, 148, 160, 163 60, 70, 73, 87–88, 91, 92, 93, 94, Nazi Party organisation in 28 116, 117, 118, 129, 135, 137, 140, New York 12, 153 142, 143, 149, 150, 158, 160 Newsweek 107, 156 Quisling List (1943) 32, 159–160 de Noskowski, Ladislav 94–95 Quisling, Major Vidkun 5, 42, 44, 48, Norden, Kurt 162 65, 94 Northern Command(Australia) 81, activities in Norway 41 93, 98, 124, 129, 130 symbol of the Fifth Column Northern Territory 50, 129, 140, 141, 42, 72 142, 154 North-Western Area Command RAAF Bases (Australia) 129 Amberley(QLD) 87–88, 139 Norway Archerfield (QLD) 129 German campaign in 33,41,42, Coen (QLD) 150 43, 44, 46–49, 57, 72, 75, 87, Lakunai (PNG) 126 163 Vunakanau (PNG) 126 Seven Mile (PNG) 127 von Oertzen, Detlev Baron and Irene Rabaul 125, 126–127 Baroness 30–31,78 radios 27, 37, 41, 48, 60, 61, 67, 78, Otterspoor, Sgt88 82, 83, 96, 120, 134, 138, 154, 156, 169 Packer, Wing-Commander Gerald effectiveness of equipment 38, (RAAF) 129–130 60–61, 67, 92–93, 99 Page, Earl Christmas 44 propaganda 6, 115, 137, 148 Pallasser-Hohenstein, Robert 31 Raymond,Alan 136–137 Pearl Harbor viii, 13, 112, 114, 116, refugees vii, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 26, 67, 69, 117 84, 86, 98, 139, 161, 167, Peek,TprJ.H. 15 169 Penfoei (Timor) 123 and Fifth Column suspicions 27, Pennington, R. E. 150 28, 43, 48, 52, 62, 70, 71, Perth(WA) 27, 35, 38, 63, 67, 110, 79–81, 94–95, 113, 133, 155 135, 144 Returned Servicemen’sand Sailors Pétain, Marshal Philippe Imperial League (RSL) 47, 52–54, 65, 72 55, 56,78, 116 Petrov Affair 166 Rockhampton (QLD) 90, 144 Philippines 116, 135, 153 RMS Niagara 64, 90 Poland 35, 62, 94–95, 155 RMSQueen Mary 146 Pooley, Andrew (British Naval Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 13, 60 Intelligence) 30, 61 Rowan, Francis 76–77 Port Moresby 124, 156 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Fifth Column activity in 126–127, 111, 126, 127, 129, 130, 160 130 suspicions of Fifth Column Power and the Glory, The (film) activities 87–88, 128, 150 110–111 Rowlands, Cpl 16–17 218 Index rumours viii,2,5, 13, 14,27, 29, 33, Smith, William 92 35, 41,51,58, 64, 69,70–72,73, Smith’sWeekly 1, 27, 36, 38, 60–61, 86, 115,117, 120, 122, 128–129, 70, 96, 98, 116, 118, 126, 132, 145, 146, 148, 151, 154, 170 134–135, 138, 156 amongst servicemen 17, 100, 105, Smuts, Field Marshal Jan 13 127, 128–129, 130 Snow, Sir Sydney 146 enemy broadcasts 37–38 South Africa 1, 10, 13, 15 importance 6, 8, 16, 20, 21, 62, South Australia 3, 36, 53, 71, 83, 96, 107, 124 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164 shipping 36–37, 89–90, 93–94 Nazi organisation in 27, 29 false casualty reports 105–106 Fifth Column fears 35, 51, concerning American troops in 52,77 Australia 147, 157 fines for rumours 152–153 creation of Fifth Column vii, 9–10, Roar of thePress(film) 111 21–22, 24 Rudolph,Paul 137 Spare a Copper (film) 23–24 Russia 27, 39, 43, 77, 108, 112, 162, Spooner, Eric 52 165 Skerst, Arnold von 28, 29 German invasion of 4, 89, 106, Sons of theSea (film) 68 108, 109, 113 Southern Command(Australia) 105 SS Cambridge 90 sabotage SS Hellenic 20 fears of historically 18, 19, 22 SS Holmwood 90–91 suspected attacks 35, 36, 59, 62, SS Nellore 93 64, 65, 88, 104, 110, 115, 118, SS Orcades 39 136, 145, 150, 156, 162–163 SS Ormiston 37 shipping 41, 90 SS Triona 97 sailors, as Fifth Columnists 28, 42, SS Turakina 90 108 Strategy of Terror: Europe’s Inner Frontt, Stalin, Josef 74 The (book) 26 and dealing with Fifth Column 27 Stephensen, Percy Reginald Scholfield, Thomas 50, 54 political activities 65, 89, Scone (NSW) 148 111–112 Semmler, Anton 161 arrest 135 Seventh Military District (Australia) Strehlow, Dr Theodor 50 129 Surabaya (NEI) 123 Sharland,Major W. D. (CSS) Sydney Harbour 36 163–164 Japanese submarine attack(May Sheppard, Major Alex 102 1942) 147 Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror Sydney Morning Herald 15, 16, 18, 24, (film) 153 46, 48, 52, 53, 72, 73, 77, 92, 112, Simpson, Brigadier William 162 117, 136, 140, 141, 144, 165 Singleton 72, 145 Submarines, subversive uses 19, 94, Singapore 12, 100, 106, 114, 117, 98, 148, 158 122, 131, 135, 156, 170 campaign in 119–121 Tait, Robin 137–138, 139 Sixth Column 42, 56, 57, 87 Tanunda 27, 35, 51, 77 formation of 52–54 Tasmania 66, 96, 110 official attitudes towards 55 invasion fears 145 Index 219

Terry, Michael 141 WaggaWagga53–56 The Times (newspaper) 10, 42, 53, Wake, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert 121 assessment of Aborigines as Fifth Thierfelder, Karl Oswald 161, 164 Columnists 142, 143 Thomas, Shenton 106, 121 assessment of Fifth Column in Thorby, Harold 49 Australia 30–31, 157 Townsville (QLD) 37, 91, 92, 93, 117, Walsh, Thomas and AdelePankhurst 142, 146, 149, 150 32–33, 111–112, 135, 160 Traitor Spy (film) 23–24 Wangaratta (VIC) vii, 148 Tyrell,Major (MI) 131, 132 War Cabinet (Australia) 73, 81, 87, 88, 147, 148 U–Boat29 (film) 68 War Cabinet (English) 11, 67 Ward,Edward 49, 51 Underground (film) 111 Ward-Hunt, Alan 109–110 United States of America Warrnambool(VIC) 47 and Fifth Column scare in 1940 Weekly Intelligence Summary 149 12–13, 44, 46, 60 Went theDayWell? (film) 153 and Fifth Column scare in 1942 7, Western Australia 19, 27, 49, 96, 13 135, 144, 159, 160 United States Air Force White Army (1931) 5, 29–30 in Australia 130, 137–139 White, Osmar 125 United States Air Force Bases White Paper (Fifth Column) 122, Charleville (QLD) 137 123 Reid(QLD) 149 White Russians 108 United States Army Wilson, Alexander 79 in Australia 131, 137, 147, 148 Wilson, Air Commodore Douglas Usher, John 137, 138 (RAAF) 129 Wings of Destiny (film) 69 Vernon Islands (NT) 154 Wolf, Arthur 28, 29 Victoria 29, 36, 38, 47, 50, 53, 54, Woolloomooloo (NSW) 148 59, 60, 71, 78, 79, 85, 95, 110, World War I 146, 148 fears of spies amongst AIF 16–18 Volunteer Defence Corps (VDC) fears of spies on the home front 55–56, 145 18–21 reports of Fifth Column activity 144, 146–147 You Can’t Be Too Careful (newsreel) Voss Smith,Fergus 56 67