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Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction Notes Preface and Acknowledgements 1. National Archives of Australia (hereafter NAA), A9108, 5/2, Japanese Fifth Column, Mr Jeffery to Commonwealth Security Services, 5 January 1942. 2. NAA, A1608, U39/2/3, War Records, Subversive Activities – Use of Exterior Lighting for Signalling Purposes, Wangaratta Council to the Prime Minister, 24 July 1942. Introduction 1. BrooklynDaily Eagle, 16 June 1940, p. 39. 2. Smith’sWeekly, 14 February 1942, p.1. 3. Dwight Bolinger, ‘Fifth Column Marches On’, American Speech, 19, 1 (Febru- ary 1944), p.47. 4. Louis deJong, The German Fifth Column in the Second World War (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956), p. 186. 5. Pam Oliver, Raids on Australia: 1942 and Japan’sPlans for Australia (Melbourne: ScholarlyPublishing, 2010), p. 237. 6. de Jong, The German Fifth Column in the Second World Warr, p. 296. 7. Margaret Bevege, Behind Barbed Wire: Internment in Australia during World War Two (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993), p. 6. 8. William Goddard, TheFifth Column in Australia (Brisbane: Round TableClub, 1942), p.6. 9. The Courier-Mail,25 January 1941,p.10. 10. Michael Cathcart, Defending the National Tuckshop: the Secret Army of Intrigue of 1931 (Melbourne: McPhee Gribble, 1988). 11. David Bird, Nazi Dreamtime: Australian Enthusiasts for Hitler’s Germany (Melbourne: Anthem Press 2012), p. xiii. 12. Andrew Moore, ‘Writing about the Extreme Right in Australia’, Labour History,89(November 2005), p.7. 13. David Littlejohn, The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German- Occupied Europe, 1940–45 (London: Heinemann, 1972). 14. Brett Holman, ‘Dreaming War: Airmindedness and the Australian Mys- tery Aeroplane Scare of 1918’, History Australia, 10, 2 (August 2013), pp. 180–201. 15. C. R. Badger et al., Australian Home Front, 1939–41: A Wartime Record (Melbourne, 1941), p. 43. 16. Peter Stanley, Invading Australia: Japan and the Battle for Australia, 1942 (Camberwell: Viking Penguin, 2008), p. 79. 17. Lawrence Soley, Radio Warfare: OSS and CIA Subversive Propaganda (New York: Praeger, 1989), p. 16. 18. Soley, Radio Warfare,p. 19. 171 172 Notes 19. James Robbins, TokyoCalling and Japanese Overseas Radio Broadcasting, 1937– 1945 (Florence: European Press Academic Publishing, 2001), p.84. 20. Stanley, Invading Australia, p. 113. 21. More recently, an ‘internal enemy’ on the Australian home front has been identified as Australian dockyard workers. See Hal Colebatch, Australia’s Secret War: How Unionists Sabotaged Our Troops in World War II (London: Quadrant Books, 2013). 22. Michael McKernan, All In! Australia during the Second World War (Melbourne: Nelson, 1983),p.33. 23. Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People (Canberra: Australian War Memorial, 1952), pp. 593–4. 24. Richard Thurlow, ‘The Evolution of the Mythical British Fifth Column, 1939–46’, Twentieth Century British History, 10, 4 (1999), p. 484. 25. Thurlow, ‘The Evolution of the Mythical British Fifth Column’, p. 484. 26. Francis MacDonnell, Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p.7. 27. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes,pp. 190–1. 28. Bevege, Behind Barbed Wire,p.70. 29. Bevege, Behind Barbed Wire, p.70. 30. Kay Saunders, ‘The Dark Shadow of White Australia: Racial Anxieties in Australia in World War II’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17, 2 (April 1992), p. 338. 31. GlynPrysor, ‘The ‘Fifth Column’ and the British Experience of Retreat, 1940’, War inHistory, 12, 4 (2005), p. 427. His italics. 32. Prysor, The ‘Fifth Column’, p. 432. 33. Mark Johnston, Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and Their Adversaries in World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 143. 34. Prysor, The ‘Fifth Column’, pp. 437–8. 35. There are suggestions that the real creator was General Queipo deLlano, as he featured more in Nationalists’ radio propaganda. See Bolinger, ‘Fifth Column Marches On’, p. 47. 36. New York Times, 16 October 1936, p. 2. See also Western Morning News (Devon, England), 16 October 1936, p. 7, and The Times, 20 October 1936, p. 16. 37. Sydney Morning Herald, 21 October 1936, p. 15; TheArgus, 21 October 1936, p. 7; Courier-Mail, 21 October 1936, p. 15; The Mercury, 21 October 1936, p.11. 38. Paul Preston, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth- Century Spain (London: HarperPress, 2012), especiallyChapter 10. 39. The Times,30March 1939, p. 13. 40. The Mail, 8 July 1939 p. 4. 41. TheArgus,12July 1939, p. 1. 42. The National Archives, UK (hereafter NAUK), CAB 80/10, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Chiefsof Staff Committee: Memoranda, Nos. 301–350. Chiefsof Staff Committee Report, 2 May 1940. 43. NAUK, CAB 67/6/31, Home Secretary Memoranda, 17 May 1940. 44. NAUK, CAB 65/7/23, War Cabinet and Cabinet: Minutes, 18 May 1940. 45. NAUK, CAB 65/7/28, War Cabinet, Minutes, 22 May 1940. 46. NAUK, CAB 65/7/39, War Cabinet, Minutes, 28 May 1940. 47. NAUK, CAB 80/12, War Cabinet, Chiefsof Staff Committee: Memoranda, Nos. 401–450, memorandum, 9 June 1940, Imperial Chief of Staff. Notes 173 48. NAUK, CAB 80/12, memorandum, 9 June 1940, Imperial Chief of Staff. 49. NAUK, CAB 79/4, War Cabinet, Chiefsof Staff Committee meeting, 9 June 1940. 50. Paul McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels: British Intelligence and Ireland, 1916–1945 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press), p. 306. 51. Francis Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World War (London: The Stationery Office, 1979), vol. 4, p. 32. See also McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels, p. 306. 52. McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels,p.312. 53. NAUK, HW 15/43 Ministry of State Security, London: Fifth Column Activity, 4Sept 1940. 54. Hinsley and Simkins, British Intelligence in the Second World Warr, vol. 4, p. 59. 55. McMahon, British Spies and Irish Rebels,p. 356. 56. The Question was: ‘Without mentioning any names do you think there are Fifth Columnists in this community?’ Yes 48%, No 26%, and No opinion 26%. Survey 204-K, 27 August 1940. TheGallup Poll:Public Opinion 1935– 1971,3vols (New York:Gallup, 1972),vol.1(1935–48), p. 241. 57. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 82. 58. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes,p.85. 59. Reader’s Digestt, April 1942, p. 11. 60. MacDonnell, Insidious Foes, p. 88. 61. Larry Hannant, ‘Fear Sweeps the Nation: Fifth Column Crisis’, TheBeaver (Dec 1993–Jan 1994), pp. 25–6. 62. Hannant, ‘Fear Sweepsthe Nation’, p. 28. 63. The Advertiserr, January 1940, p. 8. 64. Courier-Mail,8June 1940,p.3. 65. News, 12 January 1942, p.2,and Morning Bulletin, 14 January 1942, p.5. 1 The Shape of Fear: Background to the Fifth Column Scare 1. Antje Kirsten Gnida, Beastly Huns, Fifth Columnists, and Evil Nazis: Australian Media Portrayalsof the German Enemy During WW1 and WW2 (PhDThesis Macquarie University, 2009),p.65. 2. Sydney Morning Herald, 20 September 1899, p.5. 3. Sydney Morning Herald, 1 January 1900, p.5. 4. Goulburn Evening Penny Postt, 27 February 1900, p. 4. 5. Evening News, 27 December 1899, p.7. 6. Ernest Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1941), p. 105. Australia interned almost 7000 people during World War I, of whom about 4500 were enemy aliens and British nationals of German ancestry already resident in Australia. The number of German nationals interned amongst these during the Great War totalled 3272. Ernest Scott, Australia during the War (Sydney:Angus and Robertson, 1936), p. 115. Unfortunately, the 1911 Census did not record the number of German nationals resident at that time, but the 1921 Cen- sus reveals a German national population of 3555. Thus, we may assume that the rate of internment during the Great War was approximately 92 per cent for non-naturalised enemy subjects. 174 Notes 7. Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI, p. 142. 8. Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI, p. 142. 9. Port Pirie Recorder and North Western Mail, 12 August 1914, p. 2. 10. Sydney Morning Herald, 24 October 1914, p. 12. 11. Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 5 January 1915, p. 15. 12. Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 5 January 1915, p.15. 13. Kalgoorlie Western Argus, 5 January 1915, p. 15. 14. Bill Gammage, TheBroken Years: AustralianSoldiers and theGreatWar (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975), p. 61n. 15. Sydney Moriing Herald, 2July 1915, p. 9. 16. Sydney Moriing Herald, 2July 1915, p.9. 17. Sydney Moriing Herald, 2July 1915, p. 9. 18. Geoffery Serle, John Monash: A Biography (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1982), p. 225. 19. Oskar Teichman, The Diary of a Yeomanry MO: Egypt, Gallipoli, Palestine and Italy (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1921), pp. 83, 165. 20. Sydney Moriing Herald, 3 June 1916, p. 18. 21. Sydney Moriing Herald,3June 1916,p.18. 22. NAA, CP46/2, 24, Commonwealth Counter-Espionage Bureau, Prime Min- ister’s Department to Comptroller of Trade and Customs, 17 January 1916. 23. Sydney Morning Herald, 2 April 1917, p. 6. 24. Sunday Times, 8April 1917, p.8. 25. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1916, p. 11. 26. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1916, p. 11. 27. Sydney Morning Herald, 11 October 1916, p. 11. 28. Scott, TheOfficial History of Australia in theWarof 1914–1918, XI, p. 142. 29. Sydney Morning Herald, 20 July 1917, p.7. 30. Sunday Times, 15 July 1917, p.3. 31. The same headline as the Sunday Times’ was in the Berringa Herald as late as 18 August 1917, p.4. 32. NAA, Infernal Machines, A11803, 1917/89/1029, British report, 26 Octo- ber 1916. 33. NAA, A11803, 1918/89/936, Shipping –SSHellenic, British report, 12 November 1918. 34. Catherine Simpson, Renata Murawskaand Anthony Lambert, Diasporas of Australian Cinema (Bristol: Intellect, 2009),p.96.
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