STj00107810

The of A Contextual Analysis

Virgílio Afonso da Silva

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Names: Silva, Virgílio Afonso da, author

Title: The Const1tut1on of Brazll: a contextual analys1s /Virgílio Afonso da Silva.

Descript1on Oxford, UK, Chicago, Illinois. Hart Publishing, 2019 1 Series: Constitut1onal systems of the world I lncludes bibl1ographical references and index

ldentifiers: LCCN 2018061355 (print) 1 LCCN 2019000537 lebookl I ISBN 9781509929672 iEPubl I ISBN 9781849465359 (hardbackl Sub1ects: LCSH: Constitut1onal law-Braz1I I Brazil. Const1tu1cao (19881 Constitut1ons-Brazil. 1 Const1tut1onal history-Brazil. 1 Federal government-Braz1I.

Execut1ve power-Braz1I I Brazil. Supremo Tribunal Federal. 1 C1v1I rights-Braz1I. BISAC: LAW / Constitutional. I HISTORY / Latin America / South America. I LAW / Legal H1story Class1f1cation: LCC KHD2914 1988 lebookl I LCC KHD2914 1988 .S553 2019 (printl I DDC 342.81-dc23 LC record available at https:/~ccn.loc.gov/2018061355

ISBN: HB: 978-1-84946-535-9 ePDF 978-1-50992-968-9 ePub: 978-1-50992-967-2

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ...... ix List of Abbreviations ...... xvii Table of Cases ...... xix Table of Legislation ...... xxvii

Introduction ...... 1 1. An Overview of the 1988 Constitution ...... l II. Fundamental Rights ...... 3 III. Presidential System ...... 4 IV. Federalism ...... 5 V. A Note on Translations and References ...... 5

1. A Long and Winding Road to the 1988 Constitution ...... 9 1. An Overview of Brazilian Political Organisation from 1500 until 1822 ...... 11 II. Brazilian Before 1988 ...... 14 III. The Constitution-Making Process of 1987-88 ...... 22 IV. The Legitimacy of the 1988 Constitution ...... 25 Further Reading ...... 27

2. The Legislature: Bicameralism, Multipartism, and Ongoing Crisis ...... 28 1. Composition, Seat, and Basic Organisation ...... 28 II. Electoral System ...... 29 III. Exclusive Powers of the Federal Senate ...... 34 IV. Parliamentary lmmunities ...... 34 V. Remova! from Office ...... 36 VI. lnvestigative Powers ...... 37 VII. Financial Contrai and the Federal Audit Court...... 38 VIII. Ongoing Legitimacy Crisis (But Still Powerful) ...... 39 Further Reading ...... 40 STj00107810 x1v Table of Contents

3. The Executive: A Strong President and Coalitional Presidentialism ...... 41 1. The Election of rhe President of the Republic ...... 42 II. Replacement, Succession, Impediments and Vacancy of Office ...... 43 III. A Strong President Before a Weak Congress? ...... 44 IV. Brazil 's Coalitional Presidentialism ...... 46 V. Attempts to Change the Brazilian Presidential System ...... 49 VI. Presidentialism Under Attack ...... 52 VII. -Making Power ...... 52 VIII. Regulatory Powers ...... 53 IX. The Vice-President ...... 54 X. The Ministers of State ...... 55 XI. and Remova! from Office ...... 56 XII. Emergency Powers ...... 61 XIII. Public Administration and Regulatory Agencies ...... 64 XIV. Armed Forces ...... 65 Further Reading ...... 67

4. The Judiciary: Independence, Activism, and Publicity ...... 68 1. The Brazilian Justice System ...... 69 II. The Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) ...... 74 III. The Brazilian System of Judicial Review of Legislation ...... 84 IV. Concrete Judicial Review of Legislation ...... 86 V. Abstract Constitutional Review of Legislation ...... 90 VI. An Activist Court? ...... 106 VII. Functions Essential to Justice ...... 109 Further Reading ...... 113

5. Rights: Enforcing in an Unequal Society ...... 114 1. The Bill of Rights of the 1988 Constitution ...... 115 II. Holders of Fundamental Rights ...... 115 III. Horizontal Effects of Fundamental Rights ...... 116 IV. Right to Life ...... 116 V. Equality ...... 120 VI. Freedom of Expression ...... 136 VII. Freedom of the Press ...... 139 VIII. Freedom of Information ...... 141 IX. Right to Privacy ...... 142 X. ...... 146 XI. Secularism and ...... 148 STj00107810 its Table of Contents xv

Strong President and Coalitional XII. Property Rights ...... 150 ...... 41 XIII. Access to Courts and Due Process ...... 151 on of the President of the Republic...... 42 XIV. Nationality ...... 154 :nt, Succession, Impediments and Vacancy XV. Political Rights ...... 157 ...... 43 XVI. Political Parties ...... 160 1resident Before a Weak Congress? ...... 44 XVII. on Human Rights ...... 164 ,alitional Presidentialism ...... 46 XVIII. The lnter-American Human Rights System ...... 166 :o Change the Brazilian Presidential System ...... 49 XIX. Constitutional Remedies ...... 169 1lism Under Attack ...... 52 Further Reading ...... 174 .king Power ...... 52 r Powers ...... 53 6. Beyond Liberal Constitutionalism: Social Rights >resident ...... 54 and the Social and Economic Orders ...... 175 ters of State ...... 55 1. Social Rights and Social Order ...... 176 ent and Remova! from Office ...... 56 li. Socioeconomic Rights in Courts ...... 179 r Powers ...... 61 III. The Social Order Beyond Social Rights: ninistration and Regulatory Agencies ...... 64 The Environment and Indigenous Peoples ...... 181 1ces ...... 65 IV. The Economic Order ...... 191 ...... 67 Further Reading ...... 194 dependence, Activism, and Publicity ...... 68 7. Federalism: Cooperation and Increasing Centralisation ...... 196 ian Justice System ...... 69 1. Centralisation and Decentralisation until 1889 ...... 198 ian Supreme Court (STF) ...... 74 II. Allocation of Powers under the 1988 Constitution ...... 200 ian System of Judicial Review III. Legisla tive Powers ...... 202 :ion ...... 84 IV. Policy Powers ...... 206 udicial Review of Legislation ...... 86 V. The States in the Brazilian Federalism ...... 206 :onstitutional Review of Legislation ...... 90 VI. A Three-Tiered : Municipalities ...... 210 t Court? ...... 106 VII. The Federal District ...... 212 Essential to Justice ...... 109 VIII. Federal Territories ...... 213 ...... 113 IX. Federal lntervention ...... 214 X. The Federal Sena te ...... 215 ; Civil Liberties in an Unequal Society ...... 114 Further Reading ...... 215 : Rights of the 1988 Constitution ...... 115 : Fundamental Rights ...... 115 8. Law-Making Process and Constitutional Reform ...... 216 I Effects of Fundamental Rights ...... 116 1. Ordinary Legislation ...... 217 ife ...... 116 II. Provisional Decrees ...... 220 ...... 120 III. Complementary Legislation ...... 221 ,f Expression ...... 136 IV. Constitutional Reform ...... 222 ,f the Press ...... 139 Further Reading ...... 232 ,f Information ...... 141 rivacy ...... 142 Conclusion: Change to Overcome ...... 233 ,f Assembly ...... 146 1 and Freedom of Religion ...... 148 Index ...... 235