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Kanbun, Histories Japanese Literature, of And Kanbun, Histories Japanese Literature, of and Japanologists Timothy John Wixted University State Arizona size, quality, its of often importance certainly In its and its both the time it terms at cumulatively •. written • and tradition, in the cultural arguably biggest kanbun is the was important and literary study Japanese of ignored that has been times, in most recent area properly the and least represented of the part one as canon. like would distinction English maintained I referring in when kanbun. to to see a speaking When of kanbun by works language Japanese, they that the I suggest use, one language based the classical China, of "Sino-Japanese." be called only And when on referring Chinese by traditional written they Chinese that would written to texts say we are in '°Chinese." "Sino-Japanese" the by I for kanbun Japanese, written repeat: the term term "Chinese" for kanbun by misleading written is Chinese. conflate It the texts to two. exceptions this, There but will them deal with here. to not are we is Sino-Japanese about by It written in Japanese that focus will initial I texts my remarks. Sino-Japanese Of the by written Japanese, like by the Latin written late- course, medieval, Renaissance, practitioners, and later ot•en influence the shows the. of even hence, writer's vernacular: being insistence the Sino-Japanese. its called corollary As on a this, it wrong-headed Sino-Japanese judge that would to kanbun seems some compositions the basis they whether of the criteria those not meet on or same as composed by precisely Chinese. •--rather Jin'ichi/J\ • That is what Konishi frequently does• and occasionally 2 Donald Keene also cites such estimations. By the token, misleading it is best for foreign call kanbun at to same anyone a language premodern in Again, Japan. look let the tradition of classical studies in the at us West. of L/re James In BoswelFs The Johnson, Samuel nothing it is staggering short of to only how much Latin and Johnson Greek and his classmates not had crammed into see by their heads the of but also composition how they much work ten, did in those age languages. Johnson and his probably schoolmates home in Latin at were more composition than today writing Americans English--or, for that most young matter, are than Japanese writing language. in their keep And let most fact in mind: young are one us classical foreign if Chinese language for Japanese, foreign it also for was a was a one Jin'ichi, Konishi History of Japanese A (see below): Literature 2, Vol. 51-52, 8, 6 54, pp. n. 166, 186; 5-6, 3, Vol. 12, 13, 17, 23, 14, 181; the references also of in below. 2 pp. see one n. 2 Keene, Donald Seeds below), (see the Heart 7 98, (citing 1065 in 215 Konishi Jin'ichi pp. n. n. a article), (cf. 24), 1069 1085 1077-78. n. 23 (albeit dynasty certainly degree), Sung arguably the Chinese the from and to not on, same early Dynasties the Six earlier. as or as diaries, treatises, prefaces, The fact Japanese that able all in write etc., to at were Sino-Japanese familiarity reflects considerable with the idiom. Of better there course, are composition examples by and of there kanbun better and Japanese. But worse worse are examples polished. composition by Chinese, ofkanbun semi-literate, others far from some Certainly, criterion, the should that of look earlier-mentioned whether not to not one a or by composition by composition Chinese, kanbun Japanese would muster pass as a a as a judged by Sino-Japanese compositions its Rather, index of merit. be different must an a 3 Devising standards. of criteria such is of the tasks before set us. one training Sino-Japanese reading integral writing Skill in of the and became part an in, kana, and education Japanese of Japanese. educated other idiom that The most wrote Sino-Japanese "Japanese" (in quotation marks), here be will called it and both because quotation (without marks) Japanese make literature. up Imagine Sino-Japanese--a Japanese literature without Japanese literature-- a •j•-• • • 7• • Kojiki [] without shoki and the the Nihon the 7)f, •gfJ 7•, •-; • • without the of Kfikai the Honch6 monzui prose or 7• -•g • • ry6iki [] G6dansh6 without the tales Nihon the of the •J2, • •; }Z • • Shint6shf• and the •j • •g Sh6monki without the •Z., • • • [] Fujiwara Michinaga diaries without the of Ennin no (•gai •-; •J-•ig•, :•, Fujiwara Teika Mori or -• •, • prefaces important Shin without Kokinsh• the the to •--• •v • • •. • Kanginshf• kokinshfi and the @6 •z • •, • writing y6shf• without Buddhist like the Tokugawa writings Neboke bunshfi without comic such sensei as • •, •_ • Sugawara without much of the of Michizane poetry no • • • [• • [•, LJ_l San'y6 S6seki Rai and Natsume --not to I-[-I :•. poets! mention the Gozan writings What, of Japanese cultural tradition that sometimes taken in the too, are from, quintessentially likely largely Japanese, be which fact either translated in to are or starting kanbun, Sino-Japanese with the "Seventeen-Article Constitution" based on, • • •. --• attributed Sh6toku Taishi this the finds Taketori ? In category to one •'))j •i •5.•, qq • •, • • •. ]•2 H6j6ki Soga the and the This monogatari monogatari • (Variant Chinese), Rabinoviteh, Introduction regard, Kambun this "An Hentai Judith N. In to see Japan," qf Hybrid Sino-Japanese by the Male Elite Premodem in Journal Chinese Used A following Linguistics the the Kodansha (Jan. 1996), entries 98-127. Note also in 24:1 pp. vols.): Kodansha, (Tokyo: Encyclopedia of Japanese 1983; "Chinese Japan Literature and 10 "Poetry (by (by Chinese" Sat6 1, 292-96; Yoshio), in Literature" vol. and Prose Imamura pp. (by Backus), 123-24; and "Hentai Tamotsu), 4, "Karnbun" vol. Robert 6, 193-97; vol. L. pp. pp. (by Rabinoviteh), 3, vol. Kambun" Judith 126-27. N. pp. 24 nothing is of based works to Chinese kanbun such say sizable portions texts, of the on as .4 Konjaku :• t• Ax • monogatari w How understand anything development the of of style can in one Japan prose without familiarity close with classical Chinese, and with "Japanese" earlier a Sino- and Japanese instance, prose? For how describe the admixture of Chinese compounds can one in the literature, medieval tale great if does know both earlier Heian tales in not one "Japanese" kanbun, and earlier the of Chinese Sino-Japanese well varieties? What of as as influence the Sino-Japanese of kanbun diaries • •'• and -•1[ records the Jikkinsh6 ? And on regarding kanbun, Chinese what of the influence Chinese of poetic Fujiwara themes on Teika, Sung of • • Kyrgoku the poetry Ming of Ch'ing and fiction poets, Ueda on on •, •)( __• Akinari [] I• • and •-• of Chia-i Po everyone? just people Do other repeat on scholars' opinions about this, they develop do familiarity intimate of their with or an own these presumed models/sources/influences? regard, this In would people I uncritically other scholars' not to accept warn estimations. Jin'ichi, Konishi example, for although certainly far better acquainted with both Chinese literature Sino-Japanese and kanbun frustrating--creatively than be most, can suggestive in of generalizations, his but in much qualification need many of (or better very specificity) in others. copies In the of three literary volumes of history, his there my are penciled dozens of question in points marks about he either makes about of aspects literature, Chinese comparisons he makes between it literature, Japanese and about his or reasoning • in reference both. to Yet, the standard histories of Japanese literature English--the in by volumes 6 Jin'ichi, Konishi 7 )• Keene, Donald s • and •j Shfiichi Kat6 truly admirable in --are 4 Donald Keene, Seeds the Heart (see below): in 7 435 and (re 467 9 the Taketori pp. n n ]/I],• monogatari), citing •z(1806-1857) Kan6 Morohira j• •(•i:•m and Yfikichi Takeda [] pp. 347-48 and 762-63 (re HrjrkO, the citing •-• • • Chitei the (Record la &the Pavilion) Pond no by Yoshishige ]• •//• •gL Yasutane and 888 (re Soga 912 the 70 citing monogatari), no pp. n. Nobuyuki Takahashi (for reference, fuller 66); 911 and 573-74 and (re 596 29 the p. see pp. n. n. 0sone Konjaku citing monogatari), Shrsuke al. et • Similarly, his Dynasties Six should comments accepted be uncritically: poetry Konishi on not Jin'ichi, "The Genesis &the Style," Kolanshft McCullough, Helen C. Harvard of Journal trans., Asiatic (June Studies 1978), 38.1 61-170. pp. 6 Jin'ichi, Konishi History of A Japanese Literature: One, Volume The Archaic and Ancient Ages, Aileen Gatten and Nicholas Teele, Miner, (Princeton: Ear ed. trans., University Princeton Press, 1984); Two, Volume Early The Ages, Middle Aileen Gatten, Miner, Earl trans., ed. (Princeton: University Princeton Press, 1986); Volume Three, High The Ages, Middle Aileen Gatten Harbison, and Mark Miner, Ear (Princeton: ed. trans., University Princeton Press, 1991). 7 Donald Keene, Seeds the Japanese Heart: from in Literature Earliest Times the Late to Century Sixteenth (New York: Henry Co., Holt and 1993); World within Japanese Walls: of Literature the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867 (New Holt, York: Rinehart Winston, and 1976); and Dawn the Japanese West: Fiction the to Modern (New Era Holt, in York: Rinehart and Winston, 1984), Vols.: [Vol. 2 1] Fiction [Vol. 2] and Poetry, Drama, Criticism. 25 of Japan. There literary tradition integral being of the they kanbun that part are treat as an each treatment--certainly, with the might disagree their with where way one areas language9--but appropriately is their foreign Sino-Japanese being describes scope a as broad. Sino-Japanese of studies translations histories, literary Apart what from such or translation of the Hrrail's is Francine languages? There works do in have Western we ,10 •_ • • waki • • • McCullough's kanpaku of the Mutsu Helen ki Mid6 Philippi 12 and Chamberlain both the Shrmonki.
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