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Home , Close the Door campaign, Coal in South Africa, Gem Diamonds, Kosmos Energy, Lonmin, Ophir Energy

Britain’s scramble for ’s energy and mineral resources

Published: July 2016 War on Want 44-48 Shepherdess Walk Written and researched by Mark Curtis N1 7JP

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War on Want fights against the root causes of poverty and human rights violation, as part of the worldwide movement for global justice.

Charity No. 208724 / Company limited by guarantee Reg No. 629916 Preface 01

The continent of Africa is today facing a Under the guise of the UK helping Africa in its War on Want fights against the root causes new colonial invasion, no less devastating economic development (a mere continuation in scale and impact than that which it of the colonial paternal narrative), $134 of poverty and human rights violation, as part suffered during the nineteenth century. billion has flowed into the continent each of the worldwide movement for global justice. As before, the new colonialism is driven year in the form of loans, foreign investment by a determination to plunder the natural and aid. However, the British government resources of Africa, especially its strategic has aided and abetted the extraction of We do this by: energy and mineral resources. At the $192 billion from Africa mainly in profits by forefront of this ‘scramble for Africa’ are foreign companies, tax dodging and the cost of • working in partnership with grassroots social movements, British companies, actively aided and adapting to climate change. trade unions and workers’ organisations to empower abetted by the UK government. people to fight for their rights This report also highlights British This report reveals the degree to which British companies being at the forefront of • running hard-hitting popular campaigns against the root companies now control Africa’s key mineral environmental degradation in Africa. It also resources, notably , , diamonds, shows mining operations of British companies causes of poverty and human rights violation , oil, gas and . It documents how 101 being associated with killings in or near mine companies listed on the areas, unfair and often forced resettlement • mobilising support and building alliances for political (LSE) — most of them British — have mining programmes, labour rights and abuses. action in support of human rights, especially workers’ rights operations in 37 sub-Saharan African countries. They collectively control over $1 trillion worth War on Want believes that UK companies • raising public awareness of the root causes of poverty, of Africa’s most valuable resources. must be held responsible for their extractivist inequality and injustice, and empowering people to take behaviour in Africa. The UK government must action for change The UK government has used its power be held accountable for its complicity in the and influence to ensure that British mining plunder. We work with grassroots communities companies have access to Africa’s raw affected by mining in sub-Saharan Africa and Join us! materials. This was the case during the colonial support their call for mining revenues to stay period and is still the case today. in the countries where they are mined; for The success of our work relies on inspiring people to join raw materials to be processed in the countries This report exposes the long term involvement where they are mined to promote maximum the fight against poverty and human rights abuse. Get of the British government, (whether Labour or value addition; and for governments to act to involved with our work: Conservative) through its trade and investment protect the rights of people affected by mining policies, to influence and control British rather than protecting the profit margins of Visit waronwant.org/donate companies’ access to raw materials and the way corporations exploiting them. Email [email protected] trade is conducted with Africa. It has been secured Call 020 7324 5040 through a revolving door between Whitehall and We urge the UK public to engage in British mining companies, with at least five British solidarity actions here in the UK to hold Write to War on Want government officials taking up seats on the boards British companies and the British

44-48 Shepherdess Walk of mining companies operating in Africa. government accountable. London N1 7JP This kind of close control and influence over facebook.org/waronwant @waronwant the political and economic systems of African countries has enabled a company like to show revenues 10 times that of the gross John Hilary domestic product (GDP) of Zambia. Executive Director 02 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources 1. Contents

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6. 5. Controlling Africanresources 1.1 1.2 1.3 3.1 Case studies British foreignpolicy 3.2 3.3 Other cases 4.1 Annex: Extractive Conclusion: Anewcolonialism? companies 4.4 4.3 4.2 Relocations Who arethemajorcompanies? Which arethekey countries? Tax havens andtheLondonStockExchange Rio TintoinMadagascar British companiesinoccupiedWestern Sahara Glencore andVedanta inZambia Killings Tax dodging 31 Labour rightsviolations 30 36 03 03 08 26 26 32 07 27 15 15 18 21 11

1 Controlling Africanresources • • • • identified These 101companiesnow control an companies, 25are incorporatedintaxhavens. ofincorporation.their country Ofthe101 basedinLondon, are actually despite companies Guernsey andJersey. Many oftheremaining 12 incorporatedintheBritishtaxhavens of 59 incorporatedintheUKandafurther listed companiesare mainly Britishwith Africa, covering 37countries. LSE have mineraloperationsinsub-Saharan As many as101companieslistedonthe The results ofthisreview are staggering. government revenue. are dependentonthemaskey sources of rich intheseresources andmany countries diamonds, copper, oil, gasandcoal. Africa is metals, buthave focused ongold, platinum, considered allof Africa’s key mineralsand them toexplore for minerals. We have or developing minesorwith licencesallowing Africa. This includesthosecurrently operating Exchange (LSE)thathave mininginterests in all thecompanieslistedonLondonStock War on Want hasreviewed theoperationsof • companies are: The resources controlled by these101 resources they control. companies provide few ornofigures onthe listed by only somecompanies. Many figureconservative sinceitincludes resources diamonds, coalandplatinum. This isavery in Africa injustfive commodities—oil, gold, billion) 3.6 billiontonnesofcoal(worth $216 $119 billion) 79.5 millionouncesofgold (worth $305 billion) 287 millionouncesofplatinum (worth $134 billion) 699.3 millioncaratsofdiamonds(worth $276 billion) 6.6 billionbarrels ofoil(currently worth 4 $1.05 trillionworthof resources 5 3 2 1

The 101LSE-

in offshore andNamibiaworth in Guernsey, holdsinterests inoilblocks barrels. block, whichcontains amassive 1.7billion western Madagascar, includingthe Tsimiroro in London, hasinterests infive oilblocksin in but whosecorporateofficeis Madagascar Oil, acompany incorporated in become important Africa. For example, But somelesser-known companies have also Cameroon, ChadandEquatorialGuinea. also controls 175millionbarrels ofoilin known asagiant commoditytrader, butwhich a company incorporatedinJersey andbest mainly inNigeria. isGlencoreAlso important , whose licencescontrol 691millionbarrels, leading independentoilcompany’; andShell, Saharan Africa anddescribesitselfas ‘Africa’s million barrels ofoilin12countriessub- corporation The majorcompaniesinclude Anglo-Irish and . have recently beenmadesuchasKenya Angola butalsocountrieswhere discoveries oil producing countriessuchasNigeriaand African countries. This includeslong-standing companies are working in27sub-Saharan In theoilsector, asmany as27LSE-listed Oil are highlighted. the key players ineachcommoditysector the annextothisreport. Below, someof The fulllistofcompaniesispresented in 1.1 Whoarethemajorcompanies? concession areas totalling371,132km 36 ofthe101LSEcompanieswere given control much ofsub-Saharan Africa’s land. mean thatLSE-listedcompaniesnow also and otherresources operations . These large amountsofgas, copper, cobalt, silver In addition, theses101companiesalsocontrol Chariot Oil&Gas,registered , whichcontrols 307 2 . 6

7 03 04 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources from corporatetaxes. Buttaxratesand place. The secondway they couldbenefit is countries from puttingsuchpoliciesin Organisation rulesprevent African from thecountry. However, World Trade they procurethe goods andservices andbuyalargeproportion of country large percentage oftheirstafffrom the it couldinsistthatcompaniesemploy a mining operationsintwo otherways. First, An couldbenefitfromAfrican country most oftheprofits. Again, itistheforeign company thatgains a shareholding butthisalsotends tobelow. and gasprojects, thegovernment doeshave this tendstobesmallat5-20%. Inmany oil shareholding inprojects, andeven ifthey do operations do African governments have a these reserves. Inonly aminorityofmining will benefitmostfrom theexploitationof that itisforeign, privatecompanieswhich The figures notedinthis indicatereport handed over toforeign, privateinterests. Africa’s wealth innaturalresources isbeing Handing overAfrica’swealth over 6,000km three mines. Acacia holdslicencescovering gold producer in Tanzania, where itoperates 12.5 millionouncesofgold andistheleading group Barrick GoldCorporation, controls British companyoftheCanadian whichispart Plc andRandgold Resources. a Acacia, countries. The bigplayers are AcaciaMining are operatingin21sub-Saharan African In thegold sector, 30LSE-listedcompanies Gold targeting 2billionbarrels ofoil’inSomaliland. registered inJersey, whichstatesthatit ‘is major player, isGenelEnergy acompany 900 millionbarrels tothecompany. Another 2 oflandaround itsgold mining Recent research calculated, in Africa. none when theretax. isanexport There are almost Governments only benefitfrom exports The term earnings’isamisnomer.‘export governments usually do notbenefitatall. minerals,And whencompaniesexport incentives by governments —oroftenboth. because they have beengiven largetax taxes, eitherby theiruseoftaxhavens or companies are easily abletoavoid paying payments in Africa are minimaland loss of$58billionayear. change. The result isthat Africa suffers anet dodging andthecostsofadapting toclimate profits made by foreign companies, tax some $192billionistaken out, mainly in loans, foreign investment andaid. However, continent eachyear, mainly intheform of It found that$134 billionflows intothe helped orexploitedby therest oftheworld. sectors) togaugewhether Africa isbeing to andfrom sub-Saharan Africa (inall time, allthefinancialinflows andoutflows Pan Côte d’Ivoire andSierra Leone)andPan nine millionouncesofresources’, mainly in listed juniorgold miningcompany withover ‘the largestresource baseofany London- Guinea), million ouncesofgold inBurkinaFasoand firms Smaller gold companiesincludetheBritish million ouncesofgold, worth$36.9billion. Republic ofCongo. Itsgold minescontain24.6 Mali, Côted’Ivoire andtheDemocratic Africa andhasexplorationprojects inSenegal, , owns andoperatesfive gold minesin Mali. Randgold, acompany incorporatedin projects in Tanzania, Kenya, BurkinaFasoand Avocet Mining(whichcontrols 7 Amara Mining(whichsays ithas 8 for thefirst

mine in ,in mine where fullproduction was Plc owns 75%oftheLiqhobongdiamond British company Firestone Diamonds companies alsooperatein Africa. For example, producer). EightsmallerLSE-listed diamond being Tanzania’s diamond only important in andonein Tanzania (thelatter carats ofdiamondsfrom four producing mines incorporated inBermuda, controls 309million Botswana andNamibia. , diamond company withminesinSouth Africa, Beers iswell known astheworld’s leading of theworld’s rough diamonds by value. De African operations. Itproduces around athird 316 millioncaratsofdiamondsthrough its American, DeBeers, viaitssubsidiary controls Petra Diamonds.Britishmininggiant Anglo listed companies—AngloAmericanand Africa’s diamonds are heldby justtwo LSE- Diamonds Africa contain10millionouncesofgold). African Resources (whoseminesinSouth Kangala CoalMine,Mpumalanga,SouthAfrica and Sierra Leonecontaining7.8millioncarats. Plc, isdeveloping diamondminesinGuinea Another Britishcompany, StellarDiamonds , whichcontains13.4millioncarats. operates theLaceDiamondMinesouthof billion. InSouth Africa, DiamondCorpPlc total resource of23millioncarats, worth $4.4 expected by mid-2016. This minealonehasa Bushveld Minerals,whichisexploringfor a massive 1.8billiontonnesofcoal—and coal intwo projects inZimbabwe containing are thermal coal. Other significantcoalproducers 25 minescontaining901milliontonnesof coal operationsinSouth Africa, consisting of in another. Glencore owns 43-100% ofnine coal minesandholdsamajorityshareholding it wholly owns andoperatesseven thermal tonnes of ‘saleable’ coalinSouth Africa, where Anglo Americancontrols 659 million In addition toits dominantrole indiamonds, Coal Sable Mining—whichmainly produces

05 © Jay Caboz Jay © 06 © Tom Lebert The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources it Africa’s, andtheworld’s, largestproducer of theworld’s newly minedplatinum, making mines inSouth Africa. Indeed, itprovides 40% million ouncesofplatinum from over adozen 200 controlsLonmin Plc. AngloAmerican largely controlled by AngloAmericanand overwhelmingly inSouth Africa, where itis Africa’s platinum wealth isconcentrated Platinum times asmuch. LSE-listed companiesin Africa control 74 consumed 48.5milliontonnesofcoalyet to climatechange. In2014, theUK environmental pollutersandcontributors in Africa makes thesecompaniessignificant collectively control 3.6billiontonnesofcoal The factthatnineLSE-listedcompanies resources inthecountry. million tonnes, oneofonly three thermalcoal coal in Madagascaraproject containing136 Letaba CoalFiredPowerStation,SouthAfrica

of platinum group elements andgold. Tjate containsapotential65millionounces undeveloped definedblock ofplatinum ore. South Africa containingtheworld’s largest has amajoritystake inthe Tjate project in is Britishcompany Jubilee Platinum, which ounces ofplatinum. Another significantplayer Marikana mine, whichcontains35million mines inSouth Africa, principally from its 42.9 millionouncesofplatinum from its for theMarikanamassacre in2012, controls of platinum group metals. , notorious • • commodities in Africa. For example: LSE-listed companiesplay akey role inother Other minerals mine, covering 876km large, rutile high-gradeproducing primary Sierra RutileLtdowns theworld’s only copper industry, notably inZambia. British companiesdominate Africa’s together withexplorationlicences. 2 ofSierra Leone • • in thehandsofBritishcompanies: nickel anduranium. This wealth issubstantially is amajorproducer ofgold, coal, , group metals, chrome ore andmanganese is theworld’s largestproducer ofplatinum South Africaisrichinnaturalresources, and but somecountriesare especially important. resources across thewholeof virtually Africa LSE-listed companiescontrol natural 1.2 Whicharethekey countries? • • ( mineral sands(RioTinto)andchrome ( Sylvania Plc), (Vedanta Plc ), nickel Lonmin,( Plc), rare(GalileoResources earths manganese (AngloAmerican,Ferrex commodities inSouth Africa, such as or developing projects innumerous other But otherLSE-listedcompaniesare mining gold andiron ore sectors. and coalamajorrole inthecountry’s Africa, playing adominantrole inplatinum extractives companiesoperateinSouth This research found that26LSE-listed around 10%oftheworld market for million tonsofilmenite, accountingfor in southernMadagascarcontainsnearly 70 ’s mineralsands/ilmeniteproject world’s largestproducing amethyst mines. amethyst mineinZambia, oneofthe Gemfields also owns 50%ofthe Kariba and beryl, roughly 20%ofglobalproduction. 2013 produced 30millioncaratsofemerald largest emeraldmineintheworld whichin Kagem concession intheworld. Italsoowns the believed tobethelargestknown ruby Montepuez British company Gemfields Plcowns the the mineral. Glencore, Sylvania ). Bushveld Minerals, emerald mineinZambia, thesingle Platinum Ltd), vanadium ruby depositinMozambique, ), Ironveld Plc),

exploration licencescovering 8,571km International). The latterfour companieshave Plc, KiboMiningPlc, Shanta GoldandStratex (BezantResourcesoperate inthecountry four othersmallerLSE-listedgold companies by Britishcompany AcaciaMining, while country’s majorgold minesare operated LSE-listed country’s only majordiamondproducer is by Britishcompanies. As notedabove, the mineral wealth isbeingprincipally exploited Tanzania whose isanothercountry 10,789 km coveringin thesouthwest ofthecountry Plc isexploringfor uraniuminthree projects The Britishcompany UraniumResources Oil Plcand Wentworth Resources Ltd. Plc,Shell) plusOphirEnergy Shell, Solo companies ledby BGGroup of (now part are beingexploitedby five LSE-listed Tanzania’s recently-discovered gasresources Sussex combined). (anarea greaterthe country thanKent and • • by Britishcompanies: and , are overwhelmingly controlled Diamonds, akey resource ofbothBotswana recorded. 20 largestwhitegemquality diamondsever world’, andwhichhasproduced four ofthe per caratkimberlitediamond mineinthe Letšeng, whichis ‘the highestaverage dollar operates thecountry’s only producing mine, In 20.5 millioncarats. underground diamondmine, whichcontains the Ghaghoomine, thecountry’s first Gem DiamondsLtd,whichisdeveloping is listed diamondoperatorsinthecountry and Orapa). Oneoftheotherfour LSE- (atJwaneng,country Damtshaa, Lethakane operates four majordiamondminesinthe In Botswana,Beers AngloAmerican/De carats, worth$10.4billion. Lesotho, GemDiamondsalso Petra Diamonds.Mostofthe 2 , anarea largerthan Yorkshire. 9 The minecontainsfive million 2 of of

07 08 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources • example: changers for their economicdevelopment. For governments seetheseaspotentialgame- discoveries have beenmade. African resources incountrieswhere recent major roles inexploringanddeveloping oil LSE-listed companiesare alsoplaying listed ontheLSE. non-tax haven registered miningcompanies company andoneofthefew non-Britishor Nordgold NV, aNetherlands-registered gold minebuiltinBurkinaFaso’, operatedby also includethe Taparko gold mine, ‘the first of theseare explorationprojects butthey currently operatinginBurkinaFaso. Most d’Ivoire. Seven Britishgold companiesare for exampletoBurkinaFaso andCôte countries oftheformer Empire, extending British corporateinterests go well beyond copper andcobaltinfour mines. Mopani copperminecomplex, whichproduces mines. copper (andcobalt)producer withthree in Konkola CopperMines, Zambia’s largest owns amajoritystake copper minein Africa. Britishcompany owns 80%oftheKansanshimine, thelargest companies. with copperminingdominatedby LSE-listed In • Africa’. potential tobeoneofthelargestgold minesin contain 2.7millionouncesofgold, and ‘has the Mining Plc’s Yaoure gold project isbelieved to four Britishgold companiesoperate, Amara with potentialfor ‘multi-billion’ barrels of oil. exploration blockinthewest ofthecountry, stake inamajoronshore/offshore oil Petrel Resources Plc—own amajority Plc and companies —ClontarfEnergy oil operationswhiletwo otherLSE-listed In In Zambia, copperisthekey resource, Ghana, Kenya Glencore hasamajoritystake inthe 11 First Quantum, basedinCanada, , five LSE-listedcompanieshave Tullow Oilhasfour offshore 10 InCôted’Ivoire, where 12 • These companies have acombined market right across thecontinent, in 29countries. natural resources —togetherthey operate some majorproducers of Africa’s main This listof25companiesintax havens includes taken from operationsin Africa. billion ayear inmultinational company profits a year inillicitfinancial $46 flows andafurther estimated that Africa losesaround $35billion corporations funnelingwealth outof Africa. Itis in taxhavens increases thelikelihood of avoidance. The incorporation ofcompanies This raisesclearalarmsbellsconcerningtax • • • • • report, are onequarter incorporatedintaxhavens: Of the101LSE-listedcompaniesfeatured inthis Stock Exchange 1.3 Tax havens andtheLondon km 600 millionbarrels ofoilandcover 52,531 exploration activity. These blocks contain are beingdeveloped asthecompany’s key blocks inwest andnorth-westKenya which interest in, andoperates, five onshore oil these companies, Tullow Oil , hasa50-65% the north-westdistrictof Turkana. Oneof oil andgasprojects, bothoffshore andin 22,000 km are exploringanonshore blockcovering Plc, andSterlingEnergy Genel Energy Somaliland (where two companies, Namibia (seven companies), andonshore Mauritania major roles inexploringfor oilinoffshore LSE-listed corporationsare alsoplaying size ofScotland. Cayman Islands—2companies Bermuda —4companies Jersey —6companies Guernsey —6companies British Virgin Islands—7companies 2 —anarea equivalenttotwo-thirds the 2 ). (five companies), offshore 13

For example, companies are really based inLondon. Many ofthesetaxhaven-incorporated highlights allegationsoftaxavoidance. that ispresentedinthisreport,forexample, study onGlencoreandVedantainZambia activities ofthesecompanies.Thecase is losinglargepotentialrevenuesfromthe operations highlightthelikelihoodthatAfrica • • tax avoidance alarm bellsconcerning havens. Thisraisesclear are incorporatedintax companies, onequarter Of the101LSE-listed LSE figures. capitalisation of$41.05billion, according to its contactdetailsonwebsite. British Virgin Islands, listsaLondonofficein Sable Mining, alsoincorporatedinthe in London. British Virgin Islands, listsitsheadofficeas Gem DiamondsLtd, incorporatedinthe 14 15 The size and extent of these The sizeandextentofthese It states: way togrow andenhanceyour business’. According totheLSE, joiningthelisting ‘is a companies listingontheLSEare substantial. value of$586billion. The advantagesfor and metalssectors, withacombinedmarket LSE hosts338companiesinthemining, oil/gas resources by these101companies. Inall, the critical role infacilitatingcontrol over Africa’s The LondonStockExchange plays a • • • quoted shares as currency.' company’s abilitytomake acquisitions, using value onthecompany’s business; increasing the shareholder base; placinganobjectivemarket market for thecompany’s shares, broadening the capitalraisings;and through further creating a development, bothatthetimeofadmission enabling companiestoraise finance for further market: providing accesstocapitalfor growth, as thekey benefitsof admission toapublic options, thefollowing are factors frequently cited theavailablefinancing ‘When considering in Jersey andamainoffice inLondon. Bermuda, hasa ‘Group ManagementOffice’ Petra Diamonds, whileincorporatedin contact details. addresses inMonacoandLondonasits incorporated intheCayman Islands, gives Corporation, UMC Energy details asbeinginLondon.enquiry Bermuda, listsitscorporateofficeand Madagascar Oil, incorporatedin 16 6 09 LSE-Listed mining companies working in Africa and incorporated in tax havens 2 British foreign policy 10 0011

Company Place of Mineral Countries of operation The UK’s trade and investment policies The current phase of the British scramble for incorporation are enabling British companies to access Africa is a continuation of British foreign policy and control African resources. British goals since 1945. Then as now, access to raw African Potash Ltd Guernsey Potash Congo governments, whether Conservative or materials was a major factor — often the Labour, have long been fierce advocates major factor — in British foreign policy in Aquarius Platinum Ltd Bermuda Platinum South Africa, Zimbabwe of liberalised trade and investment Africa.17 The postwar economic goals of British Bellzone Mining Plc Jersey Iron ore, manganese, Guinea regimes in Africa that provide access to planners are revealed in declassified nickel, copper, cobalt, markets for foreign companies. They documents available at the National Archives. A platinum, chromium have also consistently opposed African Foreign Office report from 1968 states that Bushveld Minerals Guernsey Iron ore, vanadium, tin, Madagascar, South Africa countries putting up regulatory or the primary goal of foreign policy is to make coal protectionist barriers to such trade and Britain economically strong, meaning that ‘we Centamin Plc Jersey Gold Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, investment. In addition, Britain has been should bend our energies to help produce a Ethiopia a major advocate for policies promoting world economic climate in which our external Central Rand Gold Ltd Guernsey Gold South Africa low corporate taxes in Africa, including trade, our income from invisibles and our Chariot Oil & Gas Ltd Guernsey Oil Mauritania, Namibia in the extractives sector. Furthermore, balance of payments can prosper’.18 The key to Gem Diamonds Ltd British Virgin Islands Diamonds Botswana, Lesotho British governments have constantly this is ‘freer’ global trade and ‘increasing our Genel Energy Jersey Oil Angola, Côte d’Ivoire, espoused voluntary instead of legally efforts to open up new markets in Europe, Ethiopia, Somaliland binding mechanisms to address Latin America and the Far East’.19 Two years Glencore Plc Jersey Copper, iron ore, lead, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, corporate human rights abuses later, a report entitled ‘Priorities in our Foreign The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources zinc, coal, oil, nickel, Chad, Congo, DRC, committed abroad. Such voluntary Policy’ noted that Britain needed to promote platinum, chrome , mechanisms are largely meaningless. ‘the protection of our interests in the rest of Mauritania, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia Goldstone Resources Ltd Jersey Gold Gabon, Ghana, Lekoil Ltd Cayman Islands Oil Namibia, Nigeria March of Frontline Communities in London Madagascar Oil Ltd Bermuda Oil Madagascar Ncondezi Energy Ltd British Virgin Islands Coal Mozambique Nordgold NV Netherlands Gold Burkina Faso, Guinea Ortac Resources Ltd British Virgin Islands Gold, copper, cobalt Burkina Faso, Zambia Paragon Diamonds Ltd Guernsey Diamonds Botswana, Lesotho Petra Diamonds Bermuda Diamonds South Africa, Tanzania Premier African Minerals British Virgin Islands Rare earths, lithium, Benin, Togo, Zimbabwe Ltd tantalum, fluorspar, nickel, uranium, gold Randgold Resources Jersey Gold Côte d’Ivoire, DRC, Mali, Senegal Sable Mining Africa Ltd British Virgin Islands Iron ore, coal Guinea, Liberia, South Africa, Zimbabwe Shanta Gold Guernsey Gold Tanzania Sierra Rutile Ltd British Virgin Islands Rutile Sierra Leone Sylvania Platinum Ltd Bermuda Chrome, platinum, South Africa copper, nickel

UMC Energy Cayman Islands Uranium Madagascar © TomLebert Corporation Vimetco NV Netherlands Sierra Leone West African Minerals British Virgin Islands Iron ore Cameroon, Sierra Leone Corporation 12 © Karel Prinsloo/AP/Press Association Images The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources make itsresources available toall’(i.e. Britain). was ‘to develop the African continentandto noted in1948, for example, thatthebasicneed post-war policy. Foreign ErnestBevin Secretary continuation ofpre-war andimmediate and afield for investment wasadirect Africa primarily asasource ofraw materials and guarding accesstoraw materials’. benevolently neutral, and(2)developing trade populations onoursideor, atleast, infiltration and keeping local governments and Africa were ‘(1) excludingSino-Soviet noted thatBritain’s key interests inSouthern An earlierCabinetOfficestudy, from 1959, post-war policy of pre-warandimmediate was adirectcontinuation and afieldforinvestment a sourceofraw materials Seeing Africaprimarilyas Southern Africa. the Middle East, South-East and materials derive’. Key regions identified were the world from whichsomany ofourraw explain British policyin Africa farmore than These prioritiesremain inevidence today and security andtolow prices’. and theadvantagesofstatus quobothto political climateattractive toexpatriatecapital, developing countriesfor aneconomicand Whitehall group notedin1968the ‘need in Western companies. An interdepartmental economic climatesfavourable toBritishand to ensure thatothercountriesestablish The key tosecuring accesstoraw materials was 20 23

21 Seeing Seeing 22

Africa] show the potentialisvast’. recent oilandgasdiscoveries there [East fields. MarkSimmondshasstatedthat ‘the Tanzania —are developing new oilorgas countries — Angola, Ghana, Mozambique and foreign companies. Four ofthe five HLPP new findsandare givingmassive contractsto many African countrieshave recently made access tooilandgasresources atatimewhen But there islittledoubtthatthe majorprizeis important marketsimportant in Africa’. These countrieswere describedas ‘five d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mozambiqueand Tanzania. and five Africancountries— Angola, Côte cooperation andtradeties’between theUK HLPP aimsto ‘strengthen economic Development Justine Secretary Greening, the Mark SimmondsandInternational jointly by Foreign OfficeMinister for Africa companies tofindnew markets. Launched a rangeofprominent Britishoilandmining supporting International Development (DFID) the Foreign for OfficeandtheDepartment Prosperity Partnerships’ (HLPP)involve to befacilitatedby Britishaid. The ‘High Level by Britishcompaniesto African raw materials, announced anew vehicle for enablingaccess November 2013, theBritishgovernment develop through itslargeaidprogramme. In the ideathatBritainishelpingcontinent services andeducation’. services infinancial access toBritishexpertise of oilandgasagriculture andfacilitate quality Britishinvestment intothekey sectors — theHLPPwillfocus onpromoting ‘high- British oilcompanies, notably BP, are active Africa’s largestoilproducers where several DFID statesthatwith Angola —oneof financial services, andinfrastructure. energy extractives industry, agriculture, , businesses. These sectorsincludethe investment from andpartnership UK priority sectorswhere they willwelcome Under theHLPP, hasidentified eachcountry 27 24 26 25

• on extractives in opportunities Tanzania’. documentasa described inaDFID ‘discussion Lowcock hadameetingwithBGGroup example, Permanent Mark Secretary DFID Group in Tanzania: inNovember 2011, for theinterests hasbeensupporting ofBG DFID one of DFID’s two Non-Executiveone ofDFID’s Directors. sat, untilrecently, Vivienne Cox, whoisalso was taken over by Shell. OnBGGroup’s board companies. posts for directorships ontheBoards ofthese leavingwith many seniorcivilservants their Whitehall andsomeBritishminingcompanies There are closerelations very between The revolvingdoor:Britishminingcompaniesandgovernmentofficials environment’ agriculture andimproving thebusiness gas andthesupply chain, renewable energy, With Tanzania, theHLPP ‘will prioritiseoiland of nearly £1billion. notes. the country, agovernment press release number ofBritishcompaniesdoingbusinessin feet ofgas offshore gasblockscontaining16trillioncubic Group, whichowns 60%of, andoperates, two Tanzania’s recent discoveries ofgasisBG Britain’s biggestcompany seekingaccessto was alsosignedby DFID. • now aDirector ofBHPBilliton. andtheCabinet Office),Department is 2007 to2009(inDFID, theBusiness Minister intheLabourgovernment from (Shriti)Vadera,Baroness whowasa and becamePermanent Under-Secretary for 36yearsthe UKDiplomaticService Lord Kerr ofKinlochard , whowasin 29 It isalsoworth notingthatthisrelease 30 35 and has investments in the country and hasinvestments inthecountry 28 To give justsomeexamples: and intends to double the and intendstodoublethe 31 In early 2016, BGGroup 36

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capital markets inEast Africa’. establish todevelop‘a new partnership… states. With thelatter, the government will Stock Exchange Group’, thegovernment East Africa, leadingbusinessesandtheLondon The HLPPalsoinvolves apartnership ‘between • • • recently were: Also ontheboard ofBGGroup until • • East Africa. for DFIDtopromotepartner development in Stock ExchangeGroup isperhaps asurprising plc from 2005 to2012. and deputychairofRoyal DutchShell director ofRio Tinto from 2003to2015 at theForeign Office, wasanon-executive President ofPolicy andCorporate Affairs during 2003-7, whowasExecutive Vice- representative totheEuropean Union Office officialandtheUK’s permanent Sir John Grant, aformer Foreign to Washington Ambassador Foreign Office for 35 years includingas Sir David Manning, whoworked atthe John Major the PrimeMinister'sPolicy Unitunder Baroness SarahHogg, aformer headof director ofXstrataplcduring2002-13. (retired 2001), wasanon-executive Permanent at the Secretary Treasury Sir Steve Robson, aformer Second director ofTullow Oil. Africa (2000-05), isanon-executive and BritishHighCommissionertoSouth Director for Africa andtheCommonwealth Ann Grant, whowastheForeign Office 37 38

34 The London London The

39 13 14 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources understanding withDFID. The two will: Group signedamemorandumof 2014,In January theLondonStockExchange Group website: According totheLondonStockExchange of skilledprofessionals ingovernment and development projects tohelpbuildthepool ‘work together withtheintentofproviding access toEurope’s capitalmarkets.’ internationalbusinessunrivalled offers Exchange… Through itsmarkets, theGroup markets, LondonStock including international equity, bondandderivatives ‘ Digger atAngloAmericanNewVaal Colliery, SouthAfrica the Group operates abroad range of 40

the country’. term, sustainableequitycapital market in to fasttrackthedevelopment ofalong and professionals withthe aim ofhelping Tanzanian market operators, regulators Group’s Academy works with ‘up to50 development programme inwhichthe also runninganew trainingandprofessional The LondonStockExchangeGroup is relationships intheregion.’ programmes andnetworkoffinancialsector country co-ordination withDFID’s Africa. These initiativeswillbefacilitated in growth ofcapitalmarkets insub-Saharan sectorrequiredthe private for thecontinued

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© Tom Lebert Tom © © Wikipedia © 3 Case studies Rio Tinto from 2003to2015. Foreign Office, wasanon-executive director of became Permanent Under-Secretary atthe for 36years the UKDiplomaticService and also ofBGGroup). recently aBoard memberofRio Tinto (and two non-executiveDFID’s directors, wasuntil Vivienne Cox, whohassince2010beenoneof of personnelwithgovernment. For example, Rio Tinto hastraditionally hadarevolving door the LondonStockExchange. and isheadquarteredintheUKlistedon It has60,000staff, works inover 40countries Rio Tinto hadearningsof$9.3 billionin2014. Rio Tinto for around 10%oftheworld market. nearly 70milliontonsofilmenite, accounting sunscreen. depositcontains The Fort-Dauphin as apigmentintoothpaste, paintand extracts ilmenite, whichisusedintitaniumand $940 millioninthecountry. The project to last for 40 years andinvolves investment of around 6,000hectares. The operation isexpected east tipofMadagascarandcovers anarea of onthesouth- operation isnearFort-Dauphin holds theremaining 20%interest. QMM’s mining giant Rio Tinto. The Madagascangovernment (QMM), whichis80%owned by Britishmining One majorproject isQITMadagascarMinerals has welcomed foreign investment inmining. elements andtarsands—inrecent years including ilmenite, coal, bauxite, rare earth also hasawealth ofmineralresources — found nowhere elseonEarth. Butthecountry thousands ofspeciesplantsandanimals famous for itsbiodiversity. Itishometo world, andoneofthepoorest countries, is Madagascar, largestislandinthe thefourth 3.1 RioTintoinMadagascar 43 Lord Kerr, whowasin 44 42

mines. project tooffsettheecologicalimpact of the of its 'biodiversity' zone'aspart 'conservation purpose ofmining; ithasalsosetupa QMM hasnotonly acquired landfor the and insecure. majority oflocalemployees disadvantaged engagements are thenorm, leaving the QMM salariedpostswhere short-term of in October2014highlightedthedearth hoped either. A demonstrationby employees In addition, localemployment isnotwhatwas us becausewe cannotread’. member commented, ‘they tookadvantageof practice insuchsituations. As onecommunity Informed ConsentProcess, asistheprescribed Villagers were notprivytoaFullPriorand the dramaticchangesthatwould take place. with many localpeoplehaving noideaabout for localpeopleabouttheminedevelopment, QMM failedtoprovide adequateinformation heathland area. rural villagesinandaround theforest and food production. Around 6,000peoplelive in areas andpastures, affecting livelihoods and areas anddustpollutionover food growing disruption tofishing, flooding ofagricultural displacement andassociatedlossofland, people have already beenaffected through from theforests iswidespread. Thousands of dependence onnaturalresources suchasfood biodiversity where poverty levels are highand located inanarea ofextremely richandunique its socialandenvironmental impacts. Itis The QMMproject iscontroversial becauseof affected by theconstructionofminebut and earninglessthanadollarday. farmers dependentonthelandorfisherfolk, people inMadagascar, beingsubsistence for ilmenite. These are someofthepoorest room for themineanditsmethodofmining cover andtopsoilhave beenremoved tomake 48 Not only are thelocal communities 45 Much oftheforest, vegetation 47 46

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© London MiningThe New Network Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources guidelines, andmay also have breached World arrangements breached Rio Tinto’s own been found thatQMM’s compensation Fagnomba todefend peopleaffected. Ithas since 2010, creating anorganisationcalled have beenlobbying for faircompensation impacts. Membersofthelocalcommunity compensation for thelossoflandandother opposition related toperceived inadequate The minehasgeneratedconsiderablelocal had beenpasseddown for generations. customs, anddestroying away oflife which and medicines, changinglocalcultures and on whichthey dependfor food, firewood access tothenaturalresources oftheforest zone.conservation They have beendenied they are alsoaffected againby the Rio TintoAGM protest,London 49 49 requiring compensationwasdrawn up. present whentheregister offamilies process altogetherbecausethey were not were excludedfrom thecompensation water duringtherainy season. Somefamilies poor qualityreplacement housingwhichletin equal agriculturalvalue. Many complainedof offered new plotsfound they were notof the samequalitynearby. Otherswhowere found itwasnot enoughtopurchase landof received cashcompensationfor theirland traditional landtenure. Somefamilieswho despite Rio Tinto’s commitmenttorespecting disadvantaged inthecompensationprocess without formal landtitlebeingpersistently land rightswere notrespected, withfamilies World Bankloantotheproject. Customary Bank policieswhichwere aconditionofthe 50 features ofQMM'smodusoperandi. into thecompany have reportedly been critics andemploying potential'troublemakers' dividing thecommunity, intimidatingorvilifying complainants outsideformal frameworks, dissent, themechanismsofpaying off quickly neutralisedby cashpayouts. Facedwith claim compensation. However, theaction was brought aclassactionagainstRio Tinto to The communities affected by mininghave blockades against QMMhascontinued to in theform ofpublicdemonstrationsandroad our neighbours’. that ouractionsare inproper harmony with project (constructionandoperation)to ensure Programme inallphasesofthe intervenes Rio Tinto statesthat ‘the Community Relations consultant toRio Tinto, quotedin2014 Gemma Holloway, sustainabledevelopment documents’. areas incorporatecommunications match thedescriptionsofsame operations insouthernMadagascar communities affected by theirmining to bedonebefore thestoriesof their shareholders. There ismuch work the Madagascan government andto commitments tolocalstakeholders, to their environmental andsocial [Rio Tinto] have alongway togo tofulfil loss ofownership oflocal resources… communities retaliating against their increased forest degradationand communities, andinsomeareas ledto sites hasaggravated relations withlocal around itsexisting and future mining in forest management intheareas the mine…its[Rio Tinto] involvement the wellbeing oflocalpeopleaffected by social development projects toimprove communities andtoimplementeffective ‘Thus far, QMMhasstruggledtoengage 53 However, civildisobedience 52 51

the QMMoffices. executives, culminatinginahostagecrisisat into aweek-long confrontation withmining and insufficientcompensationdrew protestors unfair employment practices, failedpromises highlight localgrievances. 2013, InJanuary gas andthebeatingofprotestors. involvement,prompted military theuseoftear company’s chiefexecutive. The protest 200 Rio Tinto/QMM staffincludingthe blocked roads for several days andtrapped Madagascar in 2004, whichwasprojected to contributed just$11.4million inrevenues to mines inMadagascar(ofwhich QMMisone) been recently thatthree reported large-scale As for government revenues from taxes, ithas constituent seedbank. of vegetation andremoval ofsoilandits be losttodredging, whichentailsclearance habitat, with1,665hectares expectedto impact ofthemineislosslittoralforest directThe mostimportant environmental international standards. flouting national environmental laws and encroached, reworked orrenegotiated, lakes affected by theproject may have been required 80-metre buffer zonearound the or expanded. suggeststhat the Aerial imagery legal mineboundariesare beingtransgressed species diversity. Localactivistsalso claimthat the forest, whichwillresult inareduction of the numbers ofspeciescurrently found in have saidtheseareas are toosmalltosustain conservation activities'. conservation of biodiversity offsetzonesand additional through the'development andimplementation plans tocompensatethelocalcommunities endemic flora found nowhere else. Rio Tinto and whichcontainsdozensofspecies to aforest typethatisuniquetothecountry of coastalforest inMadagascarandishome located withinthelastremaining fragments activists sinceitsinceptionbecauseitis attracted oppositionfrom environmental 54 Hundreds ofprotesters 56 57 58 The mine has The minehas However, experts 55

17 18 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources occupied determine the statusoftheirhomeland. Over the Saharawi peopletherighttofreely disregard for international law, whichaccords inblatant to occupy of theterritory largeparts 165,000 refugees stilllive. continues many tocampsinthe Algerian desert, where expelling much of thepopulationby force, Morocco invaded Western Saharain1975, 3.2 Britishcompaniesin levels ofdividends’. ‘neither ofthemisexpectedtogeneratehigh QMM andanotherlargeminingproject, While theMadagascanstatehasaninterest in royalty rateisoneofthelowest intheregion. corporation taxrateofjust0.5%. Madagascar’s given majortaxincentives, includinga QMM andtheothercompanieshave been mainly from royalties and VAT payments since rise to$34millionin2015. These revenues are Rio TintoQMM’sminingoperationnearFort-Dauphin 59

block, inthewatersoffshore of Western interest intheCap Boujdourexploration ,Energy basedinEdinburgh, secured a20% In 2013BritishandLSE-listed company Cairn oilexplorations. undertaking Sahara, andsomeare actingillegally by of violent occupationoftheterritory Western Western Saharaare complicitinMorocco’s have beengiven explorationpermits in Six Britishand/orLSE-listedcompaniesthat official authorityoftheterritory. Western Sahara'sexiledgovernment asthe the territory. The African Unionhasaccepted Morocco's self-proclaimed sovereignty over Sahara, andnostateintheworld recognises sovereignty between Morocco and Western of Justice hasstatedthatthere are notiesof by Morocco.thwarted The InternationalCourt conflict by meansofa referendum have been tosettlethe self-determination butUNefforts 100 UNresolutions callfor thisrightto © WRM © it 75%ownership ofthatblock. San Leon share inthe Tarfaya Onshore blockthusgiving Morocco. SanLeon hasacquired PetroMaroc’s in located partially Western Sahara, in partially could containgasdeposits. Bothblocksare of part north-eastern Western Sahara, which second licencerelates totheZagblockin Sahara, anarea consisting ofoilshale. The of located inthenorth-westernpart Western The firstis for the Tarfaya Onshore block has two licencesinoccupied Western Sahara. is anIrishcompany withaLondonofficethat Plc,San LeonEnergy alsolistedontheLSE, interests in Western Sahara. Glencore’s website makes nomentionofthese since 2012. member oftheKosmos Board ofDirectors Service, MI6, SirRichard Dearlove, hasbeena former Director ofBritain’s Secret Intelligence registered inthetaxhaven ofBermuda. The isheadquarteredinDallas,Energy Texas butis to drillmore onalateroccasion. Kosmos off thecoast, andthatthey would comeback discovered tracesofoilsome170kilometres and inMarch 2015announcedthatthey had companies todrillfor oiloff Western Sahara work, becamethefirst theconsortium December 2014, afterconductingexploration seismic work ontheFoum Ognitblock. Shallow block. In2014, Glencore carried out block, situatedsouthoftheBoujdourOffshore took an18.75%interest intheFoum Ognit territorial waters. A year later, Glencore also of part in thenorthernmost Western Sahara’s the BoujdourOffshore Shallow block, located In 2013, thecompany obtainedalicencefor offshore oilblocksinoccupied Western Sahara. ofGlencore holdsastakeA subsidiary intwo failed tomention Western Sahara. 2013 mediarelease as ‘offshore Morocco’ and 25%. Cairndescribedtheexplorationarea ina stake, andtheMoroccan government, with company Kosmos Energy, whichhasa55% Sahara. ledby US Itjoinedaconsortium 61 60 In In 62

would seismicwork. engageinfurther had hitgasinthe Tarfaya blockandthatit In September2015, thecompany announced it onshore in Western Saharaunderoccupation. isthefirstcompanyEnergy tohave drilled operatorship in2013. licence afterGlencore tookover the Teredo stillholdsa36.75%interest inthe Moroccan government 2011. inFebruary Boujdour Offshore Shallow blockwiththe that signedareconnaissance contractfor the production company (notlistedontheLSE) Teredo OilsLtdisaBritishoilandgas in ‘Morocco’. Sahara andsimply statesthatitslicencesare Leon’s website doesnotmention Western operation asbeingin ‘Morocco’. Council to draft a Legal Opinion on the Council todraft aLegalOpiniononthe was commissionedby theUNSecurity Corell, thethenheadofUNLegalCounsel, that suchactivitiesare illegal. In2001, Hans also fliesinthefaceofaUN opinionstating representation, theFrente Polisario. Drilling internationally recognised political occupied Western Sahara, orby their through their civilsocietyorganisationsin have consistently spoken outagainst it, either commenced even aftertheSaharawi people Drilling by theCairn/Kosmos has consortium exploration block. and a56.25%stake intheFoum Ognit office inLondonandholdstheoperatorship registered inJersey withanapparent head Ltdis Energy Global New Age African activities are in ‘Morocco’. no mentionof Western Sahara, statingthatits Western Sahara. PetroMaroc’s website makes Energy, are ofwhichlargeparts within in theZagoilblockoperatedby SanLeon Ltd, isincorporatedinJersey. Itholdsastake formerly known asLongreach OilandGas PetroMaroc CorporationPlc, 66 It also describes its Italsodescribesits 64 65 67 63 San San

19 20 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources pursuing itsactivities, whichwould bea in the consentofpeople theterritory exploring in Western Sahara, hasever sought Yet neitherCairn, nor any othercompany Respect, ResponsibilityandRelationships’. integrated intheCompany’s core valuesof rights isaGroup BusinessPrincipleandis statesthat ‘the respect ofhuman lucrative colony. cementingitsresolvefurther toholdonits economic implicationsfor Morocco are huge, process. As oilisincreasingly developed, the occupation andunderminestheUNpeace international legitimacy, financestheexpensive investment boostsMorocco’s frailveneer of referendum onself-determination. Foreign oil directly underminingtheSaharawis’ rightto a the Moroccan government, oilcompaniesare Sahara. Byenteringintobusinessagreements with exploration activitiesofoilcompaniesin Western Saharawis have consistently protested againstthe principles toprotect, respect and remedy.’ corporate socialresponsibility and the the KingdomofMorocco isatvariancewith Western Saharaasthesouthernprovinces of an agreement inwhichMorocco refers to the UNCharter’, headded, alsostating: ‘Signing the responsibility thatthecouncil hasunder law’. ‘I amlookingtotheSecurityCounciland of thisnature isinviolationofinternational thatMoroccointerview ‘signing anagreement consortium’s drillingandsaidinanewspaper 2015,In January Corell commentedonthe international law’. violation oftheprinciples people of Western Sahara, they would be in disregard oftheinterests andwishesofthe exploitation activitieswere toproceed in opinion wasthat: explorationand ‘If further contracts withtheMoroccan government. His increasing interest ofoilcompaniestosign 68

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Western SaharaResource Watch neighbouring country.' with Morocco's illegalannexation ofa taking apositionintheconflict, siding this way, thecompaniescanbeseenas continued occupation oftheterritory. In government anditsnationalsinthe greater stake for theMoroccan claims over Western Sahara, andoffers a toMorocco's sign ofpoliticalsupport highly political. Itlendsanunwarranted Morocco inoccupied Western Sahara is nature‘The very ofdoingbusinesswith of theSaharawi people. accordance withthewishesandinterests operations in Western Saharaare in evidence ordocumentationastohow their company hasever presented ashred of has beennotedthatnotasingleoil with theUNlegalopinionnotedabove. It prerequisite for itslegality, inaccordance in 2014. Director, by itsExecutiveterritory John Hilary, handduringavisittothe first at repression operate. War onWant haswitnessedthis which have given oilcompanies‘rights’to routinely suppressed by thesameauthorities the freedom ofassociationandexpression, are Sahara, where basicrightsandfreedoms, suchas to square withMorocco’s activitiesinWestern Cairn’s humanrightsisalsohard claimtosupport prospect ofsignificantoilandmineral reserves. foremost amongthemphosphates, fishandthe naturalresources,helps itselftotheterritory's progress andnormality. Inreturn, Morocco settlers tomove inandcreate theappearance of of money intoWestern Saharatoenticemore 72 Morocco haspumpedlargeamounts 71 74

73 • and Vedanta. biggest culpritsare theLSE-listed Glencore a harshpricefor mining, andthetwo livelihoods. The peopleofZambiaare paying resulting inillnessesandundermining causing widespread waterandairpollution, the miningoperationsofthesecompaniesare Zambia the government. key resource, have beenpaying few taxes to producing alargeamountofcopper, Zambia’s highlighted how miningcompanies, while from mining. War on Want haspreviously Zambia isnotoriousforlittle benefitting very 3.3 GlencoreAndVedanta in Glencore MopaniMine,Zambia commodities worldwide. Glencore had and aproducer andmarketer ofover 90 diversified natural resource companies, in Jersey, isoneoftheworld’s largest Mining giantGlencore, whichisregistered 75 At thesametime, many of

• revenues rose significantly duetotaxchanges just $633million. of copperbutearnedrevenues from thisof In 2010, Zambiaproduced $5.7billionworth Low taxrevenues high-grade copperore-bodies in theworld. Mines, Zambia’s largestandoneofthe mines inZambia, notably Konkola Copper office inMumbai, India, managesthree copper Vedanta, registered inLondonwithahead Zambia’s copper’s industry. Zambiathatishometo of north-central town ofMufulira, allintheCopperbeltarea Kitwe andanunderground mineinthe copper andcobaltminesinthetown of Mines, whichconsistsoffour underground Zambia, Glencore managesMopaniCopper under 10timestheGDPofZambia. In revenues of$233billionin2013—just 76 In 2011, government

21 © Wikipedia © 22 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources many roads canthathelpustodevelop?” “How many hospitals canthatbuild?... How Finance Minister, Sampa, raisedthequestion: multinational companies. to taxavoidance andtaxevasion by billion ayear inrevenues tothegovernment that thegovernment couldbelosingupto$3 Zambia’s GDP. War on Want’s recent analysis is This figure amountstoaround 10%of thebiggestculprit. with theminingindustry much as$2billionayear from taxavoidance, announcement thatZambiawaslosingas Minister MilesSampamadetheextraordinary In November 2012, Zambia’s DeputyFinance number ofstudiesiscorporatetaxavoidance. should. A majorreason recently allegedina companies are paying lower taxes thanthey There are variousreasons why coppermining VAT onimports). paid were mainly windfall taxes, royalties and million intaxes tothegovernment. (Thetaxes copper worth$4.3billionbutpaidonly $310 Kansanshi, theotherfive companiesproduced Vedanta, paidatoken amount. Excluding corporation taxatallwhileanother, owned by Glencore and African —paidno other five majormines, two — owned by (80%) andthegovernment (20%). Ofthe Kansanshi MiningPlc, owned by FirstQuantum revenues camefrom justonecompany — much higher. In2011, over halfofallthese Yet the2011revenues shouldhave been worth $7.23billion. from mining, basedoncopperproduction government earned$1.35billioninrevenues windfall tax. Thus in2011, theZambian rate andbrought inavariableprofita taxand increased corporationtaxandtheroyalty introduced by thegovernment that Zambia operations are noexception. tax avoidance, amongotherissues, andits criticised companiesintheworld for alleged Glencore hasbecomeoneofthemost 78 77 80 Zambian Deputy Zambian Deputy

82 In 2011,

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Authority, commissioned by theZambiaRevenue an auditreport ofMopaniCopperMines UK aideachyear. one year alone—more thanZambia receives in could have costZambiaupto$127millionin It hasbeenestimatedthatthisallegedtaxdodge owners ‘resisted thepilotauditatevery stage’. In addition, theauditallegedthatmine's of thecostsMopaniminingoperation’. cannot betrustedtorepresent thetruenature concluded that ‘the Mopanicoststructure Switzerland's ultra-low taxregime. The audit allowing Glencore totake advantageof UK subsidiary. The metalwasthensoldon, Switzerland underadealstruckwiththefirm's lowartificially pricestoGlencore in suggested thatMopanisoldcopperat normal market prices). Rather, theaudit since they were notatarm’s length(i.e. at in accordance withtheagreement disclosed’ its salesofcoppertorelatedwere parties ‘not engaging intransfer pricingactivitiesandthat In addition, theauditallegedthatGlencore was production volumes declared. 2006 and2008inconsistenciesinthe increase inMopani'sdeclared costsbetween alleged thatthere hadbeenaninexplicable moving taxablerevenue outofthecountry’. It included taxplanningstrategies ‘equal to findings, notably thatMopani’s operations copper In 2011, Mopani produced 101,000 tonnesof Glencore Finance, registered inBermuda. Islands whichinturnismajority-owned by a company registered intheBritish Virgin secrecy jurisdictions. Mopaniis90%owned by ownership structure ismainly locatedin is heightenedby thefactthatmine’s The riskoftaxavoidance inthecaseofMopani London market were $8,813pertonne, factual errors andinaccuracies. allegations intheauditreport, saying itcontained 86 when average copperpricesonthe 83 containedanumber ofexplosive 84 Glencore refuted the 85

© Karel Prinsloo/AP/Press Association Images operation in2000. Glencore boughtits73.1%stake inthe million intaxes androyalties toZambiasince stated in2012thatMopanihadpaid$425.1 arbitration hearing, of theLondonHighCourt selling itthrough subsidiariesinDubai’. pricesby under-pricingits copperexports and Zambia thattheKonkola mine ‘is cheatingon transfer mispricing. Itwasrecently reported in Vedanta isalsoaccusedoftaxdodgingthrough generous taxtermsunderwhichitoperates. environmental andlabourimpactsthe international campaignsover thecompany’s operation, haslongbeensubjectto Vedanta, andspecifically the Konkola million ($28.8million)inroyalties. corporate incometaxatall, andZMK140 million) intaxes overall, whichincludedno government justZMK374million($77 million before costs. Yet Mopani paidthe — thusitsproduction waswortharound $890 according toGlencore’s 2012annual report Acid plant,Zambia 88

87 Glencore 89 In an In an hide itsprofits. under-valued copperfrom Konkola andthus Dubai-based subsidiary, FujairahGold, tobuy Justice heard how Vedanta hasallegedly useda arm’s length.’ KCM are atmarket termsandabsolutely at allegations saying: doneby ‘All copperexports length’. A Konkola spokesman deniedthe company inamannerwhichwasnotatarms’ underpricing ofmetalsoldtoarelated Gold… insuchaway astoresult inan was beingsoldby KCM[Konkola] toFujairah government. The secret miningagreement such generous fiscalterms by theZambian engage intaxavoidance sinceithasbeengiven One mightthinkthat Vedanta hardly needsto British Virgin IslandsandJersey. in thetaxhavens ofMauritius, theNetherlands, its forAnnual 2014lists29subsidiaries Report numerous subsidiariesinsecrecy jurisdictions; Vedanta’s corporatestructure includes 91 90 Lawyers arguedthat ‘copper 23 24 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources of theminesoperatedby MopaniatMufulira was $400million. million —themine’s askingpriceatthetime to Vedanta for theknock-down priceof$25 the Zambiangovernment for sellingKonkola with profits declared. whether theseclaimsonprofits are atvariance Authority isreportedly investigating toestablish year endingMarch 2013). The Zambia Revenue the company madealossof$6.3million (for the square with Vedanta’s annual report stating that million ayear, afigure thatdoesnotexactly saying thattheminebringsinprofits of$500 set by the World HealthOrganisation. times higherthanthemaximum healthlimit claims are thattheemissionofsulphuris70 among thousandsoflocalpeople. Some ill health, especially problems, respiratory resulting inthekillingofplantlife andcausing operations, withinsufficientsafety equipment, harmful acidstoextractcopperatitsMufulira Glencore’s MopaniCopperMinesuses For years have reports suggestedthat Pollution Bangalore, and chairman, speakingatanevent in In March 2014, Anil Agarwal, Vedanta’s founder 2011/12. and anoperatingprofit of$221millionin Konkola) generated$1.7billioninrevenues (which includetwo minesinaddition to statesthatitsZambiaoperations Report corporation taxin2011, yet its2013 Annual Vedanta paidonly ZMK54,000($11,111)in Vedanta pays littlecorporateincometax. very losses. These generous taxtermsmeansthat expenditures forward againsttaxandtocarry the abilitytooffset100%ofcapital a 0.6%royalty ratefixed until2018, alongwith Konkola from Anglo American in2000gives it negotiated with Vedanta afterittookover

India wasreported tohave mocked 93 Agarwal was also reported Agarwal wasalsoreported 94 95 One leaching process. and socialmanagementplanfor theheap to prepare acomprehensive environmental to control pollutionandordered Mopani acid mistbarriers andeffective equipment allowed toopentheplantafteriterected residents. ItsaidMopaniwould only be to minimiseeffects onmore than3,000local mist, statingthatthere wasnoacidmistbarrier due toexcessive emissionsofpollutant acid shut down itsMufuliraheap leachingplant Management Authority ordered Mopanito pollution levels. The ZambiaEnvironmental was closedinearly 2012becauseofits oxygen untilbeingdischarged. taken tothehospitalunconsciousandputon fainted soonafterinhalingtheairandwas who isasthmatic, wasreportedtohave sulphur dioxide emittedby Mopani. Mithi, machine whenshecollapsed afterinhalingthe ofanoxygenwas leftrequiring theservices 2013, DistrictCommissionerBeatriceMithi On avisittotheMufuliraplantinOctober emissions riseabove threshold. acertain that willshuttheplantdown temporarily if plant by 50%andhadadded new equipment had reduced airpollutionatthe Mufulira It wasreportedin August 2014thatMopani dioxide emittedby Mopani. collapsed afterinhaling thesulphur of anoxygen machinewhenshe was leftrequiringtheservices Commissioner BeatriceMithi in October2013,District On avisittotheMufuliraplant 96 97 98 98 suffering ongoing healthproblems. leaving communities withoutcleanwaterand stream andKafueRiver by theKonkola mine, ongoing contamination oftheMushishima court. There wasshockingevidence ofthe In August 2015theresidents took Vedanta to of acid’inZambianvillages. environmental impacts, includingcausing ‘rivers Vedanta hasalsobeenaccusedofsevere lower outputcosts. company buildsnew processing facilitiesthatwill production atMopanifor 18monthswhilethe due tofallingcommodityprices, itwasstopping In September2015, Glencore announcedthat, deployed teargastodispersetheprotesters. anger over thepollution. The policeforce and protests broke outagainsttheplantdueto accusations ofhighsulphurdioxide emissions, However, thesamemonthsaw continued depriving themofjustice. but offered nocompensationtotheresidents, Supreme ofZambiaupheldtheverdict Court challenged therulingandin April 2015the were someoftheworst affected. Vedanta million onbehalfof2,000localresidents who judgefined a ZambianHighCourt Konkola $2 stomach pains. In2011alandmarkjudgementby and kidney problems aswell asmiscarriages and water, andmany are stillaffected today by liver An estimated40,000peopledrankcontaminated by hundreds oftimestheirrecommended limits. concentrations ofcopper, manganeseandcobalt effluent over a48-hourperiod, raisingchemical Zambia’s major river —theKafuewithraw Konkolasubsidiary CopperMinescontaminated from themainssupply, thesewatersprovide and permanentinjuries. Without pipedwater was affecting their healthandcausingillnesses Pool andHellen —claimedthatpollutedwater four communities —Shimulala, Kakosa, Hippo 99 101 100 n 2006Vedanta In 102 People in irrigating farms. water for drinking, washing, bathingand source the community of withaprimary UK law firm, LeighDay can return totheirnormal way oflife.’ stop continuing topollutesothatthey Defendants tocleanupthepollution and they Most importantly wantthe the lossofanddamage totheirland. claimants are seekingcompensation for high levels ofheavy metals. The chemicals suchassulphuricacidand The effluentishighly toxic containing overflowing directly intothewaterways. believed tobeatcapacity andis Pollution Control Dam. The damis Plant issupposedtobecaughtby a effluent flowing from the TailingsLeach communities live andfarrm. Toxic streams andfarmlandneartowhere the other toxic chemicalsintotherivers, continually spillingsulphuricacidand Resources miningoperationshave been ‘Since thetake-over in2004 Vedanta the Konkola mineandwrote: A BBCreportervisitedthearea surrounding orange andthesmellwas overpowering.’ minutes laterthecolourofwater turnedbright wasandhada foul smell.which cloudy A few Community School. We tookasampleofthewater one water sourcefor atShimulala thechildren the community draws theirwater. There isonly residue. Nearitwas ashallow wellfrom which farmland, sludge of coppersulphate Isawathick pollution … Walking anddusty around thedry ‘When Ivisited, Icouldsmellandeven tastethe 103 104

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25 26 © Karel Prinsloo/AP/Press Association Images The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources 4 several casesofkillingsprotesters ormine British miningcompaniesare implicated in 4.1 Killings African countriesofresources. abuses andunfairtaxdealsdepriving resettlement programmes, labourrights in ornearmineareas, unfair British company involvement inkillings Recent reports suggest significant which have received littleattention. there are many othercases, mostof in humanrightsabusesover years. But environmental pollution andimplicated Nigeria, whichisaccusedofmassive perhaps mostnotoriously Shellin Africa. Somecasesare well-known, social andenvironmental abusesin companies are accusedofhumanrights, Many Britishand/orLSE-listedmining Other cases Platinum mineinMarikana,SouthAfrica north-west. Africa, mainly theMarikanaminein (worth $46billion)from itsminesinSouth controls 42.9millionouncesofplatinum LSE-listed andLondon-headquartered Lonmin well known isthecaseofLonmin. workers inrecent years. Mostnotoriousand to have extrapolicepresence andproviding strike, includinglobbying politiciansandpolice chiefs toformulate ajointplan to break the that company officials worked withpolice government intothemassacre suggest inquiry Lonmin andpolicesubmittedtothe crackdown. A transcriptofameetingbetween thepolice assistance andmeanstosupport the violencethrough providing advice, facilities. Lonminhasbeenaccusedofescalating living wagestandards anddecenthousing miners whohadlongdemandedapay riseto South African policeopenedfire onstriking were killedand78injured atMarikanaafter 106

In August 2012, 34workers © Tom Lebert Tom © serious injury at the North Mara mine in late Maramineinlate atthe North serious injury There were atleast20new casesofdeathsor separate incidentsbetween 2008and2012. dead by policeand11peopleinjured in14 pattern ofviolencewhere 16peoplewere shot gold atthesite. ofawider This incident waspart tried tocollectrocks bearingsmallamountsof police shotdeadatleastsixpeopleaslocals police, contractedby thecompany. In May 2011, internal securitypersonnelandlocal Tanzanian MarawhereNorth security isprovided by of There isahistory miningat ‘illegal’ artisanal Mara gold mine compoundin Tanzania. deter localpeoplefrom enteringitsNorth accused ofusingexcessive force inattemptsto has amajorityinterest. Acacia Mininghasbeen Canadian company Barrick GoldCorporation known as African Barrick Gold, inwhich UK-based company listedonthe LSE, formerly Another caseisthatofAcaciaMining,a that ithasalongway togo. trustworthy working environment, butadmits of stepstobuildamore transparent and operations. Lonminsays ithastaken anumber environmental impactsofLonmin’s mining about thecontinuing negative socialand massacre. NGOshave alsoraisedconcerns to accountfor itsallegedinvolvement inthe are pursuing othermeanstoholdthe company Families ofvictimsdisappointed by thefinding measures toensure itsworkers’ safety. demands, safeguards and lackofnecessary Lonmin for failingtoaddress workers’ the killings. Butitdidattributeresponsibility to to prove the ‘active contribution’ofLonminto concluded thatthere wasinsufficient evidence African government commission inquiry However, inJune 2015, areportby theSouth intervention intheprotests.intervention high-ranking politicianstoincrease police politician CyrilRamaphosa pressured other director andsenior African NationalCongress was allegedthatformer Lonminnon-executive resources andintelligencetothepolice. 109 108 110 107 111 111 It It 2014 andearly 2015. livelihood restoration programmes. said would beaccompaniedby arangeof towns, KinjorandLarjor, whichthecompany 325 householdswith2,066people from two mine inthecountry, involved therelocation of in western Liberia, the firstcommercial gold million ouncesofgold. gold project ItsLiberty exploration projects inLiberiacontaining1.6 on theLSEwhichoperatesthree gold Aureus MiningisaCanadiancompany listed worse off. are routinely broken andpeople canbeleft promote alternative livelihood programmes companies tobuildbetterhousingand form ofalternatelandorcash. Promises by compensation they want, whichoftentakes the not. They are simply asked whatkindof people are rarely given achoicetomove or involving suchresettlement. Intheseprocesses, companies are promoting anumber ofprojects people from theirhomesandBritish Large-scale miningroutinely requires evicting 4.2 Relocations grievance mechanism. hindered from inthecompany’s participating many othersnotincludedinthe lawsuit were settlement benefitedsomeofthevictims, Concerns were raisedthatwhileout-of-court the settlementremain undisclosed. while denying theclaims, butthefulldetailsof Acacia Miningsettledthecaseoutofcourt by minesecurityandpolice. 2015, InFebruary injuries asaresult oftheexcessive useofforce the UKagainstcompany over deathsand In 2013, 12localvillagersbrought alawsuit in and gangrape. beatings withbatonsandotherweapons, rape guarding themineinvolving gunfire, severe of violenceby minesecurityandpolice found numerous casesofallegedexcessive use 113 112 115 Research inlate2015 114 114 116 Reports Reports 27 28 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources compensation tolocalpeopleinexchange population, itpaid over US$1millionin health initiatives tobenefitthelocal said that, alongside promoting educationand ready’. homeuntiltheirmainhomesaretemporary window for theconstructionof a household ‘with sticks, zincs, nails, doorsand the company providing eachaffected housingreportedly consistsof temporary opportunities atthemine. opportunities contamination, andfew employment displacement from theirland, water lack ofadequatecompensationfor they have suffered from themine’s presence: Villagers talked aboutalitany ofproblems BurkinaFasofromnorthern 2008until2014. operated theKalsaka/Segagold minein London-listed juniorgold miningcompany it hasthelargestresource baseofany British company AmaraMining , whichsays been removed. mining onthesitefrom where they have their homes, Aureus hasalready begun sticks’. in homesbuiltofmud and ‘temporary homes aspromised, asthey continued tolive company tobuildthemnew permanent complaining aboutthefailure of the permanent housestructures’. ‘completing theconstructionon houses andthatthefocus now wason people hadbeenrelocated totemporary By September2014, Aureus reportedthatall employ more youths inthecommunity. unemployment andwantedthecompany to process hadbegun. They alsocomplainedof completed even thoughthe relocation structures hadnotbeentemporary relocation process’, indicatingthattheir housing, somehad ‘mixed feelings over the that thecompany hadpromised thembetter Kinjor andLarjorhadagreed torelocate given in 2014suggestedthatwhiletheresidents of 119 120 By late2015, localpeoplewere still But whilepeoplehave towaitfor 121 The company 118 Ye t t Ye

117 the government. were agreed withthevillagechiefsand for miningonfarmlandandthatpayments contrary toTanzania’scontrary miningandlandlaws. in 2004sincethevillagerswere notconsulted, illegally taken, according toLissu, by ShantaGold had decidedtoreturntheareawhichwas well-known humanrightsactivist. Theminers condemned bythelocalMP,TunduLissu,a small-scale minersatTaruVillage,anaction at theprojectduringanoperationtoevict reported thatthere wasallegedpolicebrutality at acostofUS$6million. location 50kmaway from theircurrent homes, involving 260householdswillberesettled toa The company statesthataround 1,500people area ofinfluencethefuture minesite.’ established smallholdingswithintheperceived relocate asmallnumber offarmerswhohave which notesthat to ‘it willbenecessary Bank’s International FinanceCorporation, farmlands, isbeingfinanced by the World surrounded by anumber ofvillagesand Cyprus. The miningproject, whichis incorporated intheUKbutheadquartered exploration anddevelopment company promoted by Kefi Minerals, anLSE-listed Kapi gold project inwestern Ethiopia, Another relocation isoccurring inthe Tulu the numbers are notclear. projects involve resettling localpeople, although Singida goldprojectinthenorth.Boththese western Tanzaniaandlicencescoveringthe Guernsey, ownstheNewLuikagoldminein Shanta Gold,aBritishcompanyregisteredin information ispubliclyavailable.Forexample, resettlement programmes,aboutwhichlittle Other LSE-listedcompaniesareinvolvedin Kenya. Tullow, whichisincorporatedintheUK a major Anglo-Irish company, Tullow Oil,in concerns are alsoevident intheoperationsof Possible displacementsalongsidebroader information isavailable inthepublicdomain. 122 126 123 Little other Littleother In 2012, itwas 125

124

© R Oglro drilling operations. sites, forcing Tullow totemporarily suspend demanded tobeoffered more jobsatthemine erupted whenhundreds oflocalresidents mining. InOctober2013, for example, protests which they willbenefit, orloseout, from the latter’s abouttheextent to uncertainty company andthelocalcommunities inlightof where there have beentensionsbetween the of themostmarginalisedcountiesinKenya, Turkana County, thelargest, poorest andone frustration atnot beingengagedproperly. It information andfalseinformation, and shaped by, amongotherthings, lackof local communities in Turkana Countyare oil explorationfound thattheperceptions of Recent consultationsamongpeopleaffected by km million barrels ofoilandcover over 48,000 and north-westKenya whichcontain600 and operates, five onshore oilblocksin west and listedontheLSE, hasa50-65%interest in, 2 . Company activitiesare focused on Sishen Mine,SouthAfrica 127 consultation orcompensation’. exploration island-grabbingwithout that ‘there istheperception thatoil manage resources responsibly, itwasnoted of trustingovernment’s capability to to theland. Incombinationwithagenerallack companies didnotproperly obtaintheirrights rights, community membersfeel thatoil information-sharing aboutcommunity land has beenfound thatintheabsenceofeffective express asenseof increased insecurityand community consultations. Localpeoplealso absence ofnationalandcounty government in communities complain aboutthevirtual community engagement. Inaddition, favoured, ratherthansystematicandinclusive short-term, ‘transactional’ deal-makingis community leadersandpoliticians, inwhich relationship between oilcompanies, certain especially theperceived ‘too-close-for-comfort’ poor ornon-existentcommunity consultation, People inthe Turkana oilareas mentioned 128

29 30 © Karel Prinsloo/AP/Press Association Images The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources sued by workers for firing themafterastrike BurkinaFaso,northern isreportedly being which operatestheInatagold minein companies. For example, Avocet Mining, reported inseveral casesinvolving British occurrence inminingprojects, andtheseare Labour rightsviolationsare also acommon 4.3 Labourrightsviolations for pastoralistcommunities. and restrictions onaccesstoland, especially that oildevelopment willlead todisplacement company assets. Inaddition, there are fears on theirown, andare insteadprotecting oil the communities —leave localcommunities security force originally establishedtoprotect that theKenya —avolunteer Police Reservists oil explorationactivities, attributedtothefact vulnerability, whichthey didnothave priorto Tungsten mine,Rwanda 129 without givingnoticeorpaying damages. illegal, entitlingittofire theemployees The company arguesthatthestrike was mine siteandblocked management’s access. to closeoperations, workers occupiedthe strike, whichlastedaweek andforced Inata in December2014over pay cuts. Duringthe safe transport ofironsafe transport ore. addition tofailingproduce aplanfor the had wrongfully dismissedlocalemployees, in of Mineswarnedthecompany thatit Ministry labour practices. InDecember2014, Guinea’s is anotherBritishcompany accusedofillegal and whichmanagestwo iron minesinGuinea, Bellzone incorporatedinJersey, MiningPlc, transfer ofoneitsmininglicencestoan that Bellzonehadengagedinanunapproved reviewing Guinea’s miningsectoralsoalleged new technicalcommitteechargedwith 131 The government’s

130 © Fairphone © payments totheMozambiquegovernment makingataxable profit,was tostart its period towipeoutitstaxbill. When themine was abletooffsetlossesmadeinthestart-up to becomeprofitable in2011, thecompany Mozambique. Although theminehadstarted to pay any corporateincometaxin Research in 2013found thatKenmare hadyet several goods, taxes. orimport andnoexport part, nopayment ofvalueadded taxfor corporate taxratesfor 10years for theother ofthecompanypart group andahalvingof contract secrecy, nocorporatetaxes for one extremely favourable terms, including production in2007, Kenmare wasgiven billions ofdollars. When theminebegan extracting mineralsandsworthtensof Mozambique,mine innorthern which is listed ontheLSEthatmanagesMoma Kenmare Resources isanIrishcompany But there are several otherknown cases. which have beengiven majortaxincentives. above (Glencore, Vedanta andFirstQuantum) companies inZambianotedthecasestudy notably theLSE-listedcoppermining companies are amongthemajorbeneficiaries, especially miningcompanies. LSE-listed unfair taxdealswithforeign companies, Africa islosingvastamountsofmoney through 4.4 Tax dodging the rulesofLondonStockExchange. not allegedly disclosedtothemarket, violating to secure a$860millionloan, butwhichwas ‘secret loanaccord’ withaPanama-basedfirm Bellzone hadearlierthatyear entered intoa approval. According toarecent analysis, pledged tosellitsmineralrightswithout affiliated company and, onaseparateoccasion, 132 their cassava. one neighbouringcommunity oncegrew remain, includingamountainofsandwhere to have beenminimised, thoughsomeissues environmental andsocialimpactswere found hundred thousanddollars. Local programme, butthiswasworth only afew corporate socialresponsibility communities, andtorunawell-liked provided electricityandwater tolocal local tothearea. Kenmare wasfound tohave although 85%are Mozambicans, few very are people are employed atthemine, and impacts were limited. Fewer than1,000 addition, localemployment andeconomic the valueofKenmare shares treble. In the sametime, since2010, shareholders saw rate, becauseofgenerous taxincentives. At would bemuch lower thanthe35%statutory Mozambique government. over seven timesmore thanthe a year between 2005/06and2011/12, itself madeanaverage profit of$114million by theMozambique government. BHPBilliton times more thanthe$15millionayear received $120 millionayear outofthesmelter, eight and several othergovernments, madeover as the World Bank, European Investment Bank payments onitsloan. Otherpublicbodies, such and hadreceived $88millionininterest was amongstthosewhichfundedthesmelter governments andinvestors. The UKgovernment inprofit orinterestcountry to foreign the Mozambiquegovernment, $21hasleftthe that for every $1beingpaidby thesmelterto LSE andincorporatedintheUK—estimated world’s largestminingcompanieslistedonthe private investor isBHPBilliton—oneofthe smelter inMozambiquewhichthemain A 2013reportintotheMozalaluminium 133 134

31 32 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources 5 seeing Africa as not just the low cost supplier seeing Africaas notjustthelowcostsupplier countries intheGlobalSouth. Thismeans resource wealthforthedevelopment of should beonmaximisingthe potentialof and UK-listedcompanies.Instead thefocus primary resourceextractionbyUKdomiciled The UKgovernmentshouldnotbesupporting Recommendations workers andAfricancommunities. benefit forAfricaneconomies, Africa iscenturiesoldandhasresultedinno of thesematerials.Thisapproachtominingin (Northern) countriesrichfromtheprocessing unprocessed rawmaterialsandmakingother as aprimaryresourceprovider,exporting effectively arguedthatAfricashouldcontinue institutions suchastheWorldBank,theyhave being processedinAfrica.Togetherwith have consistentlyarguedagainstrawmaterials The UKandotherNortherngovernments any humanrightsviolations. are abletoholdcorporationsaccountfor extraction andprofit,wheregovernments communities’ intereststakeprecedenceover promote maximumvalueaddition,where processed inthecountrywhereitisminedto in thecountry,whererawmaterialsare — whereminingrevenuespredominantlystay demanding thatminingbedonedifferently War onWant’spartnersinAfricahavebeen main beneficiariesofBritishaid. leaving itpoorerstill,stillremainsoneofthe bare ofitsresourcesandrevenues, some countries'gdp. Whilst losing tensofbillionseveryyear,higherthan astonishing. ThisleavesAfricancountries control andtheprofitstheysyphonawayare companies involved,theresourcewealththey resources isstaggering.Thenumberof exploitation ofAfrica’sminerals,oilandgas The scaleoftheUK’sinvolvementin Conclusion: Anewcolonialism? : Africa is stripped Africa isstripped taking place. environmental degradation that iscurrently violations, humanrightsabuses and allowed togetawaywiththe labour in Africa.Thesecompanies should notbe accountability ofBritishcompaniesoperating British governmentenforcescorporate We alsoneedtobedemandingthatthe operate, whichisfacilitatedbyUKtaxhavens. the UKtoavoidpayingtaxeswherethey enables multinationalsdomiciledorlistedin government to stopsupportingasystemthat Pressure needstobeputontheUK countries inAfricaneedequalinvolvement. international taxrulestobeestablished, rewritten. Forfairandtransparent dismantled. Thisrequiresglobaltaxrulestobe tax havensandshellcompaniesneedstobe corporate taxavoidancethroughsecrecylaws, that facilitatesillicitfinancialflowsand addition, theglobalshadowfinancialsystem extracted byNortherncorporations.In royalty ratesontheresourcesthatare countries inimposingtaxobligationsand We shouldalsobesupportingAfrican have ahighervaluethanrawmaterials. manufactured andprocessedmaterials,which of rawmaterialsbutalsoaproducer raw materials. from theprocessingof Northern countriesrich resource provider, making continue asaprimary argued thatAfricashould The UKhaseffectively

Oil disasterintheNigerdelta © Sosialistik Ungdorm Ungdorm Sosialistik © TN AAA BNA A Cairn Energy Plc Acacia Mining Plc Goldplat Plc Hague and London Oil Plc Alecto Minerals Plc Nordgold NV Plc Avocet Mining Ortac Resources Ltd TACT CAN N ACA San Leon Energy Plc Centamin Plc Zinc Glencore Plc Tower Resources T N T NN TC CAN A N ATANA Amara Mining Plc Vimetco NV Alba Mineral Resources Premier Oil Plc Sula Iron and Gold Plc West African Minerals Alecto Minerals Plc Sterling Energy Plc Sierra Rutile Ltd Corporation First Quantum Minerals Ltd Cairn Energy Plc Stellar Diamonds Plc Glencore Plc Chariot Oil & Gas Ltd Tullow Oil Plc A NA CAN TA BT Acacia Mining Plc Eland Oil & Gas Plc Aureus Mining Plc Glencore Plc Alecto Minerals Plc Stratex International Alecto Minerals Plc Lekoil Ltd Victoria Oil & Gas Plc Sterling Energy Plc Centamin Plc Randgold Resources Bowleven Oil & Gas Tower Resources Kefi Minerals Plc Seplat Petroleum AAN West African Minerals Nyota Minerals Ltd Genel Energy Development Company Plc BNN Corporation Stratex International Sterling Energy Plc Premier African Minerals Tullow Oil Plc Cu Red Rock Resources N CA Genel Energy e Royal Dutch Shell Savannah Petroleum Plc Glencore Plc NA Acacia Mining Plc Ni n AN t Regency Mines Goldplat Plc e Cu Lonmin Plc Cr Red Rock Resources Co BG Group Bowleven Oil & Gas Plc Premier Oil Plc n CN Tullow Oil Plc CN Armadale Capital Plc African Potash Ltd Mwana Africa Plc Glencore Plc Randgold Resources TANANA Soco International Plc Glencore Plc Acacia Mining Plc Tullow Oil Plc Soco International Plc Bezant Resources Plc e n Kibo Mining Plc e Shanta Gold e ANA Edenville Energy Plc NA Tullow Oil Plc Glencore Plc Cairn Energy Plc CT ’ Uranium Resources Plc e Stratex International Goldstone Resources Ltd BP n e BG Group Randgold Resources Genel Energy Ni Cu n b Ophir Energy Plc Stratex International Soco International Plc n Wentworth Resources Mwana Africa Plc Co n Cu Royal Dutch Shell BA e Ni Aureus Mining Plc T Solo Oil Plc Sable Mining Africa Ltd Petra Diamonds Ferrex Plc Vedanta Resources Premier African Minerals Ltd

ANA ATA Co b Goldplat Plc Cu Goldstone Resources Ltd NA Ni Glencore Plc Ti Petrel Resources Plc Ophir Energy Plc NA Clontarf Energy Plc t Tullow Oil Plc Th Avocet Mining Tullow Oil Plc Sovereign Mines of t Africa Plc Ni Nordgold NV ABN ANA Ta Bellzone Mining Plc Ferrex Plc BP n Rio Tinto Goldstone Resources Ltd Genel Energy Sable Mining Africa Ltd Ophir Energy Plc Soco International Plc b Stellar Diamonds Plc Tullow Oil Plc Mwana Africa Plc Tullow Oil Plc Royal Dutch Shell Cu n e Ni n t ABA NABA Cr Berkley Mineral First Quantum Minerals Ltd Anglo American / Serica Energy d n BAB Resources Plc Ortac Resources Ltd Glencore Plc Chariot Oil & Gas Ltd Cu Anglo American Aquarius Platinum Ltd Glencore Plc Vedanta Resources North River Resources Plc Global Petroleum Ltd Caledonia Mining Premier African Minerals Gemfields Plc Tower Resources Vedanta Resources Lekoil Ltd Mwana Africa Plc Ltd Weatherly International Plc Tower Resources Vast Resources Plc Sable Mining Africa Ltd Rio Tinto Tullow Oil Plc Royal Dutch Shell AB C T ACA T Gemfields Plc Ophir Energy Plc Firestone Diamonds Plc Kenmare Resources Plc Anglo American Central Rand Gold Ltd Jubilee Platinum Sylvania Platinum Ltd Gem Diamonds Ltd Pathfinder Minerals Plc Anglo American / De Beers Coal of Africa Ltd Lonmin Plc Tower Resources Paragon Diamonds Ltd Savannah Resources Plc Aquarius Platinum Ltd DiamondCorp Plc Mwana Africa Plc Vedanta Resources Ncondezi Energy Ltd AAACA Bisichi Mining Plc Ferrex Plc Pan African resources Plc Xtract Resources Plc North River Resources Plc Bushveld Minerals BlueRock Diamonds Plc Galileo Resources Plc Petra Diamonds Rio Tinto Emerging Market Minerals Bushveld Minerals Glencore Plc Rio Tinto Wentworth Resources Ltd Plc Royal Dutch Shell Ironveld Plc Sable Mining Africa Ltd UMC Energy Corporation Jubilee Platinum BTANA Rio Tinto Oil Beryl n Manganese t Platinum n Tin Rutile Phosphate Anglo American / De Beers Stratmin Global Resources Botswana Diamonds Plc Plc Gas Amethyst b Lead Ti Titanium Ta Tantalum Gypsum Zicron Gem Diamonds Ltd Tullow Oil Plc Mwana Africa Plc Sterling Energy Plc Madagascar Oil Ltd Gold Emerald e Iron/ore/oxide Cr Chromium Bauxite Ilmenite Lithium Paragon Diamonds Ltd

Silver Potash Copper Palladium Coal Coltan Rare earth Cu d mineral Speciality Diamonds Nickel Zinc Thorium Magnetite Wolframite Ni n Th minerals Ruby Co Cobalt Uranium Vanadium Flake Graphite Fluorspar 6Annex: Extractive companies 36 37

Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) incorporation Resource incorporation Resource

Acacia Mining Plc UK Gold Controls 12.5 million ounces of gold, 427 million Alecto Minerals Plc UK Gold Has gold exploration projects in Burkina Faso www.acaciamining.com pounds of copper and 8.9 million ounces of silver. www.alectominerals. (Kerboulé, 399.5 km2), Mali (Kossanto contains 247,000 com ounces of gold and Karan covers 250 km2), Ethiopia Holds over 6,000 km2 of licences around the major (Aysid-Metekel licence covers 1,953 km2 in the north gold-mining projects in the Lake Victoria area of west and the Wayu Boda project covers 945 km2 in the Tanzania and the highly prospective greenstone belts of south.) and Mauritania (the Wad Amour Project covers Western Kenya, Western Burkina Faso and 1,369 km2) Western Mali. Amara Mining Plc UK Gold ‘Amara has the largest resource base of any London- Burkina Faso: has licences to explore 2,400 km2of the www.amaramining.com listed junior gold mining company with over 9 million prospective Houndé Belt in the south-west. ounces of resources’.

Kenya: has acquired Aviva Kenya Mining Ltd which Côte d’Ivoire: Yaoure gold is an exploration project holds licences (with Lonmin and AfriOre International) with 2.7 million ounces of gold, and ‘has the potential to explore 2,208 km2 of the highly prospective Ndori to be one of the largest gold mines in Africa’. The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources Greenstone belt in western Kenya. Sierra Leone: Baomahun is an exploration project with Mali: has 3 exploration licences in the Tintinba project, the potential to produce 100,000 ounces per annum. covering over 150 km2.

Tanzania: operates 3 mines — Bulyanhulu, Buzwagi and North Mara — mainly producing gold (but also some copper and silver). Is the leading gold producer in Tanzania. Is developing the 100% owned Nyanzaga deposit, which contains 4.1 million ounces of gold, and the Golden Ridge deposit, which contains 152,000 ounces

African Potash Ltd Guernsey Potash Congo: holds 70% interest in La Societe des Potasses www.africanpotash.com et des Mines SA which holds the right to conduct research for potash salts, a primary source of potassium fertiliser, in the Lac Dinga Project, which covers 702.5km2

Alba Mineral Resources UK Uranium Mauritania: has 50% interest in uranium exploration www. company, Mauritania Ventures Limited, which holds an albamineralresources. exploration licence in northern Mauritania covering com 1,500 km2. 38 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources com www.angloamerican. Anglo American incorporation Company Countryof UK Resource Mineral / coal platinum, diamonds, manganese, Iron ore, Interests(countries/mines) and Kimberley. largest producer ofdiamonds, Voorspoed, Namaqualand government) withminesat Venetia, South Africa’s leading diamondcompany (15%owned by Botswana in Zimbabwe. Owns85%ofDeBeers, theworld’s Lonmin); owns andoperatestheUnkiplatinum mine the Royal Bafokeng Platinum andPandoramine(with developing the Twickenham mine andhasinterests in Modikwa, Mototolo, Kroondal andBokoni mines; is and hasjointventure platinum operationsatthe Tumela, Dishaba, andDerBrochen (project-phase) Operates theplatinum minesatMogalakwena, based blackeconomicempowerment company. holds a73%shareholding inInyosi Coal, abroad- Wholly owns andoperates7thermal coalminesand the world’s largestproducer ofmanganeseore. interest inmanganeseproducer SamancorHoldings, largest openpitminesintheworld. Hasa40% Cape province,Northern thelatteroneof province andtheKolomela andSishenminesin which operatesthe Thabazimbi mineinLimpopo South Africa: Has70%interest inKumba Iron Ore, Elizabeth Bay, Mining Area 1, OrangeRiver andDouglas Bay. Namibia: through DeBeers, hasdiamondminesat Jwaneng, Damtshaa, LethakaneandOrapa Botswana: through DeBeers, hasdiamondminesat ‘saleable’ coalinSouth Africa. world’s rough diamondsby value. Controls 659Mtof African operationsandproduces aboutathird ofthe Controls 316millioncaratsofdiamondsthrough its (from operationsinSouth Africa andZimbabwe only). making itthelargestproducer ofplatinum group metals and provides 40%oftheworld’s newly minedplatinum, Controls 200millionouncesofplatinum inSouth Africa www.avocet.co.uk Avocet Mining com www.aquariusplatinum. Aquarius Platinum Ltd incorporation Company Countryof com www.armadalecapitalplc. Armadale Capital Plc www.aureus-mining.com Aureus MiningPlc UK Bermuda UK Canada Resource Mineral / Gold Platinum Gold Gold Interests(countries/mines) and covers 457km and Weaju) whichcontain1.6millionouncesofgold Liberia: 3explorationprojects (New Liberty, Ndablama 1,660 km ounces. ExplorationlicencesinBurkinaFasocover exploring initsSoumaproject, whichcontains680,000 north, which contains3.3millionouncesofgold. Is Burkina Faso: operatesonegold mine, Inata, inthe area containing3millionouncesofgold. Guinea: isexploringinits Tri-K project, withthelicence million ounces. of platinum in2015andhasmineralreserves of1.23 Limited, Implats). Mimosaproduced 118,033 ounces (a 50:50jointventure withImpalaPlatinum Holdings Zimbabwe: hasa50%interest intheMimosamine 2015 andhasreserves of1.76millionounces. operation, produced 221,239ouncesofplatinum in Platinum, Amplats). Kroondal, is Aquarius’ flagship mine (a50:50share agreement with Anglo American South Africa: hasa50%interest intheKroondal company. 20% interest isowned by aCongolese Government containing aresource of678,000ounces The remaining in Katangaprovince, duetobeginproduction in 2016, DRC: hasan80%interest intheMpokoto gold project which covers 296.4km Cameroon: hasoneexplorationproject (Batouri) 2 . 2 . 2

39 40 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources www.bg-group.com BG Group www.bisichi.co.uk Bisichi MiningPlc www.bellzone.com Bellzone MiningPlc incorporation Company Countryof www.bmrplc.com Resources) (Berkeley Mineral BMR MiningPlc co.uk www.bluerockdiamonds. BlueRock DiamondsPlc com www.bezantresources. Bezant Resources Plc UK UK Jersey UK UK UK Resource Mineral / Gas Coal chromium platinum, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, Iron ore, Lead, zinc Diamonds Gold Interests(countries/mines) each own 20%). cubic feet ofgas. andPavilion (OphirEnergy Energy blocks (Blocks1and4)in Tanzania containing16trillion Tanzania: owns 60%andoperatestwo offshore gas blocks (L10AandL10B). Kenya: owns 100% oftwo offshore gasexploration open castcoalmine. South Africa: operatestheBlack Wattle Colliery, an Sadeka permitscover 3,786km south-east (Sadekaproject). The Kalia, Forécariah and cobalt, manganese, platinum andchromium inthe holds explorationlicensestoexplore for nickel, copper, ore mine(a50:50JVbetween BellzoneandCIF) a resource of6.16billiontonnes, theForécariah iron Guinea: managestheKaliairon ore minewhichhas zinc from thetailingsdeposits. mine inCentralProvince where itextractsleadand Zambia: owns thesurfacerightsatclosedKabwe carats. project Cape province, inNorthern containing359,000 mining rightfor theKareevlei Tenements, a diamond South Africa: itssubsidiary, Kareevlei Mining, owns the 2,116 km and Rufujiareas, withtheprospecting licensescovering in theHandeniMorogoro, Babati, EyasiIringa, Mufindi east. Hasa50%interest inearly stagegold projects Exploration LtdintheMkurumu gold project inthe 46% inajointexploration/drillingventure with Ashanti Tanzania: itssubsidiary, Anglo Tanzania GoldLtd, holds 2 . 2 . www.bowleven.com Bowleven Oil&Gas co.uk botswanadiamonds. www. Botswana DiamondsPlc incorporation Company Countryof www..com BP UK Ireland UK Resource Mineral / Oil Diamonds Oil, gas Interests(countries/mines) exploration blocksintheLuangwaRift Valley. Zambia: hasa100%interest inthree early stage covers 2,328km Bowleven, andwhere exploration drillingisoccurring, has 20%equity. The BomonoPermit, owned 100%by discovered intheEtinde Permit, inwhichBowleven permit), EurOilLtd. through itssubsidiary Oilhasbeen offshore Etindepermitandthe onshore Bomono Cameroon: hasequityinterests intwo permits(the district ofthenorth-west, anarea covering 14,000km early stageoilexplorationinBlock11Bthe Turkana Kenya: hasa50%interest (with in Adamantine Energy) and development over thenext10years. intends toinvest $20billioninexploration afurther per day. BPhasinvested $25billionin Angola and Orapa region covering 733km 6,518 km (a South African company) in theGopearea covering Russian state. Also hasajointventure withBrightstone diamond producer by volume, whichisowned by the exploration with Alrosa, theworld’s largestrough Botswana: Hasa50/50jointventure for diamond 32,650 km oil company Sonangol having interests); thesecover and by CobaltInternationalEnergy Total, with state gas offshore blocks(andoperates 4, othersoperated Angola: hasinterests in9explorationandproducing oil/ 2 andholds3otherprospecting licensesinthe 2 , producing around 200,000barrels ofoil 2 . 2 . 2 . 41 42 43

Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) incorporation Resource incorporation Resource

Bushveld Minerals Guernsey Iron ore, Madagascar: is exploring in the Imaloto coal project, Chariot Oil & Gas Ltd Guernsey Oil Mauritania: owns 55% of offshore oil exploration block www.bushveld-minerals. vanadium, with Lemur Resources, which contains 136 million www.chariotoilandgas. C-19 (with 35% owned by Cairn and 10% by Société com tin, coal tonnes, one of only 3 thermal coal resources in the com Mauritanienne des Hydrocarbures et de Patrimoine country. Minier) which contains 431 million barrels of oil.

South Africa: is exploring/developing 4 projects - Namibia: holds exploration licenses for 4 offshore Bushveld P-Q Iron & Titanium project, Bushveld blocks containing 469 million barrels of oil. Vanadium project, Mokopane Tin project and Marble Hall Tin project. These projects contain 1 million tonnes Clontarf Energy Plc UK Oil Ghana: has 60% of the Tano 2A onshore/offshore oil of iron ore. www.clontarfenergy. exploration block in the west, managed by Pan Andean com Resources, with potential for ‘multi-billion’ barrels of Cairn Energy Plc UK Oil Mauritania: has a 35% non-operated interest in offshore oil. www.cairnenergy.com oil exploration block C-19 (with Chariot Oil & Gas). Senegal: has operatorship and 40% interest in 3 Coal of Africa Ltd Australia Coal South Africa: has three operating collieries in offshore oil exploration blocks (Rufisque Offshore, www.coalofafrica.com province (Vele Colliery, Makhado Project and the The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources Sangomar Offshore and Sangomar Deep, with Greater Soutpansberg project), containing 2.4 million ConocoPhillips 35%, FAR Ltd 15% and Société des tonnes of coal. Pétroles du Sénégal 10%). Drilled two offshore wells in 2014, discovering oil, with one discovery recognised as DiamondCorp Plc UK Diamonds South Africa: operates the Lace Diamond Mine, south potentially the largest global oil discovery in 2014. www.diamondcorp.plc. of Johannesburg, being developed and expected to Western Sahara: has a 20% interest in the Cap uk produce 500,000 carats a year and contains 13.4 million Boujdour offshore oil exploration permit with Kosmos carats. Energy. Edenville Energy Plc UK Coal Tanzania: has a 90% interest in the Mkomolo, Namwele Caledonia Mining Canada Gold Zimbabwe: owns 49% of the Blanket gold mine in the www.edenville-energy. and Muze projects in the Rukwa coalfields which are Corporation south-west, which is expected to produce 192,000 com being developed and which contain 173 million tonnes. www.caledoniamining. ounces in 2015-19. The remaining 51% is owned by com Zimbabweans. Eland Oil & Gas Plc UK Oil Nigeria: core asset is two onshore oil wells, OML 40, www.elandoilandgas. in the Niger Delta, which produce 3,500 barrels per Centamin Plc Jersey Gold Burkina Faso: has exploration rights for the Konkera com day and contain 254 million barrels of oil and covers www.centamin.com gold prospect, which contains 3.1 million ounces. 498 km2. Also has a 40% interest in the Ubima field in Côte d’Ivoire: has 3 gold exploration permits. onshore Niger Delta which contains 34 million barrels Ethiopia: has 3 gold exploration licenses, including the of oil. Ondonuk license in Assosa region which covers 1,145 km2. Emerging Market UK Uranium, Madagascar: is exploring/developing the early stage Minerals Plc thorium Marodambo Project, focused on uranium and thorium, Central Rand Gold Ltd Guernsey Gold South Africa: operates gold mines in the Central Rand www. which covers an area of around 65 km2. www.centralrandgold. Goldfield south of Johannesburg and has mining rights com to the Langlaagte and Crown Mines prospects in the same mining rights area. Falcon Oil & Gas Ltd Canada Shale gas South Africa: has an exploration permit for shale gas www.falconoilandgas. covering 30,327km2 in the Karoo Basin of onshore com south/central South Africa. Reserves of shale gas in the whole basin are estimated at 390 trillion cubic feet. 44 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources www.ferrexplc.com Ferrex Plc incorporation Company Countryof com www.firestonediamonds. Firestone DiamondsPlc www.first-quantum.com Ltd First QuantumMinerals com www.galileoresources. Galileo Resources Plc UK UK Canada UK Resource Mineral / iron ore, Manganese, Diamonds gold, nickel Copper, earths Rare Interests(countries/mines) 11 milliontonnes. covering 92,390hectares, andhasatotalresource of project inthenorth, involving 5explorationpermits Togo: hasan85%interest intheNayega manganese iron ore explorationproject inMpumalangaregion. manganese project anda74%interest intheMalelane South Africa: hasa74%interest intheLeinster in thenorth, covering 309km Gabon: hasaninterest intheMebagairon ore project million carats. government). The minehasatotalresource of23 annum. (Theremaining 25%isowned by theLesotho expected by mid-2016, producing 1.1millioncaratsper mine, beingdeveloped andwhere fullproduction is Lesotho: owns 75%oftheLiqhobongdiamond nickel project. consists oftheSentinelcoppermineandEnterprise Operates the Trident project west inthenorth which in ofZCCM).Africa (20%isowned by asubsidiary operates theKansanshimine, thelargestcoppermine Zambia: owns 80%ofKansanshiMiningPlcwhich operation. owns/operates theGuelbMoghrein copper-gold Mauritania: owns MauritanianCopperMineswhich have beenmined. minerals (ApatiteBreccia, Pyroxenite andCarbonatite) 15,802 hectares andwhere stockpilesofrare earth-rich rare project earth inLimpopoProvince, whichcovers South Africa: hasaprospecting rightfor theGlenover 2 . www.gemdiamonds.com Gem DiamondsLtd incorporation Company Countryof gemfields.co.uk www.consumer. Gemfields Plc www.genelenergy.com Genel Energy BVI UK Jersey Resource Mineral / Diamonds beryl amethysts, rubies, Emeralds, Oil Interests(countries/mines) onshore, operated by GenelEnergy, covers 22,000 km barrels ofoilinthe country. The Odewayne block 3 otheroilblocks. The company istargeting2billion Odewayne Production Sharing Agreement whichcovers for 2onshore oilblocks, anda50%interest inthe Somaliland: hasa75%interest inexplorationlicenses million caratsworth$10.4billion. mine produced 108,569caratsin2014andcontains5.0 largest whitegemqualitydiamondsever recorded. The mine intheworld’, whichhasproduced 4ofthe20 highest average dollarpercaratkimberlitediamond Lesotho: hasoneproducing mine, Letšeng, whichis ‘the contains 20.5millioncarats. country’s firstunderground diamondmine, which Botswana: isdeveloping theGhaghoomine, the mainly owned by theZambiangovernment). mines (50%owned by ZCCMInvestment Holdings, mine, oneof the world’s largestproducing amethyst global production. Owns50%oftheKaribaamethyst 30 millioncaratsofemeraldandberyl, roughly 20%of government owns 25%. In2013, themineproduced largest emeraldmineintheworld, inwhichthe Zambia: owns theKagememeraldmine, thesingle concession intheworld. believed topotentially bethelargestknown ruby Mozambique: owns theMontepuezruby deposit, 20,400 km the Adigala onshore oilblockintheeast, whichcovers Ethiopia: has40%interest inanexplorationlicense block offshore. Côte d’Ivoire: hasa24%interest inanexploration Angola: hasaninterest intwo blocksoffshore. 2

2 . 45 46 47

Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) incorporation Resource incorporation Resource

Glencore Plc Jersey Copper, The company controls 175 million barrels of oil. It also Global Petroleum Ltd Australia Oil Namibia: has an 85% interest in two offshore www.glencore.com iron ore, controls 60% of the world’s traded zinc market and www.globalpetroleum. oil exploration blocks (10% with the Namibian lead, zinc, 50% of copper. com.au government). coal, oil, nickel, Burkina Faso: owns 90% of the Perkoa zinc mine. Goldplat Plc UK Gold Kenya: operates the Kilimapesa gold mine, the country’s platinum, www.goldplat.com first gold mine to be commissioned since independence chrome Cameroon: has an interest in 3 onshore oil blocks in 1963, which contains 671,446 ounces of gold. (Bolongo, Matanda and Tilapia). Burkina Faso: manages the Nyieme gold project in the Chad: has an interest in two producing oil fields in south, which contains 92,598 ounces of gold and covers onshore southern Chad (Mangara and Badila), the latter 246 km2 covering 2,744 km2 . Ghana: has a 90% interest in the Anumso gold mining Congo: owns 50% of the Zanaga iron ore project. lease in Ashanti Region, which contains 167,000 ounces. DRC: owns 69% of the Mutanda mine and 56% of The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources Katanga Mining Ltd (with 4 mines), both producing Goldstone Resources Jersey Gold Gabon: holds 2 gold exploration permits covering 1,016 copper and cobalt in Katanga province. Ltd km2 (the Oyem and Ngoutou projects). www. Equatorial Guinea: has an interest in two offshore oil goldstoneresources.com Ghana: holds gold exploration permits for two blocks (Blocks 1 and O, operated by Noble Energy). projects — Homase and Akrokerri — near Obuasi in Ghana, which contain 602,000 ounces of gold and Mauritania: owns the Lebtheinia iron ore project, at cover 143 km2; the Manso Amenfi project near Taarkwa, pre-feasibility stage, and is undertaking a feasibility which covers 83 km2 . study on the El Aouj iron ore project. These projects contain 2.8 billion tonnes of iron ore. Senegal: holds a gold exploration permit for the Sangola project, covering 471 km2 Namibia: owns 80% of the Rose Pinah zinc/lead mine in the south-west. Hague & London Oil Plc UK Oil Western Sahara: its subsidiary Maghreb Exploration Ltd www.haloil.nl has a 50% interest in two offshore oil license blocks South Africa: owns 43-100% of 9 coal operations (Guelta and Imlili) and one onshore block (Bojador, consisting of 25 mines, mainly in Mpumulanga province. covering 39,983 km2) The other 50% is owned by These mines contain 901 million tonnes of thermal coal. Comet Petroleum, a subsidiary of Tower Resources Plc. Owns 79.5% of 13 chrome mines in North West and Limpopo provinces. Owns 37-70% of 4 platinum mines Ironveld Plc UK Iron ore, South Africa: is developing an iron ore project in (Mototolo, Eland Platinum, Zikaatsnet and Schietfontein). www.ironveld.com vanadium, Limpopo province to produce iron products, vanadium titanium and titanium. Holds rights to the minerals covering Tanzania: owns 50% of the Kabanga nickel project in 165 km2, containing 32 million tonnes of iron, 700,000 the north-west, at feasibility stage. tonnes of vanadium and 9 million tonnes of titanium.

Zambia: owns 73% of the Mopani copper mine complex, producing copper and cobalt in 4 mines 48 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources www.lekoil.com Lekoil Ltd com www.jubileeplatinum. Jubilee Platinum incorporation Company Countryof www.kefi-minerals.com Kefi MineralsPlc com www.kenmareresources. Kenmare Resources Plc www.kibomining.com Kibo MiningPlc Islands Cayman UK UK Ireland Ireland Resource Mineral / Oil gold, nickel Platinum, Gold zircon rutile, Ilmenite, uranium nickel, Coal, gold, Interests(countries/mines) covering 9,000km the Pinewood coalanduraniumexplorationproject Morogoro Region. Owns50%(withMetal Tiger Plc)of the north, whichcover 1,700km licences for theImweru andLubandogold projects in and containing109milliontonnes. Hasprospecting group elementsandgold. and containsapotential65millionouncesofplatinum defined blockofplatinum ore, covers 5,140hectares which containstheworld’s largestundeveloped South Africa: hasa63%interest inthe Tjate project an area of6,168km gold explorationproject incentral Tanzania covering ounces ofgold. Owns100%oftheHanetinickel and gold explorationproject covering 1,530km reserves of57million barrels ofoil. 40% ofthealready-producing Otakikipofield, which has which hasreserves of232millionbarrels ofoil. Owns Nigeria: owns 30%ofoilexplorationblockOPL301, Namibia: owns 77.5%oftwo offshore blocks. exploration project, whichcovers 98km Madagascar: hasaninterest inthe Ambodilafa nickel produce 961,000ouncesover a13-year minelife. the west (thegovernment hasa5%stake), whichwill Ethiopia: hasaninterest inthe Tulu Kapi gold project in zircon demand. of globaltitaniumfeedstock demandand4%ofglobal including ilmenite, rutileandzircon andprovides 8% eastwhichcontainsheavymine inthenorth minerals Mozambique: operatestheMomatitaniumminerals Rukwa area ofthesouthwest, covering 3,508 km Tanzania: owns 100%oftheMbeya coalproject inthe 2 inthesouthwest. 2 . Owns100%oftheMorogoro 2 andcontain700,000 2 . 2 inthe 2

www.Lonmin.com Lonmin Plc incorporation Company Countryof www.madagascaroil.com Madagascar OilLtd UK Bermuda Resource Mineral / zinc gold, silver, copper, Platinum, Oil M Interests(countries/mines) interest inBemolanga(Total E&Phas60%). Manambolo, Morondava andManandazaa40% 100% interest intheoilexplorationblocksof West field isthefirst ever foroilinMadagascar). Has a 1.7 billionbarrels ofoil(thelicensetodevelop this Is developing the Tsimiroro blockwhichcontains gas company hasinterests in5oilblocksthewest: mining rightsgrantedby theSouth African government. life MineralResource over whichwe have long-term the Bushveld Complexandhas developed along- established minesintheworld's premier PGMdeposit, South Africa. Lonminhasamaterialinvestment in projects. Isalsoexploringfor nickel andcopperin Platinum Mines, aCanadiancompany withplatinum exploration project. Holdsaminoritystake inSedibelo maintenance. Hasa50%interest intheLoskop formerly anoperationalminebut now oncare and province. Hasa50%interest intheLimpopo project, Akanani platinum explorationproject inLimpopo American Platinum 42.5%). Hasaninterest inthe of 42.5%inthePandoraplatinum mine(with Anglo contains 35millionouncesofplatinum. Hasaninterest South Africa: operatestheMarikanamine, which Bumbo. Kenya: isexploringfor copper, gold, silver andzincat ounces ofplatinum. Controls mineralreserves amountingto42.9million adagascar's leadingandlongestoperatingoil 49 50 51

Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) incorporation Resource incorporation Resource

Mwana Africa Plc (Asa UK Gold, Angola: has an 18% interest in the Camafuca diamond Nordgold NV Netherlands Gold Controls 6.2 million ounces of gold in Burkina Faso and Resource Group Plc135) nickel, project, ‘one of the largest known undeveloped www.nordgold.com Guinea. www.mwanaafrica.com diamonds, diamond-bearing complexes worldwide’, copper, believed to contain 23.25 million carats, for which Burkina Faso: operates the Taparko gold mine, ‘the cobalt, iron production is yet to begin. first gold mine built in Burkina Faso’, which produced oxide, lead, 112,000 ounces of gold in 2014 worth $141 million and zinc Botswana: has a 55% interest in the BK16 diamond the Bissa gold mine, which produced 251,000 ounces of exploration project. gold in 2014 worth $318 million.

DRC: has an 80% interest in the Zani-Kodo joint Guinea: operates the Lefa open pit gold mine, which venture with SOKIMO (Société des Mines d’Or de produced 205,000 ounces in 2014 worth $247 million Kilo Moto), which contains 3 million ounces of gold in sales. and for which drilling has begun. Has a 100% interest, through its company Société d’exploration Minière du North River Resources UK Lead, zinc, Mozambique: has a joint venture agreement with Haut Katanga (SEMHKAT), in 33 exploration licences Plc silver, Baobab Resources for the development of the The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources covering 4,721 km2 in the Katanga copper belt region, www. copper, Monte Muande licences in Tete province, which are focusing on copper, cobalt, iron oxide, lead and zinc. northriverresources. gold, prospective for magnetite, phosphate, uranium and gold. Holds a 20% interest in Société Minière de Bakwanga com uranium, (MIBA) (with the government the other shareholder), magnetite, Namibia: owns 100% of the Namib Lead Zinc Project, which produces ‘less than 1 million’ carats of diamonds phosphate involving lead, zinc and silver; the Dordabis copper per year and which also has mining and exploration project, containing 8,718 tonnes of copper; the Witvlei titles covering an area in excess of 45,000 km2. copper project, which covers 7 copper prospects over 550 km2; the Outjo gold exploration project; and has South Africa: holds a 65% interest in the Klipspringer an agreement with the major uranium explorer Extract diamond mine in Limpopo province, which produced Resources Ltd to jointly explore for uranium in certain 20,000 carats in 2014 but is now on care and licence areas. maintenance. Nyota Minerals Ltd Australia Gold Ethiopia: has an interest in gold exploration licences Zimbabwe: owns 85% of the Freda Rebecca gold mine, www.nyotaminerals.com covering around 2,500 km2 Has an exploration license which contains 2.3 million ounces of gold. Controls for the Tulu Kapi gold deposit — held by Nyota the Hunter’s road nickel deposit, which the company is Minerals (Ethiopia) Limited, which is 75% owned by considering developing and is exploring the Makaha gold Kefi Minerals. Also owns a 100% interest in 2 other deposit. Holds a 50% interest in the Maligreen gold mine, gold exploration licences (Bendokoro and Boka Sirba) which is currently on care and maintenance, and 75.4% covering 28.5 km2. interest in the Bindura Nickel Corporation which owns and operates the Shangani and Trojan nickel mines, which produced $102 million worth in 2014.

Ncondezi Energy Ltd BVI Coal Mozambique: is developing an open pit thermal coal www.ncondezicoal.com mine and power plant in Tete Province, that will produce 1.3 million tonnes of coal over 25 years. 52 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources com panafricanresources. www. Plc Resources Pan African www.ophir-energy.com Plc Ophir Energy incorporation Company Countryof com www.ortacresources. ResourcesOrtac Ltd UK UK BVI Resource Mineral / platinum Gold, Oil, gas cobalt copper, Gold, Interests(countries/mines) 995 km exploration licensesfor copperandcobaltcovering Zambia: hasan11%interestLtd, inZamsort whichhas Retreatment Plant. in thenorthwest; and100%oftheEvander Tailings in Mpumulanga province; 100%ofPhoenixPlatinum Mpumulanga province; 100%oftheEvandergold mine 100% oftheBarberton Tailings Retreatment Plantin gold mineinMpumulangaof theBarberton province; of gold and500,000ouncesofplatinum. Owns100% of platinum peryear, andcontain10millionounces produce 200,000ouncesofgold and8,000ounces South Africa: its3minesand2retreatment plants BG Group). offshore containing17trillioncubic feet ofgas(with Tanzania: hasa20%interest in2gasexplorationblocks offshore. Seychelles: hasa75%interest in3explorationblocks offshore. Kenya: hasa100%interest inoilexplorationblockL9 Gabon: hasaninterest in6explorationblocksoffshore. of gas, producing andexpectstostart in2019. offshore project, whichcontains3.4trillioncubicfeet Equatorial Guinea: hasan80%interest gas inFortuna explore for gold across 252km Exploration Ltd, whoseHaykota licenseenablesitto Burkina Faso: has26.7%holdingin Andiamo 2 inthenorthwest. 2 inBurkinaFaso. com www.paragondiamonds. Paragon DiamondsLtd incorporation Company Countryof pathfinderminerals.com www. Pathfinder MineralsPlc com www.petradiamonds. Petra Diamonds com www.petrelresources. Petrel Resources Plc Guernsey UK Bermuda Ireland Resource Mineral / Diamonds zircon rutile, Ilmenite, Diamonds Oil Interests(countries/mines) diamond project, estimatedtobeworth$115million. Lesotho: hassignedanMOUtoacquire theMothae 20%). carats andavalueof$1.8billion(Government holds which isduetogo intoproduction, containing1million Botswana: owns 80%oftheLemphanediamondmine, province. rutile andzircon covering 32,000hectares inZambezia Naburi, hasmininglicensestoexplore for ilmenite, Mozambique: itssubsidiary, CompanhiaMineirade carats in2015andhasreserves of38millioncarats. (the government owns 25%), whichproduced 202,000 which is Tanzania’s diamondproducer only important Tanzania: owns 75%ofthe Williamson diamondmine, has reserves of6.4millioncarats. province whichproduced 137,000carats in2015and the Kimberley Underground Cape mine inNorthern and hasreserves of6.7millioncarats. Owns74%of State province whichproduced 45,000caratsin2015 carats. Owns70%oftheKoffiefontein mineinFree 729,000 caratsin2015andhasreserves of195million Cullinan mineinGautengprovince whichproduced It hasreserves of49millioncarats. Owns75%ofthe operation by production (afterDeBeers’ Venetia mine). mines andSouth Africa’s secondlargestdiamond 2015, isoneoftheworld’s diamond mostimportant Cape province, whichproduced 1.3millioncaratsin South Africa: owns 74%oftheFinschmineinnorthern 4 producing minesinSouth Africa andonein Tanzania. Controls 309millioncaratsofdiamondsin2015from and haspotentialfor ‘multi-billion’ barrels ofoil. Ghanaians) whichismanaged by Pan Andean Resources, exploration block(60%owned by Clontarf, 10%by Ghana: owns 30%of Tano 2Aonshore/offshore oil 53 54 55

Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) incorporation Resource incorporation Resource

Premier African Minerals BVI Rare Benin: has an interest in an exploration licencse Red Rock Resources UK Oil, gold, Benin: has a 4.8% interest in Elephant Oil Ltd, which is Ltd earths, for speciality minerals (tantalum-bearing pegatites) www.rrrplc.com manganese exploring for oil. www. wolframite, covering 250 km2. premierafricanminerals. lithium, Côte d’Ivoire: has 3 licences for gold and manganese com tantalum, Togo: has an interest in 4 exploration projects focusing exploration in the southeast, covering 1,185 km2 fluorspar, on zinc (Pagala), nickel (Haito), uranium (Kara- (through local companies Nemex Resources and nickel, Niamtougou) and gold (Dapaong). The latter permit Barclay Resources). uranium, covers 400 km2. gold, Kenya: has a 75% interest in a licencse to explore the speciality Zimbabwe: has 2 projects exploring for rare earth Miguri gold belt in the west, which has reserves of 1.2 minerals elements (Katete and Libimbi), one nearing production million ounces (through local company Mid Migori exploring for wolframite (RHA project), one exploring Mining Company Ltd). for lithium and tantalum (Zulu), and one exploring for fluorspar (Tinde). Regency Mines UK Potash, : has an interest in concessions to explore for www.regency-mines. phosphate, potash, phosphate and gypsum in the north, over an The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources Premier Oil Plc UK Oil Kenya: has a 55% interest in oil exploration block 2B in com gypsum area covering 79,985 km2. www.premier-oil.com the east. Has a 5% stake in Red Rock Resources Plc and a 4.2% Mauritania: Owns 8% of the producing Chinguetti oil stake in Alba Mineral Resources Plc. field offshore, from which the company will pump 7.2 million barrels. Rio Tinto UK Bauxite, Guinea: owns 22.5% of the Sangaredi bauxite mine www.riotinto.com iron ore, via its stake in Halco which owns 51% of the mine Western Sahara: has 5 offshore exploration licenses, uranium, (the other 49% is the government). Owns 47% of the 4 with 50% interest (operated by Havoc) and one at mineral Simandou iron ore mine in Guinea, which contains 1.8 100%. sands billion tonnes. (ilmenite) Randgold Resources Jersey Gold Owns and operates 5 gold mines in Africa and has a Madagascar: owns 80% of the QIT mineral sands www.randgoldresources. portfolio of exploration projects in Senegal, Mali, Côte (ilmenite) project in southern Madagascar which com d’Ivoire and the DRC. Its gold mines contain 24.6 deposit contains nearly 70 million tons of ilmenite, million ounces of gold. accounting for around 10% of the world market.

Côte d’Ivoire: owns 89% of Tongon. Mozambique: manages the Mutamba titanium dioxide feedstock (ilmenite) project in the south. DRC: owns 45% of Kibali. Namibia: owns 69% of the Rossing uranium mine, the Mali: owns 80% of the Loulo and Gounkoto mines and world’s longest-running open pit uranium mine which 40% of the Morila mine. has produced the most uranium of any single mine.

Senegal: owns 83% of the Massawa feasibility project. South Africa: owns 74% of Richards Bay Minerals mineral sands (ilmenite) project. 56 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources www.shell.com Royal DutchShell incorporation Company Countryof www.sablemining.com Sable Mining Africa Ltd UK BVI Resource Mineral / Oil coal Iron ore, Interests(countries/mines) resource of1 billion tonnes. project inthewest, covering 16,545hectare witha 786 milliontonnesandhas an interest inLubimbicoal northwest, covering 19,236hectares, whichcontains Zimbabwe: isdeveloping theLubucoalproject inthe tonnes ofcoal. in MpumalangaProvince whichcontains199million South Africa: hasaninterest intheRietkuilcoalproject billion tonnes, andcovers 532km ore intheKpoRangeproject, whichmay contain13 Liberia: has aninterest inan exploration permit for iron tonnes. The mineisbeingdeveloped. ore assetsin West Africa’, withresources of205million of themostcommercially attractive undeveloped iron Tanzania: has2offshore licenses. South Africa: has3offshore licenses. gas trains. Company (NLNG)whichoperates 6liquified natural and a26%interest inNigeriaLiquefied NaturalGas blocks (Bonga, Bolia/Doro, ErhaandZabazaba/Etan) the NigerDelta. Hasa44-55%interests in4offshore Company whichhasover 25onshore miningleasesin Nigeria: owns 30%oftheShellPetroleum Development Namibia: has1offshore license. Gabon: has3offshore licenses. Benin: has1license. 2.6 trillioncubicfeet ofgasinits Africa operations. Shell controls reserves of 691 millionbarrels ofoiland covering 35km for iron ore intheNimbaproject inthesoutheast, Guinea: hasaninterest inanexplorationpermit 2 . ‘Nimba isdistinguishingitselfasone 2 . com www.savannahresources. Savannah Resources Plc San Leon Energy Plc San LeonEnergy incorporation Company Countryof www.serica-energy.com Serica Energy com www.seplatpetroleum. plc Development Company Seplat Petroleum petroleum.com www.savannah- Savannah Petroleum Plc www.shantagold.com Shanta Gold www.sierra-rutile.com Sierra RutileLtd UK Ireland UK Nigeria UK Guernsey BVI Resource Mineral / rutile zircon, Ilmenite, Oil, gas Oil Oil, gas Oil Gold Rutile Interests(countries/mines) together withexplorationlicenses. million barrels ofoiland1.84trillioncubicfeet ofgas. Owns 13%of Alecto Minerals. tonnes ofzircon andrutile. 140-170 milliontonnesofilmeniteand10-15 Jangamo heavy mineralsandsprospects, whichcontain Rio Tinto over theMutamba, Dongane, Chilubane and Mozambique: hasa51%interest inajointventure with giving ita75%ownership oftheblock. acquired PetroMaroc share in Tarfaya Onshore block in Western Sahara, inMorocco. partially SanLeonhas Western Sahara(gas). Bothblocksare locatedpartially of part and for theZagblockinnortheastern of part the northwestern Western Sahara(oilshale), Sahara -for the Tarfaya Onshore blocklocatedin Western Sahara: hastwo licencsesin Western offshore. Namibia: hasan85%interest in4oilexplorationblocks These 6blockscover 5,048km region, producing 68,675barrels ofoilperday in2014. producing blocks(managing5)intheNigerDelta Nigeria: from hasinterests 22-45% in6oil varying oil andcovers 8,406km in thesoutheast, whichcontains819millionbarrels of Niger: isexploringanddeveloping theR1/R2oilproject early-stage Songea project covering 65kmsinthesouth. Singida project, covering andthe 122Km2inthenorth mine inthewest andlicensescovering thedeveloping Tanzania: owns 100%oftheproducing New Luikagold Controls 2.3 millionouncesofgold. producing primary rutilemine,producing primary covering 876km Sierra Leone: owns theworld’s only large, high-grade, 2 . 2 andcontain306 2 , 57 58 59

Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) incorporation Resource incorporation Resource

Soco International Plc UK Oil Angola: owns 17% of Cabinda Onshore North Block. Sterling Energy Plc UK Oil Cameroon: holds 100% of Ntem oil exploration/ www.socointernational. www.sterlingenergyuk. development block offshore. com Congo: owns 40-60% in 2 oil exploration projects com (Marine XI and Mer Profonde Sud) offshore. Madagascar: holds 50% of Ambilobe block offshore.

DRC: Holds an interest in an oil exploration block Mauritania: has an interest in 3 blocks offshore, 2 of inside and outside the Virunga National Park, though its which are operated by Tullow, which contain 292,000 exploration activities are on hold. barrels of oil.

Solo Oil Plc UK Oil, gas Tanzania: has a 25% interest in the Ruvuma Basin oil Somaliland: has a 40% interest in the Odewayne block www.solooil.co.uk and gas onshore/offshore exploration project which onshore, operated by Genel Energy, which covers covers 6,079 km2 and contains 4.7 trillion cubic feet 22,000 km2. of gas. Has a 6.5% interest in the Kiliwani North Development License exploration project which Stratex International UK Gold Djibouti: owns 40% of the Okila exploration licence, contains 45 billion cubic feet of gas. www. covering 93 km2. The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources stratexinternational.com Ethiopia: owns 40% of the Blackrock gold exploration Sovereign Mines of UK Gold Guinea: its subsidiary, Sovereign Mines of Guinea, has project in Afar region, covering 299 km2. Africa Plc 3 gold exploration/development projects: Mandiana- Senegal: owns 75% of the Dalafin gold licence www.sovmines.com Magana gold project in the northeast; the Dalaghna exploration project, covering 472 km2. gold project in the east; and Marela gold project in the Tanzania: owns 13% of Tembo Gold’s exploration south. The 3 projects contain 3.65 million ounces of licence, covering 100 km2. gold and cover 1,353 km2. Also owns 33% of Goldstone Resources, which has gold projects in Ghana and Gabon. Stellar Diamonds Plc UK Diamonds Guinea: is developing the Baoulé project which contains www.stellar-diamonds. 3.3 million carats, holds a mining licence over the Stratmin Global UK Flake Madagascar: holds 2 exploitation permits for flake com Droujba project, which contains 3 million carats and Resources Plc graphite graphite in the east, covering 18.75 km2. the Mandala alluvial diamond project, which contains www.stratminglobal.com 128,000 carats. Sula Iron & Gold Plc UK Iron ore, Sierra Leone: is exploring for iron ore, coltan and gold Sierra Leone: is developing the Tongo diamond project, www.sulaironandgold. coltan, gold through its wholly owned subsidiary, Blue Horizon, which contains 1.45 million carats; also holds licences in com in the Ferensola projects in the northeast. The gold Kono district. projects contain 0.8-1.5 million ounces and cover 153 km2. 60 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources www.tullowoil.com Tullow Oil Plc com www.sylvaniaplatinum. Sylvania Platinum Ltd incorporation Company Countryof co.uk www.towerresources. Tower Resources UK Bermuda UK Resource Mineral / Oil, gas palladium nickel, copper, platinum, Chrome, Oil, gas producing Espoirfield. Côte d’Ivoire: hasa21%interest intheoffshore Interests(countries/mines) producing field, whichcovers 146km Congo: hasan11%interest intheonshore M’Boundi and 164billioncubicfeet ofgas. company’. Controls reserves of307millionbarrels ofoil and describesitselfas ‘Africa’s leadingindependentoil Has interests in12countriessub-Saharan Africa Petroleum, covering 6,946km exploration blocksonshore, Rift through itssubsidiary Zambia: holdsan80%interest in2oilandgas which cover 72,708km platinum inMpumalangaprovince (Everest North). exploring inajointventure with Aquarius Platinum for in Limpopoprovince LimbProjects). (Northern Is is exploringfor platinum, palladium, copperandnickel nickel (containing1.1millionouncesofplatinum) and the Volspruit project tominefor platinum, copperand chrome tailingsprocessing complexes. Isdeveloping South Africa: itsSylvaniaDumpOperationsinclude7 39,983 km Imlili andonshore Bojadorblocks (thelattercovering CometPetroleumsubsidiary in theoffshore Gueltaand Western Sahara: holdsa50%interest through its subsidiary, RiftPetroleum Ltd). Gamtoos licenceoffshore (through itswholly-owned South Africa: holdsa50%interest inthe Algoa- blocks offshore, operatedby Repsol. Namibia: holdsa30%interest in3oilexploration of oil. exploration blockoffshore, containing7millionbarrels Cameroon: holds100%interest inthe Thali oil 2 ), bothoperatedby Wessex ExplorationPlc 2 . 2 . 2 . Tullow OilPlc(cont.) incorporation Company Countryof Resource Mineral / fields (Echira, Igongo, M’ObaandNiungo) cover 336km projects (mainly operatedby ). The 4onshore producing fields and4otherexploration/development Gabon: hasa5-40%interest in10onshore/offshore Complex. ownership oftheoffshore Ceibafield andOkume Equatorial Guinea: has2licensesencompassing 14% Kenya, covering 22,288km the East African RiftBasin, neartheadjacentlicencesin Ethiopia: hasa50%intheSouthOmoonshore blockin billion barrels ofoil. offshore, covering 2,210km2onshore andcontaining1.7 licenses around theLake basin,Albert mainly onshore, some Uganda: hasa33%interest (with Total andCNOOC)in4 licenses Namibia: hasa25-65%interest in2offshore exploration (Chingetti,field operated by ). licenses, including23%ownership ofoneproducing oil Mauritania: has4offshore explorationandproduction Interests(countries/mines) licenses (MandabeandBerenty) covering 14,681km Madagascar: hasa65%interest in2onshore exploration contain 600millionbarrels ofoilandcover 52,531km developed asthecompany’s key explorationactivity; they oil blocksinthewest andnorthwest whichare being Kenya: hasa50-65%interest in, andoperates, 5onshore SCS Corporation). Guinea: hasa40%interest inoffshore exploration(with Cape. Deepwater Tano,and and West Ten DevelopmentArea including itskey asset, theJubilee field (26-35%interest) Ghana: has2licensesinvolving 4offshore operations, 2 (with Africa Oil). 2 2 . 2 . 61 62 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources com www.vastresourcesplc. Vast Resources Plc www.umc-energy.com Corporation UMC Energy incorporation Company Countryof com www.vedantaresources. Vedanta Resources co.uk www.uraniumresources. Uranium Resources Plc com www.victoriaoilandgas. Victoria Oil&GasPlc www.vimetco.com Vimetco NV UK Islands Cayman UK UK UK Netherlands Resource Mineral / Gold Uranium oil iron ore, cobalt, zinc, Copper, Uranium Gas Bauxite Interests(countries/mines) gold. Zimbabwe. The minecontains3.56millionouncesof mining claimssurrounding theformer GiantMine, in 100% interest inthePickstone-Peerless gold mine, and Resources andGrayfox Investments) whichholdsa Investments Ltd(ajointventure between Vast Zimbabwe: hasa50%interest inBreckridge Morondava Basininthewest. SA, whichholdsuraniumexplorationlicences inthe Madagascar: hasan80%equityinterest inUramad a 21%stake. mines (Konkola, NchangaandNampundwe). ZCCMhas Zambia’s largestcopper(andcobalt)producer with3 Zambia: Konkola itssubsidiary CopperMinesis the OrangeBasinoilproject offshore. mine andowns CairnIndiawhichhasa60% interest in South Africa: owns 74%oftheBlackMountain zinc (operated through THL Zinc). Namibia: owns 100%oftheSkorpion zincmine iron ore projects. Liberia: owns Western ClusterLtdwhichisdeveloping area of10,789km southwest —Mtonya, RuvumaandRuhuhu, covering Tanzania: isexploringfor uraniumin3projects inthe gas. Logbaba project, containing1,350billioncubicfeet of onshore gasproducer, where itoperateswells inthe Cameroon: GazduCameroum istheonly itssubsidiary tonnes ofbauxite. bauxite mineinSierra Leonewhichcontains 31million Sierra Leone: Sierra Mineralshastheonly itssubsidiary 2 . com www.xtractresources. Xtract Resources Plc www.weatherlyplc.com Plc Weatherly International incorporation Company Countryof com wentworthresources. www. Ltd Wentworth Resources westafricanminerals.com www. Corporation Minerals West African UK UK Canada BVI Resource Mineral / Copper Copper Gas Iron ore Interests(countries/mines) Northern Cape province.Northern copper tailingsdamandexplorationproject in South Africa: managestheCarolusburg andO’Kiep 214,700 tonnesofcopper. Tsumeb Tailings) and1explorationlicence, containing Matchless), 2development projects (Tsumeb West and Namibia: owns 3coppermines(Tschudi, Otijhase, (Maurel etProm has48%andgovernment 20%). southeast, controlling 141.5billioncubicfeet ofgas; Bay coastal(onshore/offshore) gasblockinthe Tanzania: hasan42%interest intheproducing Mnazi et Prom 28%, government 15%). 359 billioncubicfeet ofgas; (Anadarko has35%, Maurel onshore gasconcessioninthenortheast, controlling Mozambique: hasa12%interest intheRovuma 5 iron ore explorationlicencescovering 687km Sierra Leone: Ferrum Resources itssubsidiary Ltdholds Djadom,North SouthDjadomandLélé). over largeareas ofCameroon (Sanaga, Binga, Djadom, Cameroun SAowns 6explorationlicencesfor iron ore Cameroon: CompagnieMinière du itssubsidiary 2 . 63 64 65

Notes

Company Country of Mineral / Interests (countries/mines) 1 Based on Brent crude price of $37, a one year forecast on foreign policy: Brief by the Foreign Office’, 26 January 1968, incorporation Resource 23 January 2016, http://www.oil-price.net/ National Archives, FCO49/13

2 The long term price of gold has been calculated at $1,500/ounces. 19 Permanent Under-Secretary’s Steering Committee, ‘British ZCCM Investment Zambia Copper, ZCCM-IH is 88% owned by the Government of This is the price used by a prominent gold mining company, foreign policy: Brief by the Foreign Office’, 26 January 1968, Holdings cobalt Zambia (GRZ) and 12% by private investors. Acacia Mining: ‘Reserves and Resources statement’, http://www. National Archives, FCO49/13 acaciamining.com/operations/reserves-resources.aspx www.zccm-ih.com.zm 20 Foreign Secretary, ‘Priorities in our foreign policy’, July 1970, Zambia: XCCM holds: 100% of Ndola Lime Company, 3 Based on $192/carat. This is calculated based on De Beers National Archives, FCO49/303 the country’s major producer of limestone products; financial report, stating that $3.0 billion of revenues were obtained from 15.6m carats in 2015. ‘Interim Results 2015’, 21 FO, ‘Regional studies’, September 1964, FCO49/302; Cabinet 50% of Kariba Minerals Limited, ‘the world’s largest https://www.debeersgroup.com/en/reports/financial-results- Office, ‘Future policy study 1960–1970’, Note by the Joint amethyst deposit’ (50% owned by Gemfields Ltd); centre/results-centre-2015.html Secretaries, 14 October 1959, National Archives, CAB21/3844

35% of Maamba Collieries Limited; 21% of Konkola 4 The coal is taken to be around $60/tonne, https://www. 22 E.Bevin to N.Ronald, 23 October 1948, British Documents Copper Mines (Vedanta Resources owns 79%); 20% quandl.com/collections/markets/coal on the End of Empire, Series A. Vol.2, Part II, p.271 of Kansanshi Mining Plc, the largest copper mine in 5 The average price of platinum was around $1,062/ounces in 23 Cabinet Office, Steering Committee, ‘British obligations Africa which is 80% owned by First Quantum; 20% 2015, http://www.platinum.matthey.com/prices/price-charts overseas’, 14 April 1958, National Archives, T234/768; of Lubambe copper mining project (Vale 40%, African Interdepartmental Group on oil policy, Background paper on 6 Information on concession areas given to mining companies oil, 11 October 1968, National Archives, FCO67/198 Rainbow Resources 40%); 15% of CNMC Luanshya was only available for 36 of the 101 companies looked Copper Mines plc (85% owned by China Nonferrous at. The remaining 65 companies have not disclosed this 24 ‘UK/Africa High Level Prosperity Partnership’, 19 November Metals Company Ltd); 15% of NFC Africa Mining plc, information 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ukafrica-high- The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources level-prosperity-partnership which is developing a copper project (85% by China 7 All information relating to the companies mentioned here Nonferrous Metals Company); 15% of Chibuluma were taken from company websites and were correct as at 25 ‘UK/Africa High Level Prosperity Partnership’, 19 November January 2016 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ukafrica-high- Mines plc, a copper project (85% by Jinchuan Group level-prosperity-partnership Company Ltd); 10% in Chambishi Metals Plc, a copper 8 Health Poverty Action et al,Honest Accounts: TheTrue Story 26 project (90% Enya Holding BV); 10% of Mopani Copper of Africa’s Billion Dollar Losses, July 2014 Foreign & Commonwealth Office, ‘UK and East Africa: Partnering on future opportunities’, 10 June 2014, https:// Mines Plc, the largest copper mine in Zambia and one 9 ‘Corporate profile’, http://www.gemdiamonds.com/gem/en/ www.gov.uk/government/speeches/uk-and-east-africa- of the largest mines in the world, also producing cobalt about/corporate-profile partnering-on-future-opportunities

(owned by Carlisa Investments Corporation, a joint 10 ‘Taparko’, http://www.nordgold.com/operations/production/ 27 DFID, ‘High Level Prosperity Partnerships in Africa’, 19 venture comprising Glencore International AG (73.1%), taparko/ November 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ First Quantum Minerals Ltd (16.9% and ZCCM high-level-prosperity-partnerships-in-africa/high-level- ) 11 ‘Yaoure’, http://www.amaramining.com/operations/yaoure/ prosperity-partnerships-in-africa Investment Holdings (10%)). 12 ‘Ghana’, http://www.clontarfenergy.com/projects/ghana_.aspx 28 DFID, ‘High Level Prosperity Partnerships in Africa’, 19 November 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ 13 Health Poverty Action et al, Honest Accounts: The True Story high-level-prosperity-partnerships-in-africa/high-level- of Africa’s Billion Dollar Losses, July 2014, p.7, prosperity-partnerships-in-africa

14 http://www.londonstockexchange.com/statistics/companies- 29 Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Department for and-issuers/companies-and-issuers.htm International Development and The Rt Hon Justine Greening MP, ‘Tanzania and the UK forge new partnership on trade 15 http://www.londonstockexchange.com/statistics/companies- and investment’, 7 November 2013 https://www.gov.uk/ and-issuers/companies-and-issuers.htm Information government/news/tanzania-and-uk-forge-new-partnership-on- regarding these companies have been taken from their trade-and-investment company websites and were correct as of January 2016 30 ‘Tanzania’, http://www.bg-group.com/assets/files/cms/ 16 LSE, A Guide to Listing on the London Stock Exchange, 2010, CountryData/BG_DataBook_Tanzania.pdf p.7, http://www.londonstockexchange.com/home/guide- to-listing.pdf; ‘The benefits and considerations of joining 31 Foreign & Commonwealth Office, ‘UK and East Africa: the London Stock Exchange Main Market’, https://www. Partnering on future opportunities’, 10 June 2014, https:// nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/benefits-and-considerations- www.gov.uk/government/speeches/uk-and-east-africa- joining-london-stock-exchange-main-market partnering-on-future-opportunities

17 See Mark Curtis, Unpeople: Britain’s Secret Human Rights 32 This Board ‘provides strategic direction to the management Abuses, Vintage, 2004, Chapter 8 of DFID's operations, staff and financial resources’. https://www. gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-international- 18 Permanent Under-Secretary’s Steering Committee, ‘British development/about/our-governance 66 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources madagascar.pdf https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/mining_ Communities andRio Tinto’s White Wash’, October2007, 47 2012-olympic-medals-2/ http://londonminingnetwork.org/2012/04/rio-tinto-and-the- 46 madagascar.pdf https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/mining_ Communities andRio Tinto’s White Wash’, October2007, 45 biographies/lords/lord-kerr-of-kinlochard/3708 44 aspx group.com/AboutBG/BoardofDirectors/Pages/VivienneCox. riotinto.com/aboutus/19788_vivienne_cox.asp; http://www.bg- organisation/Boards/Biography-Vivienne-Cox/; http://www. people/vivienne-cox; http://www.dfid.gov.uk/About-us/Our- 43 aboutMine.asp 42 tanzanian-delegation http://www.lseg.com/resources/media-centre/press-releases/ onLondonStockExchange’, 2014,open trading 27January 41 what-we-do 40 html#axzz3za3UUMrY cms/s/0/3cd34834-be49-11e2-9b27-00144feab7de. few precedents’, 16May 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/ 39 grant; http://uk.linkedin.com/pub/ann-grant/3/a75/63a 38 biographies/lords/lord-kerr-of-kinlochard/3708 37 36 Nexus,Government May 2013, 35 promotes-business-links-in-east-africa-to-end-poverty 5 November 2013, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk- 34 Sec-meetings-Oct-Dec11.pdf 33 49 48 name ofbiodiversity?’, March2016 offset inMadagascar-biodiversity inthe double landgrabs leadership/Pages/default.aspx Friends oftheEarth, Friends Forests,‘Mining Madagascar: ‘Rio Tinto andthe2012Olympic Medals’, 15 2012 April oftheEarth, Friends Forests,‘Mining Madagascar: ofKinlochard’,‘Lord Kerr http://www.parliament.uk/ ‘CBE Vivienne Cox’, https://www.gov.uk/government/ ‘The mine’, http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/english/ ‘Tanzanian delegation and The RtHon. JustineGreeningMP http://www.lseg.com/about-london-stock-exchange-group/ chairman’s couphas ‘Magnitude ofGlencoreXstrata http://www.tullowoil.com/about-us/board-of-directors/ann- ofKinlochard’,‘Lord Kerr http://www.parliament.uk/ See, for example, Curtis,TheUKEnergy-Finance- Mark ‘UK promotesbusiness linksineast toendpoverty’,Africa http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/aboutdfid/DFID-Perm- Friends oftheEarth, Friends Forests,‘Mining Madagascar: World Rainforest Movement andRe:Common, ‘Rio Tinto’s http://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/aboutus/ ‘Leadership’, 53 52 51 50 61 asp?pageid=378) Western Sahara’ (‘Activity’, http://www.cairnenergy.com/index. www.cairnenergy.com/index.asp?pageid=317 )and ‘offshore that theblock isboth ‘offshore Morocco’ (‘Overview’, http:// index.asp?pageid=27&newsid=441. Cairn’s website now states portfolio’, 28October 2013, http://www.cairnenergy.com/ acreageto its frontierexploration Atlantic Margin further 60 documents/Report-Econ-Contrib-Indust-Mining-Madagascar.pdf pp.29-32, http://business-humanrights.org/sites/default/files/ ,Mining inMadagascar: ResearchSummary September 2015, 59 years_after_his_last_mission_to_madagascar.html#1 theecologist.org/campaigning/2625160/andrew_lees_20_ mission toMadagascar’, 31December2014, http://www. 58 ethicalcorp.com/documents/Madagascar_Feature_000.pdf business?’, 2014, EthicalCorporation, http://events. February 57 madagascar-local-protests-against-rio-tinto/ Rio Tinto’, 2013, 25January http://www.ejolt.org/2013/01/ 56 madagascar-local-protests-against-rio-tinto/ Tinto’, 2013, 25January http://www.ejolt.org/2013/01/ Vahinala Douguet, LocalprotestsagainstRio ‘Madagascar: rio-tinto-unearths-unrest-in-madagascar/?iid=gs-main-lead; world.time.com/2013/02/08/the-white-stuff-mining-giant- 2013, UnrestinMadagascar’, http:// Unearths 8February 55 years_after_his_last_mission_to_madagascar.html#1 theecologist.org/campaigning/2625160/andrew_lees_20_ mission toMadagascar’, 31December2014, http://www. 54 asp http://www.riotintomadagascar.com/english/sustainRelations. years_after_his_last_mission_to_madagascar.html#1 theecologist.org/campaigning/2625160/andrew_lees_20_ mission toMadagascar’, 31December2014, http://www. ethicalcorp.com/documents/Madagascar_Feature_000.pdf business?’, 2014, EthicalCorporation, http://events. February madagascar.pdf https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/mining_ Communities andRio Tinto’s White Wash’, October2007, zhtml?c=238878&p=irol-govBio&ID=226527 madagascar.pdf https://www.foe.co.uk/sites/default/files/downloads/mining_ Communities andRio Tinto’s White Wash’, October2007, ‘Cairn starts drilling operations offshoreMoroccoandadds operations drilling starts ‘Cairn World Banketal, FromIndustrial EconomicContributions Yvonne Orengo, afterhislast ‘Andrew Lees-20years GilesCrosse, Madagascaropenfor ‘Is mineral-rich Vahinala Douguet, Localprotestsagainst ‘Madagascar: JessicaHatcher, ‘The White Stuff: MiningGiantRio Tinto Yvonne Orengo, afterhislast ‘Andrew Lees-20years ‘Ourrelationswiththecommunity’, Yvonne Orengo, afterhislast ‘Andrew Lees-20years CitedinGilesCrosse, Madagascaropenfor ‘Is mineral-rich oftheEarth, Friends Forests,‘Mining Madagascar: ‘Biography’, http://investors.kosmosenergy.com/phoenix. 76 October 2015, Zambia islosing$3billionayear fromcorporate taxdodging, 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 org/files/pdf/olaeng.pdf http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/ Information: Minerals Copper,Geological Survey 2012report, Metal Exchangewas7,533in2010and $8,818in2011. US 2011. pertonneofcopperontheLondon The averge price total taxreceiptsof$789millionin2010 and$1.55billionin tonnes ofcopperin2010and819,574 tonnesin2011and 2014, p.11. gives totalproductionof762,521 This report Iniaitive (ZEITI): for theyear 2011, Reconciliationreport February http://www.wsrw.org/a240x3299 intimidation feb/25/western-sahara-saharawi-activists-moroccan- theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/ 2014,Moroccan intimidation’, http://www. 25February occupation-western-sahara 2014, http://waronwant.org/media/life-under-17 February 6 November 2015, http://www.wsrw.org/a240x3295 asp?pageid=338 Sahara’, 13.01-201518:01’, http://www.wsrw.org/a240x3125 Sahara’, 15October2014, http://www.wsrw.org/a228x2964 a240x3292; ‘Glencore with2licencesoffoccupied Western Western Sahara’, 6November 2015, http://wsrw.org/ Sahara’, 15October2014, http://www.wsrw.org/a228x2964 a240x3292; ‘Glencore with2licencesoffoccupied Western Western Sahara’, 6November 2015, http://wsrw.org/ org/a240x3292 occupied Western Sahara’, 6November 2015, http://wsrw. oils-limited; and withMoroccoin ‘The oilcompaniesworking See:https://www.duedil.com/company/01740802/teredo- www.wsrw.org/a117x520 a240x3292 ; The oilexploration’, 30September2014, http:// Western Sahara’, 6November 2015, http://wsrw.org/

War on Want, War ‘Morocco’, http://www.newafricanglobalenergy.com/Morocco The textofthelegalopinionisavailable at: http://www.wsrw. Moore Stephens, ZambiaExtractive Industries Transparency ‘Lie 5: "We are notengagedinpolitics"’, 6November 2015, John Hilary, ‘Western activistsfeel fullforce Sahara of John Hilary, ‘Life underoccupationin Western Sahara’, ‘Lie 1: in "Oilexploration Western isperfectly Sahara lawful"’, ‘Human Rights’, http://www.cairnenergy.com/index. in UNLegalCounselslamsKosmosdrilling Former Western withMoroccoinoccupied ‘The oilcompaniesworking ‘Our operations’, http://www.petromaroc.co/our-operations/ withMoroccoinoccupied ‘The oilcompaniesworking Little information ispublicallyLittle information available about Terdo. withMoroccoinoccupied ‘The oilcompaniesworking Extracting Minerals, Extracting Wealth: How 86 2014, p.79 Iniaitive (ZEITI): for theyear 2011,February Reconciliationreport 85 payments-zambia?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487 com/global-development/2011/apr/15/mining-firm-tax- Zambia’, Guardian, 15 2011,April http://www.theguardian. 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 WarOnWant_ZambiaTaxReport_web.pdf October 2015, http://www.waronwant.org/sites/default/files/ Zambia islosing$3billionayear fromcorporate taxdodging, glencore-tax-dodging-in-zambia September 2011, http://www.actionaid.org.uk/tax-justice/ justice/glencore-tax-dodging-in-zambia Plc, undated, available at-http://www.actionaid.org.uk/tax- to-switzerland/ Blog/2012/10/01/glencores-derivatives-the-way-to-get-profit- 1October2012,Switzerland? http://www.taxresearch.org.uk/ Murphy, ‘Glencore’s derivatives: theway togetprofit to reducetaxes payable by itsUKoperation. SeeRichard taken outwithitsown contracts parentcompany insurance UK taxbillby tens ofmillionspoundsby usingcomplex html#axzz2Sn93XJkR ft.com/cms/s/0/93b47d9a-b196-11e2-b324-00144feabdc0. tax losses’, , 30 2013,April http://www. avoidance-led-by-miners-costs-2-billion-a-year.html; ‘Zambia’s bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-25/zambia-says-tax- Costs $2Billiona Year’, 25November 2012, http://www. html#axzz2Sn93XJkR ft.com/cms/s/0/93b47d9a-b196-11e2-b324-00144feabdc0. tax losses’, Financial Times, 30 2013,April http://www. avoidance-led-by-miners-costs-2-billion-a-year.html; ‘Zambia’s www. bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-25/zambia-says-tax- Costs$2Billiona Miners Year’, 25November 2012, http:// ZK4.86/$ asusedintheEITIreport on theLondonMetalExchangefor 2011. used Exchangerate minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/. This istheaverage price Information: Copper, 2012report, http://minerals.usgs.gov/ 2014,2011, February Annex 8; Minerals USGeologicalSurvey Transparency Iniaitive(ZEITI): for theyear Reconciliationreport the EITIreport commodity/copper/. used: Exchangerate ZK4.86/$asusedin Copper, 2012report,http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/ 2014, Annex 8; Information: Minerals USGeologicalSurvey Iniaitive (ZEITI): for theyear 2011, Reconciliationreport February it includestaxes paidby the company itself. MooreStephens, This amountexcludesPAYE paidby thecompany employees; MooreStephens, ZambiaExtractive Industries Transparency LizFord, underfire ‘Mining firm over tax payments in £76 million. ‘Glencore: taxdodginginZambia’, 27 Thornton,Grant Glencore has, for example, alsobeenaccusedofcuttingits Matthew Hill, ‘Zambia Says Tax Avoidance Ledby Miners on Want,War Matthew Hill, ‘Zambia Says Tax Avoidance Ledby Sources: MooreStephens, ZambiaExtractive Industries Moore Stephens, ZambiaExtractive Industries Transparency Extracting Minerals, Extracting Wealth: How Pilot —MopaniCopperMines Audit Report 67 68 The New Colonialism: Britain’s scramble for Africa’s energy and mineral resources pollution-50-zema/ https://www.lusakatimes.com/2014/08/07/mopani-reduces- reduces pollutionby 50%—ZEMA’, 7 August 2014, Glencore-hit-rioters-Zambian-copper-plant.html; ‘Mopani www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-2735182/ plant over sulphurdioxide pollution’, 26 August 2014, http:// 96 collapse/ dioxide-emissions-cause-mufulira-district-commissioner-to- https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/10/18/mopani-sulphur- Commissioner tocollapse’, 18October2013, 95 pollution-idAFJOE82405O20120305 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-zambia-glencore- 94 workers_at_Glencore__Mail_Online.pdf dubious_tax_practices_and_exploitation_of_African_ dir/16/files/2012/03/A_special_investigation_into_pollution_ 4 May 2011, http://www.facing-finance.org/wp-content/blogs. 93 92 91 copper-sales-spark-Zambian-tax-avoidance-probe.html thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-2688103/Vedantas- Zambiantaxavoidancespark probe’, 10July 2014, http://www. 90 89 kcm-hides-profits-in-zambia-by-transfer-mispricing/ mispricing’, 4July 2014, http://www.foilvedanta.org/articles/ 4 July 2014, citedin ‘KCM hidesprofitsinZambia by transfer 88 htm parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmintdev/130/130we18. Development Committee, 2012,April http://www.publications. 87 2014, for theyear 2011,Reconciliation report p.79 February Zambia Extractive Industries Transparency Iniaitive(ZEITI): September 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/ CopperOutput,Country's 7 97 site_eng/detail_article.php?art_id=21978 government’, 18May 2014, http://www.africanmanager.com/ Zambian-tax-avoidance-probe.html money/markets/article-2688103/Vedantas-copper-sales-spark- avoidance probe’, 10July 2014, http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/ ‘Mining giant Vedanta’s Zambiantax coppersalesspark the reachofcreditors’ becauseitisintrouble. RobDavies, to put assets istrying show thatthedebt-ladenfirm ‘beyond says itisowed. U&MquestionedKCM’s financesinabidto in afierce disputewithKCM over a£23millionsettlementit by U&MMiningZambia, locked contractor aBrazilian-owned in-zambia-by-transfer-mispricing/. The claimhasbeenmade 2014, http://www.foilvedanta.org/articles/kcm-hides-profits- RobDavies, atZambiancopper ‘Glencore hitby rioters ‘Mopani sulphur-dioxide District emissions cause Mufulira ‘Zambia shutspollutingGlencorecopperplant’, 5March andRob Davies, RuthSunderland ‘Greed Inc’, MailOnline, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qm9Fi4y2mWo CitedinRobDavies, ‘Mining giant Vedanta’s coppersales MwalaKalaluka, ‘KCM cheatingoncopperexports’, The Post, GlencoreevidencetotheUKParliament’s International MatthewHill, ‘Glencore ZambianMove toHalt26%of ‘Zambia: ZambiansslamIndianmininginvestor for mocking ‘KCM hidesprofitsinZambia mispricing’,by transfer 4July mining-giant-in-Eng News/2015/August-2015/Zambian-communities-sue-copper- High Court’, 2 August 2015, https://www.leighday.co.uk/ mining-giant-in-Eng News/2015/August-2015/Zambian-communities-sue-copper- High Court’, 2 August 2015, https://www.leighday.co.uk/ zambia-copper-mining-toxic-leaks; theguardian.com/global-development/2015/aug/01/vedanta- inUKover toxic leaks’,to court 1 August 2015, http://www. version.pdf uploads/2015/10/The-Bottom-Line-report_final-digital- http://corporate-responsibility.org/wp-content/ Abuse Overseas, October2015, pp.8-10 mainly fromCORECoalition, The BottomLine: UKCorporate untold-story-strike-leader-died-workers-rights theguardian.com/world/2015/may/19/marikana-massacre- leader whodiedfor workers’ rights’, 19May 2015, http://www. Nick Davies, massacre: ofthestrike ‘Marikana theuntoldstory www.bench-marks.org.za/press/farlam_oped_john_capel.pdf; murder-marikana-say-lawyers world/2014/nov/06/Lonmin-directors-charged-accomplices- Marikana’, 6December2014, http://www.theguardian.com/ directors asaccomplicestomurder over‘should becharged nov/24/Lonmin-mine-shooting-police; David Smith, ‘Lonmin November 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/ owners, thepoliceandSouth day ofblood’,Africa's 24 Reserve_Statements_2014.pdf downloads/ourbusiness/Mineral_Resource_and_Mineral_ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34173746 version.pdf uploads/2015/10/The-Bottom-Line-report_final-digital- pp.23-4,http://corporate-responsibility.org/wp-content/ Bottom Line: UKCorporate October2015,Abuse Overseas, the North Mara Mine, Mara the North Tanzania’, 2014, http://www.raid-uk.org/ 102 101 100 99 98 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34173746 zambia/#more-1960 news/open-letter-of-support-for-foil-vedanta-delegation-in- in Zambia’, 14October2015, http://www.foilvedanta.org/ country-s-copper-output articles/2015-09-07/glencore-zambian-move-to-halt-26-of- ofacid”‘”Rivers inZambianvillages’, 8September2015, ‘MPs sign open Letter of support for Foil ‘MPs signopenLetterofsupport Vedanta delegation ‘Zambian communities suecoppermininggiantinEnglish ‘Zambian communities suecoppermininggiantinEnglish John Vidal, take mininggiant ‘Zambian villagers Vedanta Information in the above paragraphs onLonmintaken intheabove Information paragraphs Foundationmediarelease, Benchmarks undated, http:// Maeve McClenaghan andDavid Smith, mine ‘The British andresources’,‘Reserves p.v, https://www.Lonmin.com/ ofacid”‘”Rivers inZambianvillages’, 8September2015, The following istaken mainly fromCORE Coalition, The RAID etal,’A of Pattern Abuse: HumanRightsatRisk shantagold.com) visit totheNewLuika goldmine’, November 2015, www. mentioned onthecompany’s website (for example, ‘Analyst com/operations/singida). ResettlementatNewLuikaisalso resettlement negotiations’ (‘Singida’, http://www.shantagold. mining-response-oxfam-america-3-jun-2014.pdf default/files/media/documents/company_responses/amara- Dreams’, 2June2014, http://business-humanrights.org/sites/ fasos-golden-dreams/ http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/2014/05/burkina- ofFailing Firm Terms’, 19 August 2015 news/764-aureus-mining-changing-lives-in-cape-mount 2014, http://www.frontpageafricaonline.com/index.php/ liberty-construction-update-2 http://aureus-mining.com/investors/news/latest-news/new- mining-company www.liberianobserver.com/business/ellen-extols-aureus- participation-barrick-s good-some-tanzanian-villagers-many-others-hindered- 2015, http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/out-court-settlement- Mechanism’, by Grievance Barrick’s Participation 9February Some Tanzanian hinderedfrom —ButMany Others Villagers /131shfn/-/index.html mining-firm-reaches-payout-settlement-/-/1840568/2621228/- 2015, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/oped/Gold-12 February reachespayout villagers’,mining firm settlementwith Mara mining-settles-group-claims-out-of-court-2015-02-06; ‘Gold 2015, http://www.miningweekly.com/article/acacia-February barrick-gold-fails-address-ongoing-violence ca/news/2015/11/17/broken-bones-and-broken-promises- at Tanzania Mine’, 17November 2015, http://miningwatch. Promises: GoldFailsto Barrick Address Ongoing Violence participation-barrick-s good-some-tanzanian-villagers-many-others-hindered- 2015, http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/out-court-settlement- Mechanism’, by Grievance Barrick’s Participation 9February Some Tanzanian hinderedfrom —ButMany Others Villagers uploads/2014/05/Community%20Development%20Plan.pdf March 2014, p.v, http://www.aureus-mining.com/wp-content/ sites/default/files/abg-abuse.pdf 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 OnSingida, thecompany ispromoting ‘the initiationof Responsefrom Miningplcto Amara Faso’s‘Burkina Golden KeithSlack, Faso’s‘Burkina GoldenDreams’, 5May 2014, , Karmo Henry ‘”They LiedtoUs”: Kinjol Accuses Mining ‘Aureus Miningchanginglives inCapeMount’, 20February update’, construction 11September2014,‘New Liberty ‘Ellen Extols Aureus MiningCompany’, 18May 2014, http:// Mining Watch Canada, SettlementGood for ‘Out-of-Court ‘Acacia Miningsettlesgroupclaimsoutofcourt’, 6 Mining Watch Canada, ‘Broken BonesandBroken Mining Watch Canada, SettlementGoodfor ‘Out-of-Court Aureus Mining, CommunityDevelopment New Plan, Liberty report/whose-development-is-it 2013,January http://jubileedebt.org.uk/reports-briefings/ Mozambique without-development-The-case-of-Kenmare-Moma-mine-in- eurodad.org/Entries/view/1546082/2013/12/05/Mining- Moma mineinMozambique’, December2013, http://www. exploiting-a-state-on-the-brink-of-failure/ www.webguinee.net/blogguinee/2015/05/guinea-mining- ofFailure’,Exploiting aStateontheBrink 5May 2015, http:// mining,108036818-ART, citedinJ.Mailey, ‘Guinea Mining. ama/2014/09/05/a-secret-loan-accord-for-bellzone- 2014, http://www.africaintelligence.com/AMA/alert- brink-of-failure/ blogguinee/2015/05/guinea-mining-exploiting-a-state-on-the- ofFailure’,Brink 5May 2015, http://www.webguinee.net/ publications/Turkana_Baseline_Report_DEF-LR_Cordaid.pdf Consultation, August 2015, p.9, https://www.cordaid.org/media/ publications/Turkana_Baseline_Report_DEF-LR_Cordaid.pdf Consultation, August 2015, p.8, https://www.cordaid.org/media/ campaign=TD_news_headlines_right_col medium=TD_news_headlines_right_col&utm_ oil-blocks-after-protests?utm_source=website&utm_ article/1382933053/tullow-suspends-drilling-two-kenyan- protests’, 28October2013, http://www.cityam.com/ journal_-_april_2015.pdf kefi-minerals.com/files/media/kefi_minerals_in_gold_mining_ /1840406/1816004/-/ac2f2n/-/index.html 2012, http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/-22 February Announcements_2014/End-of-strike-at-Inata-2014-12-12.pdf www.avocetmining.com/downloads/announcements/ flees; atInata’, ‘Endofstrike 12December2014, http:// revolt-rocks-burkina-faso-s-mines-after-president-compaore- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-08/ 2015, Faso’sRocks Burkina Mines After PresidentFlees’, 8 April burkina-faso-4466118; Pauline BaxandSimonGongo, ‘Revolt news/newsavocet-mining-halts-production-at-inata-mine-in- Faso’, 11December2014, http://www.mining-technology.com/ C9F5F1B596F3F37C85257704007BFBA8?opendocument ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/DocsByUNIDForPrint/ 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 Company namewaschangedin September2015 JubileeDebtCampaign, ‘Whose Development IsIt?’, ‘Mining withoutdevelopment: The caseofKenmare ‘A secretloanaccordfor Bellzone mining’, 5September J.Mailey, ‘Guinea Mining. ExploitingaStateonthe Cordaid, OilExploration inKenya : SuccessRequires Cordaid, OilExploration inKenya : SuccessRequires ‘Tullow attwo Kenyan suspendsdrilling oilblocks after GoldMiningJournal, 2015,April-June p.19, http://www. Alex Bitekeye, ‘Chadema MPcondemns “police brutality”’, ‘Avocet MininghaltsproductionatInatamineinBurkina ‘Tulu Kapigoldproject’, http://ifcext.ifc.org/ 69 Yes, I want to support War on Want by becoming a member YES, I WANT TO SUPPORT WAR ON WANT BY BECOMING A MEMBER Please fill in the whole form in capital letters using a ball point pen and send to: Yes, I want to support War on Want Freepost RSKC-UCZZ-ZSHL, War on Want, 44-48 Shepherdess Walk, London N1 7JP Do not return to your bank by becoming a member Please f ill in the whole form in capital letters using a ball point pen and send to: Name Freepost RSKC-UCZZ-ZSHL, War on Want, 44-48 Shepherdess Walk, London N1 7JP Do not return to your bank Address Name Postcode

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