Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Home , Jammu district, Kathua district, Samba district, Udhampur district

Current ISSN 2449-8866 Research Article Life Sciences

B. L. Bhellum

Department of Botany, Government College for Women, Parade, Jammu, India; E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 08 May 2018; Revised submission: 21 July 2018; Accepted: 03 August 2018 Copyright: © The Author(s) 2018. Licensee T.M.Karpi ński, Poland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328270

ABSTRACT Hari Dev in 1816 A. D. Suchet Singh the younger brother of Raja Gulab Singh was made the Raja of Samba is a newly formed district, located in Jammu Bandralta and Samba. Recently in 2006, Samba was and Kashmir State. The District was earlier a part of formed a new district of Jammu and Kashmir state. District Jammu of the State. Samba is situated on a Earlier this area was under district Jammu. District range of Shivalik hills on the east of Jammu Samba (Fig. 1 and 2) is contiguous with tehsils alongside the National Highway 1-A on the bank of Bishnah and Jammu of District Jammu on the west, river Basantar at a distance of forty kilometres from Udhampur district on the north, Kathua district on Jammu city. The present survey is undertaken since the east and International border along the District 2015 to explore the District taxonomically that will with Punjab province of Pakistan on South. be helpful to carry out the research in other related fields. The current assessment of the taxonomic study of the area indicates that the District comprises of 677 species represented by 442 genera of 119 families of the flowering plants of which 77.1% are dicotyledons and 22.8% monocotyledons. The ten dominant genera of the District are Cyperus (18 spp.) followed by Ipomoea (13 spp.), Ficus (9 spp.), Euphorbia (8 spp.), Fimbristylis (8 spp.), Acacia ( 5 spp.), Cassia (5 spp.), Lindernia (5 spp.), Polygonum (5 spp.), Medicago (4 spp.). Poaceae (70 spp.) is the most dominant family followed by Fabaceae (63 spp.) and Asteraceae (52 spp.).

Keywords: Angiosperms; Floristcs; District Samba; Figure 1. Map of district Samba of Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir; India. State, India.

1. INTRODUCTION The area of the District is 1002 sq. km and lies The founder of Samba was Malh Dev, the between 75° 11´ N longitude and 32° 56´ E latitude. younger son of Rai Saidu of Lakhanpur who The total population of the district is 3.1 lakh as per married into the family of Ghotar a local tribesman the census 2011. The area is mainly divided into two settled at Samba in 1400 A. D. But it remained belts namely the outer plains on the south and the under the supremacy of Jammu during the period of Shivaliks on the north. The national highway passes

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34 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I through the middle of the district. Basanter and from September. The climate of the area is based Devek are the sources of water particularly in on precipitation, humidity and number of rainy rainy season. Samba is situated in the foothills of days. This data is available in meteorological Shivaliks along the National Highway on the bank records [2-3]. of river Basantar at the distance of 40 km from Jammu towards east. 1.3. Vegetation

The vegetation of district Samba is of subtropical type. The dominant species include Buddleja asiatica , Carissa opaca , Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, A. modesta, Justicia adhatoda, Lantana camara, Mallotus philippensis Murraya koenigii , Punica granatum, Woodfordia fruticosa Zizyphus mauritiana , etc. The rare species are Aegle marme- los , Aesculus indica , Bauhinia variegata , Bombax ceiba , Coriaria nepalensis , Crateva adensonii , Ficus bengalensis, F. religiosa, Butea monosperma, Mitragyna parvifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Pyrus pashia, Rubus ellipticus, Terminalia chebula, Withania somnifera, etc. Thorny bushes, evergreen shrubs, climbers and tall grasses. Most of the plants are broad leaved deciduous type. The district expe- Figure 2. Map showing subdivisions of District Samba of rience different types of vegetation due to variation Jammu and Kashmir, India. in elevation, temperature and phytosociology of the species interrelationship since remote past. The most common species in the surroundings of 1.1. Soil Mansar lake are Abrus precarorius , Abutilon indicum , Buddleja asiatica , Justicia adhatoda , Aesculus Jammu and Kashmir have different types of indica , Bauhinia variegata , Bombax ceiba , Cissam- soil. The soil of Samba district is typically like that pelos pariera , Dodonaea viscosa , Grewia aptiva , of Jammu Shivaliks and Jammu plains because of its Murraya koenigii , Platanus orientalis , Telosma having some area like Shivaliks and other like that pallida, Toona ciliata , Nerium indicum , Ipomoea of Jammu plains. The soil is light to heavy with carnea , I. hederacea , I. purpurea , moderate fertility. Moisture is wanting in the The characteristics herbaceous species of this northern part of Samba but the Southern part of area are Aeginetia indica , Ageratum conyzoieds , Samba of Tehsil Ramgarh and its adjoining areas Ajuga parviflora , Alternanthera pungens , Arabido- contain better moisture in the soil. The district is psis thaliana , Bidens bipinnata, Blumea laciniata , rich in limestone, quartzite, grit and clay [1]. Centella asiatica , Convlovulus arvensis , Euphorbia hirta, E. prostrata , Galinsoga parviflora , Eclipta 1.2. Climate prostrata , Lactuca dissecta , Lindenbergia macro- stachya, Malvestrum coromandelianum , Mazus The climate of district Samba is hot in delavayi , Medicago lupulina , M. polymorpha , summer and tolerably cold in winter with an Mentha longifolia , Murdannia nudiflora , Prunella exception of a very cold in the vicinity of high snow vulgaris , Ranunculus arvensis , R. muricatus , Rubia ranges on some of the northern part of the district. cordata , Salvia plebeia , Saussurea heteromala , The excessive hot summer days are between May Scaligeria stewartiana , Veronica beccabunga . The and June and rainy season prolongs upto middle of herbaceous flora in the surroundings of Samba city September. Most of the rainy days are in the month among other include Achyranthes aspera , Anagallis of July and August. The dry spell in the area follows arvensis , Dicliptera bupleuroides , Cannabis sativa ,

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35 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Cichorium intybus, Circium arvense, Galinsoga njiva roxburghii , Ricinus communis , Rubus ellip- parviflora , Eclipta prostrata , Imperata cylindrica , ticus , Terminalia bellirica , T. chebula Toona ciliata Lactuca dissecta , Malva parviflora , Oxalis corni- [2, 4-5]. culata, Polygonum plebeium, Rubia cordata , Salvia In past, plant explorers [6-18] have under- plebeia , Saussurea heteromala , Silybum marianum, taken floristic studies in this area and some other Solanum nigrum , S. surratense , Stellaria media. The parts of the Jammu and Kashmir State. Sharma and roadsides species along the national highway gene- Kour [19] and Kour and Sharma [20], have studied rally found are Ageratum conyzoides , Alternanthera some tree resources of this area. The area of the pungens , Cannabis sativa , Coronopus didymus , district samba was selected for present study at the Chenopodium alba , Datura innoxia , Dicanthium district level as it has not so far been documented annulatum , Euphorbia hirta , Gomphrena celoso- floristically. Samba district has a great diversity in ides , Polygonum hydropiper , Sonchus asper, S. ole- its flora and some patches need a survey to update raceous , Verbascum thapsus , Xanthium strumarium , the floristic diversity of the State of Jammu and Youngia japonica . Kashmir. Some weeds that grow on wastelands are Achyranthes aspera, A. bidentata, Barleria cristata, 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Artemisa scoparia, B. prionitis, B. bipinnata, B. biternata, Calotropis procera, Clematis gouria- The area was visited several times for the na, Cleome viscosa, Coccinia indica, Commelina collection of data during the years of 2015-2017. benghalensis, Dicliptera roxburghiana, Fumaria Over one hundred botanical tours were made in the indica, Galium aparine, Geranium rotundifolium, district during different seasons. The identification Ipomoea cariaca, I. nil, I. pestigridis, Oxalis debilis, of the species was made with the help of taxonomic O. corniculata, Rorripa nasturtium-aquatcum, Pas- literature available. Each species is provided with a palum scorbiculatum, Phyla nodiflora, Poa annua, citation and some important synonyms for providing Tephrosia purpurea, Trichodesma incucum, Ver- more clarity on account of taxa under study. The bascum thapsus, Withania somnifera. species has been compared with type specimens of The common weeds that inhabit in rice fields different Herbaria wherever necessary. within District Samba are Ammania baccifera , A. senegalensis , Circium wallichii , Commelina 3. RESULTS benghalensis , Cyperus difformis , C. rotundus , C. sanguisorba , Eclipta prostrata , Echinochloa All the species collected from district Samba colonum , Lindernia ciliata , Ludwegia parviflora , has been arranged in Bentham and Hooker's system Mollugo pentaphylla , Monochoria vaginalis , Nelu- of classification with a slight deviation whereever mbo nucifera , Ranunculus muricatus , Sphenoclea necessay. Each species is provided with a short zeylanica . citation, place of collection, elevation, flower colour The other species of weeds that are of and distribution. common occurrence in wheat fields are Anagallis Floristic Analysis arvensis , Fumaria indica , Lathyrus aphaca , L. sati- The number of species inhabiting in district va , Melilotus alba , M. indica , Medicago lupulina , Samba is 677 represented by 442 genera of 119 M. polymorpha , Phalaris minor , Spergularia fallax , families of the flowering plants of which 522 are S. rubra , Stellaria media , Vicia faba , V. sativa , dicotyledons and 155 monocotyledons (Table I). V. tetrasperma , Vaccaria pyramidata . Some trees The ten dominant families of the flowering plants and shrubs inhabiting district Samba are Azadira- are Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, chta indica , Butea monosperma , Carissa opaca , Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Con- Cordia dicotoma , Cravaeva adansonii , Dalbergia volvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Malvaceae and Moraceae sissoo , Delonix regia , Grewia optiva , Lagerstroe- (Table 2). The most dominant genus is Cyperus (18 mia indica , Martynia annua , Mallotus philippensis , spp.) followed by Ipomoea (13 spp.) and Ficus (9 Melia azadirachata , Oroxylum indicum , Pongamia spp.) (Table 3). pinnata , Populus ciliata , Punica granatum , Putra-

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36 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Table 1. Number of species, genera and families of Flrs. & Frts.: August-October angiosperms of flora of District Samba of Jammu and Specimens examined : Mansar (350 m) Bhellum Kashmir State. 25013 Number of Number of Number of Group Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Ceylon, families genera species Java, Pakistan & Philippines Dicotyledons 99 344 522

Monocotyledons 20 98 155 C. graveolens Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. 1: 307. Total 119 442 677 1846; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 4. 1872; Sharma &

Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 88. 1981; Bhellum &

Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Table 2. Ten dominant families of flora of District Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 13. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 26. 2016. S. Name of the Number of Number of No family genera species Flower colour: Cream yellow 1. Poaceae 54 70 Flrs. & Frts.: June-October 2. Fabaceae 30 63 Specimens examined : Mansar (350 m) Bhellum 3. Asteraceae 40 52 25092 4. Cyperaceae 7 37 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Temperate 5. Euphorbiaceae 12 23 Himalaya, Pakistan 6. Lamiaceae 18 22 7. Scrophulariaceae 11 22 Ranunculus arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 555. 1753; Hooker f., 8. Convolvulaceae 6 21 Fl. Brit. India 1: 20. 1872; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. 9. Acanthaceae 12 17 Jammu 1: 89. 1981; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. 10. Malvaceae 7 12 Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. 11. Moraceae 2 12 Himal.) 15. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, 12. Solanaceae 5 12 Srinagar (Kashm.) India 26. 2016. Flower colour: Yellow Flrs. & Frts.: March-July Table 3. Ten dominant genera of flora of Samba. Specimens examined : Bari Brahmana (300 m) S. No. Name of the genus Number of species Bhellum 25051 1. Cyperus L. 18 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Asia & 2. Ipomoea L. 13 Europe 3. Ficus L. 09 4. Euphorbia 08 R. laetus Wall. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mount. 53. 5. Acacia 05 1834. R. laetus Wall. ex Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 6. Cassia 05 19. 1872; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 89. 1981; 7. Lindernia 04 Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar 8. Polygounum 05 and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 15. 2012; 9. Medicago 04 Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 10. Vicia 04 27. 2016. Flower colour: Bright yellow Flrs. & Frts.: May-July 3.1. Enumeration of taxa Specimens examined : Mansar (350 m) Bhellum 25071 Ranunculaceae Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Tibet & Afghanistan Clematis gouriana Roxb.ex DC., Syst. Nat. 138. 1818; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 4. 1872; Sharma & R. muricata L., Sp. Pl. 555. 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 87. 1981. India 1: 20. 1872; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: Flower colour: Greenish-white 89. 1981; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda,

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37 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 16. Tinospora cordifolia (DC.) Miers in Ann. & Mag. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, 7: 38. 1851. Sp. Pl. 555. 1753; India 27. 2016. Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 97. 1872; Bhellum & Flower colour: Yellow Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Flrs. & Frts.: March-May Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 18. 2012. Specimens examined : Vijaypur (300 m) Bhellum Flower colour: Greenish yellow 25389 Flrs. & Frts.: July-September Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), W. Asia, Specimens examined : Rhaya (300 m) Bhellum 25425 America & Europe Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Burma, Ceylon & Pakistan R. scleratus L., Sp. Pl. 551. 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 20. 1872; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: Nymphaceae 89. 1981; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 16. Nymphaea alba L., Sp. Pl. 510. 1753: Sp. Pl. 555. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 114. 1872; Bhellum India 28. 2016. & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Flower colour: Yellow Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 20. 2012. Flrs. & Frts.: March-May Flower colour: White Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Flrs. & Frts.: June-September 25034 Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) 25026 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) R. trichiphyllus Chaix in Vill., Hist. Pl. Daupf. 1: 335. 1786; Sp. Pl. 555. 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. N. nouchali Burm. f., Fl. Ind. 120. 1786; Sp. Pl. 555. India 1: 16. 1872; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 114. 1872; Sharma Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 92. 1981. Himal.) 16. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Flower colour: White or white tinged red Srinagar (Kashm.) India 228. 2016. Flrs. & Frts.: July-October Flower colour: White Specimens examined : Nandpur (290 m) Bhellum Flrs. & Frts.: June-August 25040 Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Africa, 25097 Hungary, Java & Philippines Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- stan, Baluchistan, Europe, N. Africa & Tibet Nelumbium nucifera Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 73. t. 19. f. 2. 1788; Sp. Pl. 555. 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Menispermaceae India 1: 116. 1872; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 92. 1981. Cissampelos pareira L. var . hirsuta (Buch. Ham. ex Flower colour: Rose -pink Dc.) Forman in Kew Bull. 22: 356. 1968; Sp. Pl. 555. Flrs. & Frts.: August-September 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 103. 1872; Bhellum Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and 25050 Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 18. 2012. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Australia, Flower colour: Greemish yellow China, Japan, North Africa & Persia Flrs. & Frts.: April-June & September-November Specimens examined : Gura More (330 m) Bhellum Papaveraceae 25298 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) & cosmo- Argemone maxicana L., Sp. Pl. 508. 1753: Sp. Pl. politan in warm countries 555. 1753; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 117. 1872; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 92. 1981; Bhellum

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38 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I et al., Fl. Exot. J & K 32. 2013. Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 26. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. Flower colour: Yellow ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 33. 2016. Flrs. & Frts.: April-May Flower colour: White Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25100 Flrs. & Frts.: Mansar (300 m) Bhellum 25035 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), America & Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum other tropical countries Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Asia, Europe & Persia A. ochroleuca Sweet, Brit. Gard. 3: t. 242. 1829; Bhellum et al., Fl. Exot. J & K 33. 2013. Cardamine flexuosa With., Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. ed. 3, 3: Flower colour: White or cream coulured 578. t. 3. 1796; Sharma & Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: Flrs. & Frts.: April-June 95. 1981; Bhellum et al., Fl. Exot. J & K 55. 2013; Specimens examined : Mansar Lake (400 m) Bhellum Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 25116 34. 2016. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) & Mexico Flower colour: White and introduced in India Flrs. & Frts.: April-June Specimens examined : Vijaypur (300 m) 25080 Fumariaceae Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- stan, Isles of Europe, N. America, Pakistan & Asia Fumaria indica (Haussk.)Pugsley in J. Linn. Soc. 44: 313. 1919; Sharma & Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 93. Coronopis didymus (L.) Sm., Brit. 2: 691. 1804. 1981; Bhellum et al., Fl. Exot. J & K 44. 2013; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 95. 1981; Bhellum Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 23. 2012; Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 27. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 30. 2016. 35. 2016. Flower colour: Pinish purple Flower colour: Pale green Flrs. & Frts.: March-May Flrs. & Frts.: March-May Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Specimens examined : Rahya Suchani (300 m) 25125 Bhellum 25091 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) & S. stan, Baluchistan, Mangolia, Persia & Turkestan America

Brassicaeae Descurainea Sophia (L.) Webb. et. Berth. in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 3, 2: 192. 1891; Sharma & Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyne in Holl. & Heynh., Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 96. 1981; Bhellum & Fl. Sachs 1: 538. 1842; Sharma & Kachrroo, Fl. Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Jammu 1: 96. 1981; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 27. 2012; Bhellum et al., Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Fl. Exot. J & K 59. 2013; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Himal.) 24. 2012. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 35. 2016. Flower colour: White Flower colour: Yellow Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25002 Specimens examined : Mansar (300 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- 25200 stan, Australia, S. Africa, & W. Asia Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Africa, China, Europe, N & S. America & Central Asia Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik., Pflanzengatt. 1: 85. 1792.; Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 159. 1872; Sharma Eruca sativa Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8, 1: 1768; Hooker & Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 96. 1981; Bhellum & f., & T. Anders. in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 158. Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban 1872.

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39 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Flower colour: Pale yellow or Dull yellow Specimens examined : Rahya Suchani (Bhellum) Flrs. & Frts.: March-April 25261 Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25095 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) & Temperate Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Europe, Europe North Africa, South America & Pakistan Sisymbrium iria L., Sp. Pl. 659. 1753; Hooker f., & Lepidium sativum L., Sp. Pl. 644. 1753; Hooker f., & T. Anders. in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 150. 1872; T. Anders. in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 159. 1872; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar Sharma & Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 97. 1981; and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 29. 2012. Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar Flower colour: Yellow and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 28. 2012. Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Flower colour: Light pink Specimens examined : Bari Brahmna (300 m) Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Bhellum 25295 Specimens examined: Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi, Raja- 25220 stan), Afghanistan, Arabia, Europe & Mediterranean Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- region stan, Pakistan & Sri Lanka Capparidaceae Rorippa indica (L) Hiern., Cat. Afr. Pl. Welw. 1: 26. 1886; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Capparis sepiaria L., Syst. 10(2): 1071. 1759; Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 28. Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 177. 1872; Sharma & 2012. Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 99. 1881. Flower colour: Yellow Flower colour: pale yellow Flrs. & Frts.: April-July Flrs. & Frts.: April-May Specimens examined : Gaghwal (330) Bhellum 25241 Specimens examined : Mansar (350 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Archipe- 25299 lago, China, Japan, Malayan & Philippines Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Burma & Malay R. palustris (L.) Besser, Enum. Pl. Volhyn. 1822. Sisymbrium amphibium L. var. palustre L., Sp. Pl. Crataeva adansonii DC. subsp. odora (Buch.-Ham.) 657. 1753. Rorippa islandica auct. non Oeder; Jacobs. in Blumea 12: 198. 1964. C. religiosa Forst. Borbas, Balaton Tav. 2: 392. 1900. f. var. roxburghii (R. Br.) Hooker f., & T. Anders. in Flower colour: Yellow Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 172. 1872. Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Flower colour: Pale yellow Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25134 Flrs. & Frts.: April-May Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25301 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Archipe- R. nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek. Sched. Fl. Stir. lago, China, Formosa, Malaya, Polynesia & Tropical Exs. 22. 1905; Meikle in Kew Bull. 97. 1954; Africa Bennet, Name Changes Fl. Pl. 488. 1987; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Cleomaceae Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 29. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 38. 2016. Cleome brachycarpa Vahl. ex DC., Prodr. 1: 240. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 1824; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 98. 1981. 2, 4: 110. 1812; Hooker f., & T. Anders. in Hooker f., Flower colour: Yellow Fl. Brit. India 1: 161. 1872; Sharma & Kachrroo, Fl. Flrs. & Frts.: April-May Jammu 1: 93. 1981. Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25259 Flower colour: White Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Arabia, Flrs. & Frts.: May-August North S. Africa & Pakistan

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40 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

C. gynandra L., Sp. Pl. 671. 1753; Stewart, Ann. Caryophyllaceae Cata. Vasc. Pl. W. Pak. & Kashm. 295. 1972; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 98. 1981; Bhellum, Fl. Arenaria serpyllifolia L., Sp. Pl. 423. 1753; Sharma ASC. Sgr. (Kashm.) India 40. 2016. & Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 105. 1981; Bhellum & Flower colour: Yellow Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Flrs. & Frts.: April-June Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 34. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. Specimens examined : Barhi Brahmna (300 m) ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 42. 2016. Bhellum 25271 Flower colour: White Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), all Tropical Flrs. & Frts.: Feburary-April Countries, Australia & South Africa Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum 25156 C. viscosa L., Sp. Pl. 672. 1753; Bhellum & Magotra, Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts stan, Asia, Europe, Nepal & W. Tibet (Kashm. Himal.) 31. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 40. 2016. Cerastium glomeratum Thuill., Fl. Enu. Par. ed. 2, Flower colour: Yellow 226. 1799; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Flrs. & Frts.: March-May Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 35. Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25242 2012. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), all Tropical Flower colour: White Countries, China, Malaysia & Pakistan Flrs. & Frts.: May-July Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25303 Violaceae Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir)

Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 450. Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lamk., Tab. Encycl. 2: 1824; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, 129. 1797; Sharma & Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 106. Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 32. 1981; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, 2012. Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 37. Flower colour: pale Violet 2012. Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Flower colour: White Specimens examined : Mansar (300 m) Bhellum Flrs. & Frts.: March-May 25104 Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Asia, 25402 Africa, China, Europe, Java & Pakistan Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), America, Africa, Australia & Tropical Asia Polygalaceae Sagina apetala Ard. Animadv. Bot. Sp. 2: 22. t. 8. f. Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Freen in Mus. Senk. 2: 1. 1763; Sharma & Kachrroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 105. 273. 1837; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, 1981; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 33. India 43. 2016. 2012. Flower colour: Green Flower colour: Purple Flrs. & Frts.: March-May Flrs. & Frts.: April-October Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Specimens examined : Mansar (400 m) Bhellum 25025 25149 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Tropical and stan, Europe, Pakistan & Turkey Subtropical Himalaya, Afghanistan, Abissinia to Natan Silene conoidea L., Sp. Pl. 418. 1753; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 37. 2012.

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41 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Flower colour: Pink Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Flrs. & Frts.: March-April Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum 25405 25265 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), America, Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Nepal & Asia minor, Europe, Pakistan & Siberia Pakistan Portulacaceae Spergularia fallax Lowe, in Hook., Journ. Bot. 8: 289. 1886; Nair, Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9(1-4): 277. Portulaca grandiflora Hook., in Bot. Mag. n.s. 3. 1967; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 105. 1981. 2885. 1829. Stewart, Ann. Cata. Vasc. Pl. W. Pak. & Spergula fallax (Lowe) Krause in Sturm, Fl. Deutsch. Kashm. 237. 1972. (ed. 2) 5: 19. 1901. Flower colour: Purple Flower colour: White Flrs. & Frts.: April-August Flrs. & Frts.: February Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25570 Specimens examined : Ramgarh (300 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, U. 25275 P., Delhi, Maharastra) & Pakistan Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Afghani- stan, Africa, Arabia, Baluchistan, Egypt, Palesine & P. oleracea L., Sp. Pl. 445. 1753; Bhellum & Persia Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 39. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. S. rubra (L.) J. & C. Presl. Fl. Cech. 94. 1819; ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) India 44. 2016. Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 106. 1981. Flower colour: Yellow Arenaria rubra L., Sp. Pl. 423. 1753. Spergula rubra Flrs. & Frts.: April-August Edgew. & Hooker f. in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25102 244. 1874. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), North Flower colour: Pinkish-violet America and throughout the warm countries of the Flrs. & Frts.: February-April world Specimens examined : Ramgarh (300 m) Bhellum 25294 P. quadrifida L., Mant. Pl. 73. 1767; Bhellum & Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), N & W Asia Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban & Europe Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 39. 2012. Flower colour: Yellow Stellaria media (L.) Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 3: 615. Flrs. & Frts.: May-September 1789; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25105 Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 38. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Africa & 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) Tropical Asia India 43. 2016. Flower colour: White Tamaricaceae Flrs. & Frts.: February-April Specimens examined : Mansar (400 m) Bhellum Tamarix dioica Roxb.ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 185. 1821 25332 et Fl. Ind. 2: 101. 1832; Dyer in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Europe, India 1: 249. 1872. Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: Pakistan & W. Tibet 108. 1981. Flower colour: Red Vaccaria pyramidata (L.) Medik., Phil. Bot. 1: 96. Flrs. & Frts.: April-May 1789; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 39. 25525 2012. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Burma & Flower colour: Pink Pakistan

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42 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Elatinaceae 25572 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Central Asia Bergia ammanioides Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. and Trpical Africa Prassert. Ind. Or. ex Coll.Heynei 219. 1821. Hooker f, Fl. Brit. India 1: 251. 1872. H. vitifolia L. Sp. Pl. 696. 1753; Sharma & Kachroo, Flower colour: Red Fl. Jammu 1: 112. 1981. Flrs. & Frts.: February-March Flower colour: Yellow with purple spotted at base Specimens examined : Ramgarh (290 m) Bhellum Flrs. & Frts.: September-October 25179 Specimens examined : Vijaypur (300 m) Bhellum Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) 25306 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir) Malvaceae Kydia calycina Roxb., Pl. Corom. 3: 11. t. 215. 1819 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 54. 1826; et Fl. Ind. 3: 188. 1832; Masters in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Masters in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 326. 1874; India 1: 348. 1874; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 111. 1981. 110. 1981. Flower colour: Yellow Flower colour: White Flrs. & Frts.: May-August Flrs. & Frts.: July-October Specimens examined : Vijaypur (300 m) Bhellum Specimens examined : Samba (300 m) Bhellum 25600 25343 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Africa & Punjab, U. P. W. Panninsula), Burma Australia Malva parviflora L., in Boejer, Demonstr. Pl. Hort. A. ramosum Guill. in Perr. et A Rich., Fl. Senegamb. Ups. 18. 1753; Masters in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 1: 68. 1830; Masters in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 321. 1874; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, 328. 1874. Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 41. Flower colour: Yellow 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Srinagar (Kashm.) Flrs. & Frts.: August-October India 47. 2016. Specimens examined : Vijaypur (300 m) Bhellum Flower colour: White or light pink 25397 Flrs. & Frts.: February Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Pakistan, Specimens examined : Ramgarh (300 m) Bhellum Tropical Africa 25258 Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), West Asia, Hibiscus hirtus L., Sp. Pl. 694. 1753; Masters in Europe, North Africa Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 326. 1874; Paul in Sharma et al., Fl. India 3: 329. 1993. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke in Flower colour: Rose-red Bonplandia 5: 295. 1857. Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Flrs. & Frts.: July-September Jammu 1: 109. 1981; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Specimens examined : Vijaypur (300 m) Bhellum Fl. Pl. Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. 25530 Himal.) 42. 2012; Bhellum, Fl. ASC. Campus, Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Malesia Srinagar (Kashm.) India 48. 2016. Flower colour: Yellow H. lobatus (Murr.) O. Ktze., (Murray) Kuntze, Rev. Flrs. & Frts.: May-October Gen. Pl. 3, 2: 19. 1898; Sharma & Kachroo, Fl. Specimens examined : Mansar (400 m) Bhellum Jammu 1: 112. 1981. Solandra lobata Murr. Comm. 25608 Soc. Reg. Sc. Goetting 6: 20. t. l. 1785. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Semi-arid Flower colour: White regions, Tropical and Subtropical regions Flrs. & Frts.: August-October Specimens examined : Vijaypur (300 m) Bhellum Sida alba L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 960. 1763. Masters in

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43 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 324. 1874. Sharma & Specimens examined : Rahya (300 m) Bhellum 25024 Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 110. 1981. Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), throughout Flower colour: Yellow Tropical and Subtropical regions of the world. Flrs. & Frts.: June-November Specimens examined : Gurha (300 m) Bhellum 25016 4. DISCUSSION Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Pakistan The taxonomic study of a particular region is S. cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. in Blumea 14(1): 182. of paramount importance as the floristic wealth is 1966; Bhellum & Magotra, A Cata. Fl. Pl. Doda, to be utilized for different aspects for national Kishtwar and Ramban Districts (Kashm. Himal.) 42. interests. Considering this fact, the present study 2012. was conducted in the current limits of district Samba Flower colour: Yellow of Jammu and Kashmir State. A total of 677 species Flrs. & Frts.: August-October representing 442 genera and belonging to 119 Specimens examined : Vijypur (300 m) 25070 families of angiosperms (Table I) have been recor- Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), throughout ded. The Flora of this district is more similar to that Tropical and Subtropical regions of the world. of Flora of tropical region however, presence of some mixed elements of subtropical region and a S. spinosa L., Sp. Pl. 683. 1753; Masters in Hooker f., few temperate species cannot be ignored. The ratio Fl. Brit. India 1: 323. 1874. Paul in Sharma et al ., Fl. of genus to species is very low because of the small India 3: 292. 1993. area of the district. The number of species of district Flower colour: Yellow Samba is less than that of district Udhampur merely Flrs. & Frts.: August-October because of the comparatively smaller area of the Specimens examined : Gurha and Baguna (350 m) district. The district needs more attention to revise Bhellum 25082 the families and genera of different families to Distribution : India (Jammu & Kashmir), Pantropical investigate the raw wealth of this area. All the species are arranged in the alphabetical order in Urena lobata L., Sp. Pl. 692. 1753; Masters in each family reported from this district. Comparison Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 329. 1874; Sharma & of the species, genera and families of the angio- Kachroo, Fl. Jammu 1: 111. 1981. Naqshi et al. in sperms in its immediate neighbourhood has been Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 75(4): 1522. 1988. presented (Fig. 4). Flower colour: Pink Flrs. & Frts.: August-October

Figure 4. Bar Graph showing comparative account of the numerical size of families, genera and species in Samba, Jammu and Udhampur districts of Jammu and Kashmir State.

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44 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

The highest number of species is presented in 10. Kachroo P, Sapru BL, Dhar U. Flora of Ladakh. district Udhampur (807 spp.) [16] followed by Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Dehra Dun, district Samba (677 spp.) (Fig. 4) (author of current 1977. publication) and Jammu (660 spp.) with the lowest 11. Koul AK. Evolution of Kashmir Landscape. number of species [2]. Inquiry. 1977; 4(5): 1-39. Among the three families with a largest 12. Kachroo P. Floristics and morphology. Kalyani number of species are Poaceae, Fabaceae, Astera- Publishers, Ludhiana, India, 1980. ceae in district Samba. Poaceae occupies the first 13. Dhar U, Kachroo P. Alpine flora of Kashmir place followed by Fabaceae and Asteraceae. This Himalaya. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1983. clearly indicates that number of species increases 14. Kaul MK. Weed flora of Kashmir Valley. Scientific with the region from Tropical to Subtropical and Publishers, Jodhpur, 1986. Temperate zones. However, the most dominant 15. Kapur SK, Sarin YK. Flora of Trikuta Hills (Shri family of flowering plants is Asteraceae in Alpine Vaishno Devi Shrine). Bishen SinghnMahendra Pal Flora of Kashmir Himalaya [12]. Singh, Dehra Dun, 1990. 16. Swami A, Gupta BK. Flora of Udhampur. Bishen CONFLICT OF INTEREST Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 1998. 17. Bhellum BL, Magotra R. Additions to the flora of The author declares that there is no conflict of Jammu and Kashmir State - new reports. J Phytol interest. Res. 2007; 15(2): 229-231. 18. Bhellum BL, Magotra R. A catalogue of flowering REFERENCES plants of Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts (Kashmir Himalayas). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal 1. Wadia DN. Geology of India. Mac Millan & Co., Singh, New Connaught Place, Dehra Dun, 2012. London, 1953. 19. Sharma S, Kour K. Tree diversity in rural area of 2. Sharma BM, Kachroo P. Flora of Jammu and Plants block Vijaypur, Samba, J&K. Int J Environ Sci. of neighborhood. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal 2014; 1114-1120 Singh, Dehra Dun, 1981. 20. Kour K, Sharma S. Biosequestration potential of 3. Romshoo S, Salroo I, Muslim M. South Kashmir trees outside forest in the plains of District Samba, Valley/Jammu In: Biodiversity characterisation at J&K, India. Environ Conserv J. 2017; 18(1 & 2): landscape level in Jammu & Kashmir using satellite 127-135. remote sensing and Geographic Information System. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 2011. 4. Kak AM. Aquatic and wetland vegetation of PLATES (A-F) Kashmir Himalaya. J Econ Tax Bot. 1990; 14(1): 1- 14. 5. Dar GH, Bhagat RC, Khan MA. Biodiversity of Kashmir Himalaya. Srinagar, 2002. 6. Royal JF. Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere . Vol I. & II London, 1833-1839. 7. Hooker JD. The flora of British India. Vol. 1-7, Reeve & Co. Ltd. London, 1872-1897. 8. Kapoor LD, Sarin YK, Dutt AK. A botanical tour to Trikuta Hills. J Bomb Nat Hist Soc. 1963; 60(3): 533-545. 9. Stewart RR. Annotated catalogue of vascular plants of West Pakistan and Kashmir. Fakhri Printing Press, 1972. A. Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Royle;

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45 | Bhellum Flora of District Samba of Jammu and Kashmir State - I

E. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke; B. Cissampelos pareira L.

C. Argemone mexicana L.;

F. Silene conoidea L.

D. Argemone ochroleuca Sweet.

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