FT SPECIAL REPORT Innovative Law Schools

Monday November 21 2016 www.ft.com/reports | @ftreports

Inside Students face down schools Brexit threatens academic harmony Inside Falling applications have convinced law schools that Britain’s law schools they need to offer new attractions to potential pupils. Page 2 face post-EU fall in foreign student numbers Page 4 Race to the top New attempts to improve ethnic diversity in law Page 5 The world’s best LLM programmes We list 91 of the top law schools for the qualification Pages 6-7 Law schools turn to ones and zeros Students can learn to code or study online Pages

10-12 Illustration: Boris Séméniako 2 | FTReports FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FTReports | 3 Innovative Law Schools Innovative Law Schools

tuitionforthefollowingyear,sotaking Falling student numbers hit reve- three years did not seem too bad. Law schools lose their charm nue too. Barry Currier of the ABA That’slessthecasenow.” points out that law schools look to Some law schools have created New-student numbers have been falling since ˜°˛° e ven as gender balance has improved other income streams by offering financial inducements, such as New First year enrolment (’˜˜˜) more degrees beyond the basic JD, York’s Pace Law School, which sets targeting international students or tuition charges for out-of-state stu- ˆ˜ running masters degrees or non-JD dents at the same rate as their local programmesthatareaimedatpeople Total law schools. Others have reduced the ˙˜ who do not want to practise but to go grade scores in the entry test known intoarelatedarealikecompliance. astheLSAT. Despite these actions, some ques- Law schools are responding to the ˝˜ tion whether law school student attraction and utility of jointly study- Men application numbers will ever return ing law and business; New York Uni- to 2010 levels. A 2014 report by versity and Havard are offering JD/ ˛˜ Moody’s, the rating agency, about US MBA programmes. Students at law schools concluded that the Northwestern University, for exam- decline in student demand “is con- Women °˜ ple, can earn a juris doctor from the sistent with our belief that the legal Northwestern School of Law and a industryisexperiencingafundamen- MBAfromtheKelloggSchoolofMan- ˜ talshiftratherthanacyclicaltrend”. agement in three years — rather than But for the students who have set the five it would take to complete °ˇ˘˝-  -  - - ˇ˜- ˇˆ- ˛˜˜˜- ˜ˆ- °˜- °ˆ- their heart on law, now is seen as a bothdegreesseparately. ˘˙ -    ˇ° ˇ˘ ˜° ˜˘ °° °˘ good time to apply to law school: the In a 2015 address Blake Morant, FT graphic Source: American Bar Association tough jobs market has deterred some then president of the American Asso- less committed students. While the ciation of Law Schools, said that the outcome for graduates, says Sarah “current tough times have compelled sity of Illinois College of Law now gan Law School, says she made the and assistance, as it seeks to reflect Zearfoss, “frankly was rough” for a us to think more creatively about offer semester-long “externships” in decision in 2011 to shrink the class changes in the legal market, but Ms couple of classes graduating after pedagogyandcurriculum”. majorUScities,hesaid. from 360 to about 300. “The national Zearfoss says this evolution in legal 2010-11, that has got better despite He also pointed to new pro- The tougher market has compelled pool had got too small for us to have educationwouldhavehappenedany- the gloomy headlines about falling grammes that explore the intersec- some schools to cut class sizes to the same size and quality of class we way.The course allows students to be enrolments. “The media has had a tion of classroom doctrine and the maintain the quality of students. hadhadformanyyears,”shesays. walked through the nuts and bolts of function in making people realise it is real world; some schools such as Sarah Zearfoss, senior assistant dean The school has now introduced past cases or develop more practical not just a risk-free pass,” she says. Notre Dame Law School and Univer- foradmissionsatUniversityofMichi- legal clinics, which offer free advice skillslikeoralarguments. “Youhavetowanttodoit.”

Admissions collapse continues

Law schools have had ince 2010, US law schools But since the Great Recession, the A student degree, the qualification to become a have experienced a drop in jobsmarketfornewlymintedlawyers sits alone at lawyer, costs an average of $34,600 falling entries for five student admissions to a has become tougher: most law firms Harvard per year in tuition fees, reaching years and are being level not seen since 1973, have been taking on fewer recruits Law School almost $60,000 at an elite law school, S when there were 53 fewer because their corporate clients have Getty Images some institutions are also offering forced to innovate or schools than today (204). The cut their legal spending. In addition, compressed, shorter degrees or number of first-year students enter- some of the work traditionally done add-on subjects like computer sci- face being left behind, ing law school in 2015 dropped to just by young lawyers — such as docu- enceorhealthcare. says Jane Croft above 37,000 compared to 52,000 in ‘The ment discovery — is now being out- Barry Currier, managing director of 2010,accordingtofiguresreleasedby sourced to cheaper locations like the legal education section at the the American Bar Association. The national India or is being automated by new American Bar Association, which latest enrolment numbers are due in pool had technology. As a result, many stu- accredits more than 200 law schools, December. dents are wary about taking on a six- says a compressed course of two years So why have numbers been falling? got too figure debt from law school tuition ratherthanthreecanhaveadvantages After all, there are still lucrative jobs small for us feeswithouttheprospectofaguaran- for some. “Some schools are designing around. Earlier this year Wall Street teedjobattheend. programmes like two-year JDs as no law firms competed to lure young to have the Yet many law schools have degree can be less than 24 months lawyers with lucrative pay packages same size responded to the challenging condi- under our rules. You can speed things after US firm Cravath Swaine & tions by thinking creatively about up and that gets you into the job mar- Moore raised the annual salary and quality what they offer — including a greater ket,” he says. “Twenty years ago law offered to first-year associates to of class’ focusonskills-basedinstruction. students could work in summertime $180,000,sparkingapaywar. Conscious that a juris doctor (JD) in [legal] fields and maybe cover their 4 | FTReports FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FTReports | 5 Innovative Law Schools Innovative Law Schools Will Brexit outlaw EU students? Seeing the law in black and white

yearsafterBrexititislikelythatnum- Diversity Politics Those who bersofEUuniversitystudentswillfall come to the UK to because students may have to pay Firms are starting to earn legal degrees higher tuition fees — around £16,000 consider equal —ratherthan£9,000now. representation, says could face higher fees, Much will depend on the final Brexit deal, he says. He thinks that Sarah Murray writes Jane Croft law as a subject will be less affected because of the global nature of the Since 2013, Freshfields Bruck- legal profession and law firms. “I hausDeringer,oneofLondon’s he morning after the don’t think that will change and so elite Magic Circle law firms, UK’sJunereferendumon becauseofthatthenumberofEUstu- has supported a very particu- leaving the EU, a legal dents studying law might not fall as lar kind of scholarship. The website’s Facebook page badlyasothersubjectareas.” Freshfields Stephen Lawrence T hadapicturewhichwent He says one option is that UK uni- Scholarship Scheme is named viral: it showed a completely empty versities could set up campuses in after a young black British lecture theatre with the caption, Europe to offer courses to European man murdered in a racially “Meanwhile at the 9am EU law lec- students. He points to the LLM in motivated attack in 1993, and ture . . .” Paris programme, which covers Eng- isopenonlytoblackmenfrom The decision to leave the EU has lish law and is taught in English. low-income households. many implications for university law Developed by the Centre for Com- Importantly, to redress the Cordella Bart-Stewart, exec- schools because they are living Like others, she sees the Clockwise from above: dynamic but also reaching out faculties, ranging from the numbers mercialLawStudies,theLLMleadsto industry’s huge racial imbal- utive director of the Black withtheirparents. need for universities and law President Obama at Chicago and doing other things to ofEUstudentswhocometostudylaw a Queen Mary University of London ance, it offers more than Solicitors Network in the UK, She sees a need not only for firms to work together to Law School; a block of flats speed up the process of in the UK to the content of law qualification. “I think you will see money. sees enthusiasm for studying academic support but also for increase diversity in the legal in Tower Hamlets, a poor change,” she says. When it degrees which include a focus on EU moreofthis,”MrPriestleysays. While there is £3,500 in law among young people from assistance in developing softer profession. “What’s important but diverse part of London; comes to diversifying the legal case law. Speaking after the result, Not many UK students go to financial assistance for each the African and Caribbean skills. “It is not enough that for the sector is relying on the Harvard Law students world, money is necessary — Dame Julia Goodfellow, president of Europe for legal degrees. Sixty-nine scholar, “the money is helpful communities, but she says firms might offer scholar- universities to change the graduating — AFP; Getty; Reuters butmuchmoreisneededtoo. Universities UK, said leaving the EU British students, for example, are but the more interesting ele- they can drop out during their ships,”shesays. would “create significant challenges studying for undergraduate or post- ment is the development pro- studies because they are una- “It’sthe practical things that foruniversities”. graduate qualifications in law at gramme and the mentoring”, ble to attain the standards help retention and progres- In 2014-15 there were almost MaastrichtUniversity.Theuniversity says Annette Byron, a partner needed for training contracts sion,whichisabigproblemfor 125,000 EU students undertaking has sought to reassure its students at Freshfields who leads the andtutelage. minorities, like mentoring, higher education courses in the UK, that during the exit negotiations, firm’s scholarship schemes peer-to-peer support and according to Universities UK, of which are expected to take two years anddiversityandsocialmobil- improvingsocialskills.” whom more than 78,000 were study- or longer, British students will still be ityprogrammes. Purely financial scholar- ingatundergraduatelevel.Lawisone EUstudents. The scholarship includes African-Americans ships still have their place. ofthemostpopularsubjects. Since Brexit, more UK students everything from an in-house make up only 1.4% Since last March, Durham and The UK government has said that have also been investigating whether development course and men- York universities and the Lon- EUstudentsapplyingforaplaceatan they should gain qualifications recog- toring to an interview for a of partners in don School of Economics have English university in 2017 will still be nised globally, such as the New York training contract, the final New York law firms been granting bursaries to eligible for student loans and grants Bar exam to become a US-qualified stageofalegaleducation. undergraduate law students over the duration of their course. attorney.Itisseenasoneofthetough- The need is certainly there. This may be, she says, from underprivileged back- However,afterBritainhaslefttheEU, estlawexamsintheworld. For example, according to because of time constraints. grounds through a scheme futurestudentnumbersandaccessto Sarah Hutchinson, managing research which the National She cites research suggesting funded by law firm Hogan loans will depend on the final Brexit director of Barbri International, an AssociationforLawPlacement that African and Caribbean Lovells. deal hammered out between the EU organisation which helps students published in 2016, African- students are more likely to be At New York’s Columbia andtheUK. prepare for the New York Bar exam American lawyers make up working part-time to support Law School, a programme Some academics fear future over several months, says the only 4 per cent of associates their studies or have to spend established by Baker & arrangements will be less generous number of inquiries about sitting the and 1.4 per cent of partners in more time travelling to their McKenzie in 2015 offers a and that EU students might be reluc- exam doubled in the two weeks after NewYorkCitylawfirms. $50,000 scholarship to Mas- tant to study for a UK law degree if Brexit. In 2014, Barbri helped pre- At the University of Minne- tersofLawsstudentsfromout- thereisnoguaranteetheycanstayon pare 35 students to sit the exam; this sota Law School, programmes side the US and western toworkafterwards. yearthishasrisentomorethan500. include one designed for pro- Europe who can demonstrate However, Professor Ben Bowling, The broad reason for the increased spective students from groups academic achievement and a acting dean at the Dickson Poon interest is that commercial lawyers historically under-repre- needforfinancialsupport. SchoolofLaw,King’sCollegeLondon, have to work on multijurisdictional sented in law school. It helps Some argue that efforts to says there are no indications yet of a deals undertaken by global clients undergraduates and recent encourage more diverse stu- Brexit effect depressing student Flagging: empty British seats in the European Parliament may match empty seats in UK law schools — Reuters and the bar exam gives students graduateswithpreparationfor dents to become lawyers need recruitment at King’s. It has 13 appli- international knowledge and an edge law school admissions and to start before they have cants for every undergraduate place such as India. “If you want to practise PietEeckhout,professorofEULaw inthejobmarket—particularlyasUS practice for LSAT exams (part applied to university. “If you and around 80 or 90 EU students in in the international realm then you andvicedeanofstaffingatUniversity law firms have been expanding their of the admission process in wait until university level, the an average 250-strong intake. He need to have some legal knowledge of College London’s law faculty, says Londonoperations. countries such as the US and breadth of students choosing a believesthatstudentswillcontinueto the common-law systems such as the there are some concerns about stu- “We are seeing really savvy, inter- Canada). The programme is career in the law has already come to the UK to study law because UK, Hong Kong and Singapore,” Prof dent numbers following Britain’s EU nationally-minded students, for free; a $100 deposit is required narrowed,” says Sarah Gre- of the importance of English law, Bowlingsays. withdrawal. However, “the attrac- some of whom English is their second butisrefundedoncompletion. gory, inclusion and diversity whichisusedtounderpinglobalbusi- Most business litigation conducted tions of London are not linked to the or third language, who want to take While the university also partneratBaker&McKenzie. ness contracts and is used in public in London’s High Court now involves EU. Students are taught in English the bar exam,” says Ms Hutchinson. offers scholarships that are She explains that, in addi- internationallaw. international parties. In 2015, nearly and English law is often the language “The globalisation of legal services funded by law firms, “the tion to scholarships, the firm Studying English law also means 1,100 claims were issued in the Com- of international contracts, and law and the number of European transat- scholarshipsareusuallyintan- places a strong emphasis on students have a knowledge of the ‘Law firms around the mercial Court, of which more than firmsaroundtheworldareimpressed lantic mergers means if you want to dem with a work opportunity making outreach efforts common law system — some 27 per two-thirds involved at least one byalegaleducationintheUK.” work for a big commercial firm you for students as well,” says among students aged 16 and cent of the world’s 320 legal jurisdic- world are impressed by a non-UK party, according to a July MartinPriestley,partneratPinsent have to compete in the global jobs Sarah Rohne, the University of up and “giving them a bit of tions use English common law, legal education in the UK’ 2016 report from lobbying group Masons and head of its international market.”Inthiscontext,Brexitlooms Minnesota Law School’s insight into what it’s like to including fast-growing economies TheCityUK. education team, believes that in the lesslarge. employerrelationsdirector. workinalawfirm”. 6 | FTReports FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FTReports | 7 Innovative Law Schools Innovative Law Schools

Financial Times LLM programme listing 2016 Financial Times LLM programme listing 2016 91 of the top Masters of Laws providers: schools are categorised by region and listed alphabetically by country 91 of the top Masters of Laws providers: schools are categorised by region and listed alphabetically by country

School information Full-time (FT) study Part-time (PT) study Popular LLM School information Full-time (FT) study Part-time (PT) study Popular LLM *** *** *** ** ** *** ** *** ** *** * * Law school Principal country and permanent faculty Full-time number § required or equivalent Law degree Number of LLM programmes LLM § General Specialised LLM § FT minimum length (months) 2015/16 §§ FT student enrolments students 2015/16 FT international (%) §§ students 2015/16 (%) §§ FT female FT for available Internships students § FT minimum tuition § FT scholarships available minimum length (months) PT 2015/16 §§ student enrolments PT students % international PT (2016/16) §§ students 2015/16 (%) §§ female PT PT for available Internship students § minimum tuition PT § scholarships available PT Most popular LLM most numbers for Student enrolment popular LLM 2015/16 most popular LLM — Study mode for or both part-time full-time, Law school Principal country and permanent faculty Full-time number § required or equivalent Law degree Number of LLM programmes LLM § General Specialised LLM § FT minimum length (months) 2015/16 §§ FT student enrolments students 2015/16 FT international (%) §§ students 2015/16 (%) §§ FT female FT for available Internships students § FT minimum tuition § FT scholarships available minimum length (months) PT 2015/16 §§ student enrolments PT students % international PT (2016/16) §§ students 2015/16 (%) §§ female PT PT for available Internship students § minimum tuition PT § scholarships available PT Most popular LLM most numbers for Student enrolment popular LLM 2015/16 most popular LLM — Study mode for or both part-time full-time, Edhec Business School France 91 1 Y 10 42 10 59 Y €18,000 Y N/a N/a North America Institute for Law and Finance, Goethe Germany 10 2 Y 10 59 90 60 Y €16,000 Y 24 2 0 0 €22,000 Y Finance 49 Both York University: Osgoode Hall Canada 61 Y 1 Y 12 13 15 69 C$5,546 Y N/a N/a University, Frankfurt University of Heidelberg Germany 50 Y 12 16 20 20 €8,000 Y 24 13 20 20 €8,000 Y York University: Osgoode Professional 16 Y Y 12 120 30 C$22,983 24 300 5 C$22,983 Canadian Common Law 60 Both 1 ‡‡ †† Development Canada 61 † †† † †† American University Washington College Alba Graduate Business School Greece 20 Y 1 Y N/a 16 15 13 73 Y €12,500 Y N/a of Law US 99 Y 5 Y Y 9 91 84 60 Y $51,876 Y 12 50 70 70 Y $46,104 Y International Legal Studies 67 Both University College Dublin: Sutherland Ireland 30 Y 6 Y Y 11 54 46 35 €8,270 Y 23 13 15 33 €8,260 International Commercial Law 24 Both Boston University US 56 † 5YY9200†† †† † $51,210 Y 18 150 †† †† † $50,117 American Law 119 Full-time European University Institute, Florence Italy 13 Y 1 Y 13 9 89 67 Y N/a N/a College of William and Mary: Marshall-Wythe US 44 Y 1 Y Y 10 33 100 58 Y $41,000 Y N/a N/a €0 ††† University of Luxembourg Luxembourg 23 Y 6 Y 23 ‡ 77 97 53 €800 ‡ Y 47 2 100 50 €1,600 Y Droit Bancaire et Financier Européen 18 Both Columbia University US 96 Y 1 Y 10 289 95 49 Y $68,227 Y N/a N/a † † Tilburg University Netherlands 200 6 Y 12 293 68 53 €2,006 Y N/a International Business Law 85 Full-time Cornell University US 61 Y 2 Y Y 9 88 100 57 Y $63,726 Y N/a General 88 Full-time † † Católica Global School of Law Portugal 35 Y 2 Y Y 10 40 50 60 €12,000 Y N/a Law in a European and Global Context 21 Full-time Duke University US 85 Y 2 Y Y 9 107 91 36 Y $58,700 Y N/a International LLM 97 Full-time † CUNEF Spain 64 Y 3 Y Y 10 60 11 45 Y €16,000 Y N/a Banking Law 30 Full-time Fordham University US 78 Y 8 Y Y 9 150 91 68 Y $55,444 Y 16 19 74 75 Y $55,440 Y Banking, Corporate and Finance Law 45 Both Esade Law School Spain 21 Y Y Y 9 39 46 51 Y €19,500 Y 9 49 22 57 Y €14,500 Y International Business Law 39 Full-time George Washington University US 80 Y 11 Y Y 9 155 63 62 Y $47,520 Y 18 21 5 12 Y $47,520 Y Intellectual Property 41 Both 3 ‡‡ IE Law School Spain 9 11 Y 10 236 11 49 €29,700 Y 13 13 0 53 €24,200 Y Double Master in Lawyering 76 Full-time Georgetown University US 120 Y 18 Y Y 9 450 71 58 Y $57,576 Y 18 100 10 37 Y $46,800 Y General Studies 135 Full-time † † IEB — Instituto de Estudios Bursátiles Spain 10 Y 1 Y 15 25 0 44 Y €12,000 Y N/a N/a Harvard University US 143 Y 1 Y 10 181 98 54 $63,618 Y N/a N/a International Law, Foreign Trade and ISDE Spain 54 Y 20 Y Y 12 576 68 55 Y €18,000 Y 12 637 69 48 €12,000 Y 35 Full-time Indiana University: Maurer US 60 Y 1 Y Y 9 40 100 50 Y $42,000 Y N/a N/a † International Relations Universidad Pontificia Comillas: Icade Spain 58 8 Y Y 10 186 14 74 Y €15,840 Y 20 11 40 64 Y €15,840 Y Law Practice 83 Full-time Loyola University Chicago US 80 Yes 9 Yes 9 40 75 †† † $33,291 † 18 89 7 †† † $33,291 ††† †††† † The Graduate Institute, Geneva Switzerland 12 Y 4 Y 10 97 100 65 SFr15,000 Y N/a International Law 18 Full-time New York University US 129 Y 10 Y Y 9 445 77 51 $61,622 Y 18 †† †† †† †† †† †† †† † University of St Gallen Switzerland 12 1 Y N/a 18 25 56 40 SFr38,500 Y N/a Northwestern University: Pritzker US 130 Y 5 Y Y 4 286 87 50 $61,706 Y 6 8 38 0 $74,040 Y General 121 Full-time City, University of London UK 15 Y 5 Y Y 12 148 £11,000 Y 24 56 £11,000 Y Master of Laws 146 Both Southern Methodist University: Dedman US 49 Y 3 Y Y 12 54 79 55 Y $51,097 Y 17 000Y$51,097YLLM For Foreign Law School Graduates 43 Full-time †† †† †† †† King's College London: Dickson Poon UK 99 11 Y Y 12 415 94 57 £15,000 Y 24 15 93 67 £15,000 International Financial Law 111 Both Stanford University US 96 Y 4 Y 9 67 100 55 $56,079 N/a Law, Science and Technology 22 Full-time † International Business and Corporate General LLM for Graduates of Foreign Lancaster University UK 47 9 Y Y 12 47 81 64 £6,500 Y 24 1 0 0 £6,500 Y Law 20 Full-time Temple University US 62 Y 5 Y Y 10 30 96 52 $27,374 Y 16 104 10 40 $30,648 Law Schools 25 Both London School of Economics and Political The Pennsylvania State University: Dickinson Science UK 69 Y 2 Y Y 12 266 54 55 £14,208 Y 24 46 84 48 £14,208 Y LLM 271 Both Law US 26 Y 1 Y 9 1 100 100 Y $46,176 Y N/a N/a The Pennsylvania State University: Penn Nottingham Trent University UK 120 † 9YY12744547† £6,500 Y 24 9 0 66 † £6,500 Y Oil, Gas and Mining Law 14 Both State Law US 46 Y 1 Y 9 32 100 38 Y $46,176 Y N/a N/a Queen Mary University of London UK 29 Y Y 12 634 57 63 £10,950 Y 24 25 16 48 £10,950 Commercial and Corporate Law 107 Full-time Tufts University: Fletcher US 56 Y 1 Y 9 15 80 60 $43,712 Y N/a N/a †† † † LPC MSc Law, Business and Manage- The University of Law UK 187 6 Y 10 1239 9 60 £11,200 Y 18 557 12 73 £8,500 720 Both Tulane University US 60 Y 5 Y Y 10 55 88 50 $52,554 Y 16 0 0 0 $52,554 Y Admiralty and Maritime Law 20 Full-time † ment University College London UK 63 Y 17 Y Y 12 370 82 65 £14,370 Y 24 8 40 60 £14,370 Y International Commercial Law 55 Both University of California, Berkeley US 93 Y 1 Y 6 419 95 49 † $55,000 Y N/a N/a University of Aberdeen UK 35 20 Y Y 12 200 80 49 £4,500 Y 24 2 0 0 £4,500 Y Oil and Gas Law with dissertation 39 Both University of California, Los Angeles US 120 Y 1 Y Y 9 148 99 51 Y $58,813 Y N/a N/a † University of Birmingham UK 57 Y 5 Y Y 12 75 45 £7,290 Y 24 8 0 £7,290 Y International Commercial Law 27 Full-time University of Denver: Sturm US 74 Y 4 Y Y 9 30 50 50 Y $37,128 Y 18 19 0 50 Y $37,128 Y International Business Transactions 22 Both †† †† University of Bristol UK 63 Y 10 Y Y 12 94 90 74 £8,100 24 2 0 50 £8,100 Commercial Law 61 Both University of Florida: Levin US 79 Y 4 Y Y 9 105 20 35 $19,326 Y N/a Taxation 71 Full-time University of Cambridge UK 77 Y 2 Y Y 9 177 89 47 £15,000 Y N/a LLM 155 Full-time University of Georgia US 48 Y 1 Y 10 15 100 53 $19,026 Y N/a N/a Energy, Environment and Natural University of Glasgow UK 50 † 8 Y Y 12 143 66 60 † £7,700 24 8 13 75 † £7,700 International Commercial Law 50 Both University of Houston Law Center US 60 Y 6 Y Y 9 54 70 55 Y $40,000 Y 36 11 73 32 Y $40,000 Y Resources 30 Full-time University of Kent UK 86 15 Y Y 12 153 80 75 £6,040 Y 24 17 1 8 £6,040 Y International Commercial Law 30 Both University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign US 44 1 Y 9 72 100 63 $49,500 Y N/a N/a † † University of Leeds UK 69 8 Y 12 120 80 60 £7,500 Y 24 5 0 100 £7,500 Y International Business Law 30 Full-time University of Miami US 80 Y 8 Y 10 66 38 60 Y $48,000 Y 24 24 21 50 Y $48,000 Y International Law 29 Both † University of Liverpool UK 62 4YY12585966Y£5,700Y24818935 £5,700 Y International Business Law 81 Part-time University of Michigan US 82 † 2 Y Y 9 41 95 49 $58,062 Y N/a LLM 34 Full-time † † University of Oxford UK 95 Y 4 Y Y 9 204 88 44 £19,213 Y Bachelor of Civil Law 102 Full-time University of Minnesota US 63 Y 3 Y Y 10 73 100 52 $43,244 Y 18 0 0 0 $43,244 Y American Law 60 Full-time 24 ‡‡‡ University of Reading UK 30 12YY128890 £7,000 24 2 £7,000 International Commercial Law 25 Full-time University of Pennsylvania US 67 Y 1 Y 10 114 100 51 $57,242 Y N/a N/a † †† † †† †† † University of Southampton UK 38 Y 7 Y Y 12 116 62 62 £9,000 24 2 0 50 £9,000 Maritime Law 98 Full-time University of San Diego US 48 Y 5 Y Y 10 78 38 †† † $39,240 Y 14 11 0 †† † $39,240 Taxation 25 Full-time University of Warwick UK 66 5 Y Y 12 91 69 66 £7,780 Y 24 5 20 60 £7,780 International Corporate Governance 36 Both University of Southern California: Gould US 71 Y 2 Y Y 9 215 100 49 Y $59,576 Y 12 56 100 28 $48,363 Y Master of Laws for Foreign Lawyers 215 Full-time and Financial Regulation Global Energy, International Arbitration Asia-Pacific University of Texas US 95 Y 5 Y Y 9 36 94 50 † $29,608 Y N/a and Environmental Law 12 Full-time Deakin University Australia 63 Y 3 Y Y 9 A$26,000 Y 18 A$26,000 Y University of the Pacific: McGeorge US 47 Y 3 Y 10 13 85 38 † $30,240 Y 18 10 80 30 † $30,240 Y Transnational Business Practice 15 Both †† †† †† † †† †† †† † †† †† †† The University of New South Wales Australia 71 Y 1 Y Y 12 38 92 55 Y A$31,920 Y 24 35 3 71 Y A$31,920 Y N/a University of Virginia US 80 Y 1 Y 10 49 99 39 Y $59,300 Y N/a N/a University of Melbourne Australia 200 Y 2 Y Y 10 80 90 50 Y A$39,484 Y 24 120 2 45 Y Y Master of Laws 141 Both University of Washington US 65 Y 7 Y Y 8 140 70 55 † $26,100 Y † 45 10 50 † $26,100 Y Taxation 75 Both †† University of Sydney Australia 80 Y 1 Y 12 199 80 56 A$34,000 Y 24 280 0 58 A$34,000 Y N/a University of Wisconsin-Madison US 80 Y 2 Y Y 9 72 98 70 † $33,000 Y N/a Legal Institutions 50 Full-time The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 51 3 Y 12 175 6 81 HK$111,120 Y 24 57 5 61 HK$111,120 Y International Economic Law 119 Both Vanderbilt University US 69 Y 3 Y Y 9 60 100 67 $52,682 Y N/a General Course Track 58 Full-time The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 80 7YY128364 HK$42,100 Y 24 113 0 HK$42,100 Y Corporate and Financial Law 89 Both Wake Forest University US 56 Y 1 Y 10 19 100 37 Y $43,594 Y N/a N/a † †† †† Victoria University of Wellington New Zealand 37 Y 1 Y 12 12 70 50 NZ$8,000 Y 18 15 0 50 NZ$8,000 N/a Latin America † National University of Singapore Singapore 110 Y 10 Y Y 12 118 94 69 S$34,700 Y N/a International Business Law 48 Full-time FGV Direito SP Brazil 17 2 Y Y 18 12 0 46 Y R$49,500 Y 18 82 0 30 R$76,104 Mestrado Profissional (Professional) 82 Part-time Footnotes: * The figures show the total number of full-time faculty working at the law school as of September 1, 2016. The numbers include all tenured and tenure-track professors, as well as full-time lecturers. They also include joint appointments with another department within the parent university, Europe if any. The figures do not include visiting, temporary, adjunct or part-time faculty. ** The table shows the lowest tuition fees (in local currency), for example, for local students. Please contact the school or visit its website to find out the tuition fees for international students. Please note fees may be subject to change. For some schools, part-time fees can be paid in instalments over the duration of the course. *** If the school off ers more than one LLM, this column shows the most popular LLM based on the number of enrolments for the 2015-16 academic year. The numbers do not include continuing students. College of Europe Belgium 150 Y 1 Y 10 116 95 61 † €24,000 Y N/a N/a † Depends on programme. †† No data provided. ††† Tuition fee is €0 depending on nationality or €12,000. ‡ Students can enter directly into the second year only. The minimum study length is 11 months and minimum tuition is €400. ‡‡ The school has omitted one if its LLMs in this listing. ‡‡‡ Part-time LLM started in Sep 2016, so there is no data on this programme so far. § Y = yes. §§ The numbers generally include students who started studying for their LLM in the 2015-16 academic year. The numbers do not include continuing students. Course start dates vary for each school and some have more than University of Copenhagen Denmark 80 Y 1 Y 24 59 99 80 Y Dkr150,000 Y N/a N/a one start date in the year. Note: This table was compiled from law schools that completed a Financial Times survey in 2016.

8 | FTReports FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FTReports | 9 Innovative Law Schools Innovative Law Schools

Founders such as Uber’s Travis Kalanick have Law school is inspired law students, says Rebecca Knight no longer the only path into legal world

Beyond the classroom The legal profession has long been criticised for its lack of social mobility and its deploy- Even university is no ment of traditional recruit- longer a requirement mentmethods. for would-be lawyers, Many trainees at top law firmsaredrawnfromanarrow writes Jane Croft slice of universities: a recent survey into social mobility at law firms by Byfield Consul- An intern runs to deliver a sented: they form 25 per cent Law firms like Horwich Far- ing to Bates Wells Braithwaite, tancy found that more than 80 Supreme Court decision of students, when only 6.5 per relly and even elite Magic Cir- hisemployeratthetime. per cent of legal trainees at the Bloomberg cent of schoolchildren attend cle firm Freshfields have been By contrast, the more tradi- How to bring top 50 firms were from the privateschools. amongthosewhichhavetaken tional route to becoming a Russell Group of top UK uni- But there is a growing on apprentice paralegals from solicitor in England and Wales versities. number of alternative routes school. Freshfields is partner- islargelyacademic,involvinga IntheRussellGroup,private into law. One recent initiative ing with the University of Law three-year law degree, fol- school pupils are over-repre- to help promote diversity in to launch a new paralegal lowed by a year’s Legal Prac- out every the profession has been apprenticeship scheme in its ticeCourseandthentwoyears’ apprenticeships for would-be legal services centre in Man- in-housetraining. paralegals and solicitors. This chester. Olivia Balson, head of This can be expensive and year Eversheds, the law firm, the legal services centre at the Legal Practice Course introduced an apprenticeship Freshfields, says the scheme alone can cost more than lawyer’s inner aimed at those with A-levels, ensures that the firm “has £15,000. Trainee solicitors are the school-leavers’ exams access to as wide a talent pool signed off as competent to taken by English pupils at age aspossible”. practise at the end of their 18, which allows them to qual- A related, but more radical, training contracts by one of ifyasasolicitoraftersixyears. change is that the Solicitors about 2,000 law firms but entrepreneur “It means you can come out RegulationAuthority,thelegal there is no mechanism for All hail: entrepreneur Travis Kalanick, co-founder of ride-summoning app Uber — Charlie Bibby debt-freeandqualifyasasolic- regulator,isnowallowingindi- firmstocomparestandards. itorandgetadegreewhilstyou vidualstobeadmittedassolic- The SRA is now looking at earn,” says Catherine Knight, itors under its “equivalent overhauling legal training by ayla Acklin has a manage- to commercialise their ideas. Ms O’Rourke attributes the rising which led to an oversupply of lawyers according to Dana Thompson, its graduate recruitment man- means” system, provided that creatinganewSolicitorsQuali- able caseload but one cli- In the clinics, law students shep- demand for legal entrepreneurship foravailablejobs. director.“Thisgenerationofstudents ager at Eversheds. “Many of they have the right quality and fying Examination — a final ent keeps her particularly herd founders through the basics of education to shifts in the economic In order to make their students is excited about innovation and the the apprentices had excellent quantityofexperience. two-part exam. This would busy. The client, a Boston- employment law, help them negoti- landscape. The prospect of working more competitive after their educa- idea of being an innovator,”she says. A-levels with As and A*s and In 2015 Robert Houchill also make it easier for training K based start-up that has ate contracts with vendors and guide with a founding team of the next tion, many law schools have trans- “And at a time when traditional law could have gone to university became the first paralegal to providers to develop flexible developed a mobile app for small them through the legal and regula- Facebook or Uber is a powerful formed their approach to training firm jobs [are disappearing], people butchosetodothisinstead.” beadmittedasasolicitorwith- courses — including non-de- businesses, is seeking new invest- tory compliance issues around trade- attractionforstudents.“Ourstudents them. “Today’s law schools have arebeingmorecreativeaboutfinding Starting on a salary of up to out doing a training contract greeorwork-basedroutes—to ment, and Ms Acklin is helping the marks and copyrights. A licensed grew up in an era unlike any other,” adopted a more service-oriented otherprofessionalopportunities.” £17,200, the apprentices work after working for a number of widenaccess. company prepare for this process by attorneysupervisestheseactivities. shesays. model,”MsPantinsays. The career paths of clinic alumni full-time and study part-time, years and demonstrating “a Crispin Passmore, executive issuing shares, writing contracts with The clinics provide good practice “The rapid pace of technological Students, ever mindful of what vary, according to Ms Thompson. eventually gaining an LLB considerable amount of evi- director of policy at the SRA, developers and drafting other agree- for aspiring attorneys, says Bernice change combined with the transition they are paying to get their law Some students do, indeed, end up (bachelor of laws) degree as dence”ofhisstandard,accord- says the creation of one two- ments.Butsheisnotalawyer—yet. Grant, clinical supervisor of the from a hard-goods economy to an degree, are becoming more careful taking jobs at big law firms; others wellasworkexperience—abig part exam would improve Ms Acklin is a third-year student at Entrepreneurship Legal Clinic at the intellectual economy has made stu- aboutsecuringthetrainingtheyneed move to Silicon Valley or various plus for those worried about diversity by giving confidence Boston College Law School (BC Law University of Pennsylvania Law dents much more open to, and inter- tolaunchtheirprofessionallives.The entrepreneurial hotspots and help racking up student debts. The that all new solicitors have for short), enrolled in the school’s School.“Ourstudentshavetoquickly ested in, opportunities in start-ups. average private law school tuition run businesses; others become ven- first eight apprentices who reached the same standard. Entrepreneurship & Innovation get up to speed and learn about the It’spartoftheculture.” hovers around $42,000 according to turecapitalists. started in September were Thisishardtoassesswhile100 Clinic, which gives students practical industry in which their clients oper- LynnisePantin,thefoundingdirec- Law School Transparency, the “Our role is to try to immerse stu- selected from hundreds of universities offer law degrees exposure to “entrepreneurship law”: ate,”shesays. tor of the entrepreneurship clinic at researchgroup. dents in the entrepreneurial ecosys- applications. and thousands of law firms employment, intellectual property, “Youdon’tneedtohaveanMBA[to BC Law, says that the changing job “Students are much more targeted tem,” says Ms Thompson. “They The apprenticeship route is offertrainingcontracts. licensing, regulation. “I feel like this advise companies], but you do need market for lawyers is also driving the aboutwheretheywanttofocus[their make connections, network and get being championed by the gov- The new exam would also client’sbusiness is in my hands,”says to be financially literate. You need to trend. The global financial crisis careers],”saysMsPantin,addingthat ideas for other things they can do ernment. In September, Lord allow able students who had MsAcklin. be able to speak the language of busi- forced many firms to downsize, the vast majority of BC Law students withtheirlawdegree.” Chancellor Liz Truss was not attended an elite univer- As universities around the US add ness and understand the difference who participate in the entrepreneur- Ms Acklin says the experience asked about how she would sity or who had come up entrepreneurship programmes to between things like gross margin, ship clinic are preparing for either a working at the clinic has helped crys- ensure a more diverse legal ‘[Apprenticeships through a work-based route to their curricula, law schools are fol- profitandrevenue.” career working with new ventures or tallise her career plans. She has profession given the costs of a are] a big shine,saysMrPassmore. lowing suit by establishing clinics Lastyear,BostonUniversitySchool ‘You don’t need to have one in corporate transactional law. securedajobwiththelawfirmCooley degree. She replied that she “If you are the first in your for would-be lawyers to advise early- of Law and MIT set up a clinic to help “They are driven and feel that this is after she graduates next year and will was a “huge fan of apprentice- opportunity for family to go to university and stage ventures. The clinics allow student entrepreneurs. “We have an MBA, but you do need what they want to be doing after they continue working with early-stage ships” and the government’s some of our large go to a modern university, prospectiveattorneystogethands-on seen an uptick in the number of our to be financially literate. gettheirdegree.” companies. “Working with an estab- plan to create 3m apprentice- then if your marks on the SQE experience representing entrepre- law students wanting to either repre- Founded in 2012, the entrepre- lished company, a lot of what you’re ships“bringsabigopportunity legal services firms’ show off your skills you will be neurs and they let entrepreneurs, sent entrepreneurs or become entre- You need to speak the neurship clinic at the University of doingismaintenancework,”shesays. forsomeofourlargelegalserv- Liz Truss, Lord Chancellor able to show that around who may be students or locals, preneurs themselves,” says Maureen language of business’ Michigan Law School is one of its “But with start-ups, you’re helping icesfirms”. potentialemployers.” obtain free legal advice on how O’Rourke,deanofBULaw. most sought-after programmes, themgrow.” 10 | FTReports FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 FTReports | 11 Innovative Law Schools Innovative Law Schools

Hybrid courses offer face-to-face and Lawyers learn a new code internet-enabled classes, says Ian Wylie (and it is not an ethical one) Legal Technology Law firms are increasingly William Treanor, dean of guage, and students can simu- embracingtechnologyandhir- GeorgetownLaw. late applying the law during a ing coders or artificial intelli- Vermont Law School also cyber attack exercise. The Sticking to words is gence experts to help them runs a course where students school even has a link with no longer enough, automate routine work once have to translate a legal prob- engineers at the Massachu- learning reports Jane Croft undertaken by junior lawyers. lem into an app or prototype. settsInstituteofTechnologyto A number of schools are The work is not only practical study the legal and technical respondingtothisbyintroduc- but academically challenging, aspects of privacy problems. For the past six years, George- ing technology-focused topics says Oliver Goodenough, Thegoal“isnottoturnlawyers town University Law Center in in areas like cyber security or directoroftheCenterforLegal into technologists but to give goes WashingtonhasheldIronTech the law of robots, or by creat- Innovation and professor at them a literacy in technology, Lawyer, a competition where ing practical, skills-based Vermont Law School. “Stu- and so they feel comfortable teams of students compete to modules. dents benefit because if you talking to engineers”, says Mr develop legal apps before The Iron Tech Lawyer com- areexportingyourknowledge, Treanor. showing them off to a panel of petition expects students to you need to know it com- He adds that technology is online judges. address a thorny legal prob- pletely — there is nothing like constantly changing the law. At the beginning of the lem,suchasnavigatingthelaw creating a piece of software to “It’s creating new areas of semester, teams of students around veteran disability ben- showwhatyoudon’tknow.” practice that did not exist 10 are assigned to work with legal efits. “This is a very complex Some law schools demon- years ago like cyber security year’stuition fees year, but — in line with the Other law schools offer fully a fifth of accredited law Virtually legal: could this be thenextgenerationoflawyers. services organisations and, areaofthelaw . . . butitcanbe strate a greater degree of com- anddataprivacy,”hesays.“It’s at Harvard Law national trend — still almost a online master’s programmes schools in the US. “For some the future for law school Since their law practice will using software packages, cod- reduced to an app that can fort with technology in law. creating questions in tradi- School for its juris fifthlowerthanadecadeago. for non-lawyers, but ABA law schools, online education classrooms? — iStock be technology-centred, their ing and more, build a program walkthroughapersonwhohas Georgetownletswould-belaw- tional areas of the law, so for doctor degree — a Thecostoftuitionwillbethe accreditation standards mean is still a novelty,”he says. “But legal education should also which will provide easier claimstobenefitsandcomeup yers learn to code using example are Uber drivers con- A graduate legal same as the standard JD pro- no more than a third of a JD there’s an important role for optimisetechnology.” accesstojustice. with their entitlement,” says Python programming lan- tractors or employees — that qualification — is $59,550. gramme at Syracuse but the coursecanbedeliveredonline, online education in training Continuedonpage12 kindofquestion.Even10years Housing, insurance, books, “opportunity cost” of attend- and only 15 per cent of the ago those who graduated from supplies and other expenses ing will be “significantly coursework. law school spent all their time are likely to push that closer to lower”,saysNinaKohn,associ- “US legal education is at the with millions of documents $90,000. Even the tuition fees ate dean for research. “Stu- intersection of a historic that discovery required — and at less prestigious — but good dents can continue working downturn in traditional nowsomeofthatismorelikely — schools can be around while completing their degree applicants and the upsurge of to be dealt with by algo- $40,000ayear. andwillnothavetomovetheir high-quality distance educa- rithms,”hesays. It is little wonder, then, that families or leave their existing tion optionalities,” says Ken Daniel Rodriguez, dean of online, distance or hybrid law supportsystems,”shesays. Randall, who served as dean at the Pritzker School of Law at programmes are now being Syracuse will be only the the University of Alabama Northwestern University, says mooted as a more accessible second law school accredited SchoolofLawfor20years. that his school is encouraging option for would-be lawyers “US law schools can, and links with other faculties such unable to afford the in-person should, be reaching new and as engineering. He points to campuscourses. non-traditional students, the NUvention programme, The latest law school to say it ‘For some schools, whether preparing them for a where law students form will venture a hybrid JD pro- full-time practice of law or teams with their counterparts gramme is Syracuse University online education is enriching their lives and add- from medicine, the MBA College of Law. From 2018, still a novelty’ ing value to their careers in course and engineering to cre- pending approval from the diverse professions. It’s right ate a medical device. “Some 75 American Bar Association, stu- that accreditation is aimed at per cent of inventions will end Secret code: tech is a new However, there is concern dents will take classes online by the ABA to offer such a protectingconsumers,butreg- up as learning tools and 25 per legal avenue — Getty that other law schools, such as then come to campus for week- hybrid JD programme; Mitch- ulationsmustadvancecreativ- centwillendupbeingthebasis those in the UK, are some way long residential sessions. The ell Hamline School of Law ity and new ways of delivering forbusinessplans,”hesays. behind the US. Richard Suss- school, which hopes the pro- launched the first last year. In quality education to diverse There are broad social con- kind, a technology adviser and gramme will help reverse its 1998, non-ABA-accredited studentgroups.” siderations.MrRodriguezsays co-author of The Future of the enrolment decline, is deliver- Concord Law School rolled out Mr Randall is a founder of that IT is changing human Professions, says the global ingthecoursewithedtechcom- the first online JD programme, Aspen-iLaw Distance Educa- behaviour in fundamental legal profession is on the brink pany 2U. The school’s intake and other non-ABA accredited tion, which provides online ways and it is important to of unprecedented upheaval for2016isup14percentonlast schoolssoonfollowed. learning platforms to around “not just understand the tech- and believes some of the more nology under the hood” but repetitive work in law — such also to understand the ethical as reviewing documents — will issuesaroundittoo. soon be automated at a much Contributors Tanina Rostain, a professor cheapercost. at Georgetown Law, says that In a lecture entitled Jane Croft Josh Spero representative. technology and law are “Upgrading Justice” given last Law courts correspondent Commissioning editor becoming much more closely month, Prof Susskind praised All editorial content in this combined and IT experience the “many exciting research Rebecca Knight Steven Bird report is produced by the FT. can help students stand out in centres and initiatives in US Freelance journalist Designer Our advertisers have no the jobs market. “For tradi- law schools”, but complained influence over or prior sight of tional law firms it’s good to that in many UK law schools, Sarah Murray Michael Crabtree, Alan Knox the articles. have students who know their ‘Technology is “lawisbeingtaughtasitwasin Freelance journalist Picture editors way round technology,” she creating areas of the 1970s”, with no focus on All FT Reports are available at: says, adding that some law new areas like AI or globalisa- Ian Wylie For advertising details, contact: ft.com/reports firms are now hiring for new practice that did not tion. “It dismays me and wor- Freelance journalist Gemma Taylor, +44 (0)20 roles such as legal solutions exist 10 years ago’ ries me more than anything,” 7873 3698 and gemma.taylor Follow us on Twitter architects. hesaid. @ft.com, or your usual FT @ftreports 12 | FTReports FINANCIAL TIMES Monday 21 November 2016 Innovative Law Schools

pedagogy developed at Harvard have an individual relationship with access to students through more Legal almost a century and a half ago are the student. “You’re able to monitor affordable tuition. This is planned at slow to embrace change of any sort,” whether a student has accessed and ‘Law schools still using a a quarter of what annual tuition costs saysMichelePistone,professoroflaw engaged with the material. You can atprivatelawschools. learning at Villanova University and co-au- also check their progress by quizzes, pedagogy developed Back in the US, law schools includ- thor of “Disrupting Law School”, a tests and so on. This allows us to spot almost a century and a ing Harvard, the University of Penn- report published this year by the areasofconcernandaddressthem.” sylvania and Northwestern Univer- goes Clayton Christensen Institute. “Many However, Mr Amos concedes that half ago are slow to sity Pritzker are experimenting with law professors look upon technologi- onlineprogrammeswillnotnecessar- embrace change’ and developing free Moocs (massive online cal change with about the same ily be cheaper to deliver, particularly open online courses). However,these enthusiasm as they have for getting a sincelegalmaterialsmustbeupdated are not credit-bearing and will not toothpulled.” regularly. He also has reservations counttowardsadegree. ButaccordingtoDavidAmos,asso- about whether online courses can “I see law schools adding innova- Continuedfrompage11 ciate dean at the City Law School, create as many opportunities for tion on to the existing curriculum, IntheUS,thenumberofapplicants UniversityofLondon—whichoffersa social learning. “Students learn bet- butdonotseealotofchangehappen- and enrolments to law schools distance learning LLM (master of ter in groups where they can engage ing at the core. They’re using the new entered a downward spiral in 2011. law) in international business law — well with other learners and their technology to sustain what they are Early indicators suggest 2016 may online programmes enable law tutor,”he says. “You can set up mech- already doing,”says Ms Pistone, who halt that decline, but it will not turn schools to reach entirely new mar- anisms to do this online but adds that Villanova University is set- the tide. Last month, Indiana Tech kets. “It allows us the possibility of I’m not sure that they fully ting itself up as a “disrupter”. So, University announced it would close addressing a broader audience both provide the sort of ‘value rather than trying to change the its law school, with $20m losses, less geographically and in terms of the added’ you get with good incumbent institution, she and col- than a year after it was provisionally profile of the students,” says Mr face-to-faceteaching.” leagues have started a new pro- accredited by the ABA. “The signifi- Amos. In South Korea, the coun- gramme outside the law school that cant decline in law school applicants “Students who can’t come to this try’s law schools are pushing will train non-lawyers to represent nationwide represents a long-term country for visa or other reasons can the government to develop a immigrants in the court and adju- shift in the legal education field, not a now take our courses. Similarly, stu- national online legal educa- dicationsystem. short-term one,” explained the uni- dents in this country who would have tion programme. The Korean “It’s an example of using versity’spresident,ArthurSnyder. difficulty in attending a face-to-face Association of Law Schools is onlinetechnologytoprovidean Even elite law schools like Yale, courseforworkorfamilyreasonswill supporting plans by the minis- educationmoretailoredtothe Harvard and Stanford may need to nowhavemoreoptionsopentothem. try of education to set up an needs of students and the explore and serve new markets for They allow law courses to become online law degree pro- needs of the marketplace. I hope it theirlegaleducation,beforesomeone moreaccessible.” gramme at Korea National will be a model for other law schools else does. “Law schools still using a Technology also enables faculty to Open University to widen inthefuture.”